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  • الموسوعة الشاملة لقواعد اللغة الانجليزية PDF

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    Nesreen Yusuf
    153 vues56 pages

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    الموسوعة الشاملة لقواعد اللغة الانجليزية.pdf

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    153 vues56 pages

    الموسوعة الشاملة لقواعد اللغة الانجليزية PDF

    Transféré par

    Nesreen Yusuf

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 56
    ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR Bywobad le dhe laid! 46 guatghl ela Sh eld 1G el sal Dra eal gers pally ill iG Eugty phil uw) Aa mapen Bal hg TeastAn QARANC att pad Byrn ALALAIH Ae gus gl Aspley Aa ets yd rtd Bape Be BUT pet Aye ed ght ay reea/tiey 977-271 = 766 +2 Sakdil Gagares 3 ycet) aia Alf ed ne depo ite Mees aly AS HA nb iN pk ph gf ‘Rept pal aan oo an Biya pol te Aro AN SEM NOT DOA eer gully Sl Ra WRN O88 aS te yale Roan yaad! allan ade LI 1,ISSy (aighds Mae fant Lin 09S) Yh alle AF cyl lggynlh Lgl Wgagend ll ejelenYl Tall delyd GacS eye Mle Binks (ye Lally ADIGE Wy peal fb AebyS) Glade ye Laid yoo) olgh topemytall oe Syd ober arlaSy pr yieS ine TA th GP 20th Gailgey Haag Daal pithy) Basel! ghee eageetl pe stally gall hil ge lg tl jal ects Ol cole Ad Saglortlly fall Lgl petal olidl cane ym sdglal Label! UGatl 3 glare] il aplatanl dole pesdley rely) legge long ugdytil sgl) faall detay di Setall gpg palatal gb fetal eLizll (pl aipghe| 5 GAT ple Epere ah rolall ud ue ll ile geo gny Ahevold? JSy Ne gingts onety Cprae Il dol Epcrsell penll oll cates GlsiaS Sela shang quae Lager lgesiyty Candy yond co Meloy Le ool) ashi ping He pwe ELS oye Uiigione eprrgall Sh] legrage db ygeeg OI yd Ay algal gi Aygo sol Chol Me Ppa glee BCU) Aly pally dpe aad eats antl ails Le Alt alg Ayghlll lol oye peiSNly Leal grays CGA yall iglanl alae Ile 63 sll oe ye ladge Uy BAe [geiangy Ua yall calo-gd gall up ULaall jjaybill ay Ay CIA epry JS pos iid cys ud Vhs ou 3 A EA cle gcrsatley Earlly peoily lap il Uiknhall oy ole Gigs Uglied ay ALaall 3 legioge (0 (Siow be SI clpediy glut foal! paaty a] Cibceadl pe hill ya JS dh sire chang Lal gll Sysalons fl igh PSS Jaall ddd GUlacall Se yay Aigiy plitially Lyng cg dal iS Bale Uajglaa il csalacaly Jeol ya RAG hanolaall ob soytl pd Lalall cle per gall slaty (9AtS3 rig soln! cy geylll cnSuad BPM yoSh LUE Ud Oy sill Cagney lpg Ball adrigay lqllje Ne UsSally dyieles yt Gellt cal poll Wage Lgerslly dighadl cal cll Le ol} Agatl csiny be LAS of Sayany sgpezhill eileen, sliglly JSS ga Uylins dogs lad add igh he dad ony ligand syd olery yup oe chow FAIS psaee iggy LAS 2 YS) ge US poll Sled) ALi Hab pangh agb omen Aged Spall stoned aly peli Spann Ayaiseall wiv Lesh purgly JUIN clignatd Ot Merle ple le dad denen LS. nationalities ugadil cent gyn Uiltreall olalatinly Ujplonsyl slawill gyecr Bye Apaghdall yates eld aS Lyle Y Lae tS! pally Ada Ogun ailor wk alg Apples Coll ye AS ety Ugly ol UGA eR gill LAISSI Mge cgitly TAM dll Zuolil AID ae Dye Ryn gh GET thee ty FT Slee ot Goel Spay AdjECtIVE dine Byes adverb Ub 8,0 preposition SNOUT Laue Lid ant benny Je Conjunction tay) soi Halll olagialy pian Jp Lod dyenl mgill gy -verb Yad GSS Ue Bole degre WEL! Eats ull! nigh aygelacyt late eed (cine! oh gb Byernlly deploy coer Des! od leew 4 OS Keshia] whet pginee Ue further GS oh Wee yayhul taP Shall gine pa le 198 Have you any further comments? apa pill fan gh Shall pine DIELS Od py hye if asl gb Agel LalSSt gait Jolly yo 4S olidaall sdigitaii We will do our best tofurther the cause of democracy. gine ob ony further 4S ign gh ig slew Lined csinae Cada aabyall Lie 6b LalSU ale di Apt cyly sdbecnll Linayy Le figian gy Tes prymnall (pinell nly oly 03600 oll — pplanall syeaiy Lays Ung -tdybl dauill Apioh jin3 5d thy gannell coll tae pe yepltll O) mode peg plat US Sante 3 pty Cio YT tyhabr aairyell Li 2d LAlSS! A ae gf allah hbdy ~quanshal Gal8h SI siLanall (pine iyo) lS (pins ye tame) param ol) try Ble pajfalld CllS [play ae ots stlggilas do) yao LAlS ye taomey jy) 4S alghyay Yo Aygrntl ghlighy Ayre gil Lol wi cl nus sty O) islet King -hrgeaiell Loa 2] ppiney 5+] dey Ligky Ug! Latinas Bhd Miglin yeshill Cagyade Jaall Le lb] sb pial ayilaw Le whe ple stages slggilae aiady Eionlygll TolSU dyyouill Ald gi Cie peal Le cgpns DIS ye Lpiligald isle dy ply Yposaill aaj hese igh legge CALAIS we JAS] cyt geeS Stal Zyl DESY ole SH cell hy Leta east ym dd dale Licyy PAA Feeney igh hell Weyl 85 LAY ye OSA) yd ght Baclill Saphsd Taliteell oVbaly aprons (S,lall gad LaS boil appa cL plumcnd tdlraall led sf Rmigl 3 Leases cee lise ydanp Ale gle CLA tiny gb ene onshlll £15331 dade AU and oper Bylill eepiogtd TyjatenlYly Lege BS i peeall lath ple agatll luS|y Gaal dabylle gy cA} pill Gllyy aaa cle fobine Loita Os) opal! Ob WS sate 1a) Bling La cplagtaal dle yay Lay glite ga SSM cali Lola PT OF yaplill Lemay yung Lie ay pad 15) Lal peby TAA Faydone Clady] col peanall g] Aol! Lamy CUSy cefthabl yf MacaSl cyo tab oj Loe yy hss) cud fds Vn aly Legace pon qeiasly AISI je abd ll hye ally MS cole ob Epeg Les Bly Y LAU) telgdy yates foal Coente (gil alalgall sf clegmeall alga gle Ladd Epo Spar pil 4 tole ashi eo Gaasay AB yuan Syayet grliay| ebay! Lgab Ag oli Cap dar ge gl Le CrP NM Mais HL] gy Ol eal Ligh gil OF YY ginny Uy — Aagyell Y Ayala] Gh cereal pee od) Eyl! ToS Tidy Till caSalattly ULE, plall dad - LnLb catty DAMlly Gayall pea fil) dite suds Diy (Sy) Kady Lyilaglaad peal ay -aplel) B Uplly al By Stl gga ow Geainy GANS cg tad ill ALG ey coll aplenl] ley pol Le gua Ay be ABS cep 9g ig gKl olbat ob lis ally Bye Lead cokyjale 3 lad Gd} lg cole ll degli tid pitaley Hhory ol Upbeory ny alas] Labbe pl aghtely gel eas cof! Antal gl gyuiony Tyhivally daomy!l Ug Slory «pS jejall B09e Ka pb ores SARS ab gisee om ng katie morn buy Se Steal eye eae Bb sed capl ‘bth ded SLUM ie at de otgl eh ig fal ast = ieee ageaalt bg cA al Rasta Mee J 2 yal eyed Dare a al ael wagcltalsl ba ple Miah past Despite ell hal bs LS pe SH elton Do Ariel Joaith jo celal Down Dueto During Each 92 92 92 94 94 os 96 96 97 97 8 99 100 101 lor 102 103 103 104 10s 10s 107 int 107 120 i sat 122 ia 14 126 7 128, Rs 130, m1 m1 Bn 1B 132 nas 1a is? 348 aso iso Eithes Chill J Gant asl Enough Even fever) gall SLI Every Except C1) cape tte baton gg t al Fairly Farther Few For (a Further all fall ga eg teleg deaall oj paell(hl Jota a5 Be eed} he Sr SM ade atleat Tall acts Have Home How However Omar, If riline In Beano ill EAN tan i Shall gf a.Y) ipa In order to Inside In spite of pth cl peal reel Into est aul SLs JL dant gal least less 150 181 152 152 132 153 15s. 154 155 187 157 157 188 iss ist 161 162 164 165 176 176 ua 180 ist 382 182 183 133 1ys 186 290 192 192 193 193 194 tos 198 197 17 199 19 200 200 200 208 20% Jest Tet let's ie like ‘the PLAY al JH chal Sed thant ENG Maybe Midst ta inal yh Wael i Moreover ANS oe aT ope BS) ola Much Must Near Need gills cs leither ‘Nevertheless None dara jb Jail Thi ot LA LM otal etarevadly altel adyaiall of off 202 203 204 205 205 206 206 207 209 225 225 230 230 231 232 232 2at 249 250 251 252 253 258 258 261 262 264 266 266 298 Suffixation guy! EL ae Ia “ Gast on peed ipl Quite EASA Aaah Byerged pnt EG tie Round Cong als Pal Raed hel Still oul ally be gl Alt Aspe Such AISI AS Sta Bins gb glee Baliadl Jae YA lina Under Unless Undll Unto Up Used to gh pt past el gp patel pe Jo Very Via HM ages oe bya fl sakall ital dap What tdyny iipige nates cla he ah ctl Would Ay Ana a joleeitl scigd de gage A, An jaSall alal cel ye Malte buy gt ged Apes og puke atal asat alate iol tog Ye it bce et VL, The Gall ab Gila, AST Cis cll ahold le Oi ll uate tee SS Poke Sy cls a Yel alal aii gt Gb Ls ay an Sub tant a4 5 lety Consonant (Ste oe lis shold 6 os star al 2 ela oye cptall 56 yaowall [5 2a LIS fee vowel (ile Go) cle i aw as (i oLuSsi - 1 . arm, egg, infant, object, umbrella LIS Liles J egtly Gpledll 2 hb Ge Ls pt ols — 1 hier, hieress, honest, honesty, honorary, honour, : ai . honourable, honoumagenta, hour, hourly Ta, she be Whey poled gb hike oS ot sil hotel His phy» Uh (pay gl) Dil 31 jUad gh stl gf We went aboard the train. All aboard! 