fHkUu&vfHkUu

pUxzg.k vk fdj.k
xzg.k fr o"kZ yxSr vfN vks lw;xZ gz .k gks ok pUxzg.k A ,fg xzg.kd nwVk
i{k vfN& Fke HkkSxksfyd] ts lw;Z vk i`Fohd nSfud&okf"kZd xfrd dkj.ks gksbN
vk f}rh;& vk;kfRed] tkfges ekU;rk vfN ts nkuojkt jkgq }kjk lw;Z rFkk pUekds
xzkl d,y tkbr vfN rFkk fdNq dkyd mijkUr mxzkl A
Hkkjr keZkku ns'k fFkd vk rkfges fefFkyk 'kh"kZij A ,r, yksd keZes vikj
vkLFkk j[kSr vfN vk rs ukuk dkjd nsoh&nsorkd laxfg lw;]Z pU] i`Foh] ty]
vfXu] rqylh] ihij] cM+ bR;kfnd iwtk djSr vfN A ,fg iwtud ees xzg.kd ,d MkW0je.k>k
fof'k ego vfN A vkb&dkfYg r xzg.kd x.kuk lkekU;ks oSKkfud d, ysrkg fo'ofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkx
fdUrq iwoeZ s ,gu fo|k iafMrsds gkFk yxyfUg ts vks lkekU; yksdij viu f'kdatk y-uk-fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;
etcwr cuvksyfu A ds xzg.k ns[krkg] ds ufg \ ns[kykl dh gks,rfUg \ ?kkr% {kfr% dkes'ojuxj] njHkaxk
Jh O;Fkk ---------- if<+ iQykns'k] vk rs vks loZK] nSoK lHk Hk, xsykg A ts trsd ozQw j
xzgd pisVes ls rrsd dlxj nku djFkq A iwtk&ikBes yksdds rrsd us fo'okl NSd
ts vakkuqdj.k gksbr NSd HksfM+;kklku tdk vk ^egktuks ;su xr% l iaFkk* pfjrkFkZ
gksbr vfN A
fefFkykes xzg.k&lax ,gu ekU;rk vfN ts ,fg le;es cuy Hkkstu Nqfr
tkbr vfN] yksd xaxk Mwc nSr vfN] tum cnySr vfN rFkk vusd ti&ri lsgks
djSr vfN A ,fg voljij yksd flefj;k] dk'kh] ;kx&laxe] gfj}kj vkfn LFkkuij
Hkkjh la[;kes tqfV xaxkLuku d, iq.;d Hkkxh cuSr vfN A
MkW dkphukFk >k ^fdj.k*d y?kqdk; miU;kl ^pUxzg.k* 1932 bZd jpuk
fFkd] tkfg le;es eSfFkyh lkfgR;es miU;kl fokk detksj Ny A fdj.kthds lqeu dk'ku
:f<+okfnrk vk vakfo'oklij vkLFkk ufg NyfUg A gqudk viu deZ] dkZO; vk gVk<+ #ikSyh] e/qcuh

20@fHkUu&vfHkUu fHkUu&vfHkUu@1
dk'kd % Jh vfer vkuUn y?kqdk; vfN vfirq fo"k;&oLrqd foU;kl] miLFkkiud <ax] Hkk"kkd HkkoksRikndrk
lqeu dk'ku vk le;kuqoQw y ik=kd pfj=k&fp=k.k ,dj fo'ks"krk fFkd A ,fges vkSLrqD; drgq
xzke$iksLV& gVk<+ #ikSyh f'kfFky ufg gksbr NSd vfirq trsd vkxw c<+c rrsd ifNyk xIi iQfM+Nk,y tk,r A
Hkk;k& >a>kjiqj] ftyk& e/qcuh&847404 Jh ek;kuUn feJd miU;kl ^lw;kZLr* ,sfrgkfld miU;kl fFkd A bZ
eks& 9905440436 ukf;dkkku miU;kl fFkd A ,dj ukf;dk NfFk ,uhlsVa vk uk;d ekfud >k A bZ
vaxjsth 'kklu dkyd 1930 bZ l 1947 kfjd dFkk fFkd A vaxjstd jkT;es lw;kZLr
lokZf/dkj % Jherh ekyk >k ufg gksbr NySd vFkkZr~ lEiw.kZ i`Fohij vksdj ,dkfkdkj NySd A k;% rs
miU;kld uke lw;kZLr iM+y A ,fg miU;kld vares lwpuk NSd tkfges Jh feJ
?kks"k.kk djSr NfFk ts bZ gqud fy[ky miU;kl ufg fFkdfu A gqudk bZ ik.Mqfyfi dksuks
Fke laLdj.k % 2008 vfHkys"kkxkjes HksVyfu A ,rcs ufg] vks bZgks ?kks"k.kk djSr NfFk ts tfg;k gqudk ewy
ys[kdd irk pyrfu r vfxyk laLdj.k gquds ukes Nirfu A Lo;a miU;kl fyf[k
,fg rjgd ?kks"k.kk djc ,dVk uo dYiuk fFkd A bZ drsd mnkj pfj=kd |ksrd fFkd
kfIrLFkku % l Jh jke dk'k vxzoky dkj.k ts ,r, r ge nsf[k jgy Nh ts ,dVk miU;kld ysy nw&nwVk ys[kd nkok
Jh 'kadj vkHkw"k.kky; Bksdus NfFk A ufg tkfu ds iV~V gksbr NfFk vk ds fpk \
Vkoj pkSd] njHkaxk& 846004
nwjHkk"k % 06272&252525 ge miyCkrkd vkkkjij ;kl d,ygq vfN ts Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kld
ukeksVk xuk ldh A lHk le;d fdNq eq[k miU;kld chp&chpes ek=k laf{kIr ppkZ
l Jh lqfer vkuUn d, ldygq A ,dj bZ rkRi;Z ufg ts tkfg miU;kld ppkZ ,fg NksV lu fucakes ufg
y-uk-fe-fo- VhplZ DokVZj ua- 101 Hk, ldy rdj dksuks rjgs ego de vfN A g] miyCkrk vk lwpukd vHkkoes
';kek efUnjl mkj&iwo]Z njHkaxk& 846004 fdNq miU;kld uke NqVyks gks,cs djr] rkfg gsrq lqkhtul ge {kek;kpuk djcfu A
nwjHkk"k % 06272&247701

lanHkZ %
eqd % Vosy 1- gej n`f, % MkW ;'kksnk ukFk >k] i`& 108
Vkoj pkSd] njHkaxk 2- lEidZ % la jekuUn js.kq] i`& 55
3- vaxjsth iwQyd fpV~Bh % lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh (fooknd iVk{ksi)
4- r=kSo A
ewY; % nw l; ipkl Vkdk
5- deZkkj; % rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] i`& 200
6- gfj bPNk xjh;lh % pkS/jh dkS'ky fd'kksj Bkdqj] i`& 11
BHINNAABHINNA Rs. 250.00 (lkfgR; vkdnseh fnYyh }kjk te'ksniqjes vk;ksftr
Literary Criticism f=kfnolh; jkf"V; lsfeukjes ifBr vkys[k 23&25 ekpZ 2007)
By DR. RAMAN JHA
v
2@fHkUu&vfHkUu Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl@19
pkSkjh (2004)] ukxiQkl& 'ksiQkfydk oekZ (2004)] xke xsy Nygq& lR;kuUn
ikBd (2004)] ftthfo"kk& fyyh js (2005)] gfj bPNk xjh;lh& pkSkjh dkS'ky
fd'kksj BkoqQj (2005)] olqkkd lalkj& v'kksd oqQekj BkoqQj (2006)] lqtkrk& uUn
oqQekj feJ (2006)] Hk`fr A
,fg vofkd lokZfkd nh?kZdk; miU;kl fFkd ^gfj bPNk xjh;lh* ts yxHkx
ikp l; i`d vfN A eSfFkyhes ,fgl fo'kkydk; miU;kl k;% ,ds xksV vfN&
fyyh jsd ^ejhfpdk* A ,fg miU;kld tsgus dk;k fo'kky vfN rsgus ,dj
fo"k;oLrq lsgks xEHkhj vk n;Li'khZ A tsuk bZ viu ukesl ladrs nSr vfN ts bZ jd
bPNk fcuk ,dksVk ikrks ufg MksyrS NSd rfguk yxSr vfN ts ,fg miU;kles euq";
lksprS fdNq vfN vk ?kVSr fdNq NSd A ,fg miU;kles bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] jktuhfr] vrhrd Lej.k
T;ksfr"k] n'kZu] uhfr bR;kfnd Li vk ltho fp=k.k Hksy vfN A fofHkUu kekZoyEchds
,d lw=kes cUgckd LrqR; ;kl ,fges Hksy vfN A vktqd O;Lrrkd thoues nh?kZdk;
miU;kld ikBd HksVc dfBu NSd] eqnk fgud miLFkkiud <ax] fo"k;d O;kidrk] dfo ok ys[kd cuckd Li`gk ddjk ufg gksbr NSd \ viu lUrku
Hkk"kkd kS<r+ k vk dYiukd deuh;rk vo'; yksdd euds gj.k djr A ,fg lax dsguks dq:i ok fuxq.Z k gks] ddjk loZx.q klEiUu ufg cq>kbr NSd \ viu
MkW khjsU ukFk feJd iafDr O; fFkd& e'khuor~ thou thcSr] vLr&O;Lr jgSr fy[ky dkO;i| gks ok x|ddjk #fpdj ufg yxSr NSd \ rs us
