Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ECUACIONES
DIFERENCIALES
(1ER PARCIAL)
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES SEPARABLES
MTODO DEL FACTOR INTEGRANTE
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE BERNOULLI
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS CON FACTOR
INTEGRANTE
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES HOMOGNEAS
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE COEFICIENTES LINEALES
APLICACIONES CON ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE 1ER
ORDEN
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE ORDEN SUPERIOR
RESOLUCIN DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES POR SERIES DE
POTENCIA
[ ERICK CONDE]
Ecuaciones Diferenciales
) + + =
2 + 4 2 + 3 + 3 =0
2 + 4 + 3 1 = 0
2 + 4 = + 3 1
2 1
=
+3 +4
2 1
=
+3 +4
2+55 1+55
=
+3 +4
+3 5 +4 5
=
+3 +3 +4 +4
+ = + +
) =+ +
1
= 1+
+2
= =1
1 1 +2 2 1
1 = 1 + =+2 =
+2 +2 +2
2 + 4 + 4 1 2 + 4 + 3 + 3 ( + 1) ( + 2)
= = = =
+2 +2 ( + 2) + 3 ( + 1)
( + 2)
= +
+ 3 ( + 1) +3 ( + 1)
+2= +1 + +3 + 2 = + + + 3
1=+
2 = + 3
Resolviendo el sistema A = , B =
+ = + 3 + + 1 = +
+3 +1
+ + + = +
) +=
= =
(1 )
=
=
1
1
= 1 + =
1 1
= +
4) ( + ) + =
= + =1+
1+1 = 1
= 1 = 1
1 = 1 1 =
2
1 = = +
2
( + )
+ = +
+
) =
+ +
2 + 3 1
=
2 2 + 3 + 3
= 2 + 3 =2+3
1 1
2 =
3 2 + 3
3 1
2=
2 + 3
3 3 + 4 + 6 7 + 3
= =
2 + 3 2 + 3
2 + 3 =
7 + 3 7 + 3
3
= 7 + 3 =
7
= 7 =
7
3
2 + 3 =
49 7
2 3
3 + = +
49 7
2 3
7 + 3 3 7 + 3 + 7 + 3 = +
49 7
( + ) + ( + ) + + ( + ) + = +
) = ; =
1 2 2 1 2 2 1
= = + = 3 ; + = ()
3 3
2
= = = 2
= 2
1
2 + 2 =
1 1
2 = 2 =
1
2 = 2 = + 0 1 2
= 1 + =0
1) + =
= 2
2
=
+ =
1
= = =
+ =
1
=
1
=
= 1
= +
+
=
2) + = ()
1
= = =
+ = 3 (2)
= 3 2 = 3 (2)
= 3 (2)
= =
(2)
= 2 =
2
3 3
= (2) (2) = () + +
2 2
) + + =
3 2
3 3 6 2
+ 2 = 2
+ 1 +1
3 3
3
= = 2 +1 = 2 +1
2 1
3 2 +1 3 2 3
= 2 2 = 2 2 + 1 2
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
2 2 3 3 2 6 2
3 + 3 = 3
2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1
3 2 3 2
2 6 2 6
2 3 = 5 3 = 5
+1 2
2 + 1 2 2 +1 2
2 + 1 2
3 2
2 6
3 = 5
2 +1 2
2 +1 2
= 2 + 1 = 2
3 2
2 3
3 = 5 = +
2 +1 2
2 + +
) = ( + )
=+ =1+
1 = = + 1 =
+ 1
=
+ 1
2
2
1 + 2 = =
2 2 + 2 + 1
2 +1
1+
2 2 2
+1 2 =
+1
= + =+
+1
2
+ =+
+
;
) + = ; =
; >1
01
+ 2 = 1
2
= = = 2
2 + 2 2 = 2
2 = 2 2 = 2
2 2 0 1
2 = 2 2 = + 0 2 0
= + =
2 2 2
1 1 2
=
2 2
>1
+ 2 = 0
2 + 2 2 = 0
2 = 0 2 =0
2 = 0 2 =
= 2
1 1 2
; 01
= 2 2
2
; >1
1 1
lim 2 = lim 2
1+ 1 2 2
1 1 2 1 1
2 = = 2
2 2 2 2
;
=
; >1
1) + ( ) =
3 2 = 2 2
2 2 3 2
= =
3 2 2 2
2 3 3 1 2
= + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 1 3 1 1
+ = + =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= 1 = 2 2
=
3 1
= 2
2 2
3 3
=
= 2 = 2
3
= 2
3 3 3 3 1
2 2 = 2
2 2 2
3 1 7
2 = 2
2
3 1 7
2 = 2
2
3 1 2 5
2 = 2 +
2 5
3 1 2 5
2 1 = 2 +
2 5
=
+
) + =
1 1 1 1 2
+ = 3 + = 3
3 3 3
1 1 1
= 2 = 2 3 3 =
2
1 1 2
+ = 3 = 2 3
2
2
= = = 2
= 2
2
2 2 = 2 3 2 2 = 2
2 = 2 2 = 2 +
) =
1 5 1 5 5
5 3 = =
3 2 3 2 2
1 1 1
= 2 = 2 3 =
3 2
1 5
5 = + 10 = 5
2 2
10
= = = 10
10 + 10 10 = 510 10 = 510
10 = 510
= =
10
= 10 =
10
10 1 10 10
10 = 5 10 10 = + = +
10 10 2 20
) + + =
= + 3 1 + = + 3 1 +
1 1
= 3 1 + = 1 +
3 2
1 1 1
= 2 = 2 3 =
3 2
1 2
= 1 + + = 2 1 +
2
2
= = = 2
= 2
2
2 + 2 = 2 2 1 + 2 = 2 2 1 +
2 = 2 2 + 2
= =
3
= 2 =
3
3 3 1 2 2 1
2 = 2 + 2 2 = 3 3 + 3 +
3 3 3 3 3 9
= +
1) ( ) + ( ) =
= 2 = 2
= 4 2 2 ; = 5 2
= (4 2 2)
4 3
= 2 + ()
3
4 3
2 + () = 5 2 2 + = 5 2
3
= 5 = 5
5 2
= +
2
+ + =
2) ( ) + ( ) + =
= 3 2 2( 1) = 3 2 2( 1)
= 2 1 3 ; = 3( 1)2 2 + 2
= 3( 1)2 2 + 2
= ( 1)2 3 + 2 + ()
( 1)2 3 + 2 + () = 2 1 3 2 1 3 + = 2( 1) 3
= 0 =
( ) + + =
3) ( + ) + =
= =
= 2 + ; =
= = =
= + ()
+ () = 2 + + = 2 +
= 2 = 2
= 2 +
+ + =
4)
+ + +
+ =
1 1
= 4 3 +
() = 4 3 + + 1 1
= 4 3 +
() = 4 3 +
()
3
= 4 3 + + 4 ; = 4 +
= 4 +
= 4 +
+
1 ()
=
!
=0
+
() ()1
=
!
=0
+
1 () ()1
= +
!
=1
+
() ()
= +
()!
=1
+
() ()
= 4 + + ()
()!
=1
+
4 () () 3
+ + () = 4 3 + + 4
()!
=1
+
()1 () 3
4 3 + + 1 + = 4 3 + + 4
()!
=1
+
() 1 () 3
4 3 + + + = 4 3 + + 4
!
=1
3
4 3 + + = 4 3 + + 4
3 3
= 4 = 4
=4 =+4
1 4 1
= ( + 4)3 = (3 + 43 )
3 7 4 3 7 4
= 3 + 3 3 + = ( 4) 3 + 3( 4) 3 +
7 7
+
() ()
+ + ( ) + ( ) + =
()!
=
1) + =
4 2 + 3 2 1 =0 4 2 + 3 2 1 = 0
= 8 = 6
6 8 2
= 4 2 = 4 2 = 2
1 1 1
2
= 2
= = 2
1 1
4 2 2 + 3 2 1 2 = 0
3 1 1
4 2 + 3 2 2 2 = 0
1 1
3
= 4 2 = 6 2
2
1 1
= 6 2 = 6 2
3 1 1
= 4 2 ; = 3 2 2 2
3
= 4 2
3
= 2 2 2 + ()
3 1 1 3 1 1 1
2 2 2 + () = 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 + = 3 2 2 2
2
1 1 1
3 2 + = 3 2 2 2
1 1
= 2 = 2
1 1
= 2 +
2
+ =
) + + () + =
= () = 0
( )
= ( ) = =
+ + () + = 0
= () = ()
= + + () ; =
= + ()
+ () = + + () + = + + ()
= + = +
= = ; = =
= =
= = ; = = ()
= + ()
= = ; = = ()
= + () =
2
= + +
2
+ + + =
) + =
=1 = 2
2 1
= = 2 = 2 1
2 1 + 2 1 2 2 = 0
= 2 (2) = 2 2
= 2 ; = 2 2 1
= 2
= 2 + ()
2 + () = 2 2 1 2 2 + () = 2 2 1
= 1 = +
+ =
) =
= 0
= =
= = =+
ln = + ln =
= =
(ln 1) (ln 1)
+ =
+ +
) =
2 2 + 2
= +
2
= + +1
= = =+
1
+ =+ 2+1
1 1 + 2
=+ 2+1 =
2
= =
1 + 2 1 + 2
= 1 + 2 = 2
1
= = + 1 + 2 = +
2
+ = +
+ +
) =
+
+ +
2 2
2 +3 +6 +3 +6
= 2 + = 2 +
1 2 +6 + 13 1 +6 + 13
= = =+
2 + 3 + 6 2 + 3 + 6
+ = + =
1 2 + 6 + 13 1 2 + 6 + 13
1 2 + 6 + 13 3 + 5 2 + 7 13
2
= 2
=
+ 3 + 6 + 3 + 6
3 + 5 2 + 7 13
=
2 + 3 + 6
5 + 25
+2 =
2 + 3 + 6
5 + 25 2 + 3 +
= 2
2 + 3 + 6 + 3 + 6
5 + 25 = 2 + 3 +
5 = 2
25 = 3 +
2 + 3
+ 2 + =
2 + 3 + 6 2 + 3 + 6
2 + 3
+ 2 + =
2 + 3 + 6 2 9 9
+ 3 + + 6
4 4
2 + 3
+ 2 + 2 =
2 + 3 + 6 3 15
+ +
2 4
3
2 5 35 2 2 +
2 + 3 + 6 + 2 = +
2 2 2 15 15
+
+ + = +
) =
2
2
= 2 =
3 2 2 2
2 3
2
= = =+
2
+ =
3 2
2
=
3 2
2 3 + 3
=
3 2
3 2
=
3
3 2
=
( 2 1)
3 2 2 +
= +
( 2 1) ( 2 1)
3 2 = ( 2 1) + (2 2 ) +
3 2 = + 2 2 +
3=
1 = + 2
=0
2
+ + =
2 1 2 1
3 + 2 1 = +
+ = +
+
) =
=+ = ; =+ =
2 + + + 5 2 + 2 + 5
= =
2 + + 4 2 + 2 4
2 + 2 + 5
=
2 + 2 4
2 + 5 = 0
; = 1 , = 2
2 4 = 0
2 2 1
= =
2
2
= = =+
2 1 2 1 2 + 2
+ = =
2 2
2 1 2
= =
2 + 1 ( 1)
2
=
+ 1 ( 1)
2
= +
+1 1 +1 1
2 = 1 + +1 2 = + +
1 = +
2=
+ = + 1 + 1 = +
+1 1
3 1 3 1
+ 1 + 1 = + + 1 + 1 = +
2 2 2 2
+ +
+ + = +
) + + + + + =
3 6
=
++2
=+ = ; =+ =
3 + + 6 3 + 3 6
= =
+ + + +2 ++++2
3 + 3 6
=
++ ++2
3 6 = 0
; = 1 , = 3
++2= 0
3 3
= =
+ 1 +
= = =+
3 3 2
+ = =
1 + 1+
( 2 + 2 3) +1
= =
1+ + 3 ( 1)
+1
=
+ 3 ( 1)
+1
= +
+ 3 ( 1) + 3 1
+1= 1 + +3 + 1 = + + 3
1=+
1 = 3
Resolviendo el sistema A = , B =
+ = + 3 1 = +
+3 1
1 1 1 1
+ 3 1 = + + 3 1 = +
2 2 2 2
+ +
+ = +
+ +
) =
+ +
=+ = ; =+ =
4 + +3 + +5 4 + + 3 + 3 + 5
= =
2 + + + +7 2 + 2 + + + 7
4 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 5
=
2 + + 2 + + 7
4 + 3 + 5 = 0
; = 8 , = 9
2 + + 7 = 0
4 + 3 4+3
= =
2 +
2+
= = =+
4 + 3 4 + 3 2 2
+ = =
2+ 2+
2 + 4 2+
= =
2+ 2 + 4
2+
=
2 + 4
2+ 2 1 +
=
2 +4 2 + 4
2 + = 2 + ( )
1 = 2
1=
2 1 2 1
+ = + 2 =
2 + 4 2 1 1 2 + 4 1 17
+ +4
4 4 2 4
1 5 1
2 + 4 + 2 = +
2 2 1 17
2 4
1
= =
2
1 17
; =
17 4
2
4
1
2 +
1
= +
+ +
1= + + 1= + +
1 1
Resolviendo el sistema = 2
, =
2
1 1
+ + + + +
+ 2 2
1 1 2 1 1 2
+ +
17 2 17 17 2 17
Retornando a la ecuacin
1 5 1 1 2 1 1 2
2 + 4 + + + = +
2 2 17 2 17 17 2 17
2
1 5 1 1 2 1 1 2
+4 + + + = +
2 2 17 2 17 17 2 17
2
1 5 1 2 1 2
+4 + + = +
2 2 17 2 17 2 17
+
+ + + = + +
+ + + +
APLICACIONES
1) Un asado de 4 libras inicialmente a 50F se coloca en un horno a 375F a las 5 P.M despus de
75 minutos se observa que la temperatura del asado es 125F Cundo estar el asado a 150F?
= ;
= 375 = 375 = +
375
No tomamos en cuenta el valor absoluto, debido a que la temperatura del asado nunca superar la temperatura del
horno, por lo tanto siempre ser un valor positivo
= 375 ; ""
1
0 = 50 1 = 125
4
4
5 5 375 125 5
250
125 = 375 325 4 4 = =
325 325
4
5
250
= 375 = 375 325
325
Como el problema nos pide el tiempo en que el asado estar a 150F, solo nos queda reemplazar, es decir T(t) = 150F
4 4
5
250 5
250 375 150
150 = 375 325 =
325 325 325
4 9
5
250 9
= = 13
325 13 4
5
250
325
2) Justo antes del medioda se encuentra el cuerpo de una vctima de un presunto homicidio
dentro de un cuarto que se conserva a una temperatura constante de 70F. A las 12 del da la
temperatura del cuerpo es de 80F y a la 1 P.M es de 75F. Considere que la temperatura del
cuerpo al morir es de 98.6F y que este se ha enfriado de acuerdo con la ley de enfriamiento de
Newton. Determine la hora del homicidio.