3 ays ADTOR FAlSy VAIS eke oye elngll ob Gull Sim + Uh youl OU ge . yl paeady, Adverbs 45,1) Prepositions @ ,»Jlcts,5 @ «Jail = About : preposition »G> « Many trees are growing about the cottage. Raye dyed Cte I's about six o'clock. 2 thy lye? paw 2 idhay bad caw adverb Gb The children are running about (Seay ba Oy aus) Adverbs 25,1! . Prepositions , J! iiy,> @ + las! — Above : preposition = G > The aeroplane flew above the clouds. 2 tga lel. Got aes She is above suspicion. ee gel oe cial nes 12 Acaptainis abovea lieutenant. : adverb Gb The flag was fluttering above. 2 tbl bb et paw The price maybe 100 dollars or above: tye Ast. sp lel paw 2 tliat ga The names of the guests are mentioned above 2 teed, Shall. Sal wails an, adjective tne The abovedirections are very important. Adverbs ay,J0i1@ Prepositions jn! ag,> e+ jl - Abstract Nouns .giaall clas! thased Ue 51 eagabe OLS ald obtl of polRt Heed coed ileal ola! ont is YStypl Sur Je YB > YB Gleb Ups yal (Sur ¥ dbaily clined gb deauty AYU ely Gass ol LAY gf ott Yi) Jae (joe) beautiful tall sent jbo ol Gah & ey FE Gla Gud po yall e tll SN padetdly LL Oy9 hy Ll Ulead! Spal kes Vy tke past ad say courage, strength, ugliness, hardness, loudness, infancy, poverty, terror, happiness, understanding,reading, sleeping, jumping, etc. Nouns oll @ + ta — According as Digles ele . SLs caw conjunction bast You may get the job or not, according as you pass of fail the examination. Accordingly 5 AUS ford ope / HU Lib saw adverb Gb You told me to shoot the rabid dog and | acted accordingly. abd dey 93 pst pau: conjunctive adverb bi, 5,85 3, 5) heli SP Hak Ggeme The ode 9 OSs 62 Clauses gchar ge dered . 2 iLobiy We yy Ub pice There was no wrong; accordingly, there will be no punishment. peels anall op (files iY! Du! oie J accordingly Gl, 13 - therefore, consequently ¢,3 jill According to re) lidy J la ca, compound preposition Us » > G> According to Al-Ahram, the new ambassador will reach Cairo next week, Each player will be paid according to his fitness. Across preposition aap The army built a bridge across the river. oe 2) PW Sti 8d lal ile 3 gas You can find the theatre there, across the street. POs ke yt pas adverb Gb The river is 300 metres across Adverbs.4),iIl@ Prepositions j2Jl ty,>@ + plas! — Active Voice pglaall all saglbJ) aslell Active and Passive Voice Jypmell .rnelly ppleell :inglle + plial — Active and Passive Upgemall prolly pglaall pall poo jLas! Active and Passiver ‘V1 "The Active Voice and the Passive Voice* Joyal geal go Ujlka Lede be Gp zell Lie ad a La ebe filer dS ae Cale siya all tad ge apy, sisalalh Ailane; babe doles iy vu Uyade Maekilty Jo Cp sdallty «gobs os al es aye Lt ae Ve ge eile ge pb al o> toh 1d gb dll any fold Als Cheat edad 46 han) J pgm eS SM peal Joe les Jud Lay fetal Gd YY J peel! che SH yD perl peal fail bs Lad pl VEL, «pal pay the active gulp yleall coli faill te Gibi Lcu) the passive voice (voice The teacher punished the pupil. (active VOICE p plas cs Jad) 14 The pupil was punished by the teacher.(passive voice J gl) s+ jad) cpp geal fail gles Ld Upbew Vs Lyall ge Lol Gl Sins a Sa alee ee Shel LS ip de yl J OS oe Was punished AB jl Bley Vygre egies GLE jell Givi iy pll 9 (1) spy A Abie pe We iy - iby Vay Galo SU gS 0 13 Gd, SOLS OV Eade gg LoS (lak, hae yt shines) BY pat The killer was shot. The killer was shot by the policemen. gh Eel IL fy 1 Je ge creed ty all geal) goal Jail dae OF) Hejl VB BSS ad fling MW tall (f Chelle ol Jal ale by ot Mets ae, (Pupil, killer) ¢ LU sah dee J object 4 Jail oY AN oe pH ileel ded eS all eer pee Usted ugeall tle oJ subject egrill tlie J object 4 Vyaie paves pyleall pall dlee subject poli «DY pd Spe cde WY Ugg GAY Ayal gall dane Sd pes V le Bplay Sail 3 (4) = (ay Vine J isc gil Jal (gl) transitive verb gical! + ogra gical HI pyle nally SpelontN Jad ago calglas + DY all pee B yee Vigne fell Mel ay d yniall fara (1) 44,3, past participle ©J8i Gis pasll Jf p pled coat Jail J posi (1) stall verb to be 4 y-Sdh fay IS GHD agra) foal dae fold ao pity Le yo eal OS Jad OF) CE all PLAY Cem Ge Gla goal dae gb 4 Vyas oll § CAD Ble faktone 6G plea) yell dem Ge ho pyleall coal! all eb LTT ol plat I LS US Oy cl ill olny CO ppt pane side ly Bye dy dels cay gle Gat 2 Magpie Olid [1] A-ahiz wrote this book. Sage ll Mend feprtly « aCHIVE pylaall pw Wal fd wrote Jail 5 gh be Sars tee coal 15 (by Ablahic) caved BY yeh i eG pame ae pale ll etal yaad » deB this book © J pid J pd - ce (was written) qn2b Jjyral) os ¥J] wrote fall Jed - Verb 6 SI Sab oye Mnall 2 (WAS) + P.P. LIU Wa nail ya (Written) pale pall pratt e wet, this book sie! Joli duit to be + bbe) eres gt ghee ll 2 RI pgmeal inal! Gye dayL Il all Jnl Uy This book was written by Al - Jahiz (2] Al- Jahiz had written this book before 769 A.D*. 2 (past perfect pli ots) Jail 305 8 fay ital! Lia i dete Active Passive had written had been written eet sel) seall Jail dae pai ol all sls ob ab» This book had on written by Al - Jahiz before 869 A.D. bt LS tend big gb e145 before 869 A.D. ile of bem, er Ot peal) seal Ue Let Keath oye 5) ep gland geall dla ffeil cis th doy This book had been written before 869 A D by Al- jahiz. ool del Active : Samy hid the pocket under the chair. Passive : The pocket was hidden by Samy under the chair. Active: Hehid the pocket under the chair. Passive : The pocket was hidden under the chair. (peal dee gb HAE i (he) pyle) onl! der po eUill of anne Geel Stall 8 SAMY pow hin pol lei fadlons ed seat YJ spre vinyl dou jas Gt Active : The postman delivers letters everyday. Passive : Letters are delivered everyday. DL ee pte oaly] OV Usgeeall geal der 9 postman lil | Rabi otee gf pS kell Saag ple op AVA gle 16 | POSTMAN ayy pele Ypealn pyiy cabUasN JS5 (EL UL gland Vinay Active : The Arab Contractors Company was building 4 new city in the desert. Passive : Anew city was being built by the Arab Contractors Company in the desert. Acilve : For the last ten years, the government has been constructing huge irrigation projects. Passive : Huge irrigation projects has been being constructed by the government, for the last ten years. Adjectives atinall Sf la pans fT sl ally LAY atlas (ey 1 atid GLU clialt + Riga Laila wore her new dress. «hd ca gil Sl jatlad 54>] tes Gute) NEW dial Ihave a white dog. OylW SB cetacall Klay gdh CIS pant (pag!) White tirall - ae! 2 oes ASW Te op hiaall a fs A magenta shirt aia Gi po Joa th teal 51) Tally tinal! yaks « attributive Use rive gM planner Ve gang ley . attributive adjective ial + Bye gall Aes aie (VEED CO DE JP) Jab tay dina 25 (OH) My shirt is magenta. deal nis « pmagentaicative use 6 bil hadcu! jas Lins . pmagentaicative adjective 442) tall, + Caluall sa05 ble te ae Viale YS cele gp cial she Ol Keall ope . a tall handsome young Syrian officer. PN op) bale Gas Mc Ala! 6 clisall Gutisl suns pl Hla Fgh as (ce et J] ape gall : specific type stn Ls 36 i paall oliali() naval, medical, etc. 1 Bye pall Ye ¢ gncoall SUPE asLall ple Ml colbnall (1) woolen, gold, stone, etc : nationality jodi si origin Jot gle Wal tall (Y) Egyptian, Syrian, Libanese, etc. : colour 5 yi yishape Jor gle Muli till Ct) magenta, green, circular, triangular, ete. FASO panll de Mas lal (2) young, old, new, ancient, teenager, etc. : dimensions sty\i jf size pmol gle UU! otiall (1) big, huge, tall, giant, etc. : temperature ¢) oul iyo fe Dui otal (vy) hot, warm, lukewarm, cold, etc. Be pal gk atl GLU st ty Wi of je Leal gle HN tz all (A) nice, lovely, silly, strange, etc. + ata) a beautiful ald white house. agiant black American player. he ai gy ps WY Allee BAeLUL pal iS) dale GIL ga Ga all May soles dey BH ine gle Us cals BL Ypand BLsyt ssl, Gyles! Glial go rad Vole, boll jou gf al Met flee 2st sl yi ple! a black and white chessboard. 1 Se yp g05 andy, Y ie gh Yatla® bd DD be pyaty bey Seg lgild lial adverbs of (qste5t 51) dp jb todaell Gy BM deel 3S, Ge] elie 2 Us Ue ag Lis « degree (or extent) .. avery tall building She is extremely happy. extremely Ji Jt! 34 « tall dail jou ab very Js Stall og 18 5 gh eSaalt side ll dual ay alt aly. happy ALall you 5b very, extremely, nearly, partly, completely, rather, most, much, little, so, as, far, only, about, half. lt) Lega gell Lindl tas) — Attributive Adjectives 2a!) loeall @ Pmagentaicative Adjectives aa wlaall @ ‘More - than- one- word Adjectives + as15 4s AS) ye dgSll oluall @ Participial Adjectives JL! ys ainsi! lial @ Modifiers (stil!) tsalyd ljLally SLISI @ ‘Using Nouns as Modifiers Gissgil 73 sLusi! plastul @ Words Ending in" ly": «ly» e8 oS anginal! coLtSIl @ ‘Comparison of Adjectives liall 54 @ - Adverbs 24,61 @ colina denaSall oainall gp dtsnay Seal! 2 lal die © Reverse Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives Uncomparative Adjectives 2 ait Jab ¥ ol) aluall@ Casall alle FT 0 Le st) Adverb .3 ,al! AS Tas sloth fabs ce gp fad nes Ls adverb sbi adjective tie GB) ie aby as y shar By ep tee oy gh tye + ATU b cine Jl + bg yall elgil 2 AMM gb gM BL deel 8 yeas gl tb gl Ls Gy Adverb of Place OSS GTN] Adverb of Time Oke G ELT] Adverb of Manner ASW) SoS b IT] Adverb of Number adel ob [E] Adverb of Amount ipl bo] Interrogative Adverb hee GE] Conjunctive Adverb uj pl BLY) ob BN ae of) bey cde pagal wipe slong edge £8 US ely Goa Gar gh pay OLS cody OF GL ELM op Bog oe SU eat SFY aS iFM odlg) Lally . Les propositions > ys lis igs 19 PAM Se hm TUB CSE IL ates — ford ue] gd bated ge = cee Sere sae at eel ad any Lif er gt Abba Ue 8 gil! 2 Vigne Adel came before Ali. » Alig d gata! J3 Cads WY pe G > dltall Lda J before : Bb OST UGB a V pate bg da gt Oyo Teall Oly oJ Cady HL Ul Ihave seen this photogaph before. oe Vad SSS SY Gb 5M Sita Le (J before Comparison of Adverbs 45,134) la.@ 2Lad| ts! -— Adverbial Clause 43 pla! dyoow! Wee jecne ob gagls Linde Mab fatd CLI cya Ue ere Li JI decnll 2 SYN OVEN aaa AS coi kl tab y He looked as if he was ill Stay where you are] Jeb all oye Cathy og > Vis DD elyil gh badd GS at yey Adverbial clauses of place OlKall fe So 45 oer [1] where, wherever, everywhere. PAS OLAS gueh ele gma Park the car wherever you find space. + fe Adverbial clauses of time OLB de dls i5 boas [1] EYL cl tall gl OLAS surf sale axis after, before, when, whenever, while, till, until, once, since, as, as soon as, the moment (that). ald Since her cat died she has been wery sad. Ill go for a picnic as soon as | finish my work, 4S 5] Sell le Ma 45 Jb Oder [1] Adverbial clauses of manner PAV Ashes! sf ULSI stb tale amit how, as, as if, as though, just as, the way that. 20 ahd Do the work how they ask you They looked as if they where mad Adverbial clauses of reason ell Yb tb 45 b oe [6] as, since, because 1 AI LIS step dale ce + Jthe She can't read this book because she is illiterate Adverbial clause of purpose 2 i gle dl 43 jb Ue [0] geal gD pres Se ye abl cljlall pf LIS sted ale anit lest, in case, so that, in order that. : base form jpaill Jol: de px gall oJ stall Geb an sl in order to, soas to. 1 abd Put the pot there so that the light keeps the plants alive Put the pot in the light in order to keep the plants alive : Adverbial clause of result acl le dls 23,6 tee [1] 5 All ahs Sl gto May det le Dial 43 ll alpen plas ~so + adjective + that -s0 + adverb + that -such + a + noun phrase i.AijLe that abd She was so intelligent that everyone admired her She is such a pretty girl that many young men asked to marry her PGS opts de dle 5b GL Lv] Adverbial clause of contrast 2 MW cal yteall ol LIS curl tole anit although, however, while, even though, even if, muchas. + fta Although it has rained, the garden still needs irrigation. Adverbials La ,lJlg. bt - 21 Adverbial Phrase 4,3 jail hall (ISD Be Besa Cab bate Gad) LL ye Teyeere G5 I Ll A PSM 9 OSG BT eae SN Bale Ha le Gb ga sl i ib, * gla Sitall ait. Gals The family went to Lebanon for a holiday Slay cilepl a ill tabs LLG go 3] 43,6 Le for a holiday 2 OL pToves We visited them last night. We came by bus. - as) merely G Bde Jus ib yias Yer p bll S Lally 2 NSm Ds Steal gh 8 La alll J nation gull 3 peed The family went to Lebanon merely fora holiday. type hated STi go ol Sy LSS LS GO ae Ida, 20 NSS gall 3 LI fated 45 atl 5 lll ed Tle ode 35 Galt aati Adverbials aLa,tite Adverb tale :Lay) lal Adverbials cad plait 2 RBG pA eal le piles Jat ella cal i . Adverb 5 BN (1) . Adverbial Phrase is 4M 2 Lal! (1) . Adverbial Clause 43 i) dst (Y) = lew ahs gp2 lees IS sal - Adverb of Amount . Adverb of Degree a jib: jist Adverb of Degree d> ji) 255 Adverb of jai! Gb) ad Lal Ga Gilly) Goll OS He thal AWE yyy ale Jl ste gl) dial dep om, 6b Amount POUT OVE cdg: lS. Sted Gb de ge tte gh (Bre gall Itis very cold today, He finished the work very quickly. 22 mete GLB LU) bea G8 Very (o,8) die Cold : J MI deal captla le toy lide agg gael dep Gb very (aS Gb) dee Gb quickly : gli JES! g Ge pall gen Le to) Sod GB tee I may der yl Bayt 65] quite, very much, little, far, partly, wholly, only, rather, half, almost, 0, as, about, etc. Adverbs «os tat as bat ~ Adverb of Extent - (iigLall zal) bi) Adverb of Degree ix 2! Gi 31 Adverb of Frequency 3) Sa) 23 > OYE eats LS ss falll gig SE she Wot Gb IS Gb 2 altel She always cooks for us. He rarely plays hockey. +2 Kall tla Jal al 1D ety (Le) always Gb! : JN Stall og «gah ab Jaa OT cas y (UGal) rarely pall : ptt dleali 2 ahs b cl always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, generally, occasionally, frequently, etc. + Adverbs aby plait @ 2 asl — Adverb of Manner (dani) 8 p> gl) Shed! ob Ett ed ys LS we AM a ye aS WD ote Sb (205 3) bed ud 2 ih Students work hard before the exams. - | WOFK Jad! ly, Seton all GAS! WS sow (alycerl saw) hard 5 Lill + JS iy 564] fast, hard, well, so, thus, somehow, slowly, quickly, badly, heavily, busily, strongly, lightly, lingeringly, satisfactorily, etc. YE i abl 465 Willd oligh eal] Gy Bi os Si a lieth, 23 «Adverbs .3y,tIl @ 1 tas! ~ Adverb of Number sual 3.5 US .caigde C55 gl fail te cla ote yg Gb sual Gb HY eee He kicked the ball twice only, Say it again, please. + ESI Sy cal ye oe Nl pots (OU ») twice saath Gb 2 JySI Stall o gill ba glee GM pote (gals) again sual Gb stl Jeli . once, twice, thrice, again : sul iy,5 el . firstly, secondly, thirdly, ........., lastly : Gi pi yb 42t Adverbs ay) @ spas! — Adverb of Place gto! 35 seg ah gated dels st adil Gta OIG UD stan iB ULI ib TEMG RAY pend LAS 5 ame Here is your birthday present. + OSs 5b (ba) here There were many saldiers at the stations. Stay near, please. 