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Civil

Engineering
at JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

Notes on
AISI Design Methods for Sheathing Braced Design
of Wall Studs in Compression

B.W. Schafer
report to AISI-COFS Design Methods Committee
April 2008
Overview
Part of the AISI-COFS funded project on the design
of sheathed walls with dis-similar sheathing.
Presentation developed from a report of the same
name
Project updates, including full report available at
www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/sheathedwalls
Report covers
Design methods via 1962, 1980-2004, 2007 AISI
Examination of sheathing stiffness k
Initial summary of known demands and limit states on a
sheathed wall stud in compression
AISI Design Methods
2007
1962 AISI 1980 to AISI-COFS
Design 2004 AISI Wall Stud
Manual Spec. Standard
(S211)

Winters method Simaan and Pekz simplified


discrete spring model shear diaphragm model discrete spring model
Basic notation
I1, r1, Pcr1: strong-axis buckling perpendicular to the plane of the wall

I2, r2, Pcr2: weak-axis buckling parallel to the plane of the wall

e: initial imperfection
1962 AISI Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on


the basis that the wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud)
furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the
wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud
comply with the following requirements:
1962 AISI Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on


the basis that the wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud)
furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the
wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud
comply with the following requirements:

fastener spacing, a,
must be less than

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy

Lr2
a max 2 =
2r1
1962 AISI Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on


the basis that the wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud)
furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the
wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud
comply with the following requirements:

fastener spacing, a,
must be less than

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy

Lr2
a max 2 =
2r1
1962 AISI Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on


the basis that the wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud)
furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the
wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud
comply with the following requirements:

fastener spacing, a, fastener-sheathing stiff-


must be less than ness, k, must be at least:

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy f y2 aA2
k min =
Lr2 240 ,000 ,000 I 2
a max 2 =
2r1
1962 AISI Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The safe load-carrying capacity of a stud may be computed on


the basis that the wall material or sheathing (attached to the stud)
furnishes adequate lateral support to the stud in the plane of the
wall, provided the wall material and its attachments to the stud
comply with the following requirements:

fastener spacing, a, fastener-sheathing stiff- fasteners must have at


must be less than ness, k, must be at least: least this much strength:

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy f y2 aA2 keP
k min = Fmin =
Lr2 240 ,000 ,000 I 2 2 EI 2 k / a P
a max 2 =
2r1
Fastener spacing limit #1
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: amax1 requires that weak-axis buckling of the stud,


including contributions from the wall stiffness k, that is
developed from fasteners at spacing a, is greater than or equal to
the squash load of the column. Pcr 2 (k @ a , (KL )2 = L ) Af y

fastener spacing, a,
must be less than

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy

Lr2
a max 2 =
2r1
Fastener spacing limit #1
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: amax1 requires that weak-axis buckling of the stud,


including contributions from the wall stiffness k, that is
developed from fasteners at spacing a, is greater than or equal to
the squash load of the column. Pcr 2 (k @ a , (KL )2 = L ) Af y

Pcr 2 2 id L2 Winter (1960) solution for


fastener spacing, a, column on a stiff, continuous,
must be less than PE PE foundation

8EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2 convert continuous
A fy foundation stiffness, ,
to discrete springs, k,
and set Pcr2=Afy
Lr2
a max 2 =
2r1
solve for Af y 2 2k a L2
a, you get =
EI 2 L
2 2
2 EI 2 L2
Fastener spacing limit #2
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: amax2 requires that weak-axis buckling of the stud


over a length of 2a (twice the fastener spacing) must be greater
than the strong-axis buckling over the entire length.
Pcr 2 (k = 0 ,(KL )2 = 2a ) Pcr1 ((KL )1 = L )

fastener spacing, a,
must be less than

8 EI 2 k
amax1 = 2 2
A fy
Lr2
a max 2 =
2r1
Fastener spacing limit #2
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: amax2 requires that weak-axis buckling of the stud


over a length of 2a (twice the fastener spacing) must be greater
than the strong-axis buckling over the entire length.
Pcr 2 (k = 0 ,(KL )2 = 2a ) Pcr1 ((KL )1 = L )

Equating Pcr1 and Pcr2 implies


fastener spacing, a,
must be less than
(KL )1 = (KL )2
8 EI 2 k r1 r2
amax1 = 2 2
A fy Insure weak-axis buckling over 2a does not control

Lr2 L 2a
a max 2 = =
2r1 solve for r1 r2
a, you get
minimum stiffness k
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: kmin is the same as the amax1 design check.