nh?kZdk; miU;kl i<+ckd lk{k.k ikBdd gsrq dfBu] rFkkfi tsuk miU;kl&lezkV xksLokeh rqylhnklth dfg mBykg
sepUnd ^xksnku*ds yksd i<+yd] nsodh uUnu [k=khd ^pUdkUrk*ds yksd
fut dfok dsfg ykx u uhdk A
i<+yd] rfguk vusd laLfrl tqMy + vk ljlrk je.kh;rkl vkosfr&ifjosfr ^gfj
ljl gks; vFkok o# iQhdk AA
bPNk xjh;lh*d ikjk;.k lsgks ufg csfj&csfj r ,dks csfj vo'; djr A6
Lrqr ladyuds viusyksdfud le{k miLFkkfir djSr gejk
v'kksd oqQekj BkoqQjd l|%dkf'kr ^olqkkd lalkj* lsgks lk<+s rhu l;
viu vrhrd Lej.k Hk, vcSr vfN A loZFke dksuks jpuk Nickl iwoZ
istd miU;kl vfN A vktqd le;es nh?kZdk; miU;kld ys[kdlHk kU;oknd ik=k
yksdds drsd O;xzrk jgSr NSd] Niy nsf[k drsd vkkn gksbr NSd ls
NfFk] dkj.k ts cM+ kS;d Z dk;Z NSd vksrck fy[kc vk vksgu fy[kc] tkfgl
dksuks lqkho`Unds cq>,ckd ;kstu ufg A gegq vksdj viokn ufg Nygq A
ikBdds i<+ck ys* foo'k d, nh A ,fg miU;kles ykxr ts oLrqr% vktqd ifjs{;es
1974&76es ge lh-,e- dkWyt s es eSfFkyh fr"Bkd Nk=k Nygq vk vksgh
?kfVr ?kVukds LFkku vk uke cnfyds ys[kd miLFkkfir d, nsus gksfFk A vkb
le;es gej ifgy dFkk ^yxs yxs <qb* dkWytsd if=kdk fonsges dkf'kr
jktuhfrd vFkZ dksu rjgs fcxkM+y tk jgy vfN rdj fnXn'kZu ,fg miU;kles gksbr
Hksy ts nsf[k eu xnxn Hksy jg, A ;|fi vksgl w iwoZ t[ku ge 1972&74es
vfN A olqkk ,dVk iqfyl vkWfiQljd fokok fFkdhg tfud thoud >a>kokr]
ekjokM+h dkWystes vkb-,l&lh-d Nk=k Nygq r gksyhd voljij
cuSr&fcxM+rS NksVfNu lalkjd f[kLlk dgy xsy vfN] rFkk dksuk xEHkhj lkft'k d,
egkfo|ky;d f'k{kdlHkij ,d xksV dfork cuk; xqeuke egkfo|ky;d
gqud ifrd gR;k d, nsy tkbr vfN A ,dek=k iq=kh ek;kd lax dksuk vks
xsVij lkfV nsus jfg,sd] ts Nk=k lHk i<+fFk vk duiQqldh djfFk A vksfg
yM+[kjkbr&yM+[kjkbr Msx c<+k, liQyrkd lksiku fnl vxzlj gksbr NfFk vk iqu%
dforkd 'kh"kZd nsus jfg,sd ^f'k{kd ,dksuf=ka'kukeekyk* ts us drgq Niy
nqHkkZX; gqud ikNk ufg NksMrS+ Nfu] rdj ltho fp=k.k ,fg miU;kles HksVr A
vk us Nick;ksX;s Ny A vksfg le;es egkfo|ky;d kkukpk;Z Nykg
dsnkj ukFk pkSkjhd nquVw k miU;kl ^pesyh jkuh* vk ^djkj* cqf> iM+rS vfN MkW- fuR;kuUn lkn flUgk] tfud jksc vk kk[k y-uk-fefFkyk
ts ,ds fulkles i<+k tk,r A ,ds fulkles i<+,ckd rkRi;Z bZ ufg ts bZ vR;ar fo'ofo|ky;kUrxZr dksuks kkukpk;Zl cslh Nyfu A gqudk Mjs [kj dirS
18@fHkUu&vfHkUu fHkUu&vfHkUu@3
 Ny A gegq pksjs tdk dfork fy[kus jgh fdUrq nw&pkfjVk mpDdklHkd
iQsjes ifM+d vks lVk xsy jg; A vkb;ks vksfg dforkd nw&pkfjVk iafDr
Le`fres vfN] tdj vkc ,r; mYys[k djckes gejk vlkSd;Z ufg cq>kbr
vfN
gej lHkd kpk;Z egksn; NfFk fo}ku vk Kkuh A
rqukFk fVVgh olUr NfFk HkVkpk;Z eksflnkuh AA
jkedqekj r lHkds f; NfFk 'kkgkth ferHkk"kh A
lqfn"V feJ lHkds i<+cS NfFk lHktu NfFk vfHkyk"kh AA
NfFk cEHkksyk #kckcw v;t dk'k NfFk uVqvk A
ykBhckcw NM+h ?kqekd, MscfFk lfn[ku iVqvk AA
pUdkUr ckcw egku NfFk foKkud cM+ Kkrk A
vksghes vfN eksVdk ,dVk lHkl rksM+r ukrk AA
1976&78es ge ,e-,- eSfFkyh (y-uk-fe-fo-)d Nk=k Nygq A l=k
foyEcl vksgw fnues pfyrs Ny] rs ,e-,-d ijh{kkiQy 1980 bZ-d ebes
dkf'kr Hksy A vksgh chpes vFkkZr~ 1978l 1980d vH;Urj gej vfkdka'k
jpuk lkIrkfgd fefFkyk fefgjes dkf'kr Hksy vk rdj ckn gej ys[kuh
f'kfFky Hk xsy A ge vfLl;s bZLohes vykj&HkkLdj fyf[k 1981bZ-es
eSfFkyh vdknseh] iVukds dk'kukFkZ n, nsus jfg,sd ts yxHkx nl o"kZd
ckn ?kqjk, vuygq] tdj mYys[k ge vksfg iksFkhd ys[kdh;es lsgks d,us
Nh A 1980bZ-d ckn ge ts fdNq fy[kygq ls k;% dksuks Lekfjdkd ysy ok
vkdk'kok.khd gsrq vFkok dksuks vfHkuUnuxzFa kd fufek A vksgh fNfM+;k,y
jpukesl p;fur dFkkds lesfV ,dVk dFkk&laxgz cuy i'pkkki]
vkdk'kok.khl le;&le;ij lkfjr dforkd laxgz fFkd dkO;&okfVdk A
leh{kkd ukeij ge ts fdfpr fy[kygq rdjk cVksfj d, vkb viusyksdfud
le{k mifLFkr Nh A ,djk ,[ku dkf'kr djckd fopkjks ufg Ny dkj.k ts
ge 2006 bZ-es Mh-fyV~- mikfkd gsrq 'kksk&cUk fo'ofo|ky;es lefiZr
d,us Nfy,sd ,fg vk'kkd lax ts 2007es vksdj fjtYV Hk, tk,r vk
r[ku vksdjfg Nik,c A eqnk vksfges vfr foyEc gksbr nsf[k ge ,djfg
vkxw c<+k, nsfy,sd A vksuk gej ih&,p-Mh-d 'kksk&cUk lsgks v|kofk
dk'kud ckV rkfd, jgy vfN A
,fg ladyud dk'kud ees gejk loZFke ;kues vk,y ts
4@fHkUu&vfHkUu
1990 bZd i p kr~ miU;kld ys[ku ,oa dk'kud xfr vR;ar eaFkj Hk, xsy]
ts fparkd fo"k; fFkd A chle 'krkCnhd vafre n'kdes n'kksVk miU;kld jpuk ufg
Hk, ldy A bZ ckr lR; ts eSfFkyhes dk'kud lqfokk ufg NSd] eqnk rs dh \
vku&vku fokkes r ys[ku&dk'ku tksjxj vfN, A miU;klsij xzg.k fd,d \
fo'oLrjij vkb lHkl cslh miU;kl i<+y tk jgy vfN A tfguk i| lkfgR;es
egkdkO;d ego vfN rfguk x|es miU;kld A bZ fHkUu xIi ts vktqd O;Lr
fnup;kZes nh?kZdk; miU;klds i<+ckes cM+ kS;d
Z vko';drk NSd] fdUrq bZ leL;k
miU;klfgd gsrq ufg NSd] egkdkO;ks i<+ckes r le;d vis{kk vksfguk gksbr NSd A
rs ys[kd ,fgl grksRlkfgr Hk, jpuk ufg djfFk ls dFkefi mfpr ufg A miU;kles
t ikBdds viuk fnl f[kpckd 'kfDr jgrSd r nh?kZ dk;ks y?kqdk;s lu cqf>
iM+r A ,fg le;d miU;kl lHk fFkd fyyh jsd& milagkj (1999)] eflZuh&
v#.k oqQekj >k (1993)] vuqkfjr 'u& m"kk fdj.k [kku (1995)] ,d Nyhg
egkjkuh& enus j feJ (1993)] glhuk eafty& m"kk fdj.k [kku (1995)] lR;
,dVk dkYifud fo"k;& lkjLor (1995)] fu'kkUr& v'kksd oqQekj BkoqQj (1997)]
eksMi+ j& kwedsrq (2000) A
,fg n'kdd cgqpfpZr miU;kl fFkd kwedsrd q ^eksMi+ j* rFkk m"kk fdj.k
[kkud ^glhuk eafty* A eksMi+ jd fo"k;oLrq vfN Lora=krk kfIrl iwokZijd
lkekftd fp=k A kwedsrd q Hkk"kkes ,gu tknw vfN ts ;fn ,d csj i<+c 'kq: djc
r vks i<+ck ys* foo'k d, nsr A fgudk lax rkjkuUn fo;ksxhd dFku O; fFkd&
fefFkykd xke ?kjd jkx&fojkx] usg&Nksg] vk'kk&fujk'kkd vks vn~Hkqr ikj[kh vk