1 OAS ye peel here, there, hence, thence, in, out, within, without, alone, around, below, over, under, inside, outside, near, far, abroad, alone, together, up, down, hither, thither, elsewhere, nowhere, etc. «Adverbs uby all @ « pts! ~ Adverb of Purpose golall) Adverb of Reason or Result tnt sh Jil a,b sul - is) Adverb of Reason or Result daesulh of quell 3 ue Ce OS ald Lal ea ely oF ed Sb est bt ib roel OVS! It is late and therefore (s0 hence) | must go. It has been raining hard and consequently | have not been able to. 24 leave the school. - therefore, hence, so, consequently, etc. :dncil sb yb gil Adverbs sail @ 1 fs! ~ Adverb of Time gles 3. 2AM AA aus LS. Jal rye pps) LS alow ib Ube Gb Ihave not heard that before He visited his cousin yesterday We were not at office then 2 bball ay Bagel after, before, since, aga, soon, early, late, immediately, afterwards, today, yesterday, now, then, next..., hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, etc. = Macy HOG} BONE SS oe pen iS MLAS iy ball ta youd Adverbs .ag,tJh@ « jlaa) ~ Adverbs without "- Ly" gb jacll yo dil ticll 59 pda! WA DY 9 OB pl Nel De Mined le TA lS ye a tl Hal Sg OLY wags dial oly GLsh le Geta Git general generally quick quickly complete completely OF fp Nig by cline Uys Jatt ol LAS oe de yames Land Sha SI ge Upeny eRaal iayor ya i ol Ag] ly Ugh La] Sar Vs Jody little far fast straight much — long early further low still enough alone pty 3F Bboy 9 aS plaice A RUG cihicall oye 4g Sl te game Lal Shay near, high, decp, bard, late : uy ¢ tly Pilg La} Ft pl LAST alg, Glas Lud Shay. 0955 (Ug Coly 2 Lo] 394) tial OLS nt gy BSH Gy LI 1 + Wee Ait lina dled iy Mee baw cal lus 5 355 tial ALG Uyol Je ely» lal oo GSA Gy bi ¥ 25 + BLe clea! jhe ge lala ssl We will travel in late summer. td lb et FAA fal lb Yu late summer yry «Usha paw lie ts late + cdewall Please, don’t come late. 1 ht nee ib ke late Have you been to the circus lately? Ce ol 6 be, gi lately Gb) a, late (J) « -ly GLap, thee SMES a Ma sal 3? lately aad « late Gl Advisability 4.04 2 Phe gl and ge gb JS) EI le ya yatl_ 0h - should - Ought to > Had Better Affixation 4oLSu 5.1) dao! Weieg Lali prt Sal Lo Glad ie all ye degen BffiX suclJI oles AS Dsl Sl Gta eal: prefix (Wl 31) ALJ . ~ ISH ST alarity : suffix da sul » Tepresent emai fe- ibd lel] Lival (3] present Js : J - presentation qa -ation U> Ui ys Lisl tiyy sgpcabae lh Bl gl GB pbs Lal] LAIN ul 8 shy SLA] Saad od oy 220k JY (ab | aa iLe}: prefixation GLY - LAS SY Ge) asl) SLs] : suffixation Guy! Tee LS PAN SUR tll Aedall ll att gl Esl tae LS 2a! I'll come after him. thode ket sae: preposition x > ~ We arrived soon after, > (4s aa ty Ladd pee, adverb Gb - 26 She became rich in after years 2 Jin caw adjective tie — : conjunction Ly, aa! - They met them after they had had dinner. Afterward Auta sat) Afterwards tas! - Afterwards 1 Ode lad AUS det caw adverb of time 5u3 Gb The operation was painful, but | felt better afterwards. She fell ill last year and died soon afterwards. cesll i afterward G jill Lad padi E004 Sila! Bo =p Again 2 Rast. 5 p13? paw adverb of number sie Gb Please do that again. Against Ml ale [erly «ills (200 cau preposition x G- This act is against law. They are fighting against their enemies. - Prepositions ja) ay > @ ls! — Alike 5 Ua gall patty veh ge de let ne adverb Gb The officer treats all the soldiers alike, 2 HO sBlce Opplice— flae . q tt cae adjective tin Rania and her sister are very much alike. Along PADI ge yb le clin saw preposition > G > Vasco de Gama sailed along the African coast. UNI Mf ste de igh J gb let paw adverb Gb 27 Please come along and visit us. He was driving along, listening to the music, Alongside 1 the dl. gb de. aidleay! fae: preposition » i> He was sitting alongside her. tte Mle alt sam adverb Gb She brought her boat alongside. Already 2a Lill La oat ian adverb Gb She had already gone when her mother came. tie 3,51 i itu « all ready, already p43! be : lb ibys 5 age Bl pane lal Bal aly os ane « per abies ‘The dinner is already on the table deb cpt BTL le et The dinner is all ready on the table, Basle pe jal Lal! - Adverbs 45,1} @ + 0! ~ Also 2 HUIS Lash san adverb G talso knew that he was a former officer. + 2clauses jtler oe dy conjunctive adverb dal, G L532 5 ther gd sll Gat of yp! ibe BLY pay iley Dalia speaks perfect Russian. She also speaks French and Spanish. Although hyp et Jb ol at yaw Conjunetion Ly, stat He is Courageous although he is not strong. She passed the exam although she did not study much, adverb 13,5 tar (ily) Jews 3 ltl o5 although bi Ji sist, though, bt if iy pall oe oye (fled Gay « clause _ even though - Opposition plas! pls @ + bs)— . Conjunctions Joy! uiys! & 28 Americanisms Grammatical al 26,6 Cae gp A pW Glo ) jailed: hal Americanisms Amid, Amidst, Midst pase adi Ugly Cet das? eee: lpuee prepositions = 5 > : in the middle of, among gs Js plLbVly cast J data’ We were walking amid the crowd. ~ Prepositions p2JI ,> @ + jel — Among, Amongst nit Legs Kye dary? gna! Gadi leg! prepositions = b- plas Charles Dickens is considemagenta among the best English writers. This lake is arnong the largest in the world, pol Ges among pl Ge ge (LMF etl GG they > igual tid gl between = 2 he (yates gl) te oe | between. Adel stands there between Sami and Ragi. 1 STs (ol Bou I) Lolo 5. : among Adel stands there among his friends. - (Amid, Amidst, Midst) a4, Lult 5atalt @ «tas! ~ » Prepositions oJ! as,> © And 2 (ibaa shy) (5? caw coordinating conjunction sls by aad Ali and Mahmoud are my brothers. fas Cpa gl) -Le ce eyes pe de and paced ey a and peels cA) LOM a le comma, » dell pladaceel, = SM StH aby LS oy SM ett oe dae | have a computer, a printer, a scanner and a digital camera. Dewi Gy and dl bw, more than two jcler + Sh oy bel Val and pcs Ls 29 ccheet Ge bys delye GUY Sree! ge ky te clauses 2 dhol By Lad 2 5, and abu 5s YI She got into the car, drove to the supermarket, bought cheese, and returned to her house. odpmad phrases 65 be ge gl ytelS yo dey Wand cussed 15 duc cabs sh CLAUSES cclewre yp bY canted Bf UP clos WLS pared sHLeli padeted OI opaty Dlodl ode do leg onthe yb Anomalous Verbs . Irregular Verbs siLai Jla¥}@ ; jas! ~ Antecedent dq} asta! RAS Na pot I 25 gl then! gl pharase Lali 3] LL yo ay} aclu 2 ddl Jit fe « (pronoun 514) late 25 The books, which we borrowed from the library, are dictionaries and encyclopedias. » Which tals of a8 gil tJ] wbdit «be books Anticipatory « It» dotaayl. It» - Tt: jal Any Unclassified Pronouns tas 2 Slat: jbl Apostrophe digiall dott! » HB doaly ESL aLotih pel de Gib UI Latl Kars + Uygileldteal r shawls Lustiell 4Sdall ge jar! (1) Sh a ylndl elena eae (27S) S Gyre de gce Ugh Uae Gieatss - 1 2 ASN ALY! eg LSE St Boe oY cll cab ola Cie Samia’s pen Goha’s donkey the children’s magazines 30 the men’s room Fagirnll qr heed ie (08 85> Opty) held 4 yall deli Cindi - tS} Ga the birds‘cages the Kennedys’farm (g..5 Ji ie, 5>) ‘contractions i patel Grell J Gyinall By pall fone i plonll (1) I'd = |would Cah ert pe Vd Gal aby eSiswould Gis Le 2 pT Uke Slay .Bydouall Gy pull gle TVW gl Loli! can’t = cannot 5 daar 08 gL pt ped eetY pall dae ye jell (P) tam afraid there are too many if’s and but’s for me to approve this plan‘ ? pel late Vil Lager iba go Qed © but, Cif? je lap potiall ; say yo pace cgi Lal Ay glall Doll print LoS! The teacher crossed the h's and dotted the i's of her composition. 