Pcr 2 2 id L2 Af y 2 2k a L2
=
PE PE EI 2 L
2 2
2 EI 2 L2
(from Winter 1960)

fastener-sheathing stiff-
ness, k, must be at least:
sub in for E and
, solve for k
f y2 aA2
k min =
240 ,000 ,000 I 2

Pcr 2 (k @ a , (KL )2 = L ) Af y
fastener strength
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Design basis: forces developed in an imperfect, but stiff


continuous foundation under the design load P, should be
carried by the fasteners, plus Winter adds some interesting
empirical corrections.
Winter (1960) defines forces developed in a stiff con-
tinuous foundation supporting an imperfect column
fasteners must have at
id
sreq = d o least this much strength:
1 id act

Fmin = sreq a 2 keP


Fmin =
= 2k a 2 EI 2 k / a P
kid
Fmin = e
1 kid k act
fastener strength (continued)
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

kid
Fmin =e
1 kid k act
again, Winter uses the solution for buckling of a column on a stiff continuous foundation,
this time to find the ideal stiffness id (kid):
id = 2kid a
Pcr 2 2 id L 2
= and PE = 2 EI 2 / L2 fasteners must have at
PE PE least this much strength:
Pcr 2 = P

which results in (
kid = P 2 2 EI 2 a )2

Fmin =
keP
2 EI 2 k / a P
after substitution and rearranging, we find
ek act P
Fmin =
2 2 EI 2 a k act k id P
this ends, rational derivation and Winter introduces empiricism
fastener strength (continued)
ek act P
Fmin =
2 2 EI 2 a k act k id P
1. assume kact=kid only under first denominator term
results in
2. remove 2 under the radical in first term as well
3. remaining kact = k

fasteners must have at


least this much strength:

Brace forces resulting from


keP
Example 11 of 1962 design manual Fmin =
note kact=80kid 2 EI 2 k / a P
fastener strength (continued)
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

ek act P
Fmin =
2 2 EI 2 a k act k id P
1. assume kact=kid only under first denominator term
results in
2. remove 2 under the radical in first term as well
3. remaining kact = k

0.02 2% rule
fasteners must have at
least this much strength:
0.015
Fmin( P)

P
Brace forces resulting from
0.01 keP
Fmin2( P) Example 11 of 1962 design manual Fmin =
P
note kact=80kid 2 EI 2 k / a P
0.005

0
1 .10
4
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
P
Summary of 1962 Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The fastener-sheathing stiffness must insure the


following condition is met
Pcr 2 (k @ a , (KL )2 = L ) Af y
The fastener-sheathing strength must insure the
following condition is met
k
Fmin =e where kid = P 2 a 8EI 2
k 2 k id 1
In addition to insure adequate performance in the face
of potential defects
Pcr 2 (k = 0 ,(KL )2 = 2a ) Pcr1 ((KL )1 = L )

If the above conditions are met Pcr=Pcr1 (strong-axis).


Critique of 1962 Specification
1962 AISI
Design
Manual

The fastener-sheathing stiffness must insure the


following condition is met
useful, but arbitrary, does not even
Pcr 2 (k @ a , (KL )2 = L ) Af y insure that strong axis controls

The fastener-sheathing strength must insure the


following condition is met
k couched in something theoretical, but in
Fmin =e the end empirical, not wholly consistent
k 2 k id 1 with current approaches
In addition to insure adequate performance in the face
of potential defects
Pcr 2 (k = 0 ,(KL )2 = 2a ) Pcr1 ((KL )1 = L ) arbitrary, realistic?

If the above conditions are met Pcr=Pcr1 (strong-axis).


Underlying theory not directly applicable, no torsional-flexural buckling
check, to my knowledge none of us have ever even done a k test!?
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. 1980 to 2004 AISI Specification
Also known as the Simaan and Pekz method,
or the shear diaphragm model, or the D4
method. Existed from 1980 to 2004 in Spec.
Section D4. Abandoned in favor of a return to
Winters method, more or less.

