Chapter 5E

Hazardous Wastes
(Haz-Waste)
 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, the students should be
able to;
Explain what is hazardous waste and
safety issues associated
Recognize the source and methods of
safe storage of hazardous waste
Assign appropriate safe transportation of
hazardous waste
Explain disposal methods of hazardous
waste
What is Haz-Waste?
Any discarded solid or
liquid that is toxic,
ignitable, corrosive or
reactive enough to
explode or release toxic
fumes.
80-90% from developed
countries
72% from Petro-Chem
22% from mining
 Haz-Wastes : Types
Contains at least one toxic compound
(toxicity)
Catches fire easily (Ignitability)
Reactive or explosive
Corrode metal containers (corrosive)
 Hazardous Waste
Typical Hazardous Waste
Flammables
Corrosives
Acids, bases, alkaline materials, lead storage batteries
Reactives
Toxics
e.g. poisons, pesticides, herbicides,
rodenticides, fungicides, insecticides
Water Insolubles
Used oil, grease
These wastes are generated throughout campus
Laboratories, maintenance shops, auto shops, medical
examination/treatment rooms, in offices and in the application of
pesticides/herbicides, etc.
Chemicals that become hazardous waste when discarded are
not necessarily dangerous chemicals. Some are considered a
hazardous waste because they persist in the environment and
become sources of pollution.
Hazardous Characteristics (cont.)
Ignitable Chemicals

Have a Flash point less
than 140F. Flash point
is the temperature in which
a chemical will ignite if an
ignition source (such as
spark, flame, high heat,
etc.) is present.

Examples include
methanol, hexane, and
benzene.

6
 Hazardous Characteristics (cont.)
Corrosive chemicals: These are
either very strong acids (pH
less than 2.0) like hydrochloric
acid glacial acetic acid or very
strong bases (pH greater than
12.5) like ammonium
hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide.

Reactive chemicals: These

chemicals are unstable and,
under certain conditions, may
spontaneously and violently
react with air or water to
generate a toxic, flammable or
explosive gas. Examples
include sodium cyanide and
elemental potassium.
7
 Hazardous Characteristics (cont.)
Toxic chemicals (TCLP)

This characteristic identifies a specific set of elements,
pesticides and organic solvents.

The concentration of these chemicals in the waste
stream may be high enough to fail a test called the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure orTCLP.

The Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure mimics
conditions found in landfills when groundwater
percolates through buried materials.

8
 Which chemicals are on the TCLP list?
o 17 Pesticides
o Chlordane
o 2, 4-D  12 Organic Solvents
o chlorobenzene  benzene
 8 Heavy Metals o 1,4-dichlorobenzene  carbon tetrachloride
 Arsenic o 1,2-dichlorethane  chloroform
 Barium o 1,1-dichloroethylene  cresol(s)
 Cadmium o Endrin  2,4-dinitrotoluene
 Chromium o Heptachlor  hexachloroethane
 Lead o hexachlorobenzene  methyl ethyl ketone
 Mercury o Lindane  nitrobenzene
 Selenium o hexachlorobutadiene  pyridine
 Silver o Methoxychlor  tetrachloroethylene
o pentachlorophenol  trichloroethylene
o Toxaphene  vinyl chloride
o 2,4,5-trichlorophenol
o 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
o 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 9
 TCLP
Examples of TCLP waste includes high
performance liquid chromatography waste,
parts washers, organic extractions, atomic
absorption spectrophotometry waste, gas
chromatography injection vials, photo
development, etc.

10
Control of Toxic and Hazardous
Wastes in Malaysia
1. Environmental Quality (Schedule wastes):
Regulation 1989
2. Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises)
(Schedule waste treatment and disposal
facilities): Order 1989
3. Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises)
(Schedule waste treatment and disposal
facilities): Regulation 1989
 Listed Chemicals

No matter what chemical you have for
disposal, Public Safety will take care of it.

All spent chemicals in the laboratory must
be identified using a hazardous waste
label available from Public Safety.

