1.

INTRODUCTION

A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead.
While it is common for the term headlight to be used interchangeably in informal
discussion, headlamp is the term for the device itself, while headlight properly refers to the beam
of light produced and distributed by the device. Headlamp performance has steadily improved
throughout the automobile age, spurred by the great disparity between daytime and nighttime
traffic fatalities: the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration states that nearly half of
all traffic-related fatalities occur in the dark, despite only 25% of traffic travelling during darkness

Other vehicles, such as trains and aircraft, are required to have

headlamps. Bicycle headlamps are often used on bicycles, and are required in some
jurisdictions. They can be powered by a battery or a small generator mechanically
integrated into the workings of the bicycles.

1.1. The Problem and its Scope

Vehicles that dont have headlamps causes accidents in the road during night
driving, that is why it is very important for a vehicle to have headlamps to light the
road ahead, in this project a simple prototype of headlamp has been made to
observed how headlamps works and to find alternative solution for manually
operated head lamps.
1.1.1. : Title of the existing conventional system
Manually operated headlight
1.1.1.1. : Purpose of the system
To switch from high to low beam and vice-versa
1.1.1.2. : Importance of the system
To avoid temporary blindness of the opposite approaching vehicle
1.1.1.3. : History of development
The earliest headlamps were fueled by acetylene or oil, and were
introduced in the late 1880s. Acetylene lamps were popular because the
flame is resistant to wind and rain. The first electric headlamps were
introduced in 1898 on the Columbia Electric Car from the Electric Vehicle
Company of Hartford, Connecticut, and were optional. Two factors limited
the widespread use of electric headlamps: the short life of filaments in the
harsh automotive environment, and the difficulty of producing dynamos
small enough, yet powerful enough to produce sufficient current.
1.1.2. : Rationale
A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road
ahead.
 1.1.3. : Literature background

There are two different beam pattern and headlamp construction

standards in use in the world: The ECE standard, which is allowed or
required in virtually all industrialised countries except the United States,
and the SAE standard that is mandatory only in the US. Japan formerly had
bespoke lighting regulations similar to the US standards, but for the left
side of the road. However, Japan now adheres to the ECE standard. The
differences between the SAE and ECE headlamp standards are primarily in
the amount of glare permitted toward other drivers on low beam (SAE
permits much more glare), the minimum amount of light required to be
thrown straight down the road (SAE requires more), and the specific
locations within the beam at which minimum and maximum light levels are
specified.

1.2. System methodology

1.2.1. : Designing of the existing conventional system

Headlights were used in vehicles to lit the way during night driving. Headlights can be switched
from high beam to low beam and vice-versa, this helps the driver to see clearly the way ahead.

1.2.1.1. : Objective of the design

To be informed how the manually operated headlight works.

1.2.1.2. : Specification requirements

1 12v/35w bulb

1 bulb socket

1 12v battery pack for powering bulb

1 light switch

1.2.2. : Modeling of the existing conventional system

1.2.2.1. : Field of Engineering involved

 Electronics Engineering, Electrical Engineering

1.2.2.2. Processes or flow in executing the desired system output

1. Gather all materials needed
2. The 12v/35w bulb has 3 wires HIGH-YELLOW, LOW-WHITE,
BLUE-COMMON
3. Connect it to the 12v battery pack and to light switch.

2. INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

2.1. Evaluation

The system is manually operated which requires drivers attention

2.2. Problems you observe and possible solutions

The headlamp was unable to automatically switch the beams from high to low, an automatic system
must be installed.

2.3. Findings

Automatic Headlight On (AHO) has to be equipped with automatic light beam switch.

2.4. Conclusions

Therefore an automatic system is needed to help drivers.Without giving much attention

In switching light beams.

TIME FRAME FOR CHAPTER 1 AND CHAPTER 2

FROM : JULY 13, 2017

TO : AUGUST 10, 2017

BSME-4A : SHORT WHITE SLIDING FOLDER

BSME-4B : SHORT BLUE SLIDING FOLDER

3. SYSTEM MODIFICATION
Manually Operated Headlight Beams

NAME OF RESEARCHERS

Arado, Darryl

Balijon, Rondee

Calope, Anthony

Platino, Mark Anthony

Automatic Headlight Beam Switch for Two-
wheelers using Photocell (LDR)

NAME OF RESEARCHERS

Arado, Darryl

Balijon, Rondee

Calope, Anthony

Platino, Mark Anthony

INTRODUCTION

In a bind to make roads safer for two-wheelers in India, the government has
reportedly decided to mandate 'Automatic Headlamp On' (AHO) in two-wheelers from 2017. This
means, from April 2017, two-wheelers in India, like some of the high-end bikes and the daytime
running lights (DRLs) that we find in cars, will come with headlights that stay on as long as
ignition is on. Headlights of vehicles pose a great danger during night driving. The drivers of most
vehicles use high, bright beam while driving at night. This causes a discomfort to the person
travelling from the opposite direction and therefore experiences a sudden glare for a short
period of time. This is caused due to the high intense headlight beam from the other vehicle
coming towards the one from the opposite direction. Essentially, the two-wheeler manufacturers
will now remove the on/off switch seen on the right handlebar located between the engine kill
switch and the electric start button. This means, henceforth new bike owners will not be able to
switch off the headlamp when the bike is turned on, which will help in improving overall visibility.
DRLs or AHOs are currently mandatory in several developed markets and the government is
trying to mandate this rule in India as well. This has been a feature in European countries since
2003.With regards upon this mandate in India, motorcycles in the Philippines, namely Honda
Motorcycles also adapted this 'Automatic Headlamp On' (AHO) in two-wheelers for safety
purposes. In this project, an automatic headlight switcher which uses a photoresistor (LDR) as a
sensor has been designed to switch the headlight of on-coming vehicle to avoid human eye
effects. This automatically switched the high beam into low beam, therefore reducing the glare
effect by sensing the light intensity value of approaching vehicle and also eliminated the
requirement of manual switching by the driver which was not done at all times. The system
device was able to automatically switch the headlight to low beam when it sensed a vehicle
approaching from the opposite side using photoresistor (LDR) as a sensor.This system has been
already merely found in cars but rarely in two-wheelers.