Why was the method


abandoned?
What can we learn
from the mistakes?
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. Practical limitations of D4 method
The design expressions are complex. The design expressions do
not give credit to the presence of supplementary steel bridging
which is typically installed in order to align members and to
provide necessary structural integrity during erection and in the
completed structure. Provided there is adequate steel bridging,
the imperfect sheathing approach in Section D4 (a) can produce
a lower capacity than an all steel approach. The most popular
sheathing, gypsum wallboard, is seen by some as too moisture
and load cycle sensitive to act as a reliable structural brace for the
service life of a structure. Other restrictions in Section D4 (a) are
for the most part impractical for typical use. (Trestain 2002).
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. Theoretical limitation of the D4 Method
For the most part Winters method may
conceptually be understood as a column
supported by discrete springs:

The D4 method has never been presented with


an equivalent mechanical model, instead it is
always described as a summation of energies
(column bending + shear distortion of
diaphragm), what is underneath the hood?
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. Consider the shear energy term

Q[ (z )] dz
L
Ds =
1 2
shear energy 2 0

du ( z )
shear angle (z ) = = y (z )
dz
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. Consider the shear energy term

Q[ (z )] dz
L
Ds =
1 2
shear energy 2 0

du ( z )
shear angle (z ) = = y (z )
dz
equivalence with rotational spring foundation:
L L
Ds = Q y dz = D = y 2 dz
1 2 1
2 0 2 0
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. Consider the shear energy term

mechanically
equivalent
model to shear
diaphragm

Q[ (z )] dz
L
Ds =
1 2
shear energy 2 0

du ( z ) considering
shear angle (z ) = = y (z ) discrete
dz fasteners

equivalence with rotational spring foundation:


L L
Ds = Q y dz = D = y 2 dz
1 2 1
2 0 2 0
1980 to
2004
AISI
Spec. D4 method summary
The method was abandoned for numerous
practical reasons, and now can be seen to have a
serious theoretical limitation
However, lots of great and complicated
mechanics in the D4 method. Torsional-flexural
buckling is treated thoroughly (even for dis-
similar and one-sided sheathing).
The role of shear in deforming the sheathing is
real, but have to be careful with how that
actually braces the stud
2007

2007 AISI-S211 Wall Stud Standard


AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

Wall stud assemblies using a sheathing braced design shall be


designed assuming that identical sheathing is attached to both
sides of the wall stud and connected to the bottom and top
horizontal members of the wall to provide lateral and torsional
support to the wall stud in the plane of the wall.
Both ends of the stud shall be connected to restrain rotation
about the longitudinal stud axis and horizontal displacement
perpendicular to the stud axis. Further, in B1.2(b) it is
prescribed that the global buckling load of a stud, with fasteners
spaced distance a apart shall be determined ignoring any
sheathing contribution (i.e. k = 0) over a distance of 2a, i.e.:

Pcr (k = 0 , (KL )x = L ,(KL )y = 2a , (KL )t = 2a )


2007

Pcr by AISI-S211-07
AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

It is assumed that the sheathing provides enough stiffness that Pcr


ignoring the sheathing over a length equal to twice the fastener
spacing, a, is always less than Pcr considering the sheathing:

buckling across a assumed buckling of the stud


defective fastener < engaging all fasteners
2007

Pcr by AISI-S211-07
AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

It is assumed that the sheathing provides enough stiffness that Pcr


ignoring the sheathing over a length equal to twice the fastener
spacing, a, is always less than Pcr considering the sheathing:

buckling across a assumed buckling of the stud


defective fastener < engaging all fasteners

min Pcry (k = 0, (KL )y = 2a ) assumed min Pcry (k @ a ,(KL )y = L )


<
PcrTF (k = 0, (KL )x = L , (KL )t = 2a ) PcrTF (k = 0 ,(KL )x = L; k @ a , (KL )t = L )
2007

Pcr by AISI-S211-07
AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

It is assumed that the sheathing provides enough stiffness that Pcr


ignoring the sheathing over a length equal to twice the fastener
spacing, a, is always less than Pcr considering the sheathing:

buckling across a assumed buckling of the stud


defective fastener < engaging all fasteners

min Pcry (k = 0, (KL )y = 2a ) assumed min Pcry (k @ a ,(KL )y = L )