All unused chemicals must be discarded
through the hazardous waste program
even if they are not ultimately identified as
hazardous waste.
13
 Generators
A hazardous waste generator is any person or site
whose processes and actions create hazardous
waste.
Generators are divided into three categories based
upon the quantity of waste they produce:
Large Quantity Generators (LQGs) generate 1,000
kilograms per month or more of hazardous waste,
Small Quantity Generators (SQGs) generate more
than 100 kilograms, but less than 1,000 kilograms, of
hazardous waste per month.
Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators
(CESQGs) generate 100 kilograms or less per month
of hazardous waste,
14
 Sources of Haz-Waste
Sources of hazardous waste may include industry, research,
medical, household, chemical producers, agriculture, and mining, as
well as many others.
Hazardous wastes from specific industrial sources, examples are;
Such as untreated wastewater from the production of the
herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,-d)
Commercial chemical products that may be discarded (such as
benzene) used in the manufacture of drugs
Detergents, lubricants, dyes and pesticides; and wastes that are
classified as toxic, such as vinyl chloride
Hazardous waste from many industrial processes include
solvents such as methylene chloride, a probable carcinogen that
is commonly used in paint removers
 Storage of
Haz-Waste

Use a chemically compatible
container. Make sure that:

The waste that goes into the container
does not degrade it;

The container doesnt contain any pre-
existing chemicals that may react with the
hazardous waste.

Keep the container closed.

All open containers each 16

carries a separate fine
 Storage of Haz-Waste
Storage is the holding of waste for a temporary period of
time prior to the waste being treated, disposed, or stored
elsewhere. Hazardous waste is commonly stored prior to
treatment or disposal, and must be stored in containers,
tanks, containment buildings, drip pads, waste piles, or
surface I
Containers A hazardous waste container is any portable
device in which a hazardous waste is stored, transported,
treated, disposed, or otherwise handled. The most common
hazardous waste container is the 55-gallon drum. Other
examples of containers are tanker trucks, railroad cars, buckets,
bags, and even test tubes.
Storage of Haz-Waste (cont..)
Tanks Tanks are stationary devices constructed of non-
earthen materials used to store or treat hazardous waste (steel,
plastic, fiberglass, and concrete)
Containment Buildings Containment buildings are completely
enclosed, self-supporting structures (i.e., they have four walls, a
roof, and a floor) used to store or treat non-containerized
hazardous waste.
Waste Piles A waste pile is an open, uncontained pile used for
treating or storing waste. Hazardous waste waste piles must be
placed on top of a double liner system to ensure leachate from
the waste does not contaminate surface or ground water
supplies.
Surface Impoundments A surface impoundment is a natural
topographical depression, man-made excavation, or diked area
such as a holding pond, storage pit, or settling lagoon. Surface
impoundments are formed primarily of earthen materials and are
lined with synthetic plastic liners to prevent liquids from
escaping.
 Storage Inspection
Inspections
Each satellite storage area must be inspected on
a Weekly Basis to insure that the
containers are not leaking and are in good
condition
containers are properly separated to avoid
mixing of incompatible wastes or materials
containers are kept closed except when adding
compatible waste to the container
incompatible wastes are not stored in the
same container
a log must be maintained by each department
to document weekly inspections
 Storage
Improper

Proper
 Transportation of Haz-Waste
If wastes are transported off-site using
commercial transporters, what are the
responsibilities of the generator offering the
waste for transport?
Before a hazardous waste may be shipped off site,the
generator must determine:
a special permit is required to transport hazardous
waste on public roads
the proper identification of the hazardous waste
the appropriate treatment, storage, and disposal
(TSD) facility, transportation mode, and carrier
company capable of handling the hazardous waste
shipment
the proper packaging for the hazardous waste
the necessary labeling, marking ,and placarding
requirements and
the information necessary to complete and sign the
21
hazardous waste manifest for the waste shipment
Label, Marking and Placarding of
Haz-Waste Transporter
Transportation of Haz-Waste
Rules for Haz-Waste Management
Failure to follow any of the rules can result in
fines for your department.

Store chemicals in properly marked
containers. The chemicals name must be
marked on each container. This is true even if it
is not waste.

Unidentified waste

24
 Rules (cont.)

Label Instructions

Identify your hazardous waste. The words
Hazardous Waste on the label.