= = = +
= =
El problema nos dice que el cuerpo est en un cuarto donde existe una temperatura constante, entonces A = 70
= 70
80 = 70 (0) 80 = 70 = 10
Despus, nos dice que transcurrido una hora la temperatura del cuerpo es de 75F, entonces T(1) = 75
1
75 = 70 + 10 =
2
1
= 70 + 10
2
La ltima condicin, nos dice que la temperatura del cuerpo al morir es de 98.6F, es decir T(t) = 98.6
1 1 1 2.86
98.6 = 70 + 10 = 2.86 = 2.86 =
2 2 2 0.5
1.5
Pero la hora del asesinato sera 12 1.5 horas, es decir la hora del asesinato fue aproximadamente a las 10 y 30
PROBLEMAS DE MEZCLAS
1) Un tanque contiene originalmente 400 lit. de agua limpia. Entonces se vierte en el tanque
agua que contiene 0.05 kg de sal por litro a una velocidad de 8 lit. por minuto y se deja que la
mezcla salga bien homogenizada con la misma rapidez Cul es la cantidad de sal en el
recipiente luego de 10 min?
= 1 1 2 2 ; 1 2
El problema no dice con que rapidez sale la mezcla, por lo tanto asumimos que la velocidad con que entra la mezcla es la
misma que sale.
= 1 1 2 2 = 8 0.05 8 = 0.4 0.02
400
= =
0.4 0.02 0.4 0.02
1
0.4 0.02 = + 0.4 0.02 = 0.02 0.02
0.02
0.4 0.02
= = 20 0.02
0.02 0.02
0 = 20 = 20
= 20 20 0.02
10 = 20 20 0.02(10) 10 = 20 20 0.2
Despus de 10 min se detiene el proceso y se vierte agua limpia al tanque con la misma rapidez
de entrada. Cul es la cantidad de sal a los 20 min de toda la operacin?
= 1 1 2 2
= 1 0 8
400
= 0.02 = 0.02
= 0.02 = 0.02 +
= 0.02+
() = 0.02
3.63 =
() = 3.63 0.02
20 = 3.63 0.02 20
Nos dice que determinemos la velocidad con que debe renovarse el aire de manera que llegue a contener el 0.06% de
2
El problema no menciona cual es la velocidad de salida de la mezcla, por lo tanto asumiremos que la velocidad de
entrada es la misma que la de salida, entonces 1 = 2 =
= 1 1 2 2 = 1 2
= 0.04% = 4 104
12 8 4 384
= + =
=
= =
+ =
= +
= +
Pero en t = 0 , x =0.12%A , entonces x = 0.0012A = 0.4608, por lo tanto vamos a llamar k = 0.4608, entonces:
0
0 = +
= 1
= + 1
Pero se desea que en 10 minutos el aire llegue a contener el 0.06% de 2 entonces en t = 0 , x = 6*104 =
0.2304, vamos a llamar z = 0.2304, entonces:
10
10
= + 1
(10) = 10
+
10 10
=
10
=
10
=
10
=
10 =
Finalmente despejando v encontraremos la velocidad con que debe renovarse el aire del teatro
=
10
= . /
3) Un tanque contiene inicialmente agua pura. Salmuera que contiene 2 lib de sal/gal entra al
tanque a una velocidad de 4 gal/min. Asumiendo la mezcla uniforme, la salmuera sale a una
velocidad de 3 gal/min. Si la concentracin alcanza el 90% de su valor mximo en 30 min.
Encuentre la ecuacin que determine la cantidad de agua que haba inicialmente en el tanque.
= 1 1 2 2 = 1 1 2
+ 1 2
3
=4 2 3 =8
+ 43 +
3
+ =8
+
3
= = + = 3 +
= + 3
+ 3 = 8 + 3
+ 3 = 8 + 3
+ 3 = 8 + 3
+ 3 = 2 + 4 +
El problema nos dice que inicialmente el tanque contiene agua pura entonces en t = 0 , x = 0
4
0=2 + = 2 4
+ 3 = 2 + 4 2 4
Nos dice el problema que en 30 min la concentracin alcanza el 90% de su valor mximo, es decir que en t = 30 , x = 0.9Q,
por lo tanto la ecuacin que nos pide, ser expresada en forma implcita:
+ (. ) = +
Sea:
= 1 1 2 2 = 1 1 2
1 + 1 2
2
+ = 1 1
1 + 1 2
2 2
1 + 1 2
= = 1 + 1 2 = 1 2
2
= 1 + 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
1 + 1 2 1 2 + 1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 1 1 + 1 2 1 2
1 + 1 2
2 2
1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 1 1 + 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 1 1 + 1 2 1 2
2 1 1 1 2
+1
1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 + 1 2 1 2 +
1 2 2
+1
1 2
2 1 1 1 2 2
+1
1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 + 1 2 1 2 +
1 2 2 + 1 2
2 2
+1
1 + 1 2 1 2 = 1 1 + 1 2 1 2 +
2
+1 2
1 1 + 1 2 1 2
= + 1 + 1 2 1 2
2
1 + 1 2 1 2
2
= 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 + 1 2 1 2
2 2
1 = 1 1 + 1 1 2 = 1 1 1 1 1 2
= + + +
= 2 2 3 3 = 2 3
1 + 1 2 2 + 2 3
3 2
+ =
2 + 2 3 1 + 1 2
3 3
2 + 2 3
= = 2 + 2 3 = 2 3
3
= 2 + 2 3 2 3
3 3 3 2 3
2 + 2 3 2 3 + 2 + 2 3 2 3 = 2 + 2 3 2 3
2 + 2 3 1 + 1 2
3 2 3
2 + 2 3 2 3 = 2 + 2 3 2 3
1 + 1 2
3 2 3
2 + 2 3 2 3 = 2 + 2 3 2 3
1 + 1 2
3 2 1 1 3
+1
2 + 2 3 2 3 = 2 + 2 3 2 3 +
1 + 1 2 2 3 3
+1
2 3
3 2 1 2 3 3
+1
2 + 2 3 2 3 = 2 + 2 3 2 3 +
1 + 1 2 2 3 3 + 2 3
3 3
+1
2 + 2 3 2 3 = + 2 3 2 3 +
1 + 1 2 2
3
+1 3
2 + 2 3 2 3
2 3
= 3 + 2 + 2 3
1 + 1 2
2 + 2 3 2 3
3
= + 2 3 + 2 + 2 3 2 3
1 + 1 2 2
3 2 3
2 = 2 + 2 2 3 = 2 2 2 3
1 1
Reemplazando en la ecuacin:
2 3 3
= 2 + 2 3 + 2 2 2 3 2 + 2 3 2 3
1 + 1 2 1
2 + 2 3 2 3 3
= + 2 2 2 3 2 + 2 3 2 3
1 + 1 2 1
+
= + + + +
+
+ + + +
ANTIGEDAD DE UN FSIL
= =
= = +
= +
=
0 = 0 = 0
= 0
1
Una de las condiciones nos dice que la edad media del carbono es 5600 aos, entonces en t = 5600 , Q = 0
2
1 1
= 0 5600 5600 =
2 0 2
1 1 2
5600 = = = 1.24 104
2 5600
Entonces:
4
= 0 1.2410
0
Nos dice que se ha encontrado un hueso cuya cantidad de carbono es 1/1000 de la cantidad original, es decir Q(t) =
1000
0 4 1 4
= 0 1.2410 = 1.2410
1000 1000
1 4 1
= 1.2410 1.24 104 =
1000 1000
1 1000
= .
1.24 104
APLICACIONES GEOMTRICAS
1) Encontrar las curvas para las cuales la tangente en un punto P (x,y) y tiene intercepto sobre
los ejes x y y cuya suma es 2(x+y)
Sabemos que la ecuacin de una recta es: 0 = 0 ; =
Entonces:
0 = 0
Encontrando el intercepto en x , y = 0
0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 0
Encontrando el intercepto en y , x = 0
0 = 0 = 0 0
Pero queremos la recta tangente en un punto (x,y), es decir en 0 , 0 , y si llamamos el intercepto en y como A y el
intercepto en x como B, entonces:
0 0
= 0 0 ; = 0 0
0 0
+ = 2 0 + 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 + 0 0 = 2 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 0 = 2 0 + 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 + 0 = 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 =0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 0
0 1 + + 0 1 + =0 0 + 0 =0 + 0 + 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
Entonces:
0 0
+ =0 ; 0 + 0 = 0
0 0
0 = 0 0 = 0 = + ( )
0 0 0 0
= = = + = 1
0 0 0 0
2) Hallar la ecuacin de todas las curvas del plano xy que tienen la propiedad de que el tringulo
formado por la tangente a la curva, el eje x y la recta vertical que pasa por el punto de
tangencia siempre tiene un rea igual a la suma de los cuadrados de las coordenadas del punto
de tangencia.
0 = 0
Encontrando el intercepto en x , y = 0
0
0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 0
0
Encontrando el intercepto en y , x = 0
0
0 = 0 = 0 0
0
0 0
= 0 2 + 0 2 = 0 2 + 0 2
2
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
0
= 0 2 + 0 2 0 2 = 2 0 2 + 0 2 = 2 2
2 0 0 0
Entonces:
0 0
= 0 = 0 = + 0
0 0 0
Reemplazando:
0
+ 0 = 2 2 2 0 = 2 2 2 =
0 0 2 2 + + 2 0
1
= + = +
1 2 1 1 1
2 2 + +1 2 + + +1
2 2 16 16
1
1 1 4 4 +
= + 4 = +
2 2 2
1 15 15 15
+ +
4 16
+
= +
3) Hallar la ecuacin de todas las curvas que tienen la propiedad de que la distancia de
cualquier punto al origen, es igual a la longitud del segmento de normal entre el punto y el
intercepto con el eje x.
Tenemos que encontrar la ecuacin de una recta normal en dicho punto, pero sabemos que
= 1 ,
Entonces:
0 0
= 1 = 1 =
0 0
0 = 0
Encontrando el intercepto en x , y = 0
0 0 0
0 = 0 0 = 0 = 0 + 0
0 0 0
Planteando la condicin:
1 = 2 ; siendo 1 la distancia entre el punto y el intercepto con x y 2 la distancia entre el punto y el origen.
Entonces:
0 2 + 0 0 2 = 0 0 2 + 0 0 2
2 0 2
0 + 0 2 = 0 2 + 0 2 0 0 0 + 0 2 = 0 2 + 0 2
0
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
0 + 0 2 = 0 2 + 0 2 0 2 = 0 2 =
0 0 0 0
2 2
= = +
2 2
= +
CRECIMIENTO LOGSTICO
= ( )
Suponga es ese modelo en el tiempo t = 0 , 10000 personas en una ciudad con una poblacin de
100000 han odo un cierto rumor. Despus de una semana el nmero de personas de aquellas
que la escucharon se incrementa a 20000 Cundo escucharan el 80% de la poblacin el rumor?
= (100000 )
=
100000
1
= +
100000 100000
1 = 100000 + 1 = + 100000
1 = 10000000
0=
Entonces:
+ =
100000
1
100000 = +
1000000
= 0 , = 10000
1
10000 100000 10000 =
1000000
1 1
=
1000000 9
1 1 1
20000 100000 20000 = +
1000000 1000000 9
1 1 1 1
=
1000000 4 1000000 9
1 9
=
1000000 4
1 1 9 1 1
= +
1000000 100000 1000000 4 1000000 9
Pero el problema nos pide el tiempo en que el 80% de la poblacin total escuchan el rumor, es decir P(t) = 80000
1 80000 1 9 1 1
= +
1000000 100000 80000 1000000 4 1000000 9
9 1
4 = +
4 9
1 9
4 =
9 4
9
36 =
4
Entonces:
36
=
9
4
2) Suponga que en una comunidad cuenta con 15000 personas que son susceptibles de adquirir
una enfermedad contagiosa, en el tiempo t = 0, el nmero de personas que han desarrollado la
enfermedad es 5000 y este se incrementa a una tasa proporcional al producto del nmero de
aquellas que han adquirido la enfermedad y de aquellas que no. (Considere que la tasa inicial de
incremento es de 500 sujetos por da). Cunto tiempo pasara para que otras personas
desarrollen la enfermedad?
Planteando el modelo:
= 15000
=
15000
Entonces:
1
= +
15000 15000
Pero en t = 0 , N = 5000
1 5000
=
15000 15000 5000
1 1
=
15000 2
Adems nos dice que consideremos que la tasa inicial de incremento es 500 personas por da, es decir = 500
1
=
100000
Finalmente nos dice que, cuanto tiempo pasar para que otras 5000 personas se infecte, es decir el nmero total de
infectados ser de 10000, entonces:
1 10000 1 1 1
= +
15000 15000 10000 100000 15000 2
1 1 1 1
2 =
15000 15000 2 100000
1 1
4 =
15000 100000
Entonces:
20
= 4
3
APLICACIONES A LA FSICA
1) Una pelota se proyecta hacia arriba desde el piso con una velocidad y la resistencia del
aire es proporcional al cuadrado de la velocidad. Demuestre que la altura mxima que alcanza la
pelota es = +
, donde =
= =
2 = 2 =
2 = =
+ 2
1
= =
+ 2 2
+
1 1 1
= = +
+ 2
1 1
= + = +
= + = +
() = +
0 = = 1
0
= = = ; =
+
= + =
+
= + = + = +
Sabemos que en t = 0 , y = 0
1 1
0= + =
1
=
2
0 +
1 1
= +
1 1
= +
2
0 +
El problema nos dice que determinemos la altura mxima que alcanza la pelota, entonces en el punto ms alto la
velocidad de la pelota es cero
0= +
Como el resultado de esa ecuacin es cero, entonces el ngulo tiene que ser 0 es decir:
0
0= +
Entonces:
1 1
= +
0 2 +
1 + 1 (0) 1 0 2 +
= = =
0 2 + 0 2 +
0 2 +
Pero
siempre nos dar como resultado un nmero positivo, por lo tanto el valor absoluto lo podemos
despreciar.
1
1 0 2 + 1 0 2 2 1 1 0 2
= = +1 = +1 ;
2
= +
2) Un cuerpo con masa m se lanza verticalmente hacia abajo con una velocidad inicial en
un medio que ofrece una resistencia proporcional a la raz cuadrada de la magnitud de la
velocidad. Encuentre la relacin que hay entre la velocidad y el tiempo t. Determine la
velocidad lmite.