2 caja Mf pu oJ Ryle doll pie (£9 DG’s{or: DGs) , PM’s (or: PMs) 2 Apples BD ayes Y pl Gy al pany fone pall Loli Joss (0) Sa'daw 5 Rabi’ mw, -Punctnation $50! 3,5 @ + lst Around Dt [las . dye? cae Proposition = G > T'll come around seven o'clock. The boys crowded around the winner. hn oe wry Agr JS ugh elo IS Gd dye oot sens adverb @ The mountains ail around stood high and gloomy. The rumours got around. iS JS 9 O25) Sey th Al ip Noy sd A ha 3pm trant cl zal 31 Please, wait around for ten minutes. + er gp Gall) seal pSV ow tS op Soles around Gb al Ler, AS pW Eley Gb Le pary e about Gi as plac) Articles Sly i sll otal 2 Gakt Rally ei pall algal . The Definite Article (the) Gi, lla The Indefinite Gx, sia! Qaigll gp lary ay am) Sol alah - 1 . Article Adjectives clea! cpmd Selly wie olga pont de pleel TALI by «gle leg sg ital fs jal As 24.5.5. jun caw preposition» Gs The soldiers charged together as one man. The news came as a shock. As politician, he is target for criticism 1b Mlnall SMe 3 ptt ob ots ¢ Gebel nel nt adverb b @ She is as big as an elephant. It tasted as managoes but not as sweet, 5 gill Stall adi LS eg ply Lat pa aS HM pe Ky Sy As to the project, | promise ta do my best. ole cute 98) Get gett ed gay tT § Ley) aw, conjunction te, | watched him as he walked through the crowd. 1 pltdataely cginall og 8 dey sl Lele fle? While Jy stot ol kinky | watched him while he walked through the crowd. ASI, As Though jy |S fal os bolle! © As... AS . Comparison of Adjectives colicall 2 jla5 @ + jas! — = May Ldl dab! Lag tasty ~ 32 As If ce bh ge ty Col J LS ch LS ney conjunction by, abt OP LS « UNtTUS dae iy Gove Fas if UL) Ubi clause Lt rho pad cho i files Iya ll Jal! Itlaoks ag ifa storm is coming. It looks as if it is going to rain. He talked to me as if! were a child. coool aS if Ja Jt ital Lis sc as though Jy,) stat of ears - 1 pha Itlooks as thougha storm is coming. As Long As wit ys ogg gh te C299 Dl aed «Le we conjunction b , a1 2 ple led et Si pi Lb pols Vil give you the money as long as you promise to give it back. lH never visit him again as long as! live. 1080 1ONg AS ® by Balad plane Vly gna a gar Play Vl never visit him again so tong as | live, As Soon As 699 Hl py Ob me: Lee aw, Conjunction te, af 1 gghett Mall pnd WS AT ede Body array be do A$ Soon as it stops raining, we will go to the club. + i pile (8.8000 AS # by pds aj pa Seto df die key SHONCE t de Nal plane Vly gaali J AS SOON AS a» Jlery Once it stops raining, we will go to the club. As Though tof SUS . Ils? cow Conjunction b,, asf As If dale At PL. ides oe / oe oJ) gam: preposition = G > 33 | met Samir at the bus-stop. The performance starts at 9 o'clock | bought cheese at 25 pounds a kilogram. AS) ll all aon Eyaga deals dey Lssly)Prepositions pall ay,» @ «Lal — Aalgsga dobsdt Atop 2 Atglel PGi pre preposition -G> The observatory is perched atop the hill. 2 tel je bs cet pew adverb Gb @ The observatory is perched atop of the hill. (ib go gall Aisleal! abdacall) diagill cule! Attributive Adjectives Gl ated sf atla® soe] he begat [25 oil lial a TAD Gye yell de og ge Slball ge Wd Ue led oe gl :(Pmagentaicative Adjectives a black dog, a white elephant atl ag White tall, « dog Gyosell | stl 23 black all dd Be oy Oli oo gpl La al wy ‘elephant Gyayll 5 Bye yell day 25 Of Ser Epil Hie! etal lial yan af Y} Sayegh bai is-il verb to be sale yas Gyo gall dh gill al se dy) Ele ta pbs oye Lal diary (Ete Gbivall De gb tially Gye yall tye plural NOUS port) eld ax cbivall iyo Adil pt BBS CG pe yolk dey GLH lial Qi 27 Got) Del ada Cay 2A pent phe AL AA a yee gal JF 2 em Lnlinw gr Wiltbee The children present were given toys. The present government had been in power for 20 years. oe gill Je dy yp sbd oo JN tall 3 present divat ° “ . “ tase The pupils absent from school were all ill. Don't forget absent friends, cb) gh SUH JE iy tgaetcalln oa Uy! Stall | absent tivalt 34 th got J etd AN OY Nac gusty paell J Gilly AOS Lane cy pilot 8 ll BLOW ay pe spar lS Lom gay The dealers concerned were sent to jail. There were letters from concerned parents. Bo Mle ag A] goby alld ead JN! Stall 3 concerned divalt Noa yegell tlle pd StS) Jill Adjectives oll. taal @ Auxiliary Verbs buclueal! Jab fel main verbs 23 J) dls a pases Slut telat JM ser gl ah LSM obeys ye peacll sf dake Ol pally SV ope estll le ntl gts weg gle JEL Ue de, (oy dat SLO gt ast yf Remedy pLAST SOK J] Bell Sha] pes Primary Auxiliaries od ites Jha = 1 Supporting Auxiliaries Bathe Bache hail - ¥ Modal Auxiliaries (or Modals) date Jbl -T «ple diag pb JS js jabs M J 3h Leall JLGVG Lat gh lacks ShallBe (verb to be) Agiyks Do Will Have Would Can Have to Could Ought to May Hadbetter Might Let Must ogi) aA 8 JLT ohn Gye JS led ~ Barely... when.. Hardly... when.. : 41 Base Form of Verb Jad hoi srl ys all iy pall ya (Simple form Jaal) ta! aati 4!) Jadll Jol 1S) b> Op pla fail wo sl dpb yl BM ig ag deal de 35 - third person 2a} s pind Be 3 Glas galt + adh le fall pol dtd yo do, play, write, speak, think, make, study, etc. Main Verbs a. J) JL39!@ 1 tao! — Be digi Jab 2 yes jay verb to be ty Si fad pad : main verb | --I jais -1 ajle Jl adjective tie sJ noun pul leyce DES fab Oy Co du ce sLS « prepositional phrase + 4 p.d+ 51+ Aliis a policeman. Aliis clever. Aliis at the cinema, : auxilliary verb rele pais - G present ,2JI Egan Lr ganj gp tole Ji BS fs pte OVUa! aad ye LS ¢ PASt CONTINUOUS jimall ptlelly Continuous 2 oWul Adel is playing tennis. The boys were quarelling. ui) isy were Ly «pulel Jab quarelling, playing 2+ Js is - «Dele BILE GST ad ie pas 36 « Conjugation of Verb to Be tigis5) Jab syed y Pronoun Past Participle EIU Giga being: ing + jai Verbs Jay os pe JS Ligh bs! Auxiliary Verbs Be accustomed to le tine . Used to (le steet : iit Because cumen . SY + ANGI soll bat Because, Because of & Due to i plate 3 13 (ey OY) pall gf ght S98 cals pitt adverbial Ls i222 Utls ac conjunction Ja, a:1 : Because + At Stall ad yp LS cis Joli Ls clause Becausethe weather was cold, we couldn't go to school. ull Jf OW ols, j» li : Because of & Due to OVE aay LS « noun object « pres el agin IS nen phase y a7 2 Oe Becauseof the cold weather, we couldn't go to school. Due to the cold weather, we couldn't go to school. Before : all / JS sau preposition »G> » He had been to France before 1995. She stood before the judge. Thad been to France before. : aL. 3 pat gawadverbGb @ 1G) fo) anes CONjunctiON Jey, ial @ I want to buy a carnow before prices go up. Be going to » Future Simple Tense tennell earened! a5)! @ + last Behind Gly ab aw preposition => @ He parked the car behindthe house. 