The chemicals full name must be marked on
the label. Do not use abbreviations.

Date the container when waste is first added.
Do not keep in the laboratory more than 6 months.

Date the container once it becomes full or ready
for disposal. A full container must be removed
from the laboratory within three days.
25
 Rules (cont.)

Store only one container per waste stream

per room. Dont pour different wastes into one
container: different process wastes must be kept
separate.

Advantages for waste separation:
 Allows more waste space;
 Choice in determining disposal method;
 Disposal is more cost effective;
 Disposal is easier; and
 Disposal is safer.

To reduce accidents, do not store waste for
more than six months. 26
 Rules (cont.)

Place each hazardous waste storage

container at or near the point of waste
generation.
 Do not take your waste container to a different
room other than where the waste was generated.
 Do not move the waste container to a storage
room.

27
 Rules (cont.)

Keep containers tightly closed at all

times.
* to prevent contamination,
* to prevent evaporation,
* and to prevent spills.

Use secondary containment.
* Bottles break and spills occur. To prevent a spill from
creating havoc, put the bottle in a tray or pan for
secondary containment.

28
 Universal Waste

Universal Waste is hazardous waste that
can be recycled. Materials that fall under
this category are:

Fluorescent and High Intensity Discharge
(HID) lamps;

Batteries

PCB contaminated ballasts & capacitors;

Elemental mercury

Pesticides

29
 Fluorescent Lamps

All types of fluorescent
and High Intensity
Discharge (HID) lamps
are recycled.

Do not purposefully
break lamps.

You may not discard
fluorescent and HID
lamps in the trash.

Broken lamps are Spent fluorescent lamps
stored and forgotten in attic
treated as hazardous - violation
waste.
30
 Batteries
All types of batteries are
recycled.
Send non-leaking, dry cell or
sealed batteries inside a mail
envelope to Public Safety via
campus mail.
Leaking dry cell batteries
should be placed inside a Zip-
lock bag inside a mail
envelope.
Lead-acid (automobile)
batteries must not be stored in
the open weather.
31
 PCB Ballasts
Polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs,
are a group of industrial chemicals
that were widely used as insulators
in electrical equipment
PCBs are found in some large
transformers, capacitors, and
ballasts in old electronic equipment.
Fluorescent light fixtures also used
PCB ballast.
PCBs are absorbed through the skin
PCBs cause chloracne and chemical
burns on contact with the skin (Yusho
disease)
Dermal application of PCB causes
lesions of liver, kidneys, and
lymphoid tissue, along with effects on
the skin 32
 Mercury

Elemental mercury is found

in thermometers,
thermostats, silent
switches, barometers,
manometers, light bulbs
etc.

It is all easily recycled.

Intact or broken mercury
devices will be accepted.

If you spill mercury, call us
and we will clean it up.

34
 Pesticides

Do not purchase or request
more pesticide than is
necessary and limit the
amounts kept in storage.

Arrange for return of
pesticides to the supplier or
manufacturer when the
research project is
completed.

Old or unwanted pesticides
will be recycled by Public
Safety, if possible, and the
rest must be properly
shipped for disposal.

36
 Used Oil

Any kind of oil
including motor oils,
instrument oils,
machine oils, pump
oil, compressor oil is
recyclable.

Mark the container
Used Oil.

37
 Paint

Do not purchase and store
large quantities of paint.

Use up all paint.

Do not throw latex paint in
the trash.

Latex paint is not
considered hazardous
waste, but it must be
properly discarded.

Oil-base and epoxy paints
are hazardous waste.

Do not simply leave the
container open to let the
paint dry out.

Turn all paints in for disposal. 38
 Gas Cylinders

Try to purchase gas in returnable cylinders.

If gas cylinders are not returnable, use the entire contents of the
cylinder and mark it empty.

If gas cylinders are not returnable, but not empty, they will be
handled as hazardous waste.

Gas cylinders can not be discarded in the trash.

Exception, empty aerosol cans can be discarded in the
trash.

39
 Medical Services Waste

All Medical Services Waste
must be destroyed, this
includes:

Bloodborne Pathogen
waste = human blood The logo
contaminated materials;

Human amputated parts

Sharps = needles,
syringes, razor blades,
etc.;

Laboratory animal
carcasses must be kept
frozen until disposal.