= =
= 2 = 2
=2
1
=2 +
1
=2 +
1 2 2
= 2 +
La ecuacin en forma implcita que describe la posicin del cuerpo en cualquier tiempo t es:
1 2 2
= 2 +
2 2
0= 2 0 +
0
2 2
= + 2 0
0
1 2 2 2 2
= 2 + 0 + 2 0
2 2 0
= 0 +
2
2 2 0
= 0 + 2
Para que:
0
= ; = 0
= 0
3) Una mujer que se lanza en paracadas desde un avin a una altitud de 10000 pies cae
libremente por 20 seg y entonces abre el paracadas. Si se conoce que la resistencia debido al
aire es proporcional a la velocidad (la constante de proporcionalidad es 0.15 sin paracadas y 1.5
con paracadas). Encontrar la ecuacin en forma implcita del tiempo que demorar la mujer en
llegar al piso
= =
= 0.15 =
= = =
Entonces:
0.15
+ =
0.15
0.15 0.15 0.15
+ =
Por lo tanto, la ecuacin que describe la velocidad para cualquier tiempo t es:
0.15
1 () = +
0.15
Pero en t = 0 , v = 0
0= + =
0.15 0.15
0.15
1 () = ; = ;
0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15
1 () = 1 () =
0.15 0.15
10
1 () =
200
1 20 =
Sabemos que:
10 2 10
1 = 1 = +
10
Pero en t = 0 , x = 0
2 2
0= + =
10 10
2 10 2
1 =
10 10
2 200 2
1 20 = 20
10 10
= 1.5 =
Realizando todo el procedimiento anterior para encontrar la ecuacin de la velocidad, nos queda lo siguiente:
1.5
2 = +
1.5
100
2 = +
10
Pero sabemos que la velocidad final del 1er tramo es la velocidad inicial del 2do tramo, entonces en t =0 , la
200
velocidad es , por lo tanto:
9 200 100
2 = +
10 10
9 200 100
2 = +
10 10
9 200 9 200
0= + =
10 10
Finalmente la ecuacin que describe la posicin de la mujer durante el 2do tramo es:
Sabemos que el tiempo que demora en recorrer y , es el tiempo que tomar en llegar al piso, por lo tanto:
1 + 2 = 10000 2 = 10000 1
2 2
200(0.15) 100(0.15) 200 (0.15) 200 (0.15)
0.15 9
+
9
= 10000 20
0.15
0.15
10 0.15 10 10 0.15 10 10
+ =
.
LEY DE TORRICELLI
Esta ley nos dice como cambia la altura con respecto al tiempo, es decir:
= ; = 2
Un tanque semiesfrico tiene un radio de 4 pies, en t = 0 est lleno de agua, en ese momento se
hace un orificio circular con un dimetro de una pulgada en el fondo del tanque Cunto tiempo
tomar a toda el agua salir?
= 2 =
2 2
4 = 4 + 2 16 = 16 8 + 2 + 2 2 = 8 2
Reemplazando:
8 2 1 3
8 2 = = 8 2 2 =
16 3 2 5
2 2 = +
3 5
16 3 2 5 448
4 2 4 2 = =
3 5 15
Entonces:
16 3 2 5 448
2 2 = +
3 5 15
Nos pide que determinemos el tiempo en que demora en vaciarse el tanque, es decir y(t) = 0
2
448 448 448 1 2 1
0 = + = =
15 15 15 2
1792
= 2162.64
15 (0.8333)2 2(32.15)
REACCIONES QUMICAS
Si por ejemplo, hay 2 gramos del producto C, hemos debido de usar, digamos a gramos de A y b gramos de B, de tal
modo que a+b = 2 y b = 4a ; por consiguiente , reemplazando nos queda que a = 2/5 = 2(1/5)g de la sustancia A y
b = 8/5 =2(4/5)g de B. En general, para obtener x gramos de C debemos emplear.
4
5 5
4
50 32
5 5
Respectivamente, sabemos que la rapidez de formacin del compuesto C est definida por:
4
50 32
5 5
Para simplificar las operaciones algebraicas, sacaremos a 1/5 como factor comn del primer trmino, 4/5 del segundo
trmino e introduciremos la constante de proporcionalidad.
= 250 40
1 1
210 + 210 =
250 40
Integrando:
1 1
210 + 210 =
250 40
1 250
= +
210 40
250
= 210 +
40
250
210 +
250
40 = = 210
40
25
=
4
Y tambin que en t = 10 , x = 30
88
= 210 10
25
88
= 210 10
25
1 88
210 =
10 25
El problema nos pide la cantidad de sustancia a los 15 minutos, pero primero despejemos x:
250 25 1
88
= 10 25
40 4
25
250 = 40
4
1000 4 = 1000 25
1
() = 1000
4 25
1 88
(15)
1 10 25
15 = 1000 1 88
(15)
4 25 10 25
= .
Interpretando cuando t
1
1 1
= 1000 ; , = 1000
4 25 4
25
1
1
= 1000 4 ; y quedan:
25
40 4
= 40 =
5 5
) +
=
= =
2
= =
2
3
2 2 + 3 = 2 2 2 2 = 3 = 2
2
1 2 1
= 2
3 2
2
= 2 = 3
1 1 2 1
= 2 + = 2
2 2
2
= = = 2
= 2
2 1
2 + 2 = 2 2
2
= 1
2 =
2 = + 2 2 = + 2 2
= +
= = =
+ + +
= + =
= =
2 3 1
= 2 2 + = + + +
3
) = +
= + = 1 +
1 = 2
= 2 + 1 =
2 + 1
=
2+1
2 = +
+ = + + = +
= + = +
+
=
+
= + = +
1 2
= = +
2
= + +
) +
=
2 2 2 2
= = 2 = 2 = 2
2
2 2 + 2 2 = 1
2 2 1
+ 2 = 2
2 2
2 1
+ =
2 2
= 2 = 2
1 1 2 1
+ = + = 2
2 2 2
2
= = = 2
= 2
2 1
2 + 2 = 2 2
2
= 1 2 =
2
2 2 = + 2 = +
+
= =
+
+ + = +
) +
=
2 2 2 2
= = 2 = 2 = 2
2
+ 2 =
1
+ =1
1
= = =
+ =
= () =
= 2 +
2 2 + 2
= + =
2 2
2
=
2 + 2
+ = +
FRMULA DE ABEL
) + + = ; =
1 1
+ + 1 2 = 0
4
2 = 1
1
= = 2
1 2 1
2
1
= =
1 2 1 2
= 2 =
1 1
2 = 2 = 2
= 1 1 + 2 2 =
)
= ; =
(1 5) 5
=0
2 = 1
(15)
= =
1 2 5 2
5 5
= =
10 10
= 5
= =
1
= 5 = 5
5
5 1 5 5
= 5 =
5 5 5 25
5 5 5 1
2 = 2 =
5 25 5 25
= 1 1 + 2 2 =
) + =
= 2
2 6 + 9 = 0
2 6 + 9 = 0
2 6 + 9 = 0
2
3 =0
1 = 2 = 3
= 1 1 + 2 1
= +
) + =
= 2
2 2 3 + 5 = 0
2 2 3 + 5 = 0
2 2 3 + 5 = 0
3 94 2 5 3 31
1,2 = =
2 2 4
3 31
1,2 =
4 4
= 1 + 2
= +
) + =
1
= = =
1
= = = =
2 2 2 2
2
= 2
= 2
= 2
=
2 1 2 2 2 1
= = =
2 2 2 2
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
= = 2 =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
+2 =0
2
+ 2 = 0
+ = 0
= 2
2 + = 0
2 + 1 = 0 2 + 1 = 0
1 1 4 1 1 1 5
1,2 = =
2 1 2
1+ 5 1 5
2 2
= 1 + 2
1+ 5 1 5
2 2
= 1 + 2
+
= +
) + =
= =
2 2 2 2
2 = 2 = 2 2 = 1
2 2 2 2
3
3 = 1 ( 2)
3
1 + 2 = 0
2 + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 = 0
2 + 2 = 0
= 2
2 2 + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 = 0
2 44 1 2 2 4
1,2 = = 1,2 = 1
2 1 2
= 1 + 2
=
1 + 2
= +
) + = +
2 + = 0
= = = 2
2 2 + = 0 2 2 + 1 = 0 2 2 + 1 = 0
2
1 =0 1 = 2 = 1
= 1 + 2 . . = ,
1 = + ; =2
1 = 2 +
2 = ; =0
2 =
= 1 + 2
= 3 + 2 +
= 3 2 + 3 + 2 + 2
= 6 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
+ + = + 4
3 + 2 + 2 3 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 6 + 3 2 + 3 2 + 3 + 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 = + 4
6 + 2 + = + 4
1
6 = 1 =
6
=0
=4
= +
= + + +
) + + =
= =
1 + 3 + 4 = 0
2 + 3 + 4 = 0
2 + 2 + 4 = 0 + 2 + 4 = 0
= = = 2
2 + 2 + 4 = 0 2 + 2 + 4 = 0 2 + 2 + 1 = 0
2 4 4 1 4 2 12
1,2 = = 1,2 = 1 3
2 1 2
= 1 3 + 2 3
. . = 3 , 3
+ 2 + 4 = 4
= 0 4 + 0 (4) ; =0
= 4 + (4)
= 4 4 + 4 (4)
= 16 4 16 (4)
Reemplazando:
16 4 16 4 8 4 + 8 4 + 4 4 + 4 4 = 4
8 12 4 + 12 8 4 = 4
1 = 8 12
0 = 12 8
3 1
= 4 + (4)
40 20
3 1
= + = 1 3 + 2 3 4 + (4)
40 20
= + +
VARIACIN DE PARMETRO
) + + =
Encontrando la solucin complementaria
+ 4 + 4 = 0
= = = 2
2 + 4 + 4 = 0 2 + 4 + 4 = 0 2 + 4 + 4 = 0
2
+2 =0 1 = 2 = 2
= 1 2 + 2 2 . . = 2 , 2
= 1 1 + 2 2
2 1
1 = ; 2 =
1 , 2 1 , 2
Determinando el wronskiano
2 , 2 = 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 , 2 = 4 2 4 + 2 4
2 , 2 = 4
2
2 1
1 = 2 1 = 1 =
4
2
2 1 1
2 = 2 2 = 2 =
4 2
1
= 2 2
= +
) + = ; =
+ = 2( 1)
1 1
2 = 1
1
1+
1
1
= = =
1 2 2 2
1
( 1)
= = = ( 1)
2 2
=1 =
= =
= 1 + = 1
2 = 2 =
. . = ,
= 1 1 + 2 2
2 1
1 = ; 2 =
1 , 2 1 , 2
Determinando el wronskiano
, =
1
, =
2( 1) ( 1)
1 = 1 = 2 1 = 2 2
( 1)
1
= = ; = 2 = 2
2
1 1 1
1 = 2 2 + 2 1 = 2 + 2
2 2 2
2 ( 1) ( 1)
2 = 2 = 2 2 = 2
( 1)
2 = 2
1
= 2 + 2 2
2
= + +
) + =
1 2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2 =
2 3 + 2 = 3 + 2 =
= = = 2
2 3 + 2 = 0 2 3 + 2 = 0 2 3 + 2 = 0
2 1 = 0 1 = 2 ; 2 = 1
= 1 2 + 2 . . = 2 ,
= 1 1 + 2 2
2 1
1 = ; 2 =
1 , 2 1 , 2
Determinando el wronskiano
2
2 , = 2
2
2 , = 3 2 3 2 , = 3
1 = 1 = 2
3
= =
1
= 2 = 2
2
1 1 1 1
1 = 2 2 1 = 2 + 2
2 4 2 4
2
2 = 2 = 1 + 2 = +
3
1 2 1 2
= + 2 + +
2 4
1 1
= 1 2 + 2 + + 1
2 4
1 3 1 3
= 1 2 + 2 1 = 1 2
+ 2
2 4 2 4
= +
) =
= 2
= 3
Reemplazando:
3 = 0
3 1 = 0
3 1 = 0 1 2 + + 1 = 0
1 1 4 1 1 1 3
1 = 1 ; 2,3 = =
2 1 2 2
= + +
) + =
6 + 1 = 0
6 + 1 = 0
6 = 1
Recordando que todas las races n-simas de = vienes dadas por la expresin:
+2
1
= = 0 , 1 , 2 , . 1
Entonces:
1 +2
= 1 6 6 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3 1
0 = 6 = + 0 = +
6 6 2 2
1 = 2 = + 1 =
2 2
5 5 5 3 1
2 = 6 = + 2 = +
6 6 2 2
3 1
3 =
2 2
4 =
3 1
5 =
2 2
Entonces:
= + + + +
+
) + =
6 3 4 + 3 2 1 = 0
6 3 4 + 3 2 1 = 0
Sabemos que:
3
= 2 32 + 3 2 3
Entonces:
2 1 3
=0
2 1 = 0
= 1
1 = 2 = 3 = 1 4 = 5 = 6 1
= + + + + +
) + + =
1
= = =
1
= = = =
2 2 2 2
= = = =
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 2 2 1
= = =
2 2 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
2
= = 2 =
2 2 2 2 2
3 2 3 2 3 2
= = =
3 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 3 2
= =
3 2 3 2
3 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
= 2 = 2 2 + 2 2
3 2 3 3 2
3 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 3 2
= 2 3 2 +2 = 3 2 +2 3 3 = 3 3 2 + 2
3 3 3 2 3
Reemplazando
2
3 2
3 2 +2 +6 +7 =0
3 2
3 + 2 + 6 6 + 7 = 0 + 3 + 3 = 0
3 + 3 2 + 3 = 0 3 + 3 2 + 3 = 0 2 + 3 + 3 = 0
3 9 12 3 3
1 = 0 ; 2,3 = =
2 2 2
3 3 3
= 1 0 + 2 2 + 3
2 2
= + +
) + + + =
1 2 3 + 5 1 2 + 7 1 + 8 = 2
4 63 + 112 6 + 53 152 + 10 + 72 7 + 8 = 2
3 + 5 = 2
4 3 3 2 + 5 = 0
3 2 3 + 5 = 0 + 1 2 2 + 5 = 0
2 4 20
1 = 0 ; 2 = 1 ; 3,4 = = 1 2
2
= 1 0 + 2 + 3 2 + 4 (2)
= 1 + 2 + 3 2 + 4 (2)
. . = 1, , 2 , (2)
= 2 + + ; =1
= 3 + 2 +
= 3 2 + 2 +
= 6 + 2
= 6
=0
Reemplazando:
6 + 3 6 + 2 + 5 3 2 + 2 + = 2
6 + 18 + 6 + 15 2 + 10 + 5 = 2
15 2 + 18 + 10 + 6 + 6 + 5 = 2
1 = 15
1 = 18 + 10
0 = 6 + 6 + 5
1 3 11 2 43
= +
15 50 125
Entonces:
1 3 11 2 43
= 1 + 2 + 3 2 + 4 2 +
15 50 125
= + + +
+
) + = , <<
3 + = 0 2 + 1 = 0
1 = 0 ; 2 + 1 = 0 2,3 =
= 1 0 + 0 2 + 3 = 1 + 2 + 3
. . = 1 , , ()
= 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
Determinando el wronskiano
1
1 , 2 , 3 = 0 = = 2 2 = 1
0
Determinando 1
0 () ()
0 () ()
() () () () ()
1 = =
1 () ()
1
1 = 2 2 = = =
2
= =
1 1
1 = 1 = = ()
2
1 0 ()
0 0 ()
0 () () 0 ()
2 = = 1
1 () ()
1 2
2 = () = () =
2
1 2
2 = = 2 + = +
2
Determinando 3
1 () 0
0 () 0
0 () () () 0
3 = = 1
1 ()
1
3 = () = () =
3 = =
Entonces:
= + + + + + ()
) + = ; =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
Reemplazando
+ +
1 ( 1) 2 + () 1 = 0
=2 =1
+ + +
1 2 1 2 + 1 = 0
=2 =2 =1
+ + +
1 1 1 2 + 1 = 0
=2 =2 =1
=1 =2 = 1
+ + +
+1 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + +1 + 1 = 0
=1 =0 =0
+
0 0
2 2 1 + 1 1 + +1 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + +1 + 1 = 0
=1
22 + 1 = 0 =
+1 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + +1 + 1 = 0
+1 + +1 +
+2 = +1 + = ;
+2 +1 + +
n=1
2 2 1 1
3 = 2 3 = 3 =
3 3 2 3
n =2
3 2 1 1
4 = 3 4 = 4 =
4 4 3 4
n=3
1
5 =
5
n =4
1
6 =
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
=
=0
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
= 0 + 1 + + + + + .