2 Ug hee ely Neely pe weal at pas adverb Gb @ If she can’t walk faster, you can leave her behind Below tay gol . ge fil cont gaa; preposition » a> @ He has a dark scar belowhis right eye. 2 tid |b .cinit za adverb Gb @ Samih lives on the sixth floor and Hanilives on the floor below. 2 Aad). lial She tial aay lind paw adjective tis @ The picture belowis drawn by the author: — «Attributive Adjectives (La! lists bree tel el oy - below tial Sl pascal agi Beneath 2 tye fil oo -cout jaw preposition >> They live in a village beneaththe hills. 2 tial at saw adverb.ib @ 38 She stood on the cliff and gazed down at the blue waters beneath Beside Al BLeYy Loa JESy Jue. Cilbwt wo preposition = i = e Dlg dal ge ye eal | She was sitting beside the queen. Hadi's dog seems so small beside Nabeel’s dog. (ead ag Ly goles y...) Their discussion is beside the point. - Prepositions yJ! Gy,> @ + ps! — Besides 1 Oily J). J aLaYL) ae, preposition - G> @ There are ten guests for the party besides me. 2AM LW SLEYL! naw adverb Gb He has bought a computer, a printer, a digital camera, and lots of other things besides, Between I gab on Bgl Gadus tye be gut Gee preposition » > e one The first Gulf War broke out between rag and iran, T Neyat bat pte ie Ahead of us are a forest, a series of hills and a river between between o oxtls betwixt , twixt is ols is Lal Sus: ib ple ABS 9 pr pS glares ral 3 Betwixt = MLS salt Bal Beyond 3 thy sol? paw preposition = G)> @ ‘Those mangoes on the tree are beyond my reach. Don't stay here beyondmidnight. titel Last saw adverb b @ 39 When we cross the river we will find the Bedouin tribesmen living in the plains beyond Both 2 tlalls Lats? pw adverb b @ Their mother punished them both rally AS) cea Pronoun» @ Both of Ashraf and Hatim went to the club. = dgllaNl abl) taal = Both .... and... eda day Jh otal dhe OS gy ey ge ST ey ey dey, atl sll ged gle 2,5, Both + noun and + noun | F OWN OVE mee yp LS He bothspeaks and writes Spanish, She played with bothcleverness andfitness. Paired Conjunctions 42-92!) day l! Gilgal @ stat Brackets ( ) glegail las parentheses , lez) heal ly *brackets) ol yl thay cinsl pel WIS yf iyhe yh de bey Olney (Sept allel! OLS fade! Ae del Sele poy Bl) SS be Bole Sesh se GLEYI ALO tel at tale a Sil pee opt ine Uae ol ab 0 P GUE OVE ae LS The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder (23 - 79AD) died while observing the eruption of Vesuvius". The old woman whom the bus run over (some people said she is very rich) was badly injured. + Punctuation p10 qs @ + bol - sound brackets Ul yy 9 Ce S AN Nt gies a Sh MN ple St yt al iy elle Gry iy 8 OS, 9 spake pushed GU LA as, 40 But 2 Chadd Lic Le. ye? pam preposition - > « There’s no one here but me. i the be. og et adverb ie @ You cannot but behave like him. Go to the doctor but fast. Melts pal agg) - St pax conjunction kya! @ He wished to play tennis but couidn’t find time. But.,, anyway POM al gle Sy 8 tne ds de alad It was cold, but | went shopping anyway. 2 ace cya all day sol acy paella oe ils ay but... still, yet .... still - Gpposition lad pias @ + taal - . Paired Conjunctions arg25cll Jos,J! calgal @ But... still » paired conjunction i ss Ja, ia} + pllall Jat gel « But, anyway w dagloall dale lool — It was cold, but | still went shopping, By hay gg ASAE fel ya fel poilew tie awe preposition x Gr @ 2 tiple ¥ She sat by her mother. The procession passed by our house. These software are made by Microsoft. The army moves only by night. You should have finished work by now. 2 Lilet es adverb G5 @ She put her books by and helped the old lady (Satall ode J5la ange Go 251 a) Prepositions jo) ay,> @ + tial ~ at By the time (that) AS ae ply le tag -ol ae (pee, conjunction Ly, asl 2 eT ae oe By the time (that) he arrives, we will already have finished the game. By the time (that) he arrived, we had already finished the game. sored ca ees HD glo! that Jl ol be dky Conjunctions ty, J) calys) @ plas) — Can & Could pies ¢ COUNT ae pblally te ub. +k ae tel pv can 2 MH YS giles Vl eal 3 adbadll Oia 2 Ability zy! ayaiall ge IN) SCAM plies femal psbedall 3 iellaia YI gh iytiall ge ponill @ She can speak Japanese. He can come tomorrow, 2 GOUId paren potlall of delle’! sf i ptiall 56 pally @ { could play chess when | was 4 years old. | couldn't open the doar. can otuls Y itoty 11S) cannot pcan Jail fh toe ol Sey COU patel! Jail pil due Ul can't i th fill theres (Ot _ couldn't 2 i pace gill tes (obals) could not a : Giving permission erty] ee) informal i416 Cail pl BP mrad) 2 can Jail pute, f (may teil faill pases formal i. 1 iil ll l'on not quite ready to go, but you can leave if you're in a hurry. Sure! You can borrow hundred pounds from me. : Asking permission a .2di Jb {t] Core sll) Lewy ob iy peg) ULofoan T pies ai Can borrow your pen? bay cgu pacll Cll Giney 2b 8,p019) ti-toould T padi ai ellis, cp Shell A ste Va ht pet sl esta Gl oh ism Could Jail 35 BU ob Eel ge ee Gee LS pats rill be O55 Ry 42 = gyal hI could T passat le Yee slay . pala Could | borrow your bicycle {please . Auniliary Verbs s22 lt lial! @ + Layl tis! ~ Capitals 3 pS 239 you! small isl Gynt: Gy pU OLE ody Ete GU GS i prall Sy adty CAPITAL LETTERS 2.9! 5 pai, HY oly cllisy Ihave one question: What makes that possible? =O, Ob cowl staly oT tSealh pone [1] Only land you will participate in the e O Lord, give peace in our time. Oh, Shirley, how lovely to meet yout Tg AUS be eget Gils te La, EY oh Lod Er] . Sa pl Allah, God, Lord, Heaven, Ra, Horus, Isis, Baal, Zeus, Aphrodite, the Traditions of the Prophet, the Sunna, the Ten Commandments, ete. > fates proper names pve LIE] Mahmoud, Fatma, Jack, Gandhi, Linda, etc. ttl -Lel @ Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia, United Kingdom, etc. 7 Odally UM ola @ Cairo, Baghdad, Tunis, London, New York, etc. Freda hemally Sib latly cle thy BV, galylly Ealptly cpsteatl Lud @ Tahrir Square, Trafalgar Square, Salah Salem Street, Wall Street, Hyde Park, Black Forest, Serengeti, etc. 2 glbvally pdelth yond oh Gl Lal» 43 Africa, South America, Greenland, the Arabian Peninsula, the Kalahari Desert, etc.. © Gal Nes Obata) eLerdty edly llr ceed @ The Pacific Ocean, the Arabian Sea, Lake Victoria, the Gulf of Suez, etc. 3 gl ese Stalls Hayy ao Vy SLadically Shelly hag alead @ The Deccan, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Qattara Depression, the Grand Canyon, the Rift Valley, the Nile Valley, Vesuvius, etc. + Dydly colrengally lS tlh olead @ Mitsubishi, United Artists, Suez Canal Bank, etc. 2 AS yall obalacalhy OULelly Sty Leola apg Wl oll The People’s Assembly, the Security Council, the Labour Party, the Red Cross, the Arab League, etc. F tbulally puldaliclol @ Cambridge University, Victoria College, etc. PEL OL Nly hs aly Uy le pe pally Call guile © The Quran, the Bible, the Rig Veda, the Odyssey, the Encyclopaedia Britannica, My Fair Lady, the Fugitive, etc, ps Hoover J,# 54.3 ; trade names che tsb! ol! [0] VACUUM Jyh Lay ay 4S aR ge plY jeg tl gull! pe! 2B pS hg a Syst (ab gl de Slall galall pai a5) Cleaner sll ail gel phaly Gyactly obUly old! 1] Indian, Arab, British, Guaternalan, etc. Hindi, Arabic, English, Spanish, etc. Arabs, Anglo-Saxons, Sherpas, Apaches, Mongols, etc. Sunni