O;k[;kdkj NfFk] ekuo eud rUrq&rUrqds fo'ysf"kr djckes vksLrkn NfFk ls gejk
yksdfu gqudj dFkk lHkds i<+rS tkfu;s jgy Nh] viu ,fg ifgy miU;kl] ts fd
gqud e`R;wijkUrs dkf'kr Hk, ldyfu] es vks lHk fdNq Lrqr d,yfu vfN] ls
miU;kl f'kYid vuq:i visf{kr foLrkjd lax A5
m"kk fdj.k [kkud y?kqdk; miU;kl ^glhuk eafty*es glhuk uked ,d
pqfM+gkfjud la?k"kZd xkFkk vfN ts dksu rjgs viu eafty rd igqp
rS vfN A
chle 'krkCnhd vafre n'kdes ek=k uvks xksV miU;kld dk'kul cqf> iM+rS
Ny ts miU;kl fokk ne rksfM+ jgy vfN] eqnk ,dSle 'krkCnhd vkjEHkes vk'kkd
fdj.k iqu% tkfx jgy vfN A 2001 bZ l 2006 kfjes yxHkx iUg xksV miU;kl
dkf'kr Hk, pqdy vfN] ts fFkd ifFkd fi;kly& fctsU oqQekj feJ
(2001)] mkj tuin& jekuUn js.kq (2003)] loZLokUr& lkdsrkuUn (2003)]
njn& lkjLor (2003)] lw;kZLr& ek;kuUn feJ (2004)] pesyh jkuh& dsnkjukFk
Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl@17
jgc \* miU;kl nw Hkkxes foHkDr vfN& ifgy #ly tkbr lqXxhjkuh vk nkslj gejk
yx jgc \ A ,fg nksljs Hkkxd ukeij miU;kld ukedj.k Hksy vfN A ,fg miU;kles
Lora=krkl iwod Z gejkyksdfud lkekftd v/ksxfr] 'kks"kd&'kksf"krd chpd nwjh]
lkearh O;oLFkkd nwf"kr laLdkj] Lora=krkd ckn e'k% fLFkfres vUrj] t;dk'kd
vkUnksyud ckn okrkoj.kes ifjorZu bR;kfn fo"k;ij dk'k HksVrS vfN A uokjEHk
Lora=krkl iwodZ fefFkykd fo k `[a kfyr gksbr xzkeh.k ifjos'kl 'kq: gksbr vfN rFkk
Lokra=;kskj jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vk lkekftd ifjokZud fn'kkds bafxr djSr lekIr
gksbr vfN A
lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh r ^rj iV~Vk ij iV~Vk*l miU;kldkjd :ies
pfpZr Nykgs vk 1980 es ^bZ crgk lalkj*ij lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkjl lEekfur
Hk, liQy miU;kldkj gks,ckd eksgj lsgks ykfx xsyfu] eqnk ,gwl iS?k fgud ifjp;
Ny ^fefFkyk fefgj* lu frfr lkIrkfgd if=kdkd lEikndd :ies A ,fg
n'kdes fgudj nksljks miU;kl flf ivksus Ny& nfjfNEefM+ A
1981 l 1990 kfj yxHkx Ms<+ ntZu miU;kl Niy ts vkuqikfrd iwokZi{s kk
de Hksy A ,fg vofkd miU;kl fFkd jktk iks[kfjes drsd eNjh& Hkkl oqQekj
pkSkjh (1981)] ejhfpdk& fyyh js (1981)] oS'kk[kh iwf.kZek& pUukjk;.k feJ
(1982)] Bqefq d cgw deyk& khjsU (1982)] ge dkfynkl& ekdZ.Ms; oklh
(1982)] xkeokyh& lq'khy (1982)] xqedh vk fcgkfM+& nhi fcgkjh (1983)]
fuosfnrk& lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh (1983)] ukxHkwfe& ef.ki (1985)] ckV vk
cVksgh& uohu pkSkjh (1986)] eU=kiq=k& ek;kuUn feJ (1986)] folwfo;l& nhi
fcgkjh (1986)] nwokZ{kr& m"kkfdj.k [kku (1887)] mxukd nsvknokn& lqjUs >k
^lqeu* (1989) Hk`fr A
,fg n'kdd lokZfkd egoiw.kZ miU;kl fFkd fyyh jsd ejhfpdk ,oa
ek;kuUn feJd eU=kiq=k] ts nquw iksFkh lkfgR; vdknseh lEekul e'k% 1982 ,oa
1988 es lEekfur Hk, pqdy vfN A ejhfpdk yxHkx ,d gtkj i`d eSfFkyhd
k;% lHkl nh?kZdk; miU;kl fFkd A ,dj ego nh?kZ dk;k ek=kd dkj.ks vfN ls
xIi ufg] vfirq viu o.kZu oSHkod dkj.ks ] rhu&rhu ih<+hd }U}d lVhd fp=k.kd
dkj.ks rFkk HkkoksRiknd Hkk"kkd dkj.ks cslh vfN A bZ nw [k.Mes dkf'kr vfN
tdj Fke [k.M iqjLr Hksy NSd A ek;kuUn feJd ego miU;kldkjd :ies ek=k
,gh gsr,q ufg vfN ts gqudk ea=kiq=kij vdknseh lEeku HksVyfu] vfirq vks yCkfr
miU;kldkj ,fgl nw n'kd iwofZ g cfu pqdy jgfFk A g] ,rck vo'; ts bZ uo <axd
bfrgklij vkkkfjr miU;kl fFkd A
16@fHkUu&vfHkUu
,dj jpuk lHk cgqr iqjku vfN] ,dj uohdj.k d, fn,sd] eqnk iqu% vksgks
mi;qDr ufg cq>k,y A fofHkUu LFkku vks fofHkUu le;es Nickd dkj.ks
okZuhes lsgks iQdZ vfN A ge vksdjks ;Fkkors NksfM+ nsfy,sd A vkys[kd
vares Nickd le; rFkk if=kdk ok LFkkud mYys[k d,y xsy vfN]
tkfgl ln; ikBdo`Un rRlkef;d gej jpuk vk voxfrd vkdyu djSr
vksfges Hksy =kqfVd gsrq gejk {kek djrkg ls gej fuosnu A rs ,fges Niy
vkys[kd lax gejk fdNq ufg dgckd vfN A g] vares ge ,dVk oLrq uo
tksMf+ y,sd vfN] ts fFkd ^y-uk-fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk ih&,p-Mh-
d mikfk* A bZ tksMc+ kd gej vfHkk; vfN ts 'kkskdkkZ yksdfuds bZ
cq>ckd vko';drk jgSr Nfu ts dksu&dksu fo"k;ij dk;Z Hk, xsy NSd vk
dksu&dksu fo"k;ij Hk, ldSr NSd A 'kksk&funs'Z kdds lsgks ,fg vk'k;d
lfVZfiQdsV nse, iM+rS Nfu ts veqd fo"k;ij dk;Z ufg Hksyd S vfN A vr%
ge ,gh n`f"V, viuk Hkfj miyCk lwpukd vkkkjij vksdj ladyu d,
vksdjk fokkd vuqlkj oxhZd`r d, ,fges tksfM+ nsfy,sd vfN A cgqrksd
fjtYV dk'kud vf/lwpuk ufg HksVy r 'kkskcUk ij vafdr leiZ.k
o"kZfg n, nsfy,sd A ,fg ees Hk, ldSr vfN ts fdNq ih&,p-Mh-
mikfkkkjhd uke] ts gej n`f"ViFkij ufg vk,y gks,r] NqVyks gksv, A ge
'kkskdkkZ yksdful fuosnu djcfu ts tfud uke NqVy gksfu] =kqfViw.kZ gksfu
ok Hkzked gksfu vks d`i;k gejk vo'; lwfpr djfFk] tdj ge vkxk
ifjektZu d, ldc A
,rsd iS?k vUrjkyd jpukds ge ,dBke fe>gj d, lesfV
nsfy,sd vfN ts fHkUu&fHkUu jgc LokHkkfods A g] lHkVk r lkfgfR;ds
fokk fFkd rs vfHkUurk lsgks NSds A vr% ge ,dj ukedj.k ^fHkUu&vfHkUu*
d,y A
,dj dk'kud gsrq tfudk yksdfud 'kqHkdkeuk vks vk'khokZn
gejk sfjr djSr jgy rkfges loZFke ge viu xq#oj MkW- y{e.k pkSkjh
^yfyr*d uke ySr Nh] ts fu%LokFkZ Hkkoukl gejk vk'khokZn nSr jgykg vk
gej ekxZ 'kLr djckd gsrq ok gej vH;qUufrd gsrq dksuksVk Msx mB,ckes
dlfj ufg j[kyfu A gqud sj.kk vk mRlkgcZul ge LoiFkij vxzlj
gksbr jgygq A vr% gqudk fr ek=k d`rKrkd nw 'kCn O;Dr d, ge
xq#.kl eqDr ufg Hk ldSr Nh A MkW- HkheukFk >k] ;|fi gej xq# ufg
NfFk] eqnk ge gqudk xq#rqY;s cq>rS fN;fu A gqud lax gejk yxHkx nl o"kZ
vrhrd Lej.k@5
 fo'ofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkxes fcr,ckd volj Hksy tkfges vks gejk
vuqtrqY; Lusg nsyfu A lrr gej ekxZ 'kLr djSr jgykg vk gqud