2 3 4 5
2 3 4 5
= 0 1 + 1 + + + + + .
2 3 4 5
+
1
=
1
=0
1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .
1
Integrando tenemos:
1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .
1
2 3 4 5
1 = + + + + +
2 3 4 5
= +
) + + = ; =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
+ + +
2 1 ( 1) 2 + 4 () 1 + 2 = 0
=2 =1 =0
+ + + +
2 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 + 4 () 1 + 2 = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
+ + + +
( 1) ( 1) 2 + 4 () + 2 = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
= 2
+ + + +
1 +2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 0
=2 =0 =1 =0
2 2 1 3 3 2 + 41 1 + 20 + 21 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 0
=2
22 63 + 41 + 20 + 21 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 0
=2
20 22 + 63 + 41 + 21 + 1 +2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 0
=2
20 22 = 0 =
63 + 41 + 21 = 0 =
1 +2 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 2 = 0
1 + 4 + 2
+2 = + = ;
+2 +1
n=2
4 = 2 4 = 0
n=3
5 = 3 4 = 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
=
=0
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
= 0 + 1 + 0 2 + 2 3 + 0 4 + .
= 0 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + + 1 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 +
Sabemos que:
+
1
=
1
=0
+
1
= 2
1 2
=0
1
= + 2 + 4 + 6 +
1 2
Entonces:
1 1
= 0 + 1
1 2 1 2
=
+
) + + = ; =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
+ + +
2 + 1 ( 1) 2 + 2 () 1 2 = 0
=2 =1 =0
+ + + +
2 ( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2 + 2 () 1 2 = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
+ + + +
( 1) + ( 1) 2 + 2 () 2 = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
= 2
+ + + +
( 1) + +2 + 2 ( + 1) + 2 () 2 = 0
=2 =0 =1 =0
2 2 1 + 3 3 2 + 21 1 20 21 + 1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 = 0
=2
22 + 63 + 21 20 21 + 1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 = 0
=2
22 20 = 0 =
63 = 0 =
1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 = 0
2 2 1
+2 = + = ;
+2 +1 +
n=2
1 1
4 = 2 4 = 0
3 3
n=3
2
5 = 3 5 = 0
4
n=4
3 1
6 = 4 4 = 0
5 5
n=5
7 = 0
n=6
5 1
8 = 2 4 = 0
7 7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
=
=0
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
0 4 0 0
= 0 + 1 + 0 2 + 0 + 0 + 6 + 0 8 .
3 5 7
4 6 8
= 0 1 + 2 + . + 1
3 5 7
1
=
1 + 2
+
= 2
=0
= 1 2
=0
= 1 2 + 3 4 + 5
Integrando tenemos:
= 1 2 + 3 4 + 5
3 4 5 6
= + +
3 4 5 6
Multiplicando por x:
4 5 6 7
= 2 + +
3 4 5 6
Entonces:
= + +
) + =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
+ + +
1 2 + 2 1 2 =
=2 =1 =0
+ + +
1 2 + 2 2 =
=2 =1 =0
= 2
+ + +
+2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 =
=0 =1 =0
2 2 1 20 + +2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 =
=0
22 20 = 0 =
3 3 2 + 21 1 21 = 63 21 21 = 1 = +
+2 + 2 + 1 + 2 2 = 0
2( + 1)
+2 = + = ;
+2 +1 +
n=2
2 1
4 = 2 4 = 0
4 2
n=3
2 2 1 2 1 22
5 = 3 5 = + 5 = +
5 5 6 3 1 35 35 1
n=4
2 2 1 1
6 = 4 6 = 6 = 0
6 6 2 0 6
n=5
2 2 2 22 2 222
7 = 5 7 = + 7 = +
7 7 56 35 1 357 357 1
n=6
2 2 1 1
8 = 6 8 = 8 =
8 8 6 0 24 0
n=7
2 2 22 222 22 2222
9 = 7 9 = + 9 = +
9 9 567 357 1 3579 3579 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
=
=0
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
1 2 0 2 22 0 22 222
= 0 + 1 + 0 2 + + 3 + 4 + + 5 + 6 + + 7 + .
6 3 1 2 56 35 1 6 567 357 1
3 2 0 2 5 2 2 0 22 222
= 0 + 1 + 0 2 + + 1 3 + 4 + + 5 + 6 + 7 + 7 +
6 3 2 56 35 1 6 567 357 1
1 3 1 5 2 22
+ + 7 +
23 35 357 3579
6 8 10 2 22 222
= 0 1 + 2 + + + + + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + +
23 234 2345 3 35 357
3 2 22
+ 5 + 7 +
3 35 357 3579
6 8 10 (2 2) 2222 2 222222 23
= 0 1 + 2 + + + + + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + +
3! 4! 5! 23 2345 234567
1 3 (2 2) 2 5 (2 2 2 2) 2 3 7 222222 234 9
+ + +
23 2345 234567 23456789
+ + +
2 22 ! 22 !
= 0 + 1 2 +1 + 2+3
! (2 + 1)! (2 + 3)!
=0 =0 =0
+ +
! !
= + + + +
( + )! ( + )!
= =
) + + =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
+ + +
2 + 1 ( 1) 2 + () 1 = 0
=2 =1 =0
+ + + +
2 ( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2 + () 1 = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
+ + + +
( 1) + ( 1) 2 + () = 0
=2 =2 =1 =0
=2
+ + + +
( 1) + +2 + 2 ( + 1) + () = 0
=2 =0 =1 =0
2 2 1 + 3 3 2 + 1 1 0 1 + 1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + = 0
=2
22 0 + 63 + 1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + = 0
=2
22 0 = 0 =
63 = 0 =
1 + +2 + 2 + 1 + = 0
1 ( 1)
+2 = + = ;
+2 +1 +
n=2
1 1 1 1
4 = 2 4 = 4 =
4 4 2 0 24 0
n=3
2 2
5 = 3 5 = 0 5 = 0
5 5
n=4
3 3 1 3
6 = 4 6 = 6 =
6 6 24 0 246 0
n=5
4
7 = 5 7 = 0
7
n=6
5 5 3 35
8 = 6 4 = 4 =
8 8 246 0 2468 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
=
=0
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
1 1 3 35
= 0 + 1 + 0 2 + 0 4 + 0 + 6 8 .
2 24 0 246 0 2468 0
1 1 3 35
= 1 + 0 1 + 2 4 + 6 8
2 (2 2) 2 (2 2 2) 2 3 (2 2 2 2) 2 3 4
+
( )
= + + +
!
=
) + =
+
=
=0
= () 1
=1
= ( 1) 2
=2
Sabemos que:
+
1 2
=
2 + 1
=0
2 4 6
= 1 + +
2! 4! 6!
Entonces:
+ +
2 3 4
1 2 + 1 + + = 0
2! 4! 6!
=2 =0
=2
+ +
2 4 6
+2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + + = 0
2! 4! 6!
=0 =0
+ +
2 4 6
+2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + + = 0
2! 4! 6!
=0 =0
Resolviendo la sumatoria:
2 3 6
22 + 63 + 124 2 + 205 3 + + 1 + + 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + = 0
2 24 720
0 2 1 3
22 + 0 + 63 + 1 + 124 + 2 + 205 + 3 +
2 2
0
22 + 0 = 0 2 =
2
1
63 + 1 = 0 3 =
6
0 0 0 0 0
124 + 2 =0 124 = 2 124 = + 4 =
2 2 2 2 12
1 1 1 1 1
205 + 3 =0 205 = 3 205 = + 5 =
2 2 2 6 30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Entonces:
= + + +
[ERICK CONDE]
Ecuaciones Diferenciales
MTODO DE FROBENIUS
1) + =
() 1
lim lim = 1
0 () 0
() 4 3
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +2 ( + ) +1 + 4 3 + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 ( + ) +1 + 4 ++3 = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 ( + ) +1 + 4 ++3 = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ + 1 + + + + 4 ++4 = 0
=0 =0 =0
=+4
+ + +
+ + 1 + + + + 4 4 + = 0
=0 =0 =4
0 1 + 1 + 1 +1 + 2 + 2 + 1 +2 + 3 + 3 + 2 +3
0 1 + 1 +1 2 + 2 +2 3 + 3 +3 + + + 1 + + 44 + = 0
=4
1 1 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 2
1 +1 + 1 + 1 =0
1 +1 2 2 + 1 (2 + 1) = 0 1 +1 (3) = 0 =
2 +2 + 1 + 2 + 2 =0
2 +2 2 + 1 2 + 2 (2 + 2) = 0 2 +2 (8) = 0 =
3 +3 + 3 + 2 + 3 =0
3 +3 2 + 3 2 + 2 2 + 3 = 0 2 +2 15 = 0 =
+ + 1 + + 44 + = 0
+ + 1 + + 44 = 0 () = ;
+ ( )
= 2
44
= ; 4
+ 2 ()
4 0
=4 4 =
46
4 1
=5 5 = 5 = 0
57
4 2
=6 6 = 6 = 0
68
4 3
=7 7 = 7 = 0
79
4 4 44 0
=8 8 = 8 =
810 46810
.
.
.
4 8 444 0
= 12 12 = 12 =
1214 468101214
.
.
.
1 = +
=0
+
1 = +2
=0
1 = 0 2 + 1 3 + 2 4 + 3 5 + 4 6 + 5 7 + .
1 = 0 2 + 1 3 + 2 4 + 3 5 + 4 6 + 5 7 + .
40 6 4 40 4 4 40
1 = 0 2 + 10 14 + .
46 4 6 8 10 4 6 8 10 12 14
4 42 43
1 = 0 2 2
6 + 4
10 14 + .
3! 2 5! 2 7! 26
+
4+2 4 (1)
1 = 0
2 + 1 ! 22
=0
+
(1) ( 2 )2 +1
1 = 0
2 + 1 !
=0
1 = 0 ( 2 )
2 = 1 ()
Encontrando v(x)
1
= =
1 2 ( 2 )2
1
= =
( 2 )2 ( 2 )2
=
( 2 )2
= 2 = 2
1 1 1
= = = ( 2 )
2 ()2 2 2
1 1
2 = 2 2 = 2
2 2
2) + ( + ) + =
() (1 + ) 1
lim lim =
0 () 0 2 2
() 1
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0 2
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
2 + ( + 1) + 2 + (1 + ) ( + ) +1 + + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+1 +1 +
2 + ( + 1) + ( + ) + ( + ) + + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
Multiplicando por x:
+ + + +
2 + ( + 1) + 1 + ( + ) +1 + ( + ) + + + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
+ + + +
2 + ( + 1) + + ( + ) + + ( + ) ++1 + ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
=+1
+ + + +
2 + ( + 1) + + ( + ) + + ( 1 + ) + + 1 + = 0
=0 =0 =1 =1
20 1 + 0 + 2 + + 1 + + + 1 1 + + 1 + = 0
=1
0 2 1 + = 0 2 2 + 1 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 1 2
2 + + 1 + + + 1 1 + + 1 + = 0
2 + + 1 + + + 1 1 + + 1 = 0
( + + )
= ;
+ + +
= 1 2
1
= ; 1
2
0
=1 1 =
2
1 0
=2 2 = 2 =
4 24
2 0
=3 3 = 3 =
6 246
3 0
=4 7 = 7 =
8 2468
.
.
.
Entonces:
1 = +
=0
+
1
1 = +2
=0
1 3 5 7
1 = 0 2 + 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + .
1 0 3 0 5 0 7 0 9
1 = 0 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 .
2 24 246 2468
1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9
1 = 0 2 2 + 2 2+ 2 .
2 2! 22 3! 23 4! 24
+ 2+1
(1) 2
1 = 0
! 2
=0
+ 1
(1) 2
1 = 0
! 2
=0
+
1 = 0 2
!
=0
1 = 0 2
1+
2
= = 2
1 2
2
1 1
2 + 2 2
= =
3
= 2 2
3
2 2
2 = 2
!
=0
3
+ 1
2 2
= 2
3 !
2
=0
23
+ 1
2 2
= 2
3 !
2
=0
2 3
+ 1
2 1 1 2
= + + 2
3 3 1 !
2 2 2 2
=2
1 + 1 21
2 2 2 2
= + + 2
3 3 2 2 1
2 2
=2 !
2
1 + 1 21
2 2 2
= + + 2
3 2 2 1
2
=2 !
2
1 + 1 21
2 2 2
2 =
2 + + 2
3 2 2 1
2
=2 !
2
+
=
+ +
= !
3) + =
() (3 )
lim lim =3
0 () 0
() 1
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +2 + 3 + +1 + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+1 +1 +
+ ( + 1) +3 ( + ) ( + ) + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
Multiplicado por x
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) +1 + 3 ( + ) +1 ( + ) + + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) + + 3 ( + ) + ( + ) ++1 ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
=+1
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) + + 3 ( + ) + ( 1 + ) + 1 + = 0
=0 =0 =1 =1
0 1 + 30 + + + 1 + 3 + 1 1 + 1 + = 0
=1
0 1 + 3 = 0 1 + 3 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 2
+ + 1 + 3 + 1 1 + 1 + = 0
1 ( 1 + + 1)
= ; 1
+ +1 +3
= ;
( + + )
1
= ; 1
+2
0
=1 1 =
3
1 0
=2 2 = 2 =
4 34
2 0
=3 3 = 3 =
5 345
3 0
=4 7 = 7 =
6 3456
.
.
.
Entonces:
+
1 = +
=0
1 =
=0
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + .
0 0 0 0
1 = 0 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + .
3 34 345 3456
2 3 4
1 = 0 1 + + + + + .
3 34 345 3456
1 2 3 4
1 = 20 + + + + + .
2 23 234 2345 23456
+
1 = 20
+2 !
=0
1
2 = 2, = , 1
( + + 2)
= 2
1
= ; 1
=1 1 = 0
1 0
=2 2 = 2 =
4 2
2 0
=3 3 = 3 =
5 23
3 0
=4 7 = 7 =
6 234
2 = +
=0
2 = 2
=0
2 = 0 2 + 1 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 2 + .
0 0 0
2 = 0 2 + 0 1 + + + 2 + .
2 23 234
1 2
2 = 0 2 + 1 + + + + .
2 23 234
+ +
2 2
2 = 0 2 = 0
! !