1.2. The Problem and its Scope

As per some international surveys around the world, most of accidents occur at night time.
These accidents are mainly because of driver inattentiveness while driving. Thus an
autonomous car will ensure a safe and easy driving without much human intervention. The
effect at night time due to high intensity beam too is responsible for fatal accidents. Thus,
an automatic beam switcher helps to switch the high beam to low beam even when driver is
inattentive, thereby preventing accidents. The project aims at developing a device or a
system to sense the intensity of headlight from opposing vehicle and switching the intensity
of headlight automatically based on readings from sensor. The operation of system doesnt
depend on human actions.This system will detect light from opposite direction as well as
the city lights.

1.2.1. : Rationale
The project aims at designing a system to be used in such autonomous
motorcycle. The project is to develop an automatic headlight beam intensity
switcher. Such a system will sense the beam status of opposing vehicle and switch
the beam intensity of headlight. A sensor based mechanism is utilized to develop
the system. The beam intensity switcher plays a very important role while driving.
During night time, when two vehicles approach each other in opposite direction
the high intensity headlight creates an effect called Troxler effect. This effect
creates a temporary blindness for some seconds thus resulting in unfortunate
accidents. Thus, the high beam of both the vehicles must be switched to low so as
to have a comfortable driving. The use of such a device in vehicles can prevent
accidents at night time due to driver inattentiveness and provides an ease of
driving. We have used the Arduino UNO board as our microcontroller and
application specific sensors. In our project we have designed a device which is a
combination of software and hardware coding. The light sensor takes the lux
reading of the headlight rays from the opposing vehicle and checks for a threshold
value assigned in the coding. Based on the threshold value the beam switches
from high to low state and vice-versa when both the vehicles pass by each other.
The same process takes place in opposite vehicle too. This device can be
implanted on the front part of the car at an appropriate position and angle.
1.2.2. : Literature background
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, which is visible to the human
eye and it is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is usually defined as
having wavelengths in the range of 400700 nanometers (nm), or 400109 m to
700109 m, between the infrared (with longer wavelengths) and the ultraviolet
(with shorter wavelengths). Light can be produced by nature or by humans.
"Artificial" light is typically produced by lighting systems that transform electrical
energy into light. The human eye is a very sensitive organ. It works almost an
entire day without any rest. The human eyes are adaptable to a particular range of
vision. There are two visions namely the scotopic and photopic vision. Human eyes
actually behave differently in different conditions. During bright surroundings, our
eyes can resist up to 3 cd/m2 . This is the photopic vision. During dark and unlit
conditions, our eye switches to scotopic vision which has a range of 30-45 cd/m2
. It takes 4 seconds for our eyes to change from photopic vision to scotopic vision.
 This is also an example of Troxler effect [1]. As the brightness increases, the strain
to focus on an object increases. This will increase the response time of that
person. The requirement of headlight is very common during night travel. The
same headlight which assists the driver for better vision during night travel is also
responsible for many accidents that are being caused. The driver has the control
of the headlight which can be switched from high beam (bright) to low beam
(dim). The headlight has to be adjusted according to the light requirement by the
driver [2]. During pitch black conditions where there are no other sources of light,
high beam is used. In all other cases, low beam is preferred. But in a twoway
traffic, there are vehicles plying on both sides of the road. So when the bright light
from the headlight of a vehicle coming from the opposite direction falls on a
person, it glares him for a certain amount of time. This causes disorientation to
that driver. This discomfort will result in involuntary closing of the drivers eyes
momentarily. This fraction of distraction is the prime cause of many road
accidents [3]. The prototype that has been designed to reduce this problem by
actually dimming down the bright headlight of our vehicle to low beam
automatically when it senses a vehicle at close proximity approaching from the
other direction. The entire working of the dimmer is a simple electronic circuitry
arrangement which senses and switches the headlight according to the conditions
required [4]., OKRAH. S.K, et al.

System methodology

1.2.1. : Designing of the modified system

In this project, an automatic headlight switcher which uses a Light

Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensor has been designed motorcycles to avoid human eye effects.
This automatically switched the high beam into low beam, therefore reducing the glare effect by
sensing the light intensity value of approaching vehicle.

1.2.1.1. : Objective of the design

To help vehicle drivers avoid temporary blindness and also

eliminate the requirement of manual switching by the driver which was not done at all times.

1.2.1.2. : Specification requirements

1 Arduino uno board

1 1000ohms resistor
 1 220ohms resistor

1 5v relay

1 solar cell (sensor)

1 12v/35w bulb

1 bulb socket

1 12v battery pack for powering bulb

1 9v battery pack for powering Arduino uno

: Modeling of the existing conventional system

1.2.2.1. : Field of Engineering involved

Mechanical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering

1.2.2.3. Processes or flow in executing the desired system output

 Schematic Diagram

CODE:

int relayPin = 3;

int ldrPin=0;

int ldrVal=analogRead(ldrPin);
void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(3, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

ldrVal=analogRead(ldrPin);

Serial.println(ldrVal);

if ( ldrVal < 800 ) {

digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);

delay (500);

if ( ldrVal > 800 ) {

digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);

delay (500);
 }

OUTPUT