<
PcrTF (k = 0, (KL )x = L , (KL )t = 2a ) PcrTF (k = 0 ,(KL )x = L; k @ a , (KL )t = L )

validity of assumption
depends on the stiffness
k, as k 0 definitely not
a valid assumption
2007

AISI-S211-07 Commentary
AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

Wall Stud Standard provides only minor


guidance, primarily wall stud design is left to
rational analysis.
However, the commentary provides one such
rational analysis method, relying primarily on the
2% rule for fastener demands.
Let us revisit the classic derivation to better
understand the implications of the 2% rule.
2007

2% rule in AISI-S211-07 Commentary


AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

Consider the basic derivation (supplementing the commentary)


2007

2% rule in AISI-S211-07 Commentary


AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

Consider the basic derivation (supplementing the commentary)


Finally solving for the bracing force:

note, 1%P, not 2%P, but brace force is


a function of k and do can be higher or lower
2007

Comparison of 1962 and 2007 methods


AISI-COFS
Wall Stud
Standard
(S211)

1962 AISI
Design
Manual

Analyze any design Prescribed failure mode

AISI 2007 (S211-07) AISI 1962


Pcr = min(Pcry , PcrTF ) Pcr = Pcrx ((KL )x = L ) *
where subject to
Pcry (k = 0 , (KL )y = 2a ) Pcry (k = 0, (KL )y = 2a ) Pcrx ((KL )x = L )
PcrTF (k = 0 ,(KL )x = L , (KL )t = 2a ) Pcry (k @ a ,(KL )y = L ) Af y
and and
2%P for fasteners ~2%P for fasteners
* It is important to note that AISI 1962 did not
include torsional-flexural buckling and PcrTF<Pcrx
though as torsional resistance is increased PcrTF
will asymptote to Pcrx.
Looking towards new methods..
Limit states (abridged)
Stud
Global buckling (F, T, FT including sheathing)
should the stud be checked assuming defective fastener?
Local buckling (probably ignore sheathing)
Distortional buckling (probably including sheathing)
should the stud be checked assuming a defective fastener?
Connections
Stud-fastener-sheathing connection
Track-fastener-sheathing connection
Stud-to-track connection
Sheathing
Construction loads (requires all-steel check)
Limit states (abridged)
state of development...
Stud
Global buckling (F, T, FT including sheathing)
should the stud be checked assuming defective fastener?
Local buckling (probably ignore sheathing)
Distortional buckling (probably including sheathing)
should the stud be checked assuming a defective fastener?
Connections
Stud-fastener-sheathing connection
Track-fastener-sheathing connection
Stud-to-track connection
Sheathing
Construction loads (requires all-steel check)
Up to date work on bracing a stud
Sheathing k
y

( y ) = G ( y ) x( y ) = sin(
y
)
L

d x( y ) y
( y) = = cos( )
dy L L

G y
( y) = cos( )
L L
x
w
Sheathing k
y

F ( y ) = ( 2 1 ) wt / n

( y ) = G ( y )
F ( y)
k=
x( y )

x
w
Gwt a
k = 2 sin
Ln 2L
When sheathing k matters?
If ksheathing<10kfastener... probably matters
1
ktotal ( ) :=
1 1
+
kfastener ksheathing( )

kfastener

0.8

fastener
0.6
ktotal ( )
sheathing
kfastener
0.4

0.2

0
0.1 1 10 100
ksheathing ( )
kfastener
Getting past flexure...
Support of the stud exists for other DOF as well, and in some
cases preliminary characterization has been done
Overview
Part of the AISI-COFS funded project on the design
of sheathed walls with dis-similar sheathing.
Presentation developed from a report of the same
name
Project updates, including full report available at
www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/sheathedwalls
Report covers
Design methods via 1962, 1980-2004, 2007 AISI
Examination of sheathing stiffness k
Initial summary of known demands and limit states on a
sheathed wall stud in compression
All for now, Thank you...
Current Modeling
Stress distribution at Peak Load (Gray color represents yielding - connections)
Lab General View 1
Lab CFS specimens for scale

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