=0 =0
+
1
2 = 0 2 = 0
2 ! 2
=0
1 = 2 ()
3
= = 2
2 2
2
3
3 +
= 2 =
2
2 4
4 3
= =
2
= =
1
= =
1
= =
1
1 = +
2
= +
4) + =
() 3
lim lim = 3
0 () 0 (1 )
() 2
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0 (1 )
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
1 + + 1 +2 3 + +1 + 2 + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) +2 2 ( + ) + 1 +2 3 ( + ) +1 + 2 + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) +1 ( + ) + 1 + 3 ( + ) +1 + 2 + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
Multiplicando por x
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) +1 ( + ) + 1 + 3 ( + ) +1 + 2 + = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) + ( + ) + 1 ++1 3 ( + ) + + 2 ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0 =0
=+1
+ + + +
+ ( + 1) + ( 1 + ) + 2 1 + 3 ( + ) + + 2 1 + = 0
=0 =1 =0 =1
0 1 30 + + + 1 1 + + 2 1 3 + + 21 + = 0
=1
0 1 3 = 0 1 3 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 4
+ + 1 1 + + 2 1 3 + + 21 + = 0
1 1 + + 2 2
= ; 1
+ +1 3
1 + 2 3( + ) ( + )
= ; 1 = ;
+ ( + 4) ( + )
=1 1 = 20
3 1
=2 2 = 2 = 30
2
4 2
=3 3 = 3 = 40
3
.
.
.
1 = +
=0
1 = +4
=0
1 = 0 4 + 1 5 + 2 6 + 3 7 + 4 8 + .
1 = 0 4 + 1 5 + 2 6 + 3 7 + 4 8 + .
1 = 0 4 + 20 5 + 30 6 + 40 7 + 50 8 + .
1 = 0 ( 4 + 2 5 + 3 6 + 4 7 + 5 8 + .
1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .
1
Derivando tenemos:
1
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .
1
1
= 1 + 2 + 3 2 + 4 3 + 5 4 + .
(1 )2
4
= 4 + 2 5 + 3 6 + 4 7 + 5 8 + .
(1 )2
4
1 = 0
(1 )2
2 = 1 ()
3 3
+
1 (3 3 1 )
= =
8 8
(1 )4 (1 )4
(1 )4 3 (1 )3 (1 )
= =
8 5
1 1
= 4
+ 3
4 3
1 1 4
2 = 3
4
3 4 (1 )2
=
( )
=
( ) ( )
5) + =
() 2
lim lim = 2
0 () 0
()
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
+ + 1 +2 + 2 + +1 + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+1 +1
+ ( + 1) +2 ( + ) ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0
Multiplicando por x:
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 + 2 ( + ) +1 ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) + + 2 ( + ) + ++2 = 0
=0 =0 =0
=+2
+ + +
+ ( + 1) + + 2 ( + ) + 2 +2 = 0
=0 =0 =2
0 1 + 1 + 1 () +1 + 20 + 21 + 1 +1 + + 1 + 2 + 2 + = 0
=2
0 1 + = 0
1 + 1 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 0
1 +1 + 1 + 2 + 1 =0
1 +1 0 0 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 = 0 1 +1 2 = 0 =
+ + 1 + 2 + 2 = 0
2
= ; 2
+ +1 +2
2
= ; 2
+ ( + + 1)
= ;
+ ( + + )
= 0
2
= ; 2
( + 1)
0
=2 2 =
23
1
=3 3 = 3 = 0
23
2 0
=4 4 = 4 =
45 2345
3
=5 5 = 5 = 0
56
4 0
=6 6 = 6 =
67 234567
.
.
.
1 = +
=0
1 =
=0
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 + 6 6 + .
0 0 0
1 = 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + .
23 2345 234567
2 4 6
1 = 0 1+ + + + .
3! 5! 7!
+
2
1 = 0
(2 + 1)!
=0
+
1 2+1
1 = 0
(2 + 1)!
=0
1 = 0
2
= = 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
= = 2
2
= 2
= , :
2
2 2
2 2 4 2
= = =
2
1 21 2
= =
42 42 42
= = =
2 1 2 1 +1 2 1 2 +1 2
2 2 1 + 2 + 1 +
= +
1 2 +1 2 1 2 +1 2
2 = 2 1 + + 1 2
+ 2 + 1 + 1 2
2 = 2 3 + 2 1 + (2 + 2 + 1) + 2 3 2 + 1 + (2 2 + 1)
2 = 2 + 2 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 + + 2 +
1 2 + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 + = 1
3 2 + 2 2 2 = 0
4 2 + + 2 + = 0
2 = 2 1 + 3 2 = 2 2 + 3 = 2 + 2 = 1
1
= 2 + 2 = 1
4
1
=
4
1 1
2 + + 2 + = 0
4 4
1 1
= =
8 8
2( 1) 2( + 1)
= + + +
1 2 1 2 +1 2 +1 2
2
2
= 2 1 + 2 + 1
( 1) ( + 1)
1 1 1 1
=2 1 2
+2 + 1 2
8 4( 1) 8 4( + 1)
1 1 1 1
2 = 1 2
+ + 1 2
4 4( 1) 4 4( + 1)
= + +
( ) ( + )
6) + + =
() 3
lim lim = 3
0 () 0
() 4 3
lim 2 lim 2 =0
0 () 0
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +2 +3 ( + ) +1 + 4 3 + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 + 3 ( + ) +1 + 4 ++3 = 0
=0 =0 =0
Multiplicando por x
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 + 3 ( + ) +1 + 4 ++3 = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ + 1 + +3 + + +4 ++4 = 0
=0 =0 =0
=+4
+ + +
+ + 1 + + 3 + + + 4 4 + = 0
=0 =0 =4
0 1 + 1 + 1 +1 + 2 + 2 + 1 +2 + 3 + 3 + 2 +3 +
30 + 31 + 1 +1 + 32 + 2 +2 + 33 + 3 +3 + + + 1 + 3 + + 4 4 + = 0
=4
0 1 + 3 = 0
1 + 3 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 2
1 +1 0 0 + 1 + 3(0 + 1) = 0 1 +1 (3) = 0 =
2 +2 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 =0
2 +2 0 + 1 0 + 2 + 3(0 + 2) = 0 2 +2 (6) = 0 =
3 +3 + 3 + 2 + 3 + 3 =0
3 +3 0 + 3 0 + 2 + 3 0 + 3 = 0 2 +2 9 = 0 =
+ + 1 + 3 + + 44 + = 0
+ + 1 + 3 + + 44 = 0
44
= ; 4
+ ( + 1 + 3)
= ;
+ ( + + )
= 0
44
= ; 4
+ 2 ()
4 0
=4 4 =
46
4 1
=5 5 = 5 = 0
57
4 2
=6 6 = 6 = 0
68
4 3
=7 7 = 7 = 0
79
4 4 44 0
=8 8 = 8 =
810 46810
.
.
.
4 8 444 0
= 12 12 = 12 =
1214 468101214
.
.
.
1 = +
=0
+
1 =
=0
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 + .
40 4 4 40 4 4 40
1 = 0 + 8 12 + .
46 4 6 8 10 4 6 8 10 12 14
4 42 43
1 = 0 1 2
4 + 4
8 12 + .
3! 2 5! 2 7! 26
+
4 4 (1)
1 = 0
2 + 1 ! 22
=0
+
1 (1) 4+2
1 = 0
2 2 + 1 !
=0
+
1 (1) 2 2 +1
1 = 0
2 2 + 1 !
=0
( 2 )
1 = 0
2
2 = 1 ()
3
= = 2
1 2 ( 2 )
2
3 3 4
= 2 = = 2 2
( 2 ) ( 2 )2
2
= 2 = 2
1 1 1
= 2 = = ( 2 )
2 2 2
1 ( 2 ) ( 2 )
2 = 2 2
=
2 2 2
( )
=
( )
=
7) + + =
() 2
lim lim = 2
0 () 0
()
lim 2 lim 2 = 0
0 () 0
= +
=0
= ( + ) +1
=0
= + ( + 1) +2
=0
+ + +
+ + 1 +2 + 2 + +1 + + = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+1 +1
+ ( + 1) +2 ( + ) + ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0
Multiplicando por x
+ + +
+ ( + 1) +1 + 2 ( + ) +1 + ++1 = 0
=0 =0 =0
+ + +
+ ( + 1) + + 2 ( + ) + + ++2 = 0
=0 =0 =0
=+2
+ + +
+ ( + 1) + + 2 ( + ) + + 2 +2 = 0
=0 =0 =2
0 1 + 1 + 1 () +1 + 20 + 21 + 1 +1 + + 1 + 2 ( + ) + 2 + = 0
=2
0 1 + = 0
1 + 1 = 0 1 = 0 , 2 = 0
1 +1 + 1 + 2 + 1 =0
1 +1 0 0 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 = 0 1 +1 2 = 0 =
2
= ; 2
+ +1 +2
2
= ; 2
+ ( + + 1)
= ;
+ ( + + )
= 0
2
= ; 2
( + 1)
0
=2 2 =
23
1
=3 3 = 3 = 0
23
2 0
=4 4 = 4 =
45 2345
3
=5 5 = 5 = 0
56
4 0
=6 6 = 6 =
67 234567
.
.
.
1 = +
=0
1 =
=0
1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 + 6 6 + .
0 0 0
1 = 0 2 + 4 6 + .
23 2345 234567
2 4 6
1 = 0 1 + + .
3! 5! 7!
+
2 (1)
1 = 0
(2 + 1)!
=0
+
1 (1) 2+1
1 = 0
(2 + 1)!
=0
1 = 0
2
= = 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
= =
2 2
= 2 () = ()
()
2 = =
()
=
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
= +
=
2
5
5 =
2
5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
1 5 + 10 10 + 5
5 =
16 2
1 5 5 3 + 10 10 + 5 3 5
5 =
16 2
1 5 5 3 3
5 = 5 + 10
16 2 2 2
1
5 = 5 5 3 + 10 ()
16
= +
+ + +
) ( )
Como la funcin seno ya est desfasada, no hay problema, entonces, primero determinamos la trasformada de Laplace
1
de la funcin seno: = , luego:
2 +1
( ) =
+
4 =
2 16
Luego:
+2
2 4 =
+ 2 2 16
Y finalmente:
+
=
+
2 = 2 ( 2 + 2)
2 = 2 ( 2) + 2)
2 = 2 2 + 2 2 (1)
= +
)
= +
2 2 2 2
= +
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
2 2 2
=
+
) ()
1 15
() = 3 + 2 + 5 3 5 + 5 15
2 2
1 15
() = + 2 3 + 2 + 5 3 5 3 + 5
2 2
1 15
15
2 2
() = + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 5 + 5 + 5 3 5 5
1 1
+ 5 15 + 10 10 15 15
2 2
1
() = + 2 3 3 5 3 + 5 3 5 5 + 5 5
2
1
10 5 15 15
2
1 1
() = + 2 3 3 15 5 + 5 5 15 15
2 2
() = + +
) ()
4
(4) =
2 + 16
4
3 (4) =
+ 3 2 + 16
4
3 (4) =
+ 3 2 + 16
4
3 (4) = 2 2
2 +3
+3 + 16
+
() =
+ +
= ()
0
() ()
1 1
(1) = 2
+1
0
1 1 1 1 2 1
= = + 2
2 + 1 2 2 + 1 +1 2
0
= +
+ +
1
() =
2 + 1
1
2 =
+2 2 +1
1 2 +2
2 = =
+ 2 2 + 1 +2 2+1 2
() 2 +2
2 +2 2 +1 2
(1) =
()
0
2 +2 +2
2 2
+2 +2 +1
2 2 =
+2
0
+ +
=
+ + +
=1
1
1
=
1
0
= =
1
= =
1 1
= +
1
1 1
= 2
1 0
1 1 1
= 2 2
1
= +
1
= ()
1
0
= () =
1
= =
= () =
1
= =
() 1 () 1
= +
() () 1
= + 2
2
() ()
2
=
1
1+ 2
2 () ()
=
2 + 1 2
1 2 () ()
=
1 2 + 1 2 0
1 2 1 1
= 2
1 2 + 1 2
=
+
+
a)
b)
1 1,0 ; 2 2, 4
1 = +
0 = + ; 4 = 2 +
1 = 4 + 4
1 2,0 ; 2 3,2
2 = +
0 = 2 + ; 2 = 3 +
2 = 2 4
() = 1 ( 2) 1 + 2 ( 3) 2 + ( 3)3
() = 1 2 (4 + 4) + 2 3 (2 4) + ( 3)2
() = 4 + 1 1 4 2 + 1 + 2 2 2 2 3 ( 2) + 2( 3)
() = 4 ( + 1 2) + 2 1 4 2 ( + 1 3) + 3 + 2 2 2 2 3 (( 2
1) + 1) + 2( 3)
() = 4 1 1 + 8 1 4 2 2 12 2 + 2 2 2
2 3 3 2 3 + 2( 3)
() = 4 1 1 + 8 1 2 2 2 12 2 2 3 3
() =
+
2 2 1
= , entonces 4 = =
2
() = + ( 3)
2
() = + ( 3)
2 2
1 1
() = + + ( 3) 3 + 3
2 2
1 1 3
() = ( ) + + ( 3) ( 3) +
2 2 2 2
1 1
+ +
() = 2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
( 3) ( 3) + ( 3)
2 2 2 2
1 1
() = ( ) ( 3) ( 3)
2 2
() = 3
1 1
2 + 2 +
4 4
() =
+ +
+
)
+ +
+1 +1
1 = 1
2 + 4 + 8 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 4
+1 +1
1 = 1
2 + 4 + 8 +2 2 +4
+1 ( + 1 + 1) 1
1 = 1
2 + 4 + 8 +2 2+4
+1 +2 1
1 = 1 1
2 + 4 + 8 +2 2 +4 +2 2 +4
+1 +2 1 2
1 = 1 1
2 + 4 + 8 +2 2 +4 2 +2 2 +4
+
= ()
+ +
)
+ +
1 2 + 2 +
= +
2 + 1 2 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 4
1 = 2 + 2 + 4 + (2 + ) 2 + 1
1 = 2 3 + 8 + 2 + 4 + 2 3 + 2 + 2 +
1 = 2 + 2 3 + + 2 + 8 + 2 + 4 +
0 = 2 + 2
0= +
0 = 8 + 2
1 = 4 +
2 2 + 2 +
1 = 1 2 + 2
2 + 1 2 + 4 2 + 1 +4
2 2 2 2 2
1 = 2 1 + 1 2 + 2 1 2 + 1 2
2 + 1 2 + 4 2
+1 +1 +4 +4
2 1 1 2 1 2 2
1 = 1 2 = ( )
2 + 1 2 + 4 3 2 + 1 6 +4 + +
)
+ +
() = ()
= 1
1
= 1 2
+ 2 + 5
= 1 1 + 1 2 + 2 + 1 + 5 1
= 1 1 + 1 + 1 2
+4
1 2 +1
= 1 + 1
1 +1 2+4
= 2 (2)
()
=
+
)
+
() = ()
= 1
2 + 9
= 1 2
+1
= 1 2 + 9 + 1 2 + 1
2 2
= 1 + 1 2
2 + 9 +1
= 2 3 + 2 ()
()
=
+ +
)
( + + )
3 + 3 2 + 1 2 + 2 +
= + +
2 ( 2 + 2 + 2) 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2)
3 + 3 2 + 1 = ( 2 + 2 + 2) + ( 2 + 2 + 2) + 2 2 + 2( 2 ) + ( 2 )
3 + 3 2 + 1 = 3 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 3 + 2 2 + 2
3 + 3 2 + 1 = + 2 3 + 2 + + 2 + 2 + (2 + 2) + 2
1 = + 2
3 = 2 + + 2 +
0 = 2 + 2
1 = 2
3 + 3 2 + 1 1 1 1
1 = 1 + 1 2 + 2 1 + 1
2 ( 2 + 2 + 2) +1 2+1 +1 2+1
3 + 3 2 + 1
1 = + + 2 + ()
2 ( 2 + 2 + 2)
+ +
= + + + ()
( + + )
)
( + )
+
()
1 =
+
()
=
() 2
= lim
+ ( 2 + 1)3
= 2 + 1 = 2
()
= lim
+ ()3
() 1
= lim
+ 2 2
() 1
=
2( + 1)2
2
() 1 1 1
=
2 ( 2 + 1)2
() 1 1 1 1
= 2
2
2 +1 +1
() 1
=
2
0
+ = ()
= + ()
+ = + ()
= + ()
Entonces +
+
=
2
() 1
= + +
4
0
() 1
= 2
4
0
() 1
= 2
4
0
() 1 1
= 2 ()
4 2 0
() 1 1 1
= 2
4 2 2
1 1
= +
4 2 2
1
= 1 2
1+
2
4
= 1
4 + 2
2
= 2 1
4 + 2
= 2 (2)
()
=
)
+ +
2 ()
1 1 1
1 = 1
2 + 4 + 5 +2 2 +1
1
1
1 2
= 2
+ 4 + 5
0
= =
1
= 2 = 2
2
2 1
2 = + 2
2 2
= =
1
= 2 = 2
2
2 1 2 1
2 = + 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 1
2 = 2
2 4 4
1 4
1 = 2 +
2 + 4 + 5 5 2 4 0
1 4 4 1
1 = 2 + +
2 + 4 + 5 5 2 4 5 4
= +
+ +
) + = , = ; =
6 + 9 = 2 3
2!
