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Abstract
In this paper, we report results from an investigation studying the purification of Co-filled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using Thermogravimetric
analysis (TGA). The as-grown CNTs were prepared using Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition (MPCVD). Transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterise the CNT samples. The CNTs produced
by MPCVD were filled with cobalt and consisted of thick multi-walls. After TGA purification at 900 -C, 30 wt.% Co-filled CNTs remained in the
TGA pan. However, while investigating the un-filled commercial CNTs (thin multiwalled), the sample completely burnt out at around 650 -C in
the TGA furnace. The high thermal stability and the ability of thick-walled CNTs to act as an effective protective shield which prevents the
oxidation of encapsulated cobalt have been demonstrated.
bonded to the hydrogen during the growth process itself and 3. Results and discussion
thus form C H bonds.
Fig. 1 shows the TGA graph for the as-grown CNTs. The
2. Experimental solid and the dash dotted lines correspond to thermogravimetric
(TG) and differential thermo-gravimetric (DTG) curves,
Depositions of Co-filled, thick and multi-walled carbon respectively. From this figure, it is found that the initial
nanotubes (MWCNTs) were performed using a conventional burning temperature was at around 580 -C and this occurred
MPCVD system. The conditions employed together with the mainly due to the presence of amorphous carbon in the CNTs
details on the MPCVD system used to deposit the CNTs can be mixture [13]. The burning of CNTs themselves begins at
found elsewhere [10]. Thermogravimetric analysis was per- around 650 -C. It was noted that approx. 30% of the sample
formed using Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 TGA thermo balance. In the remained behind after performing TGA up to 900 -C. This
TGA experiments, the sample was heated in air from 30 to residue remains mainly due to the presence of cobalt found in
900 -C at 10 -C/min. The Raman spectra were recorded at between and within the inner walls of the CNTs. There was no
room-temperature using a Renishaw 1000 micro-Raman weight gain observed during thermal treatment, since no
system equipped with a Leica microscope. The 50-magnify- oxidation of the metal particles is expected to take place
ing objective of the microscope focused a laser beam to a spot [14]. The weight gain [15] due to oxidation occurs in samples
of 1 Am diameter. The excitation wavelength used was 514.5 where the metal particles are exposed to or are adhered on the
nm from an Ar+ ion laser. A 1800 line/mm grating was used in surface regions of the CNTs. In our case, the catalyst is
all measurements, which allowed one to obtain a resolution of completely encapsulated and is rid of any external or tip
1 cm 1. TEM analysis was performed using a JEOL JEM 7 catalytic particles, as evident from the TEM results. As a
microscope at 200KV using a double tilt holder. FTIR analysis comparison, Fig. 1 also shows the TGA graph displaying the %
was carried out using Nicolet NEXUS bench machine with 128 weight loss of commercial CNTs (Thin MultiWall with purity
scans. The samples were prepared by mixing with KBr powder >90%as obtained from Nanocyl, Belgium) with temper-
into pellets. ature. It should be noted that the grade of commercial CNT
100 6
90
Asgrown CNT 4
80
Commercial CNT
60
Weight loss (%)
50
PeakX = 581.16 C
-2
40
Area = -62.989 %
30
-4
Peak = 589.20 C
20
-6
10
Temperature (C)
Fig. 1. Graph showing the thermal stability of thick, multi-walled Co-filled CNTs, deposited using MPCVD, and commercial thin-walled, un-filled CNT sample. The
solid and dashed lines represent TG and DTG curves for the CNTs sample.
130
Fig. 2. TEM micrographs showing the as-grown CNTs using MPCVD (a),
purified CNTs after TGA (b) and a single CNT (c), as obtained after the TGA
treatment.
4. Conclusion
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G. Mathur, Smart Mater. Struc. 13 (2004) 1263. [17] S.A. Moshkalyov, A.L.D. Moreau, H.R. Guttierrez, M.A. Cotta, J.W.
[13] Chieng-Ming Chen, Mi Chen, Fang-Chin Leu, Shu-Yu Hsu, Sheng-Chuan Swart, Mater. Sci. Eng., B 112 (2004) 147.
Wang, Shih-Chen Shi, Chia-Fu Chen 13 (2004) 1182.
[14] Pengxiang Hou, Chang Liu, Yu Tong, Shitao Xu, Min Liu, Huiming
Cheng, J. Mater. Res. 16 (2001) 2526.