Moslems, Ashkenazim, Catholic Christians, Magians, etc. EBL pray Uke pe lod a ected lal LY] Victorian values, Siberian tiger, etc. 2 Rey gthl p paw BA] Stone Age, Iron Age, Middle Ages, etc. F Selatially Les Fogel ply sre] January, December, Ramadan, ete. Saturday, Tuesday, etc. Id al-Fitr, Mawlid al-Nabi, Christmas, Easter, Yom Kippur, etc. 44 -autumn, Autumn : 25 3h pase Gulag al 23 Ht pa Ul Abbassids, Mamelukes, Almoravids, etc. : > pgally USloull i [1+] Teel pall they y cpl elaadd [19] Mayflower, Golden Arrow, Titanic, etc. 2 el Leyte gS pe UL a gle BI OWL] Uncle John, Aunt Mary, etc. I visited Aunt Fatma last week + dle sae La OF ants Sted eM Ne ge GLa de ST Lal 5% pl 5 gine I visited my aunt last week. Sell ial, Kd City edad OW, cele VE Oui [1] Dawe Ul slaarmty orally Mr., Mrs, Ms., Lady, etc. Doctor, Dr., Professor, Prof, Dean, etc. Corporal, Sergeant, Calonel, General, Brigadier General, Maj. Gen., Lt. Col, etc. King, Queen, Prince, Count, Duke, Baron, Emir, Pasha, Beg, His Majesty, His Highness, His Excellency, Right Honourable, President, Prime Minister, Ambassador, etc. ope as BS ll Cally Hat pS aT Leda GUY O) Ley OVtall dy LS pre ioe SW Opel dey O50 ym ld 25 7 oui She sent a congratulation telegram to the king: She sent a congratulation telegram to King Fahd. SW cy cl patpall eLaoty Up oluabe tly OLS LT 18] 4S Treaty of Versailles, Salt 2, Yalta Confrence, Warsaw Pact, etc. The Gulf War, the First World War, etc. 2 sy pull lanl [10] 5S ay aU Sb OGL 2 Sipe lag gl pearl Stl potall jy.) 1) ©,C, N, Pb, Zn, Fe, St, Zinc, etc. Fp Gp Lh age gl rel ps yall pL) Paleozoic, Jurassic, Devonian, etc. 45 gS how FAS yl ol a Vi eLaal Ce) Mercury, Mars, Alpha Centauri, Ursa Major, Milky Way, etc. E(t eel dhl ya) Sold SAS J peel Gita plat () Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Eutheria, Primates, Anthropoidea, Hominoidea, Hominidae, Homo, etc. BL eg dt Gah et peel ald Gell HSU pall YE ot ope El gel agg BaRd atl peel gb eS Boe eg Cory Of Uda eal ey siyey Tag variety dsUly subspecies (pH) cos) asl) species » LIM pablo VD fll Stall cant LOS hoe Homo sapiens sapiens Vag 5 Wy Gaal Ob tilly (lege pall py jy) gaat D1] BMG gam Bs siya LISI Bae JS Jere By pad Ge Hels JS 3) phe Aly OYberlly GiB ads UL olay inde lpr [pled Aided a plead (SEY Gan oye ll pba iy bb 6 SU Sy pa! pte Bolle YI [NA] 2 heii 3 all gf UAR, USA, UK, NATO, FAO, UNESCO, ete. Egy., Amer,, Brit, Oct. Dec, Sat. Mon., etc. org, opp., math., etc, gov., etc. a phsdtaske or JY ASL, « fle Sayeed olds [44] Dear Sir, My Dear Sir, Dear Madame, Dear Aunt Fathia, etc. Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, etc. gle wisi pil Se, capitals ¢ St Gs al oblaed oo ad GEV] Bp el (al). aaghel emcees py pened) 52S pele Yl porlaall gy seh pall Led Le Hf AL ne gle Ts gil oH pill @ pty bane ll UALS 2 geal Holy Ske ke Gedy tS I eS yey otal Jy! eS Gp he BB pata 28 cout late underground AGUA 5 5 GLEN Ubi bux Le Underground AM TELS LN AS SB RYN SALA pet Lae YL eal an + cab We Eee TN Eee IR I ys ps ye Gl te pally oly 46 Causative Verbs deal! Jedd! O09 IAI Ea ee te JOU OP ce tad GH fall gga Jail 1AM SLY ell fall del Par det eae vga «make jay ey « have cilS «ee fell a « stumble The carpenter made an elliptical table. She had the jeweller repair her clock. Verbs JLa9) @ » -tal— Class Nouns call clei « Nouns san : i Clauses and Phrases cul hally Spoon! Bh LLY ole gl is Sijbally (let peat Hagl) OAT Fe gles abl g pUSH + Phrase 5a ol tin tides gf) pS pul Ot pod Raby 505) GUL ys de pare gill EAN ad gp LAS (qed 9B He married a beautiful gill. (ine) He married a girl of great beauty: Give tab y gs38jbe) tial pix a girl of great beauty sjlwl eyo GUN deal 3 adjective iiey tLer yi of ons GW) dat g beautiful .sphrase : Clause atau! 2ydovall faill iD fiimite ver 15 you Sad og god SLUSH os de paous blame lege JRA ay Melby Mad es yt g pte Le jl (finite verb i write my letters 0n pink paper. He married a girl yho was beautiful: cp ic yas t who was beautiful » , «I write my letters » 5+ Js SHE gLAIIO G6 UG janet Uline gh od Epes Teli Wb og ow GLAS! Bld yas ee Gy ga hing WaS Jail god LISI dandl OT lamdky 47 who was dlentl 63 54) cla53 gli tof great beauty Ziv ,ii -adjective clause ti.) de> ‘beautiful clauses or rad sue J al oe Sj les yl Ul sels ele aly :mon-fimite verb spies gb Mad yond 2 LISI Ze paoree Lal To write letters, use pink paper. tow sional 22 Jail cod Yi) due 5 «To write letters write + Svea phys ‘ite Ue + Main (or independent) clause WJ Uo! [1] Tala AS od bl thar ge daca Yy akan y Lgl rll phone you. 7 dear : Subordinate (or dependent) clause dull deol [TY] 1 Ranh y perme Ja fom YY] a Y latins OY Ugly ali When Mostata comes back, Ill phone you. conte 13] VY] Lane LY ‘When Mostafa comes back * ter! ll phone yous 4.45! dell ly Collective Nouns cule gacealt clan ine Bo 2 ple geal Collective noun (Or groUp NOUN) de yemelh onl ENT sf Coli goal! sh pli opt epee ll pats a8 Ct Be yee Moet OS) ope eel pe ot ele gl FlOCK purl Rai UB jae Shed Se garnall pul JL doles Le fot 3 sf tal gS yydall sl ott yoll ra a gS Acommittee waselected. Acommittee were elected, (x) My family is loving and cooperative. My family are loving and cooperative. = (x) The government is determind to beat poverty. The government are determined to beat poverty. (x) (gel Se fp Shab ie perl pol go gd pad i> a A ay SED oe Ve tal ily a glee de pemeld g5 Sal AGM Sai > AU, 2 AUS gle Vie Slay cindy Bey Leslack de yeonell Syl ob 48 The committee have been arguing for five hours and are unable to reach agreement. ues (it, its, they, them, their) 03 i prt ol Cael & ty, 3 gl Dall eb gp LAS «peel Lgl Zomomall Lapa fled The committee was elected and held its first meeting. The committee was elected and held their first meeting. 6) alah ge Sai Ub Coats ll Dat el 3 Lal anal Boal Lah, Tin yS de pemeell gle Vie pera The committee are unable to agree about their policy. YI The committee are unable to agree about its policy. (x) seal ecally Sali adil stn gil gh ALerall cine fb slash s 1 ie gual ped 2 he pera LT eal ig cl army crowd militia assembly enemy nation audience faculty navy board (of directors, family orchestra trustees, etc.) choir fleet parliament dan flack party (a group of persons) class gang school club government squad committee group staff company herd swarm congregation jury team crew majority trade union tribe the intelligentsia the aristocracy the [aity the bourgeoisie the nobility the Cabinet the proletariat the clergy the public the elite the upper class the gentry the working class Nouns oLya'fl @ + daa! — 49 Colon : glad 2AM oh 2 op olde panes 1 UaghS Li Lovato pt Lente ba oly 09) The newspaper contains four sections : news reports, entertainments, sports and classified ads. tal! cad y Le « business letters JueeYi they oll Leah 3 (1) 2 gill op Aedes Le BUM y let or fall (FD -at6:15 Pm. Gls iseietiy...) pes i has ei A Se TAM BAW Bay By yell gee CD ‘gill AlAnfal: 15 (SUAI3; 50 0 1029) Genesis 3:8 (y.g5 pase cy CSW Clee oy ALY + Punctuation pS) gi ji: plas! Comma:,» dctdll Beak Als) Akay BLN sel sail ge ol sill pladoY LIL uel zi Fanyee gle SHV Lol OV spe yl) detail nlp Yo bg Ye abel gall eck als 3] main clauses LLY! Sota! jad Wold! prs (1) coordinating conjunctions (sylcat So! clyal yo ch be thi 1 il Dear Mr. Tantawy : and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. + aad