2 0 (0) 6 (0) + 9 = 3
3
2
2 2 6 6 + 12 + 9 = 3
3
2
2 6 + 9 = 3
+ 2 6
3
2 2 6
1 = 1 5
+ 2
2
3 3 3
2 1 4! 1
1 = 5
+ 2 1 2
6 1 2
4! 3 3 3
2 = + 2
3 3 3
= 3 2 + 3 = 2 6 + 9 + 3 = 2 6 + 9 + 3
= 2 + 6 + (9 3)
0=
1 = 6
0 = 9 3
Podemos notar que el sistema no tiene solucin, entonces este mtodo no funciona, pero sabemos que
= 1
= 1 2
3
1 2
= 1 2
+ 3
3 3
1
= 1 2
+ 2 1 3
3 3
3
= + 2
+ 3
3 3 3 3
2
= 3 + 3 + = 2 6 + 9 + 3 + = 2 6 + 9 + 3 +
= 2 + 6 + (9 3 + )
0=
0 = 9 3 +
Resolviendo el sistema A = 0, B = 1, C = 3
1
= 1 2
+ 2 1 + 2
+ 3
3 3 3 3
1
= 1 2
+ 2 1 2
+ 3
3 3 3
1 1! 2 1 1! 2 1 2!
= 2
+ 2
+ 3
1! 3 1! 3 2! 3
= 3 + 2 3 + 3 2 3
= 3 + 2 3 + 36 3
4 3
= + 2 3 + 72 3 6 3
12
= + +
) + = () , = ; =
+ 4 = +
4 4 4
+ 4 = +
4 4 4 4 4
+ 4 = +
4 4 4 4 4
2 1 2
2 0 (0) + 4 = 4 +
2 2 + 1 2 2 + 1
2 1 2
2 + 4 = 4 2
+ 2
2 +1 2 +1
4 2 1 2
= 2 2
+ 2
+
+4 2 +1 2 +1 2 +4
4 2 1 2
1 = 1 + +
2 + 4 2 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 2 + 4
2 1 4 2 1 4
= + + 1
2 2 + 4 2 + 1 2 2 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 4
1 2 + 2 +
= +
2 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 4 2 + 1
1 = 2 3 + 2 + 2 + + 2 3 + 8 + 2 + 4
1 = 2 + 2 3 + + 2 + 2 + 8 + ( + 4)
0 = 2 + 2
0=+
0 = 2 + 8
1 = + 4
2 + 2 +
= +
2 +4 2 +1 2 + 4 2 + 1
= 2 + 2 3 + + 2 + 2 + 8 + ( + 4)
0 = 2 + 2
0 = +
1 = 2 + 8
0 = + 4
2 1 2 + 2 + 2 1 2 + 2 +
= 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 1
2 2 + 4 +1 2 2 + 4 +1 2 + 4
2 1 12 1
= 4 2 2 + + 2 2 + 2
2 +4 2 2 + 4 +1 +1
2 1 1 1
+ 4 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 1
2 +4 +4 +1 +1 2 + 4
= + + + + ()
) + =
+ 4 = 2
0
1 1
+ 4 =2 2
2 + 1
2 2 + 5
=
2 2 + 1
1 1
1 = 2 1 + 10 1 2 2
2 + 1 +1
1
= 2 1 2
+ 10
+1
0
= =
= =
= 2 () 10 +
0
= 2 () 10
) + + = , = =
+ 2 + 2 =
2 0 (0) + 2 (0) + 2 =
2 + 2 + 2 =
=
2 + + 2
1 = 2 1
+1 2 +1
) + + = , = , =
+ 2 + 2 = () 3
2 + 1 + 2 2 + 2 = 3
2 + 2 + 2 = 3 + ( + 1)
3 ( + 1)
1 = 1 + 1 2
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
3 ( + 1)
= 1 + 1
+1 2 +1 +1 2 +1
= + ()
) = , = , =
= 0
2
0 0 + 0 = 0
2 2 + + = 0
1 2 = 2
1 2 = 2
2
= =2
1 2 1 2
= 2 = 2
1
=
1
= 1
1
= 1
=
1 2
1
1 = 1
2 1
= ()
) + = , = , =
No conocemos el valor de y(0), entonces vamos a realizar un artificio, multiplicaremos por t
2 + =
2 + =
2 1
0 0 + 0 = 2
1
1
2 2 + + =
1 2
1
2 + 1 + 1 2 =
1 2
1
2 + 1 + 2 1 =
1 2
2 1 1
+ 2 =
+1 1 2 2 + 1
21
= = 2 +1
Resolviendo la integral:
2 1
2 + 1
= 2 = 2 1
+ 1 2 + 1
+1
Entonces:
2 +1
= = 2 + 1
1
2 + 1 = 2
1
1
2 + 1 = 2
1
1
2 + 1 =
1
1 1
1 = 1 1 = 1
( 1) 2 + 1 1 1
( 1) 2 + +1
4 4
1
1 = 1 2
1 3
( 1) +
2 4
2 12 3
3 2
1 1
1 2
( 1) 1 3
+
2 4
2 1 3
2
3 2
0
2 1 3
2
3 2
0
1 1 1
= 2 = 2
2
3 2 3
= =
2 3 2
Entonces:
1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3
2 = 2 + 2
2 3 2 3 2
1 1 1
= 2 = 2
2
3 2 3
= =
2 3 2
Entonces:
1 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 3
2 = 2 + 2 2
2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3
2 = 2 2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2
1 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 = 2 2
2 4 3 2 3 2
1 3
2
2
0
3 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 2
4 3 2 3 2 0
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 2 2 0
0 + 2 0
0
4 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
2 2
4 3 2 3 2 3
Entonces:
2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2
= 2 2
3 4 3 2 3 2 3
=
= +
1 = 3 1 2 3
(2) en (3)
1 = 3 1 (41 + 32 )
1 = 3 1 41 32 4
(1) en (4)
1 = 3 1 41 3(31 1 )
1 = 3 1 41 91 + 31
1 61 + 131 = 0
Entonces:
1 =
1 =
1 = 2
Reemplazando:
2 6 + 13 = 0
2 6 + 13 = 0 2 6 + 13 = 0
6 36 4 1 13
1,2 = = 3 2
2
Entonces:
= +
Pero:
2 = 31 1
= + +
OPERADORES DIFERENCIALES
= +
)
=
1 = 1 ; 1 = 2 1
Entonces:
1 = 1 + 2 ; 2 = 41 22
Luego:
1 1 2 = 0 1
41 + + 2 2 = 0 2
42 + 1 + 2 2 = 0
42 + 2 3 + 2 2 = 0
42 + 2 3 2 + 22 = 0
2 3 2 22 = 0
Entonces:
2 =
2 =
2 = 2
Reemplazando:
2 3 2 = 0
2 3 2 = 0 2 3 2 = 0
3 9 4 1 2 3 17
1,2 = =
2 2
Entonces:
+
= +
Pero:
1
1 = + 22
4 2
+ + +
= + + +
= + ()
)
=
= 2 3 + 2 2
= 2 2
Luego:
2 + 3 = 2 2 (1)
2 + 3 = 2 2
3 + 2 + 2 = 2 2 + 2
3 + 2 4 = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 (2)
Entonces:
= 4 2 + 2 2
= 0
Luego:
= 2
Reemplazando:
2 = 0 2 1 = 0
1,2 = 1
Entonces:
= 1 + 2
. . = ,
= 2 + 2
= 2 2 + 2 2
= 4 2 4 2
4 2 4 2 2 2 = 4 2 + 2 2
5 2 5 2 = 4 2 + 2 2
5 = 2 = 2/5
5 = 4 = 4/5
2 4
= 2 2
5 5
Entonces:
= +
Pero:
= + 2 + 2
4 8 2 4
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 1 + 2 2 2 + 2
5 5 5 5
4 8 4 8
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 21 + 22 2 2 + 2
5 5 5 5
= +
) =
= 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 =0 1 1 =0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 +1 =0
1 1 1 1
2 1 ( 1) + 1 + = 0
1 ( + 1) + ( + 1) + + 1 = 0
+ 1 1 + + 1 =0
+ 1 2 2 = 0
+1 +1 2 =0 1 = 1 ; 2 = 1 ; 3 = 2
Entonces:
Para 1 = 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
=1 = = =1 = 1 , 0
0 1
Para 3 = 2
2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0
2 + + = 0 =
1 2 1 0 0 3 3 0 ~ 0 1 1 0
=
1 1 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
1
=2 = = ; = ; =2 = 1
1
Finalmente:
= + +
) = ; =
= 0
1 0 0
2 1 2 = 0
3 2 1
1 2
(1 ) =0
2 1
2
1 1 +4 =0
1 1 2 + 2 + 4 = 0
1 2 2 + 5 = 0
2 4 4 2 (5) 2 4
1 = 1 ; 2,3 = = = 1 2
2 2
Entonces:
Para 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 = 0 =
2 0 2 0 3
3 + 2 = 0 =
3 2 0 0 2
3 2
=1 = = ; = ; =1 = 3
2
2
Para 2 = 1 + 2
2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
2 = 0 = 0
2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0
2 2 2 = 0 =
3 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
0
=1+2 = = 0 ; = ; =1+2 = 1
Para 3 = 1 2
0
=12 = 1
2 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 1+2 + 3 1 12
2 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 2 + 3 1 2
2
2 0 0 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 + 0 2 + 2 + 3 1 + 0 2 2
2 0 1 0 1
2 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 + 0 2 + 2
2 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 2 + 2 1 2 + 2 0 2 + 2 2 0 2
2 0 0 1 1
2 0 0 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 2 0 2 + 2 1 2 + 0 2
2 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 2 + 0 2 + 3 1 2 0 2
2 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 0 0
= 1 3 + 2 1 2 + 0 2 + 3 1 2 0 2
2 0 1 0 1
1
Sabemos que 0 = 1
0
1 2 0 0
1 = 1 3 + 2 1 3 0
0 2 0 1
1 21
1 = 31 + 2
0 21 3
Resolviendo el sistema:
1 1
1 = ; 2 = ; 3 = 1
2 2
Finalmente:
= + + +
) =
= 0
2 1 6
0 2 5 =0
0 0 2
2 5
(2 ) =0
0 2
2 2 2 =0
3
2 =0
Cuando una matriz A solo tiene un vector propio asociado con un valor 1 de multiplicidad m, se puede determinar las
soluciones de la siguiente forma:
1 2
= 1 1 + 2 1 + + 1
1 ! 2 !