vodk'kxzg.kd mijkUrks ge gqud fo}kk] vuqHko vk ifjiDo fopkjl
ykHkkfUor Hkb;s jgy Nh A ,gw ladyud dk'kud ees ts fdNq uhd
cq>k,r rdj Js; gquds vk ts =kqfV jfg xsy gks rdj dkj.k ge A vr% gqudk
fr vkHkkj O;Dr ufg djc gej d`r?urk gks,r A okZeku eSfFkyh foHkkxk;{kk
MkW Jherh uhrk >kl lsgks gejk oxZes cSfl d, i<+ckd volj Hksy vfN]
t[ku ge ,e-,-d Nk=k Nygq vk vks ;w-th-lh-d xosf"kdk Nyhg A rs gqudks
ge lgdehZ de vk xq# cslh ekuSr fN;fu A gqud vk'khokZn vk
'kqHkdkeukd lax gejk gqud R;{k vk ijks{k nquw dkjd lg;ksx kIr vfN]
tkfgl gej eukscy c<+y jgSr vfN ts ,fg rjgd dk;Zd gsrq vR;Ur
vko';d NSd A vr% gqudk fr lsgks ge d`rKrk Kkfir djSr fN;fu A
,dVk fof'k"V fo}ku tfud lg;ksx gej thoues egoiw.kZ LFkku j[kSr vfN
vks fFkdkg MkW- ch-,u- >k] iwoZ kpk;Z ,oa v;{k] fo-fo- xf.kr foHkkx ,oa
iwoZ dk;Zdkjh dqyifr] y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk] tfudk ge fclfj ufg ldSr
fN;fu A gqudks ge ewdueu djSr fN;fu A
lqUnj lqO;ofLFkr Nikbd gsrq Jh lattw h] Vosy kU;oknd ik=k
NfFk A ,fg ladyud lEcUkes ,d csfj iqu% ge dgc ts fo}ku~ vk ln;
O;fDr ,djk ln;rkiwod Z i<+fFk] ,dj xq.ksVkds xzg.k djfFk vk nks"kd
ifjgkj djfFk] dkj.k ts
fo}kuso fg tkukfr fo}Ttu ifjJee~ A
ufg oU;k fotkukfr xfHkZ.khloO;Fkke~ AA
oVlkfo=kh
03 twu] 2008
6@fHkUu&vfHkUu
1971 l 1980 kfjd n'kdes lsgks yxHkx nw ntZu miU;kld jpuk Hksy A
,fg le;d miU;kl lHk fFkd ufg drgq ufg& thodkUr (1971)] fxjgdV~V&
'kf'kdkUr (1972)] uSdk cfutkjk& ef.ki (1972)] ?kjkM+h& lq'khy (1973)]
kjrh tkfx mBy& fuR;kuUn >k (1973)] vUgkj& lqj's k flag ^Lusgh* (1974)]
nfjfNEefM+& lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh (1974)] vijkftrk& jkts j >k (1976)] jk;
j.kiky& ef.ki (1976)] yogfj oqQ'kgfj& ef.ki (1976)] dknks vk dksbyk&
khjsU (1976)] ekfyuh& mn;dkUr feJ (1976)] gejk yx jgc \& Hkkl oqQekj
pkSkjh (1977)] iapoVh& y{ehifr flag (1978)] Hkkjrhd fcykfM+& ef.ki
(1978)] ;qxiq#"k& Hkkl oqQekj pkSkjh (1978)] bZ crgk lalkj& lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj*
pkSkjh(1969)] iVk{ksi& fyyh js (1979)] uokjEHk& Hkkl oqQekj pkSkjh (1979)]
vfHk;ku& ekdZ.Ms; oklh (19+79)] i'pkkki& ';kek >k (1980)] xke lquxSr&
foHkwfr vkuUn (1980)] ckykfnR;& pUukjk;.k feJ (1980) A
,fg vofkd rhu xksV miU;kldkj cgqpfpZr jgykg& ef.ki] lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj*
pkSkjh vk Hkkl oqQekj pkSkjh] tkfges ef.kids uSdk cfutkjkij 1973 bZd rFkk
lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjhds bZ crgk lalkjij 1980 bZd lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkjl
lEekfur d,y xsyfu A ;krO; fFkd ts 1966 l 2006 bZ kfj ,fg 41 o"kZ e;
miU;kl fokk dsj ek=k ikpVs k iksFkh lkfgR; vdknseh }kjk iqjLr Hksy vfN tkfges
nwxksV ,gh vofkd vfN] ,dVk ^nw&i=k*d ppkZ ge iwofZ g d, pqdy Nh A foHkwfr
vkuUnd ^xke lquxSr* lsgks ,dVk Hkfo".kq miU;kldkjd ladrs nSr vfN tkfges xzkE;
thoues fuEuoxZd mRFkku gsrq ts mPpoxZd lax la?k"kZ Hk, jgy vfN vk vUrTokZykl
lHk Hkhrjs Hkhrj lqufx jgy vfN rdj ltho fp=k.k d,y xsy vfN A
mi;ZDq r 80d n'kdes ef.kid pkfj xksV miU;kl dkf'kr Hksy& yogfj
oqQ'kgfj] uSdk cfutkjk] jk; j.kiky ,oa Hkkjrhd fcykfM+ A lkfj;ksd n'kdes
ef.kithd pkfj xksV miU;kl dkf'kr Hk, pqdy Ny vk vks vksfges rrck [;kfr
ikfc pqdy Nykg ts mi;qDZ r miU;kld ikBdds gqud flgLrrkes dksuks langs
ufg jfg xsy NySd A
,fg vofkes Hkkl dqekj pkSkjhd rhu xksV miU;kl dkf'kr Hksy& gejk
yx jgc \] ;qx&iq#"k ,oa uokjEHk A miU;kldkjd :ies fgud [;kfr ,gh le;es
c<+y A ;qxiq#"kes miU;kldkj ns[kcSr NfFk ts ,fg Ny&iapl ;qDr Hkzkpkjd ;qxes
ts rnuqoQw y viukds cuk, ySr NfFk oSg fFkdkg ;qx&iq#"k A ,fg miU;kles pEik
vks 'kksHkkd se&dj.k cM+ ekqj vk vFkZxfHkZr Hksy vfN rFkk jksthd lanHkZes
pfj=kghurkds mnkkhdj.k djckes lsgks miU;kldkj liQy Hksy NfFk A ^gejk yx
Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl@15
Nyfu A ^czfi'kkp*d ukes kkjkokfgd :is dkf'kr fgud miU;kl 1964 bZes
^gksVy vukjdyh*d ukel dkf'kr Hksy A ,fg vofkes t dksuks ,dVk miU;kldkjds
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d HkaMkjds Hkjckes lokZfkd ;ksxnku Nfu r vks fFkdkg ef.kin~e]
ts ,rck fnues ikp xksV miU;kld jpuk d,yfu& vZukjh j] dksckz xyZ] yksfjd
fot;] dudh ,oa jktk lygsl A ef.kith yksdlkfgR;d frkrkd :ies ekuy vuqe
tkbcyk egku~ O;fDrRo NfFk tfudj fres LokHkkfod :is yksdlaLfr] yksddFkk]
yksdxkFkk bR;kfnd fnXn'kZu gksbr vfN A fgud viu Hkk"kk'kSyh Nfu] viu 1- Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl 09
o.kZuifr Nfu] viu 'kCnHkaMkj Nfu vk viu laLfrl fo'ks"k yxko Nfu A
2- pUxzg.k vk fdj.k 20
dksckz xyZ] yksfjd fot;] jktk lygsl bR;kfnes ef.kith eSfFkyh miU;kld
HkaMkjsds ufg iq d,yfu vfN vfirq eSfFkyh miU;kl ys[kuds ,dVk uo vk;keks 3- lkvksu&Hkkno vk lqeu 24
nsyfu vfN A tr, eSfFkyh yksdlkfgR;d ppkZ gks,r ef.kithd Lej.k gks,cs 4- vyadkj&ekfydkij oqQoy;kuUnd Hkko 30
djr A 5- ckft mBy eqjyh 41
,fg vofkd rhu xksV miU;kl cgqpfpZr jgy & khjsUd Hkks#dck] ek;kuUn 6- fo|kifrd dkO;es f'koHkfDr 48
feJd ^[kks r k vk fpM+*S rFkk yfyrd ^i`Fohiq=k* A ,fg le;es jpukdkj yksdfud 7- eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk 53
;ku cgqe[q kh fodkl fnl xsyfu A vksyksdfu fuEu rFkk fiNM+y oxZd vH;qUufrd 8- dkO;es NUnd vfuok;Zrk 61
fn'kkes viu ys[kuhds c<+ky
S fu A Jfed oxZd mis{kk rFkk nqn'Z kkd fp=k.k fgudkyksdfud
9- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes NUn&foU;kl 65
miU;kld eq[; foUnq jgyfu A rhuw miU;kld uk;d fiNM+y oxZd NfFk] tq>k:
NfFk rFkk viu 'kks"kd oxZd fojksk djckd o`fk j[kSr NfFk A nkEiR; thoud 10- fefFkykd yksdlaxhr 74
.k;kykids ek;kuUn feJ trsd n;Li'khZ cuvksyfu vfN rrsd yfyr ufg cuk, 11- lkgscjke nkl vks ipk<+h 78
ldykg A ek;kuUnthd ukjhik=kd n;es miQuSr iRuhRod ygfj oklukd leLr 12- dfooj misU BkoqQj ^eksgu* 83
fodkjds tjk nSr vfN eqnk yfyrd L=khik=k rkfges ufg l{ke gksbr vfN A 13- ks- mekukFk >k 87
ek;kuUnth [ksr&iFkkjl jktuhfrd }kfj kfj n`';ds dkS'kyiwod Z rkyesy djcSr
14- Hkhe Hkkb 94
NfFk eqnk khjsU viu uk;dds lg;ksx fn;kds fot;h cuk nSr NfFk A khjsUd
Hkks#dckd eq[; ik=k NfFk& Bdck] eqlgjck] FksFkjh vk jkks felj A Bdck vkfLrd 15- fefFkykes T;kSfr"k fo"k;d ekU;rk 98
fopkjkkjkd vfN ts viu ckgqcyij fo'okl j[kSr vfN] fdUrq vksdjkes lkekftd 16- T;ksfr"k % nSufUnu mi;ksxd fdNq egoiw.kZ rF; 105
dBksj cUkuds rksfM+ nsckd lkgl ufg NSd] rs vks jkks feljd iapd tkyes iQfl 17- vZgjk&fopkj 112
tkbr vfN A 18- ekuo thouij T;ksfr"kd Hkko 118
,fg le;d ,dVk vkvksjks miU;kl cgqpfpZr jgy] ts fFkd misUukFk >k 19- fefFkykes ckf<+d leL;k 124
^O;kl*d & ^nw i=k* A bZ i=kkRed 'kSyhes fy[ky xsy miU;kl fFkd ts ,dVk uo 20- fefFkykapyd fodkl vk efgykd nkf;Ro 129
;ksx vfN vk ,dj ego ,gw gsr,q vfN ts bZ 1969 bZes lkfgR; vdknseh }kjk 21- y-uk-fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/ 133
iqjLr Hksy A ,fg miU;kles nw laLfrd jLlkdLlhes dkr yxSr ;qod vk Hkkjrh;
ukjhd viu ekU;rk Li Hksy vfN A

14@fHkUu&vfHkUu fHkUu&vfHkUu@7
 fefgj lkIrkfgd 1960 l 1985 kfj oqQy 73 xksV miU;kld dk'ku d,yd A
Fker% oSg vaxjsth iwQyd fpB~Bhds miU;kld laKkl vfHkfgr d,yfu A ,fg lax
Jh 'kjfnUnq oqQekj pkSkjhd fuEufyf[kr iafDrd voyksdu d,y tk ldSr vfN &
MkW galjkt oSngs hd 1991d miU;kl fo'ks"kkades bZ Li :is dgyfu ts fefFkyk
fefgj lkIrkfgdds bZ Js; NSd ts vks viu dk;Zdkyes (1960 l 1985) oqQy 73
xksV miU;kl dkf'kr d,yd A laxfg vks vksfges dkf'kr LrEHkd vUrxZr ^vaxjsth
iwQyd fpV~Bh*] ^lgtks ihlhd p[kkZ* ,oa ^cfgukd fojksx*ds liQy miU;kl ekuSr
fy[kyfu ts vksfgij dksuks bfrgkldkj n`fikr ufg d,yfu ts fd cgqr iS?k foMEcuk
vfN A**4
^vaxa jsth iwQyd fpV~Bh* ddj fFkd \ bZ ,dVk 'ufp cfu xsy vfN A
lknk bZ miU;kl ;kor kfj fefFkyk fefgjd xHkZes Ny rkor kfj ,dj ys[kd lqkka'kq
^'ks[kj* pkSkjh cq>y tkbr jgykg] fdUrq vkb ,dfg iksFkh nw ys[kdd (lqkka'kq
^'ks[kj* pkSkjh ,oa jkenso >kd) le{kes jk[ky vfN A nqud
w ,d lax v;;u ,oa
voyksdul fuEufyf[kr rF; lkeus vcSr vfN A
(1) nquw ys[kd (lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjhd i{kes gqud iq=k 'kjfnUnq pkSkjh ,oa jkenso
>k Lo;a) viu&viu i{kes i;kZIr ek.k nsckd ;kl d,yfu vfN A
(2) jkenso >kd mDr iksFkhes dk'ku o"kZ 2002 vafdr vfN] t[ku fd 'ks[kj
dk'kul dkf'kr iksFkhes dk'ku o"kZ 2003 vfN ,fg nkokd lax ts ,fg
l iwoZ bZ miU;kl iqLrdkdkj ufg Niy vfN A
(3) jkenso>k ek.kLo:i lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjhd iSMij fy[ky gLrk{kj lfgr
ek.ki=k lsgks iksFkhes nsus NfFk] tkfges vks Lo;a Lohdkj d,us NfFk ts mDr
miU;kl jkenso >kd fy[ky fFkdfu A ,fg lax 'kjfnUnq pkSkjh dgSr NfFk
ts vks gqud lgk;rkes fyf[k d, nsus NyfFku tdj xckgd ukeksYys[k lsgks
d,us NfFk] laxfg gqud vkRedFkkd fdNq va'k viu iksFkhes nsus NfFk] tkfgl
cqf> iM+r ts mDr miU;kld ys[kd Lo pkSkjh;s NfFk A
(4) jkenso >kd mDr miU;kles 45 xksV fpV~Bh vfN t[ku fd pkSkjhthcykes
oqQy 41 xksV A
vLrq] ts&ls A fu.kZ; lqkho`Un djrkg ts okLrfod ys[kd ds \ tsuk fd
iwofZ g dfg pqdy Nh ts 1961 l 1966 kfj miU;kl ys[kud xfr iwooZ rs jgy vk
ts miU;kl lkeus v,cks d,y rkfges fodkl vk xfrd laHkkouk vYis n`fxkspj
Hksy A ,fg le;es lksensod n`f ns'kd jktuhfr vk vjktdrkij dsfa r Hk, pqdy
8@fHkUu&vfHkUu Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl@13
Lof.kZe ;qx dgy tk ldSr vfN] dkj.k ts ,fg n'kdes trsd miU;kld jpuk Hksy
ls ^ls u Hkwrks u Hkfo";fr* r dgc mi;qDr ufg gks,r] dkj.k ts ^Hkfo";* ufg cqf>
jgy Nh] eqnk ,rck kfj vo'; dgy tk ldSr vfN ts vkb kfjd bfrgkld ,dVk
egoiw.kZ vkdM+k fFkd A ,fg n'kdes yxHkx rhu ntZu miU;kld dk'ku Hksy
t[ku fd foxr rsjg o"kZes (1948&1960) ek=k rsjgVk A
mDr vofkd miU;kl fFkd& vaxjsth iwQyd fpB~Bh& lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh@
jkenso >k (1961)] fonkxjh & pUukFk feJ ^vej*(1963)] gksVy vukjdyh @
czfi'kkp&lksenso (1964)] Hkks#dck&khjsj j >k ^khjsU* (1964)] [kksra k vk fpM+S
& ek;kuUn feJ (1965)] ifo=kk & ;ksxkuUn >k (1966)] vZukjh j & ef.kin~e
(1966)] fcuq ek;d csVh & ';kek >k (1967)] cypuek & oS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh*
(1967)] ugyk ij ngyk & :idkUr BkoqQj (1967)] nwk&iwQy & jekuUn js.kq
(1967)] ckVd HksVa ftuxhd xsBa & fcUns j eaMy (1967)] ifuir & thodkUr
(1967)] fcnsljk & ';kekuUn BkoqQj (1968)] vks & fo|kukFk >k ^fofnr*
(1968)] Jh xksuw >k & johU ukFk BkoqQj (1968)] cfUnuh ckq & jkepU pkSkjh
(1968)] vkUnksyu & jktdey pkSkjh (1968)] dksckz xyZ & ef.ki (1968)] nw
oqQgsld ckV & thodkUr (1968)] vfxuoku& thodkUr (1968)] lsgUrk & oqQ oj
dkUr (1968)] nw i=k & misUukFk >k ^O;kl* (1968)] jktk lygsl & ef.kin~e
(1969)] ,d vZukjh & 'kkSdr [kyhy (1970)] jatuk & ys[kukFk feJ (1970)]
dudh & ef.ki (1970)] vfHk'kIr & Hkkl oqQekj pkSkjh (1970)] ihvj xqykc
Ny & thodkUr (1970)] fpuxh & xkSjh feJ (1970) bR;kfn A
,gw lkfjd n'kdes ns[kSr Nh ts Nvks o"kZ vFkkZr~ 1961 l 1966es ek=k
lkrfgVk miU;kld jpuk Hksy ts iwofZ gd vuqikres (o"kZes ,dVk) vfN fdUrq 1968
l 1970 kfj miU;kld ckf<+ vkfc xsy A fdNq miU;kldkjd r ,d o"kZ es nw&nw
Vk miU;kl dk'kes vkfc xsy] tsuk & ef.kid dudh vk yksfjd fot; (1970)]