40
 Radioactive Waste

Must be licensed with the
Radiation Safety Office to use
radioactive materials.

The waste must be identified
with the

name of the Lab Supervisor

radioisotope

activity in millicuries

quantity

date

room number

A special label is available from
Public Safety, free.
41
 In case of spillsO

Restrict access to the
immediate area,

Follow department
protocol for small
spills,

Report the spill to
Public Safety (911)
immediately.

42
Haz-Wastes Management
Detoxifying and Removing
Wastes
Physical methods
Chemical Methods
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Plasma incineration
Incineration
Sterilization
Encapsulate (immobilization)
Deep-well Disposal

Fig. 24-21 p. 553

Haz-Waste Landfill

Fig. 24-23 p. 554

Surface Impoundments: Trade-offs

Fig. 24-22 p. 553

 Brownfields
Brownfields are;
Abandoned industrial
and other hazardous
waste site
Factories, junk yards,
gas stations,
automotive
workshops
Usually older urban
areas
Brownfields
Can be cleaned up
and reborn as
parks, industrial
parks, etc.
First need to be
cleaned
Some developers
weary of taking
risks and costs
Brownfields
One example of many in Camden:
http://www.state.nj.us/dep//srp/brownfields/bda/n_camden.htm
Hazardous Waste Tragedies
Case Studies
 1. Love Canal
Source SUNY-Buffalo
http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/lovecanal/introduction.html

1892 William T. Love established a

canal to bypass the Niagara Falls.
1920 land became a municipal and
chemical disposal site.
1942 - 1953 Love Canal Landfill was used principally by Hooker
Chemical. Nearly 21,000 tons (42 million pounds) "toxic chemicals
were dumped at the site.
1953, Hooker filled the site with layers of dirt. The Niagara Falls
Board of Education purchased the land from Hooker Chemical for $1.
The 99th Street School was built directly on the former landfill.
 1970s
Repeated complaints of
odors and "substances
surfacing in their yards
were filed.
City assisted by covering the
"substances" with dirt or clay
PCB's (polychlorinated
biphenyls) found in the
storm sewer system.
August 2, 1978, the New
York State Commissioner of
Health, Robert M.
Whalen,M.D. declared a
medical State of Emergency.
The President of the United
States Jimmy Carter
declared the Love Canal
area a federal emergency on
August 7, 1978.
Love Canal 1978

Love Canal Site

 2. Union Carbide, Bhopal India
1984 Worlds worst industrial
accident
Union Carbide pesticide
plant explosion
Over 500,000 people were
exposed to metyl isocyanate
gas and other chemicals.
Toxic cloud settled over
region killing 23,000 people
120,000 to 150,000 suffer
chronic illnesses related to
accident
 3. Mercury Poisoning,
Minamata Bay, Japan
From 1932 to 1968, Chisso Bio-accumulation
Corporation, a company located in Of methyl mercury
Kumamoto Japan, dumped an
estimated 27 tons of mercury
compounds into Minamata Bay.
When Chisso Corporation dumped
this massive amount of mercury
into the bay, thousands of people
whose normal diet included fish
from the bay, unexpectedly
developed symptoms of methyl
mercury poisoning.
The illness became known as the
"Minamata Disease". Sometimes
called dancing cat disease
 Case Studies : Dioxins
Dioxins are highly toxic
chlorinated hydrocarbons
generated from human
activity
High exposure to dioxins
can cause cancer, organ
disease, abnormal hair
growth and a severe form of
acne called chloracne, which
causes cysts and lesions
Sources of dioxins
Waste incineration
July 2004 Nov 2004
Fireplaces
Coal-powered power plants Viktor Yushchenko
Paper production At the time, his blood
samples showed
Sewage sludge abnormally high levels of
dioxin - 1,000 times more
than accepted levels
How dioxin contaminate humans
 Case Studies : Lead

Lead poisoning major

problem in children
Primary sources of lead
Leaded gasoline
(phased out 1986)
Lead paint (banned
1970)
Lead in plumbing
END