2
3 = 1 + 1 + 1
2
En donde:
1 1 1
2 2 2
= , = , =
1 = 0
1 =
1 =
3
La ecuacin caracterstica 2 = 0 indica que 1 = 2 es un valor de multiplicidad tres y al resolver tenemos:
Para 1 = 2
0 1 6 0
+ 6 = 0 = 0
0 0 5 0
5 = 0 = 0
0 0 0 0
1
=2 = =0 ; =0 ; =2 = 0
0
1
= 0
0
1er sistema
1 =
2 1 6 1 0 0 1 1
0 2 5 2 0 1 0 2 = 0
0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0
0 1 6 1 1 2 + 63 1 2 + 63 = 1
0 0 5 2 = 0 53 = 0 53 = 0
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0=0
1 0
= 2 = 1
3 0
2do sistema
1 =
2 1 6 1 0 0 1 0
0 2 5 2 0 1 0 2 = 1
0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0
0 1 6 1 0 2 + 63 0 2 + 63 = 0
0 0 5 2 = 1 53 = 1 53 = 1
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0=0
1 0
= 2 = 6/5
3 1/5
2 2
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2
2
= + + + + + /
/
+ + =
)
+ + =
= ; =
+ 2 + 6 = 2 1
0
+ + = 0
2 2
0 + 2 + 6 = + 5 + 2 + 6 =
0 + 0 + = 0 + 5 + 6 + = 0
2 + 5 + 2 + 6 = 2 + 2 + 6 = 2 5
+ 1 + = 1
+ 2 + 1 + 6 + 1 = (5 + 2) + 1
6 + 1 6 = 6
+ 2 + 1 6 = 5 + 2 + 1 6
2 + 3 + 2 6 = 5 + 2 + 1 6
5 2 + 7 + 2 6
=
+4 1 +4 1
5 2 + 7 + 2
= + +
+4 1 +4 1
5 2 + 7 + 2 = + 4 1 + 1 + ( + 4)
5 2 + 7 + 2 = 2 + 3 4 + 2 + 2 + 4
5 2 + 7 + 2 = + + 2 + 3 + 4 4
7 = 3 + 4
2 = 4
Ahora:
6
= + +
+4 1 +4 1
6 = + + 2 + 3 + 4 4
0 = + +
0 = 3 + 4
6 = 4
Entonces:
1 = 1 + + 1 + +
+4 1 +4 1
= + 4 + + 4 +
1 27 14 3 3 4 6
= + 4 + + +
2 10 5 2 10 5
= 2 3 4 4
+ 1 + = 1
1
=
+1
1 5 2 + 7 + 2 6
=
+1 +1 +4 1 +4 1
1 5 2 + 7 + 2 6
= + +
+1 +4 1 +1 +4 1 +1
5 2 + 7 + 2
= + +
+4 1 +1 +4 1 +1
5 2 + 7 + 2 = 1 + 1 + + 4 + 1 + + 4 1
5 2 + 7 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 5 + 4 + 2 + 3 4
5 2 + 7 + 2 = + + 2 + 5 + 3 + 4 4
5= ++
7 = 5 + 3
2 = 4 4
6
= + +
+4 1 +1 +4 1 +1
6 = + + 2 + 5 + 3 + 4 4
0 = + +
0 = 5 + 3
6 = 4 4
Entonces:
1
1 = 1 + + + + + +
+1 +4 1 +1 +4 1 +1
= + 4 + + + 4 + +
18 4 7 6 4 3
= + + + +
5 5 5 5
Finalmente:
= + + +
, < < 2
= , < < 3
) ,
=
= =
= 2 3
= 1
= 2 3
= 1
(0) = 2 3
1
(0) =
No conocemos el valor de x(0) y de y(0), pero vamos a llamar x(0) = w y y(0) = z , entonces:
= 2 3
2 = 1
Entonces:
2 3
= + +
1
= + +
2
Reemplazando Y
2 3 1 1
= + + + +
2
2 3 1
= + + 3+ 2+ 2
1 2 3 1
1 = + + 3+ 2
2
1
= 2 2 3 + 2 + + 2
2 1 1 1 2 1 1
1
1 = 1 2 2 3 + 2 + + 2
2 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 2 = 2 2
2 1
1 3 = 3 3
2 1
1 = ()
2 1
1 1 1
1 = 1
2 1 2 1
; =
2
0
1 1
= + = + 2
2 2 0 2 2
0 0
+
= 1
2 2
0
1 +
1 = 1
2 1 2
1
1 = ()
2 1
Entonces:
+
= 2 2 3 3 + + 1 + ()
2
Ahora:
1 1 1
= + + 2 2 3 + 2 + + 2
2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
= + + 2 2 3 + 2 + +
2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1
1
1 =
2
1
1 =1
1
1 2 = 2 ( 2)
2 1
1
1 3 = 3 ( 3)
2 1
1 +
1 = 1
2 1 2
1 1 1
1 = 1 2
2 2 1 2
1
() =
2
0 0
1
2 2
0 0 0
1
+ 1 + + 1
2 2 0
Evaluando:
1
+ 1 + + 1 = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
1 =
2 2 1 2 2
Por lo tanto:
+
= 2 2 3 3 + + 1 + ()
2
+
= + + 2 2 3 3 + + + 1
2 2 2
0 + 0
0 = 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 + 0 + 1 + (0)
2
0 + 0 0 + 0 0 0
= 2 2 3 3 + + 1+
2 2 2
1
=00+ + 1+
2 2 2
3 1
=
2 2 2
1
= ( 1)
3
0 0 0 0 0 + 0
= + 2 2 3 3 + + + 1
2 2 2 2
=+00+ +
2 2
= +
2 2
= =
2 2
1 2 1 1
= 1 = =
3 3 3 2
1
=
2
Finalmente:
1 + 1
= 2 2 3 3 + 1 ()
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 +
= + 2 2 3 3 + + 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
= 2 2 3 3 + 1 ()
2 2
1 1 1 1
= + 2 2 3 3 + () + () 1
2 2 2 2
= + ()
= + + ()
= ( )
) + =
= =
= ( ) + ( )
+ = 0
= + ( ) ( )
+ = 0
=
+ = 0
=
+ = 0
1
0 + 0 =
2 + 1
+ 0 = 0
1
=
2 + 1
+ = 1
1 1
2 + 1 2 + 1
= 1 ; = 1 1
1 1
1
+ 1 1
= 2 + 1 = 2
2
+ +1 +1 +1
1
= 2 + 1 = 1 1
2 + + 1 2 + 1 + 1
1 1
1 = 1 2
+1 +1 +1
1
1 =
+1
1 1 1
1 ; 1
2 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 + 1
=
0 0
= + ()
= +
1
= ()
2
Evaluando:
1 1
() = + 1
2 0
2
Entonces:
1 1
1 = + 1 = +
2 + 1 + 1 2 2
1 1
1 = + ()
2 + 1 + 1 2
Luego:
1
= + ()
2
1 1
1 = 1
+ 1 2 + 1 + 1
1
1 =
+1
1 1 1 1
1 ; 1
2 + 1 + 1 2 + 1 + 1
1 1 1
1
2 + 1 + 1
1
1 +
2
1
+
2
0
1 1
+ =
2 2 0
0
Entonces:
1 1
1 = () + 2
2 +1 +1 2
Luego:
1
= + + + () 2
2
= + ()
= + + + ()
APLICACIONES
1) Una masa de 1 kg est unida a un resorte ligero que es estirado 2m por una fuerza de 8 N, la
masa se encuentra inicialmente en reposo en su posicin de equilibrio. Iniciando en el tiempo t =
0 seg se le aplica una fuerza externa f(t)=Cos(2t) a la masa pero en el instante t = 2 esta cesa
abruptamente y la masa queda libre continuando con su movimiento, pero en el tiempo t = 4,
la masa es golpeada hacia abajo con un martillo con una fuerza de 10N. Determine la ecuacin
del movimiento, adems la posicin de la masa cuando t = 9/4 seg.
2
2
+ + = ()
Nos dice que el resorte es estirado 2mpor una fuerza de 8N, entonces:
8
= = = = 4 /
2
Adems nos dice, que en t=0 se le aplica una fuerza externa, y despus cesa abruptamente, entonces f(t) nos queda:
2 ; 0 < 2
=
0 ; > 2
Pero en t = 4 , es golpeado con un martillo, produciendo un impulso, entonces, nuestra ecuacin nos queda:
2
+ 4 = 0 2 2 + 10 4
2
+ 4 = 0 2 2 2 + 10 4
La funcin coseno ya est desfasada, entonces aplicando transformada de Laplace, nos queda:
2 0 (0) + 4 = 2 + 10 4
2 + 4 2 + 4
2 + 4 = 2 2 + 10 4
2 +4 +4
2 + 4 = 2 + 10 4
2 + 4 2 + 4
2 + 10
4
= 2 2
2 + 4 2 + 4 2 + 4
4
1 = 1 1 2
2 + 10 1
2 + 4 2 2 + 4 2 + 4
1
2
2
1
1
2 + 4 2 + 4
2
1
2 2
2
0
1
2 + 2 2 2 2 + 2
4
0
1
2 4 2
4
0
1 1 1 1 1
2 + 4 2 2 + 2 2
4 4 0 4 4 4
1
1 = 2
2 + 4 2 4
Finalmente:
= ( ) ( ) + ( )
9 1 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 9
= 2 2 2 2 2 +5 4 2 4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
9 9 9 7 7
= +5
4 16 2 16 4 2 4 2
9 9
= 1 1 1 + 5 0 (1)
4 16 16
9 9
=
4 16 16
2) En el extremo de un resorte espiral que est sujeto al techo se coloca un cuerpo de masa igual
a 1 kg. El resorte se ha alargado 2m hasta quedar en reposo en su posicin de equilibrio. En t = 0
el cuerpo es desplazado 50 cm por debajo de la posicin de equilibrio y lanzado con una
velocidad inicial de 1m/seg dirigida hacia arriba. El sistema consta tambin de un amortiguador
cuyo coeficiente de amortiguamiento es de 2.5 N.seg/m. Desde t = 0, una fuerza externa es
aplicada al cuerpo, la misma que est dada por f(t) = Sen / . En t = 10 seg y en t = 20 seg el
cuerpo es golpeado hacia abajo proporcionando una fuerza de 5N y de 10N, respectivamente.
(use g = 10 m/ ). Determine la ecuacin del movimiento
2
+ + = ()
2
Nos dice que el resorte se ha alargado 2m hasta quedar en reposo al colocar una masa de 1 kg, entonces:
1(10)
= = = = 5 /
2
Adems nos dice que en t=10 y en t=20 el cuerpo es golpeado hacia abajo, es decir recibe un impulso, entonces nuestra
ecuacin es la siguiente:
2
1 2 + 2.5 + 5 = + 5 10 + 10 20
2
+ 2.5 + 5 = + 5 10 + 10 20
2
+ 2.5 + 5 = + 5 10 + 10 20
2
2 0 (0) + 2.5 (0) + 5 = 2 + 5 10 + 10 20
2
2 +
4
Sabemos que en t = 0 el cuerpo es lanzado con una velocidad inicial hacia arriba y adems es desplazado 50 cm por
debajo de su posicin de equilibrio, entonces:
2 0.5 + 1 + 2.5 0.5 + 5 = 2 + 5 10 + 10 20
2
2 +
4
2 0.5 + 1 + 2.5 1.25 + 5 = 2 + 5 10 + 10 20
2
2 +
4
5 2 1
2 + + 5 = + 5 10 + 10 20 +
2 2 4
2 +
4
2 10 20 1 1
= 2
+5 2 + 10 2 + 2
2 5 15 5 15 5 15 4 5 15
2 + + + +
4
+
8
+
4
+
8
+
4
+
8
4 4 8
Aplicando convolucin:
15
2 8 8
1
2 15 5 2
15
2 + + +
4 4 8
15
8 1 2 8
15 2 5 2
15
2 + + +
4 4 8
5 15
2 4
8
5 15
4
2 8
0
Sabemos que:
1
= +
2
Entonces:
1
+
2
1
+ +
2
= =
1
= + = +
+
+ = + + +
+ +
= =
1
= + = +
+
+ = + + + +
+ + + +
2
+ = + + 2
+ +
+ + +
2 1
+ = 1 + 2 +
+
+ + +
2 1 + +
+ 2 +
1+
+ (0) (0)
+ (0) + + (0)
+ 2 +
2 1
1
1+ 2
2
+ ()
+ + + + +
2 1
+ + = 1 + 2 + + + +
+ + +
2 1 + + + +
+ 2 +
1+
+ (0) (0)
2
+ + (0) + + + (0)
+ +
2 1
1
1+ 2
(2 + ) (2 + ) 2
+ ()
+ + + + +
15
8 1 2 8
15 2 5 2
15
2 + + +
4 4 8
2 2
1 8 1
1+ 2
+ 2
+
2 15 + + + + +
1
2 (2 + ) (2 + ) 2 + ()
+ + + +
2 2
5 5
1 8 5 5 4 15 4 15 5 1
1+ 4
2 15 2 8
+
8
+ 2
2
+
2
15 15 15 15 15
+ 4 + + 4 + +
2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8
5 5
5 4 15 4 15 5 1
2 + + + 2 +
15 8 15 8 15 2 15 2
4 + + 4 + +
2 8 2 8 2 8 2 8
10 8 5(10) 15
1 2 = 4 10 ( 10)
5 15 15 8
+ +
4 8
20 8 5(20) 15
1 2 = 4 20 ( 20)
5 15 15 8
+ +
4 8
1 8 5 15
1 2 = 4
5 15 15 8
+ +
4 8
= +
+
+
+
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
() ()
+ ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) +
Cuando el sistema est en movimiento, el resorte B es sometido a alargamiento y compresin, y en ausencia de fuerzas
externas su alargamiento neto es 1 2 entonces segn la ley de Hooke vemos que los resortes A y B ejercen fuerzas
1 1 y 2 (2 1 ) respectivamente sobre 1 , entonces la fuerza neta sobre 1 es 1 1 + 2 (2 1 ), entonces
segn la 2da ley de Newton podemos escribir:
2 1
1 = 1 1 + 2 (2 1 )
2
De igual forma, la fuerza neta ejercida sobre la masa 2 slo se debe al alargamiento neto de B; esto es, 2 (2 1 ).
En consecuencia:
2 1
2 = 2 (2 1 )
2
En otras palabras, el movimiento del sistema acoplado se representa con el sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales
simultneas de 2do orden:
1 1 = 1 1 + 2 (2 1 )
2 2 = 2 (2 1 )
Entonces:
1 1 + 1 + 2 1 2 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 2 2 1 = 0
1 + 10 1 4 2 = 0
2 + 4 2 4 1 = 0
Entonces:
2 1 1 0 1 (0) + 101 42 = 0
2 2 2 0 2 (0) + 42 41 = 0
2 1 1 + 101 42 = 0 2 + 10 1 42 = 1
2 2 + 1 + 42 41 = 0 2 + 4 2 41 = 1
161 4
2 + 10 1 1 =
2 + 4
2 + 10 2 + 4 1 2 + 4 = 161 4
2 + 10 2 + 4 16 1 = 2 + 4 4
2 2
1 = 1 =
4 + 14 2 + 24 2 + 2 2 + 12
2 2 + 2 +
= + 2
2 + 2 2 + 12 2 + 2 + 12
2 = 2 + 2 + 12 + 2 + 2 + 2
2 = 2 3 + 24 + 2 + 12 + 2 3 + 4 + 2 + 2
2 = 2 + 2 3 + + 2 + 24 + 4 + 12 + 2
0 = 2 + 2
1=+
0 = 24 + 4
0 = 12 + 2
1/5 6/5
1 = +
2 + 2 2 + 12
1 1 6 1
1 1 = 1 2 + 1 2
5 +2 5 + 12
1 6
1 = 2 + 12
5 2 5 12
( 2 + 10)1 1
2 =
4
( 2 + 10) 6 1 1
2 =
4 5( 2 + 12) 5( 2 + 2) 4
( 2 + 10) 6 2 + 12 2 12 1
2 =
20 ( 2 + 12)( 2 + 2) 4
2 ( 2 + 10) 1
2 =
4( 2 + 12)( 2 + 2) 4
4 + 10 2 4 14 2 24
2 =
4( 2 + 12)( 2 + 2)
4 2 24
2 =
4( 2
+ 12)( 2 + 2)
2 + 6
2 =
( 2 + 12)( 2 + 2)
2 + 6 2 + 2 +
= + 2
2 + 2 2 + 12 2 + 2 + 12
2 + 6 = 2 + 2 + 12 + 2 + 2 + 2
2 + 6 = 2 3 + 24 + 2 + 12 + 2 3 + 4 + 2 + 2
2 + 6 = 2 + 2 3 + + 2 + 24 + 4 + 12 + 2
0 = 2 + 2
1=+
0 = 24 + 4
6 = 12 + 2
2 + 6
2 =
( 2 + 12)( 2 + 2)
2 1 3 1
1 2 = 1 2 1 2
5 +2 5 + 12
2 3
2 = 2 12
5 2 5 12
Finalmente las ecuaciones de los desplazamientos verticales para las masas son:
= +
CIRCUITOS ELCTRICOS
1
+ + = ()
Entonces tenemos:
+ 104 = 0 100 10
10 + = 10 + 10
10 + = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10
10 + = 10 +
Entonces:
1000 1000
0 + 104 = 2 2
+ 100 + 100
1000 1000
2 + 104 =
2 + 100 2 + 100
1000 1000
= 2
2 + 100 2 + 1000 + 100 2 + 1000
100 100
1 = 10 1 10 1
2 + 100 2 + 1000 2 + 100 2 + 1000
100 100
1 = 1
2 + 100 2 + 1000 2 + 100 2 + 1000
10 100
0
1
10 + 100 100 10 100 + 100
2
0
1
90 + 100 110 100
2
0
1 1 1
90 + 100 + 110 100
2 90 110 0
1 1 1 1 1
10 + 10 100 100
2 90 110 90 110
Entonces:
1 1 1 1 1
= 10 10 + 10 100 100
2 90 110 90 110
1 1 1 1 1
10 10 + 10 100 100
2 90 110 90 110
Luego:
10 10 = 10 10 + 10 (10)
10 10 = 10
As mismo:
Finalmente:
1 1 1 1
= 10 + 10 100 100
18 22 18 22
1 1 1 1
10 + (10) (100) (100)
18 22 18 22
= +
2) En un circuito LR, determine la corriente i(t) para cualquier tiempo t, sabemos, que cuando
i(0) = 0 y E(t) es la funcin onda cuadrada que muestra la figura. Luego suponga que L = 1 y R = 1
y determine i(t) para el intervalo 0 t < 4.