thodkUrd nw oqQgsld ckV vk vfxucku (1968) A
,fg le;d miU;klij t[ku fopkj dj, yxSr Nh r loZFke 1961 es
dkf'kr ^vaxjsth iwQyd fph* n`fiFkij vcSr vfN] ts Fker% 30 vDVwcj 1960
l 30 tqykb 1961 kfj rFkk 20 vxLr 1961 dsj lkIrkfgd fefFkyk fefgjd LFkk;h
LrEHkd vUrxZr oqQy 41 vades Niy A3 eSfFkyhd vfkdka'k miU;kl Fker% dksuks
us dksuks if=kdkes kkjkokfgd :ies Niy vfN vk le; v,ykij iqLrdkdkj
Hksy vfN A ,[kugq kfj drksd miU;kl if=kdsd xHkZes iM+y vl ihM+k lfg jgy
vfN vk vksfgl ckgj fudyckd ckV rkfd jgy vfN A galjktd vuqlkj fefFkyk
12@fHkUu&vfHkUu
Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl
eSfFkyh lkfgR;es i| lkfgR;d fodkl tsuk fo|kifrl ec vk fujarj
HksVrS vfN rsuk x| lkfgR;d fodkl ufg Hksy A lkekU;r;k dksugq lkfgR;d vkjEHk
i| lkfgR;sl Hksy vfN] dkj.k ts i| fy[kc lks> vfN A Jhe}kYehfdd egq l
vuk;klfg t dksuks dkO;d LiqQj.k Hksy r lsgks i|cs &
ek fu"kkn frka Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek% A
;RkSapfeFkquknsdeokh% dkeeksfgre~ AA
lksukds dlkSVhij dfl d, vksdj 'kqrkd ijh{kk d,y tkbr NSd]
'kL=kHk`rd ijh{kk j.k{ks=kes gksbr NSd] x`fg.khd ijh{kk foifkd le;es vk iafMrd
ijh{kk Hkkxord vFkZ dgckes gksbr NSd &
kuat;s gkVd laijh{kk j.kkaxuka 'kL=kHk`rka ijh{kk A
foifkdkys x`fg.kh ijh{kk fo|korka Hkkxors ijh{kk AA
rfguk] dfo ok ys[kdd ijh{kk x| fy[kckes gksbr NSd& x|a dohuka fud"ka
onfUr A okLroes ,dVk fuj{kjks yksd dforkd ikrh tksfM+ ySr vfN] eqnk
x|&l`tud gsrq ys[kuhds l'kDr gks,c vko';d gksbr vfN A eSfFkyhes l'kDr
x|dkjd vHkko ufg vfN A doh'oj pUnk >kd ckn x| lkfgR;d xfr rhozl
rhozrj gksbr xsy vk chle 'krkCnhd nkslj n'kdes miU;kld cht oiu d,y xsy A
miU;kl x| lkfgR;d lokZfkd yksdf; fokk fFkd A bZ ik'pkR; lkfgR;d
nsu fFkd A ,fg ns'kes r yksd jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] xhrk vk nqxkZ i<+rS &lqurS Ny A
g] lqurS Ny f[kLlk lsgks vks pkgs bZ j fo"k;d jg, vFkok dksuks ,sfrgkfld A
oSg f[kLlk ,[ku dFkkd :ies lkfgR;d ,dVk l'kDr fokk cfu pqdy vfN A
miU;kl ,d rjgs cq>h r vksgh dFkkd o`gn~ :i fFkd A
fHkUu&vfHkUu@9
 Lora=krk kfIrd i kr~ miU;kl&ys[ku xfr idM+yd] fdUrq eaFkj A yksd
,dj egods cq>yd A rkor dU;knku vk f}jkxeul yksdd #fp [kqft pqdy
NySd A yksd ,fg fn'kkes yifd iM+y Ny] fdUrq ikBd] forjd vk dk'kdd
vHkkoes miU;kldkj yksdfu viu iwjk 'kfDr ,fg fn'kkes ufg >ksdus Nykg A
ifj.kkeLo:i 1948 l 1960 bZ kfj ,fg ckjg o"kZes yxHkx ,d ntZu ek=k
miU;kld jpuk n`fiFkij vcSr vfN] ts fFkd& dyk& prqjkuu feJ (1948)]
fodkl& prqjkuu feJ (1948)] frek& 'kSyUs eksgu >k (1948)] ohjdU;k&
pUukFk feJ ^vej* (1950)] pUdyk& cnjhukFk nkl (1950)] uorqfj;k&
oS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh* (1954)] ekqJko.kh& 'kSyUs eksgu >k (1956)] nwokZ{kr&
rkjkukFk daB (1958)] vkfndFkk& jktdey pkSkjh (1958)] fo|kifr& cztfd'kksj
oekZ ^ef.ki* (1960)] fcgkfM+ ikr vk ikFkj& ek;kuUn feJ (1960)] rj iV~Vk
ij iV~Vk& lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjh (1960) A
mi;qDZ r Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl e; cgqpfpZr vfN ;k=khd uorqfj;k]
e;kuUn feJd fcgkfM+ ikr vk ikFkj] 'kSyUs eksgu >kd ekqJko.kh rFkk lqkka'kq
^'ks[kj* pkSkjhd rj iV~Vk ij iV~Vk A
,fg le;es Hkkjrd vktknhd fdj.k fefFkyksd ekfV&ikfuij iljc 'kq: Hk,
xsy Ny A yksd ijra=krkd dM+h rksfM+ mUeqDr okrkoj.kes lkl ysc 'kq: d, nsus
Ny A kkfeZd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd vkfn lHk Lrjij ifjorZu ifjyf{kr
gkse, ykxy Ny A f'k{kkd {ks=kes lsgks ,dk,d kfUrd lqxcqxkgfVd vuqHko gkse,
ykxy A yksdds fo'okl c<+yd S ts if<+&fyf[kds vksdjk {kerkuqlkj ukSdjh
HksVrSd A eSfFkyh miU;kldkj lsgks cnySr ifjos'kes viu jpukds <kjckd ;kl
d,yfu eq n k vfkdka ' k miU;kldkj iw o Z o rs vks g h lkekftd leL;k
dU;knku&f}jkxeud tkyes vks>jk,y jgykg A
mDr vofkd ;fn dksuks ,d miU;kld uke ysc r vks fFkd ;k=khd
uorqfj;k A ,fges fefFkykapyd tuthoud ;FkkFkZ :ids xfr'khy n`f, frfcfEcr
d,y xsyd S vfN A :f<+ vk ijaijkd :ies iafMr [kks[kkb >k] eqf[k;k prqjkuu
pkSkjh] eVqdh ikBd] iQrwjh dkdk NfFk ts ,fg uorqfj;kd ckVds Nsdus jgSr NfFk]
fdUrq ygygkbr xkN tsuk bZVks ikFkjds iQksfM+ viu tfM+ tek ySr vfN rfguk xked
deZB ;qod yksdfu vksfg ?ksjkds rksfM+ iUg o"kZd chlks (fo'os o jh)d fookg
iSra kfyl fdaok ipiu o"kZd cw<+ ojd lax ufg gkse, nSr NfFk A ;qokoxZ laxfBr Hk,
vuesy fookgds jksdckes leFkZ gksbr NfFk vk ,rcs ufg] vksyksdfu ,d ;ksX; ojl
lkekftd jhfr, vksdj fookgks djk, nSr NfFk A ,fg lax MkW ;'kksnk ukFk >kd
10@fHkUu&vfHkUu
mfDr ;krO; fFkd uorqfj;k :f<+ij gkj] ^xje ny* }kjk vkUnksyud laxBu]
ifjokZuds xfr nku djckes ;qokoxZd Hkwfedk] uohu fopkjkkjkd fuekZ.k ,oa lkj
rFkk lkekftd lkaLfrd psrukd iqu#RFkku ns[kk,] lkekftd fuekZ.k dk;Zd
ewY;kadu gsrq miU;klds ,d vfHkdj.k fl d,y xsy vfN A1
MkW ek;kuUn feJd ^fcgkfM+ ikr vk ikFkj* lsgks oSokfgds leL;kij fy[ky
xsy miU;kl fFkd A ^uorqfj;k*d Nvks o"kZd ckn vFkkZr~ 1960es Niy ,fg
miU;kles frjcsuhds #ukFk feJd gkFkes t,ckl jksdckd gsrq dksuks uorqfj;k vkxk
ufg vcSr NfFk] ifj.kker% frjcsuhds vle;es oSkO;ds kIr dj, iM+rS Nfu A
,fg lax MkW nso'kadj uohud ikj[kh n`f O; fFkd& ek;kuUnth ,[ku kfj
viu lektd ,fg fofrds ] ,fg foMEcukds esV,ckd ysy Bk<+ gkse,cyk dksuks
vkUnksyud yqkh ufg nsf[k ldykg vk fgudj frjcsuh vle;es fokok Hk, xsyfu A
meztU; ;kSouksUeknd >kV&fcgkfM+ lgSr jgyfu A lkekftd e;kZnk vk nSfgd
vko';drkd jLlkdLlhes rukbr jgyfu] fdfd;kbr jgyfu A2
ek;kuUn feJd ,fg miU;kld ukedj.kij gejk dus langs Hksy A MkW
nso'kadj uohu ^lEidZ* (la jekuUn js.kq)es dkf'kr viu vkys[kes mDr miU;klds