The lesson began, yet Salem still didn’t come. Yesterday was my sister's wedding, .. | came to Cairo from Alexandria. sl) ge Sl gf ce Lal I erdbeerll auido thelial pte OF) GASH Ly ges sil While | was reading, my friend knocked at the door. 50 beg Steer ly LS ll Gots SLL etl ny since, while, when, after, before, as, if, although, because. Usase He yee earl edie CIS U3] AN Darl Cle Loli aes Vy 2 itll tall ao» Les « dependent clause it He was late for office because his son was ill. (_} He was late for office, because his son was ill. (x) contrast ast igh OS th OV a FM castillo tay 5M Stall gant gp LAS halls Read Il atlenrall gps lad The student was still quite upset, although he had won the schoo! prize. Las ob otglall del ads oT yet AL EDM SL gay sda bay Having, Being, Becoming, etc. pes ings Le-i To play, To understand, To explain, etc. de: ji+To-~ 5 + Alia) Driving along the road, we saw the castle appears on our right. To become an engineer, one must study for 5 years. Yes, However, Well, etc. 2 opt Weld lpia gh hd el ul Yes, P'lldo my best. : dtu eee all ay CJ A) Dal eV GLAS) SLbally Gerd (1) ‘ Reais 2 hell om 35 coat 08H Cll The old lady, “7 was Over SIXLY. lifted the huge bag with one hand. The new building, "€X! to the fire station, collapsed yesterday. }appreciate your hard work. In this case,1°W#VEr, you seem to have over-exerted yourself. Syed ted Sl SEM by 6 Ll gel ther es UNI Ul On tapame lary dai pel LS os SIU Utah ayo Lal el vehi pekallS Und) delet palin pam 3 pitas Y Jualyill St (6) rad 2 Phe cle tu deal gl that y de yuicall teat -1 The navel that | borrowed from yau is excellent. 51 cage by oh fee oe pe hd Gs pl that» de seal Odea! - The policeman believes that he will be able to catch the cunning thief. They wished that warm weather would finally arrive. ah es pari WB) ot ya be ge GB! dy dll Stall Jay 2 gydhelis «pani pall Students who cheat only harm themselves. Galal, who often cheats is just harming himself, Gt sD edher Seiphe Fotels O98 JS fad fool gill padend (0) HLL gos The new governor promised to pave roads, build new houses, end un- employment and reduce crime, ol Bhai all kyla teal Gy fad Jott paint (1) OL! Skial Le coordinate adjectives gl ,lL.J1 geiall,) noun thal qady Lal Key LS cabins Ueoel! ua Of Oyo Lagend ys bas ye 2 (Ula ded ui oT ays Kyte amd Wtheall Adel has an easy, happy smile. They lived in a white frame house. white bials dtyslice okie JsYi Stall 3 happy, easy dtiial) non-coordinate aj 6 skis Jul Jbl 3 frame, Loaey) frame Gill, «iyi aii dae whiter JWG : adjectives GON dal atlas oe ELT oe yl ELT de (CYS te U) dates aulpll ob Say LiLaadl te oad pol pil pide (¥) CEI ply Geall py Ite L) addresses gy sally (pylly gti le solely darted! LAL, Alexandria, Louisianas, gets its name from Alexandria, Egypt. October 6, 1973 was a momentous day in our life. Elisabeth lives at 18 Salah Salem Street, Heliopolis, Cairo. et SoYl pal Jat Belay Sell CY hrs BS, Al AY Ula) 9 52 Salah Hamdy, MD, will be appointed director general, - Punctuation WU) 235 @ : est - Common Gender 3 jadeall peical! » Gender pi ie: kit Common Nouns cal 3 claw OSU Sty (AGEN oti NM pig Ql jth led oi Sot Ld PU aed ob Lay salle policeman, soldier, student, engineer, beggar, etc. tree, plant, flower, herb, bush, etc. animal, lion, worm, snail, donkey, etc. thread, book, gun, car, ship, shirt, hammer, etc. gas, liquid, ice, sugar, bread, flour, etc. city, continent, mountain, ocean, etc. SAY My tel eM ele MI aly Fk SSH ALG ot gas ce Ad Wad atl LLY ir i elo! cL Vit okies COMMON NOUNS Ig - (Proper Names : i) tysty Le pad joa (ol MeN Lt ab hedty ctagtan lel See LSE lel petty tosis ztaall : Count (or Countable) Nouns cls tacit Ae! (4) 2 fhe «sual abtall Asi Lol face book, sword, man, monkey, ship, plant, animal, planet, etc. : Noncount (or Noncountable) Nouns 1s ,..0!1 2 ll (1) cfs call dala 2b Ca peadly Gots) LAY cLial face water, snow, rain, air, news, work, homework, information, evidence, advice, music, postage, luggage, money, sand, mud, furniture, machinery, jewellery, etc. 1 Ala phn so obeeel on ole 3 lage alt sed OLE youl dalle dy OF abe Y youd ¢ ual LG # (248 -JL) money ils - Upbeld Vas 3 yield lie y Le Ly ipl Le sh oy Le ateelt fan sccbael 2g) cig Lene cclecd yd Ot iy gills saab O83 Che tabs der COIN LS pase ye LLG ily A Vy Holy yy 33 ples ye as yay An UL fall gb gall Jaallh pdb abies gb GUIS 15] Ladd Lt ALG pb Hoot Work tals — Ue ath foe igh fae ne OI IBY A UL pS ete dee 485 © OWEN OV ped gy LoS tga sh gal cle sf ied Halad panes t yale There are many works of art in the museum. Shakespeare wrote many works, Nouns sLothe : dal — Comparison of Adjectives wulixall 4 lie idee tpositive form i> yi dalle po5 oli) BLN salt iB dba abst obi. Lal Sta, good, short, magenta, etc. yes tdi ete Tot tial tot Low Glial yo Hplia! 2 AM 5 gla i adil Leg bs : The comparative form as, atu Landel of kel gatle I ett sl nett ce pli Gepall ole pubes Le els eRe the i aly YD oss yee fa ol MGs 1B lel el of ave Utell i pul tial MN aati : tall ind J Byte Jb aol Gy te >) oY Bla) Sb et Sell ois yy than LIS te pais er Lamia is taller than Nabila. Chinese goods are cheaper than Western goods. BH Ud Gale gh ial pao: Ua GS Job gkite - 1 WAS oe, ASH AAU ep Sal Lamiais as tall as Nabila. Sami is as short as Rami. dol Jets diall pan: dial 5 Gb Gb gol pie ue - . ‘ + cgeSlel cre pl not as ... as Not sO ... as Nabila is not as tall as Lamia. Western goods are nat so cheap as chinese goods. 54 : The superlative form Jasaiidl ygiie diuo Sy ce (gale Pots yp pt sD geek ATUL YY pares Jo the ai a8 eds LA gle le le die 3 Dyke patel 1 dinall, poli Seal gs I] -O8t inal dinall tall the tallest strong the strongest Kareem is the tatlest student in the class. Hercules is the strongest Greek hero, 1 Righall Mel gall Uae Sele colle Se sl) one-syllable adjectives chia Asel oti de git BAN Be ot JS gd 053 Gee gad ely alle 0 SS poli all Shp jad Led Gp gil OV any ill» as «pail gos doy te del Syme doly cule ape sett late! Btn y tinal GUS bb] — 5 al ters Ble] Jo eV cabal Gi pull elas WE a, i, O BU Gs pall test big bigger bigest sad sadder saddest tle ests yf La edi © bow tain abel fer9 Zia AS 15 ¥ mice nicer nicest brave braver bravest Spd: Sle pa Bye VG pe gee aad iy deal Cals i] - rest heer indi ti My pretty prettier prettiest busy busier busiest weary wearier weariest 55 A, © Ball tol Byer V pe igs plated thoy Udall Cals th] - 1B pble Mest TOLD inadiy pw OSV Gm lo id Lali grey greyer greyest gay gayer gayest oliall gt two-syllable adjectives ghia) it lial de (J [01 1 pile Sele Silda ada Jala © GalSS! pad OS cpa ye 0 gS il : Gy LS falar aladls ists lial tt (1) a MOTE 4alS eh Ql 9S; OF tall ints Y ‘ lilt ieee od ls UL oa (Sy est Lael Gai YS ais gs Line gd : the most Hina Comparative f, Supertative f. jill ges th (Positive Form) recent more recent than the most recent beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful confused more confused than the most confused CSS cya pe ya cl ae acs OF Kay qlaiall BLE linall pam, (1) lial oie Jol 4) « (yls more, the most aa, jler, est GLa] 1) tokl able, angry, clever, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, obscure, polite, quiet, secure, simple, stupid, etc : Irregular Adjectives s3Ltu cilisall oh

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