Planteando la ecuacin:
+ = ()
1 2
1
0 + = 1 + 0
1 2
0 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
+ = + = +
1 2 0 1 2
1 1 1 1
+ = + =
1 2 1 (1 + )
1
+ =
1 +
1
+ =
1 +
1
=
1 + +
1
=
1 + +
Para determinar la transformada de Laplace de esta funcin, primero emplearemos una serie geomtrica.
1
= 1 + 2 3 +
1+
1
= 1 + 2 3 +
1 +
1 + 1
=
+ 1 +
1 +
=
1 +
+ +
1 1 1
= 1 +
+
Entonces:
1 1 1
= 1 + 2 3 +
+
1 1 2 3 1 1 2 3
= + + + +
+
+ + +
Al aplicar la forma inversa del segundo teorema de traslacin a cada trmino de ambas series tenemos:
1
= 1 1 + 2 3 +
1
(1) 1 + (2) 2 (3) 3 +
O, lo que es lo mismo:
+
= +
( )
=
= +
O, lo que es lo mismo:
<
+ () <
=
+ () () <
+ () () + () <
SERIES DE FOURIER
1
n 1
definida sobre el periodo 0 t 2 por f t t y de all demostrar que
2
2
n 1 n 2
12
0
= + + ; = 2 = 2
2
=1
1 1
0 = ; = ; = 0
Encontrando 0
3
2 2 2 3 2
0 = 2 = = = 2
3 0
3 3
0
Encontrando
2
= 2
0
2
= = 2
1
= = ()
2 2
2 2 2 2
= () = + ()
2
2 2 2
=
2
= =
1
= = ()
2
2 2 2 2
= 2
+ 2 3 ()
0
2 2 2 2 4
= 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
Reemplazando:
= +
=
Si = , entonces:
1 4 1 4
= 2 + = 2 + 1
3 2 3 2
=1 =1
1 4
0 = 2 + 1
3 2
=1
1 1
2 = 4 1
3 2
=1
+
=
=
,
t 0
2
2 2 2 1
n
4 sen 2n 1 t
f t 2 cos nt sen nt
3
3 n 1 n n n 1 2 n 1
Para a)
0
= + + ; = 2 = 2
2
=1
1 1 1
0 = ; = ; =
Encontrando 0
0
3
1 1 1
0 = = 2 + 2 = 2 0
+
3 0
0
1 3 3 4 2
0 = + =
3 3
0
1 1
= = 2 + 2
0
0
1 1 2 0
= 2 + 2 = 0
+ 2
0 0
1 2 2 2
= + 2 = 2
Encontrando
0
1 1
= = 2 + 2 ()
0
1 2 0
= () + 2 ()
0
2 ()
2
= = 2
1
= = ()
2 2 2 2
= + = +
2
2 2
= +
2
= =
1
= = ()
2 2 1 2
= +
2
2
2 2 2
= + + 3 () 2
2
1 2 0
2
2 2 2
= () + + + 3 () 2
2 0
1 2 2 2 2 2
= + () + 3 +
3
1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
= + + 3 + + 3 = + 3 3
1 2
2
2
= 1 + 1
3 3
Reemplazando:
2 2 2
2
2
= + + 1 + 1
3 2 3 3
=1
2 2 2 1
2 1
2
= + 2
+ +
3 3 3
=1 =1
= , :
= 1 = 2 1 1 = 1 = = 2 1 =
2 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
2
= + 2 + + 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1 3
=1 =1
2 2 2 1
2 2
= + + + 2 1
3 2 2 1 3 2 1 3
=1 =1
2 2 2 1
4
= + + + 2 1
3 2 2 1 3
=1 =1
Finalmente tenemos:
= +
+
= =
Para b)
Si t =
2 2 2 1
4 2 1
= + 2
+
3 2 1 3
=1 =1
2 2 2 1 2 1
= + 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 3 +
3 22 2 32 3
4 3 5
+ + +
3 3 5 3
2 2 1 1 1
= + 2 1 + 2 2 + ; , = + +
3 2 3 2
2 2 2 1 2 1
= +2 =2
2 3 2 6 2
=1 =1
+
=
=
1
=
Encontrando
1 2
= =
0
2
=
0
2 1
=
0
2 1 1
= ()
Reemplazando:
0
= + + ()
2
=1
2 1 1
= () ()
=1
2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + .
2 2 3 3
2 1 1 1 1
= 1 + 1 + 2 + + 3 + .
2 2 3 3
2 2 2
= 2 + 3 + 5 +
3 5
4 1 1
= + 3 + 5 +
3 5
=
( )
=
Encontrando la convergencia:
Si t = /2
4 1
/2 = 2 1
(2 1) 2
=1
Generando trminos:
4 1 3 1 5
/2 = + + +
2 3 2 5 2
4 1 1 1
/2 = 1 + +
3 5 7
4 1 1 1
1= 1 + +
3 5 7
4 (1)+1
1=
(2 1)
=1
Entonces:
()+
=
( )
=
. ; <
1) Con respecto a la funcin f, definida por: =
. ; <
determine:
Para a)
0 = = 0
Entonces:
20 20
1 1
= =
20 20 10 20
20 0
10 20
1
= 0.1 + 0.1 10
10 20 20
0 10
( + )
20
Por partes:
= + =
20
= =
20 20
20 + 20
( + ) = +
20 20 20
2
20 20
( + ) = + +
20 20 20
10 10
2
20 20
0.1 = 0.1 + 0.1
20 20 20 0
0
. = +
20 20
2
20 20
1 0.1 = 1 0.1 (0.1)
20 20 20 10
10
20 20
2
1 20 20
1 0.1 = 10
20 10 20 20 10
10
. = +
Entonces :
2 2 2
1 200 20 200 20 20
= + + +
100 2 2 2
2 2
1 200 20 200 20
= + + +
100 2 2 2
Luego:
=
=1
2 2
1 200 20 200 20
= + + +
100 2 2 2 20
=1
Si n es par, entonces = 0 y = 1 adems cuando n es impar = 0 y = 1
2 2
Por lo tanto:
1 200 200
+ ;
100 2
=
1 200 20 2
+2 ;
100 2
( ) ( )
= + + +
( ) ( )
= =
Para b)
Si t = 10
2
1 200 2 200 1 200 20 (2 1) (2 1)
10 = + + +2
100 2 2 2 100 (2 1) (2 1) 2 2
=1 =1
2
1 1 200 20 2 1 2 1
= +2
2 100 2 1 2 1 2 2
=1
2
1 1 200 20 +1 +1
= +2 1 1
2 100 2 1 2 1
=1
+1 2
1 1 200 1 20 2(+1)
= + 2 1
2 100 2 1 2 1
=1 =1
+1
1 1 200 1 400
= + 2
2 100 2 1 2 1 2 2
=1 =1
+1
200 1 800 1
50 = +
2 1 2 2 1 2
=1 =1
1 +1
=
2 1 4
=1
Entonces:
200 800 1
50 = + 2 2
4 2 1
=1
800 1
100 = 2 2
2 1
=1
Finalmente:
=
=
Para a)
0 = = 0
Entonces:
1 2
= =
0
2
= 2
0 0
= = ; = 2 = 2
1
= = ()
Entonces:
1
= +
1
= + 2
2 2
2 = + ()
2 2 1
2 = +
2 2 2
2 = + 2 + 3 ()
2 1 2 2 2
= + 2 + 2 + 3 ()
0 0
2 2 2 2
= + 3 3 (0)
2 2 2 2 2
= + 3 + 3
4 1 1
=
3 3
Entonces:
=
=1
4 1
= 1
3
=1
Generando trminos:
4 1 1
= 1 + 3 1 2 2 + 3 1 3 3 +
2 3
4 2 2
= 2 + 3 3 + 3 5 +
3 5
=
( )
=
Para b)
Si t = /2
8 1
/2 = 2 1
(2 1)3 2
=1
2 8 (1)+1
=
4 (2 1)3
=1
Finalmente:
()+
=
( )
=
3) A la funcin f(x) = Sen(x) , 0 < x < expresarla mediante un desarrollo de series de cosenos, y
utilizando la serie obtenida y aplicando el teorema de convergencia de las series de Fourier
determine la suma de la serie numrica:
()
=
Para a)
= 0
Entonces:
1 2
0 = =
0
2 2
0 = = 1 1 =
0
2
= ()
0
2 1
= + + ( )
2
0
1
= (1 + ) + (1 )
0 0
1 1 1
= (1 + ) (1 )
1+ 1 0
1 1 1
= (1 + ) ( 1)
1+ 1 0
Sabemos que:
( 1) = ( 1)
Entonces:
1 1 1
= (1 + ) ( 1)
+1 1 0
1 1 1
= (1 + ) ( 1)
+1 1 0
1 1 1
= (1 + ) ( 1)
+1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
= (1 + ) ( 1) +
+1 1 +1 1
Si resolvemos:
+ =
+ =
Entonces:
1 1 1 2
= + + 2
+1 1 1
1 1 1 2
= + + 2
+1 1 1
1 1 1 2
= + 2
1 +1 1
1 +1+1 2
= + 2
2 1 1
1 2 2
= + 2
2 1 1
= +
Reemplazando:
0
= +
2
=1
2 1 2
= + 1
2 1
=1
Cuando n es par:
+ 1 = 2
Cuando n es impar:
+ 1 = 0
2 1 2
= 2 2
(2)2 1
=1
2 4 1
= 2
(2)2 1
=1
Encontrando la convergencia:
Si t =
2 4 1
= 2
(2)2 1
=1
Si generamos trminos:
2 4 1 1
0= 2 + 4 + 6 +
15 35
2 4 1 1
0= 1+ + +
15 35
Entonces:
2 4 1
2 =
(2)2 1
=1
2 4 1
0=
(2)2 1
=1
2 4 1
=
(2)2 1
=1
=
()
=
ECUACIN DE CALOR
2
= 2 2
2
, =
=1
=
=1
2
=
0
= ; < < 100 ; > 0 ; , = , = ; , = ( )
Determinando
100 100
2 2
= (100 ) = (100 2 )
100 100 100 100
0 0
100
= 100 2 = 100 2 ; = =
100 100
Entonces:
100 100
100 2 = 100 2 + 100 2
100 100 100
= 100 2 = 2
100
= =
100 100
2
100 100 100 100
100 2 = 100 2 + 100 2 2
100 100 100 100
2 3
100 100 100
100 2 = 100 2 + 100 2 2
100 100 100 100
Evaluando:
2 3 100
100 100 100
100 + 100 2 2
100 100 100 0
3 3
100 100
2 + 2
Ahora:
3 3
100 100
2 2 + 2
2 2
3 3
100 100
2 +2 =0
2 2
Cuando n es impar:
3 3
100 100
2 (2 1) + 2
(2 1) (2 1)
3 3 3
100 100 100
2 +2 =4
2 1 2 1 2 1
Ahora:
2
, = 100
100
=1
Sabemos que los trminos pares es igual a cero, por lo tanto solo generemos los trminos impares:
4 (21) 2 (2 1)
, = (2 1) 100
50 100
=1
() ( )
, =
=
= ; << ; >
, = , =
, =
Determinando
2
= 4 4 2
0
Sabemos que:
= ; =
2 2
Por lo tanto:
4 4 2 2
4 4 2 = 4
2 2
6 + 2 2 6
4 4 2 = 2
2
6 6 2 2
4 4 2 = 2 +
2 2
4 4 2 = 2 6 + 2 2
=
=1
2 6 + 2 2 = 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 + 6 6 +
Entonces:
2 = 2 ; 6 = 2 ; = 0 , 2,6
2
, =
=1
, = +
3) Determine la solucin:
= ; << ; >
, = , =
, =
Determinando
= 2 4 3
0
3
4 3 = 4
2 2
1 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
4 3 =
2 2
1 4 + 3 2 + 3 0 + 2 2 3 0 3 2 4
4 3 =
2 2
1 4 4 2 2
4 3 = +2
2 2 2
1
4 3 = 4 + 2 (2)
2
Ahora:
1
2 + 4 = 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 +
2
Entonces:
1
2 = 1 ; 4 = ; = 0 , 2,4
2
2
, = 2
=1
2
, = 2
=1
, = +
ECUACIN DE LA ONDA
2u 2 u
2
c
t2 x2
, = +
=1
Encontrando
2
=
0
=
=1
Encontrando
2
=
0
=
=1
Pero f(x) presenta dos tramos, por lo que vamos a hallar las correspondientes reglas de correspondencia
2 2 1
=
2 2 1
0 02
= = 2 + 4
2 21
2 20
= = 2
1 10
Entonces:
2 ; 01
=
2 + 4 ; 1 < 2
Encontrando
2
2
=
2 2
0
1 2
= 2 + 2 + 4
2 2
0 1
1 2 2
= 2 2 + 4
2 2 2
0 1 1
Resolviendo:
= =
2
= =
2 2
2 2
= +
2 2 2
2
2 2
= +
2 2 2
Por lo tanto:
2 1 2 2
2 2 2 2 8 2
= 2 + 2 +
2 2 0
2 2 1
2 1
2 2 2
2 2 4 2 2 2 8
= 2 + 2 + +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 4 2 2 8
= 2 + 2 +
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
4 2 8 4 2 8 8
= +2 + +2 +
2 2 2 2 2
2
8 8 8 8 2
= + + + 4
2 2 2
16
=
2 2
16 2
2 = 2
2 2
16
2 = 2
2 = 0
2
16 (2 1)
21 =
(2 1) 2 2
16
21 =
(2 1) 2 2
Si resolvemos:
=
2 2 2
=
2
16
21 = 2
(2 1)
16
21 = 2
(1)
(2 1)
16
21 = (1)+1
(2 1) 2
Entonces la solucin de la ecuacin de la onda descrita por la cuerda est dada por:
(2)
, =
2 2
=1
(2 1)
, = 21 2 1
2
=1
()+ ( )
, =
( )
=