^fcgkfj ikfu ikFkj* dgus NfFk A ge iksFkhds ns[kygq r ^fcgkfj ikr ikFkj* HksVy
vk muVk, d, buj dkWojij ns[ky r ^fcgkfM+ ikr vk ikFkj* Niy vfN A vLrq]
ts&ls A ^vk* jgus dksuks vFkZ&ifjokZu ufg gksbr NSd eqnk ^ikr*d LFkkues ^ikfu*
cqf> iM+NS ts Vkbiksxkz fiQdy ,jj Hk, xsy NSd A
MkW 'kSyUs eksgu >kd ^ekqJko.kh* lsgks yxHkx oSokfgds leL;kl tqMy
+
vfN A ,fg miU;kles dey vk ufyuhd dksey dYiuk la;ksxes ufg cnfy fo;ksxes
ifj.kr Hk, tkbr vfN vk ekqJko.kh vJqJko.khd :i kkj.k d, ySr vfN A MkW
>kd ,fg miU;kles o.kZu&fo'ys"k.k vk [kkl d, pfj=k&fp=k.kl Li gksbr vfN ts
ys[kd euksfo'ys"k.kds fo'ks"k ego nsus NfFk A
lqkka'kq ^'ks[kj* pkSkjhd ^rj iV~Vk ij iV~Vk*es ik=kd euksfo'ys"k.kd iw.kZ
;kl d,y xsy vfN A ,fg miU;kld ;qod ijek vkn'kZoknh NfFk ts lkekftd
oqQjhfrds nwj djckd gsrq ;Ru'khy gksbr NfFk] fdUrq yhykkj ckcw gqud ;klds
foiQy djckij rqfy xsy NfFk A tequhd lax yhykkj ckcwd laca k rFkk xaxkd
ekufld fLFkfrd fo'ys"k.k d, ys[kd lkekftd thoud ts fp=k miLFkkfir djSr
NfFk] ls ys[kdd n`fdks.kd ifjpk;d fFkd A
1960 bZd i kr~ vFkkZr~ 1961 l 1970 kfjd vofkds miU;kl&ys[kud
Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh miU;kl@11
vuqkl] ;ed] 'kCn'ys"k] Hkk"kkled ,oa fp=k A bZ vyadkj lc vIi; nhf{krd
^oqQoy;kuUn* ,oa ^fp=k&ehekalk*l fHk vfN A Jh lqeuth fp=kkskjds LoraU=k
vyadkj ekfu ysyfu vfN t[ku fd oqQoy;kuUndkj fp=kkskjds mkjs vyadkjd
Hksn ekuSr NfFk A ,rcs ufg vyadkj&ekfydkes tkfg ek.k] jlor~ ,oa ladj
vyadkjd Hksnd ppkZ vfN rdjk oqQoy;kuUnes LorU=k vyadkj ekfu ysy xsy
vfN A
vLrq] ts&ls A ^vyadkj&ekfydk* eSfFkyhd tkfg fjDr LFkkuds Hkjyd vfN
ls loZFkk 'yk?; Fkhd A bZ viuk <axd cstksM+ iksFkh vfN A y{;&y{k.k lefUor
jgykd dkj.k ,dj yksdf;rk ,oa mikns;rk v{kq..k jgr A y{k.kd lax mnkgj.k
,dj eq[; oSf'k~; Fkhd A O;k[;kd lax t bZ Lrqr d,y tk; r lksues lqxa k Hk,
tk,r] dkj.k ts vyadkjd HksnksiHksnds uhd tdk cq>c] ,djk n;axe djc
Jelk; vfN A
(fo'ofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkxd 'kkskif=kdk ^eSfFkyh*] vad&1] fnlEcj 1996)
v fo"kok.kl vusd dkekak ;qod yksdfud n;LFkyds csfk;ks d,] xkM+hd dledl
40@fHkUu&vfHkUu
deZBrkij vkl NyfUg A fgud O;fDrRo rFkk frRod lax vkpk;Z lqeuthd
dFku vfN & ok.khes Lirk] fopkjes kS<r+ k] fparues ekSfydrk] lkekftd thoues
lqkkj djckd nqnkZUr vkxzg vk rnuqoQw y vkpj.k] nfyr&ihfM+rd fr lgt
lgkuqHkwfr] kfUrd [kjrk vFkkfi 'kkfUrd jE;rk] flkUres dBksj vFkp O;ogkjes
dksey fdj.kthd :ijs[kk fFkd A iqu'p&kS<+ fucak] fuysiZ vkykspuk] okLrfodrk
vks dYiukl lefUor xfroknh dfoRo] ukV~; ,dkadhd jlfl foU;kl] lektlqkkjij
vkkkfjr lq#fpiw.kZ miU;kl xYi fdj.kthd dyed tknwd mnkgj.k vfN A
fdj.kthd Lrqr miU;kles ukjhik=kd kkurk vfN A ,fges eq[k ukjhik=k
jtuh vk lq"kek NfFk A vf'k{kk vk vakfo'okld dkj.ks nquw l[kh ifj.kked fpark
fcuq d,ufg xaxkLukud gsrq LFkku djSr NfFk] xkftZ;ud lax A ,fg miU;kles
ns[kkvksy xsy vfN ts dksuk ckid nqyk: csVh viu ftij vfM+ d,] nqykjd
nq#i;ksx djSr] vuq'kklughurkd ifjp; nSr] mUeqDr Hk, fopj.kd gsrq m|r gksbr
NfFk vk rdj nq"ifj.kke gqudk Hkksx, iM+rS NfUg A la;ksxs dgw ts virk Hkb;ks d,]
yqPpk ok lqPpk eqlyeku vigkkZd tkyes iQfl;ks d,] viu vfuU| :i lkSUn;Zd
HkhM+es HkM+oQq Llk Hkb;ks d,] xkftZ;ud lax NksfM+;ks d,] ek=k nqb;s l[kh viu
vfLrRo vk lrhRod j{kk d, ldyhg A
tfguk pUxzg.kes mxzkl Hksykij oSg pUek] oSg ekndrk] oSg 'khryrk rFkk
oSg T;ksRLuk n`fxkspj gksbr vfN] rfguk ,gw miU;kld ukf;dk lq"kek vk gqud l[kh
jtuh fdNq dkyd gsrq xq.Mk vigkkZ :ih jkgqd djky eq[kes iQly Nyhg] eqnk
ukuk dkjd la;ksxl fgudk yksdfuds dusdks uNksMk+ s ufg yxyfUg A ;|fi dgy
xsy NSd ts
ys[kuh iqLrdh Hkk;kZ ijgLr xrk ;fn A
vkxrk nSo;ksxsu uk Hkzk p efnZrk AA
;|fi miU;kldkj fdj.kth fefFkykd ,fg nquw :iorh ;qorhd vfuU|
lkSUn;Zd o.kZu d,yfUg vfN] dkekak ;qod yksdfud fufuZe"sZ k n`fd o.kZu d,yfUg
vfN] [kpk[kp Hkjy HkhM+d o.kZu d,yfUg vfN] nquw ;qorhd mUeqDr Hkkol
xkftZ;ud vkf[kd ijks{k Hk, HkhM+ds phfj xkM+hes p<+ckd ladrs d,yfUg vfN]
r[ku ^efnZrk* ufg] lrhRod j{kk djckes liQy dfg prqj miU;kldkj fefFkykd
yyukd ekFk mBvksyfu vfN] vksdj e;kZnk c<+vksyfu vfN] vksdj LokfHkekud
j{kk d,yfUg vfN A
pUxzg.k vk fdj.k@21
 vares r#.k vk lq"kekd lq[kn feyu djk, miU;kldkj ,fg miU;klds
lq[kkUr vk liQy cuk, nSr NfFk A ,fg lax MkW vejs'k ikBd dgyfUg vfN&
NksV jfgrks pUxzg.k eSfFkyh miU;kl lkfgR;es uo v;k;d Jhx.ks'k djSr vfN A
;|fi pUxzg.k lkekftd dFkkfHkfkij vkkkfjr vfN] fdUrq la;ksxd cyrk ns[kk,
ys[kd ikBdd eues ?kVukd fr langs mRiUu d, nSr NfFk A ,fg n`f, dFkkud
nks"k;qDr vfN] fdUrq n`';koyhd o.kZu }kjk ys[kd ,fg NksV jpukes je;ckd 'kfDr
j[kSr NfFk A
iqu'p] vks dgSr NfFk& ,fg jpukd LokHkkfod fodkl ufg Hksy vfN A
lHk LFkyij la;ksxd vkJ; ysy xsy vfN A ,gu lu cqf> iM+N S ts dksuks fuf'pr
ms'; kfj igqp
ckd gsrq ?kVuk lkku ek=k cukvksy xsy vfN A ?kVukd LokHkkfodrk
;=k&r=k u Hksy vfN A
pUxzg.kd ek;el miU;kldkj bZ ns[kc, pkgSr NfFk ts dksuk yksd
kDdk&eqDdk [kk d, lqkjSr vfN] Bsl yxus cqf c<+rS NSd] ;|fi vksrfg jtuhes
dksuks ifjorZu ufg nsf[k vksdjk viokn cq>d fFkd A ,fg pUxzg.kes drksd LFkyij
,gu lu cqf> iM+rS vfN tsuk es?kes pUek foyhu Hk, xsy gksfFk vk iqu% drgq xV
Hk, xsy gksfFk] ;Fkk jtuh vk lq"kek dksuk njHkaxk LVs'kuij BleBl HkhM+es foyhu
Hk, xsyhg vk leLrhiqjes ekyxkM+hd fMCckes igqf p xsyhg A dr, vkss eqlyeku
vigkkZ dksu dkjs gqudk yksdfuds vksfg HkhM+es ncksfp ysydfu vk NweUrjl
tknwxj tdk ekyxkM+hd fMCckes igqp k nsydfu A dksuk r#.k rRij jfgrks ,fg
;qorh};ds us xkM+hes p<+rS ns[kyfFkUg us mrjSr] fdUrq ,dljs ekyxkM+hes tk d,
rkfd ysyfFku A dsgu la;ksxl xq.Mkd Nwjkl vkgr Hksykg fd rk Lo;alos d rS;kjs
jgfFk A
bZ miU;kl tkfg le;es fy[ky xsy ls miU;kld gsrq ;ksxd le; Ny A
,djk miU;kld fodkld dM+hd :ies ns[ky tk, ldSr vfN A ,dj jpukd lax
MkW vkuUn feJ HksVdkkZ MkW jekuUn >k ^je.k*ds dgSr NfFku& pUxzg.kd
jpukd nwVk dkj.k rhr gksbN A ifgy dkj.k fFkd lektlqkkj rFkk nkslj dkj.k
fFkd eSfFkyhes miU;kld vHkkod iwfrZd ;kl A vks uotkxj.kd ;qx Ny A
lkekftd iruds jksdc lkfgR;dkjd Fke nkf;Ro ekuy tkbr Ny A fdj.kth
dk'khes jgSr Nykg A dk'khes xzg.kd voljij [kwc esyk yxSr v,ySd vfN A esykes
,fg dkjd ?kVuk ?kVc cgqr LokHkkfod jgSr NSd A ,fg ?kVukds ys[kd
flefj;k?kkVd lanHkZes o.kZu d, eSfFkyd uSfrd vk%iruds jksdck ysy mi;ksx
d,y vfN A lektd lqkkj ysy rhuVk Msx mBkvksy vfN A ifgy Msx fFkd ;qod
22@fHkUu&vfHkUu
vekfr'k;ksfkQ
vekfr'k;ksfkQ% L;kr~ lgRos gsrqdk;Z;ks% A
vkfyfUr lea nso ! T;ka 'kjk'p ijk'prs AA
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&41
tr, dkj.k ,oa dk;Z laxfg gksv, vksr, vekfr'k;ksfkQ gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk&
gs jktu ! vgkd ok.k vk 'k=kq laxfg i`Fohd vkfyu djSr vfN A
vfr'k;ksfkQ ve] e u dkj.k dkt fokku A
ok.kd laxfg vfjd f'kj d;y fnxar mM+ku AA
dkj.k ,oa dk;Zes tr, ve gksv, (lkekU;r% dkj.k ifgus vk dk;Z cknes
gksbr vfN] fdUrq ,r, nquw laxfg gksbr vfN) vksr, vekfr'k;ksfkQ gksbr vfN_
;Fkk & ok.kd laxfg 'k=kqd f'kj mfM+ xsy A
vR;Urkfr'k;ksfkQ
vR;Urkfr'k;ksfkQLrq ikSokZi;ZO;fres A
vxzs ekuks xr% i'pknuquhrk f;s.k lk AA
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&43
tr, dkj.k ,oa dk;Zes ikSokZi;Z foi;Z; gksv, vksr, vR;Urkfr'k;ksfkQ gksbr
vfN_ ;Fkk& ukf;dkd eku r ifgufg lekIr Hk xsy vk i'pkr~ uk;d gqud
vuqu;&fou; d;yfu A
iwokZijd foi;Z;s vR;Urkfr'k;ksfkQ A
eku NqVy ifgufg r[ku fi;d eqgs ueuksfkQ AA
&vyadkj&ekfydk] lw=k&46
iwokZijd foi;Z;s vR;Urkfr'k;ksfkQ gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk& ukf;dkd eku r
ifgufg lekIr Hk xsy vk uk;d gqudk cknes eukSyfu A
,fg rjgs yxHkx lEiw.kZ iksFkhl oqQoy;kuUnd y{k.k vks mnkgj.k Hkk"kkUrjl
Lrqr d;y xsy vfN A vIi; nhf{kr 'kCnkykjd mYys[k us ^fp=k&ehekalk*es
d;yfu vk us ^oqQoy;kuUns*es A oqQoy;kuUnes oqQy 123 vyadkj of.kZr vfN
tkfges drksd vyadkjd Hksnksds LorU=k vyadkj ekfu ysyfUg vfN A
vyadkj&ekfydkes ekyk cu;ckd gsrq ,d l; vkBs vyadkj mi;qDr cq>;yfUg A
,fges vFkkZyd
a kjd i'pkr~ 'kCnkyadkjd lsgks o.kZu vfN_ ts fFkd & iqu#kQonkHkkl]
vyadkj&ekfydkij dqoy;kuUnd Hkko@39
 ^vfr'k;ksfDr* dsj ewyes :id v;olku A oxZes ukjhd fr ;kSu vkd"kZ.kd o.kZu }kjk uSfrd vk%iruds jksdc A LVs'kuij
;qxy ufyul ns[kq bZ NqVbN 'kj&leqnk; AA ;qod yksdfud okkkZyki vk xfrfofk;ksl bZ Li Hk, tkbN A nkslj fLFkfres
&vyadkj&ekfydk] lw=k&39 keZifjorZu vk iS'kkfpd dk;Z vigj.k ns[kkvksy vfN A vk rslj Msxes Lo;alos d
nyd vorj.k d,y vfN A fdj.kth tfguk nSfud thoues fuHkhZd] mfproDrk]
vfr'k;ksfkQd ewyes ;fn :id v;olku gksv, vFkkZr~ mieku }kjk mies;ds deZB] kfUrdkjh] uorkoknh Nykg rfguk dkO; l`tues lsgks :f<+ vk ijEijkds
xksfM+d, vksdj vHksn dFku gksv, r :idkfr'k;ksfDr gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk ns[kw] rksfM+ uorkd LFkkiuk djSr n`fxkspj gksbr NfFk A fo|kifrl y, vkkqfud dky kfj
uhydeyd tksMk+ l ok.kd lewg fudkfy jgy vfN A olards rqjktd laKkl foHkwf"kr djckd ijaijk Ny] eqnk fdj.kth fefFkykd
lkiokfr'k;ksfkQ ifjs{;es gseUrds rqjktd laKkl vfHkfgr djSr NfFk] laxfg ijaijkoknh dfod
migkl djSr gqudk crkg dfg mBSr NfFk
;|iqfrxHkZRoa lSo lkiok erk A
RoRlwfkQ"kq lqkk jktUHkzkUrk% i';fUr rka fokkS AA ficbr nwk ifo=k ekqj
ek fefFkyk dsj dksjes cSly A
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&37 ds crkg dfo Hkk ihfc
;fn vfr'k;ksfDr viqfr vyadkjl ;qDr gksv, r lkiokfr'k;ksfDr gksbr Lokxr olar vfN xkfc jgy \
vfN_ ;Fkk gs jktu~ ! vgkd lwfDr,es ve`r vfN] O;fDr vksdjk pUekes rdSr (^dhfrZfdj.k*l & 2006)
vfN A
v
;fn p viqfr xHkZes viokfr'k;ksfDr A
o`Fkk rdSN 'k'kkades ve`r yfyr dfo&lwfDr AA
&vyadkj&ekfydk] lw=k&40
xHkZes viqfrds jgus lkiokfr'k;ksfDr gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk& pUekes ve`r
rkdc O;FkZ Fkhd] vks r dfod lwfDr,es HksVrS vfN A
lEcUkkfr'k;ksfkQ
lEcUkkfr'k;ksfkQ% L;kn;ksxs ;ksxdYiue~ A
lkSkkxzkf.k iqjL;kL; Li`'kfUr fokqe.Mye~ AA
vlEcUkes lEcUkd o.kZu Hksus lEcUkkfr'k;ksfkQ gksbr vfN] ;Fkk& ,fg
uxjd Hkoud vxzHkkx pUe.Myds NqcrS vfN A
Nqcbr vEcjds uxj xqEct mUur :i A
&vyadkj&ekfydk] lw=k&43
uxjd mr xqEct vkdk'kds Li'kZ djSr vfN A

38@fHkUu&vfHkUu pUxzg.k vk fdj.k@23

 (3) (gs lqUnfj !) tehuij pyckd dkj.k vgkd dksey pj.k yky Hk, xsy
vfN A
(4) (gs lqUnfj !) bZ pUek vgkd eq[kd dkfUrds kIr djckd bPNkl vksfg
dkfUrds kkj.k d,fugkj deyl 'k=kqrkd vkpj.k d, jgy NfFk A
(5) (gs lqUnfj !) dh Lruds kkj.k djck y, vgkd e; Hkkx lksukd tathjl
ckfUg nsy xsy vfN \

lkvksu&Hkkno vk lqeu (6) (gs lqUnfj !) bZ dey tyes ,fg gsrq ri djSr vfN ts vgkd pj.kd lax
v}Srrk kIr d ld; A
rqyuh;
^lkvksu&Hkkno* ks Jh lqjUs >k ^lqeu*d jpuk fFkd] ts dkf'kr gksbrs iw.kZ (1) dksdd 'kksdd vfxufgd kqvk vUgkj cq>k; A
;'k ikSyd A bZ iksFkh lqeuthd vfre frHkk] lw{e i;Zo{s k.k rFkk foy{k.k
vfHkO;atuk&'kfDrd ifjpk;d fFkd A frd ,gu foy{k.k ekuohdj.k vU;=k (2) iksr; tuq lokZ re uHk dktj cfjlk; AA 35 AA
HksVc nqyHZ k A lkvksu&Hkknod es?k r fro"kZ vcSr vfN vk mefM+&?kqefM+] (3) Hkwry pybr in e`ny
q fu'p; jfkQe Hksy A
xjft&cjfld py tkbr vfN A fdUrq ,fg vpsru inkFkZes psrukd lapkj uvks (4) lfjigq 'kf'k&fjiq dey dsj #fp ok ro eq[k ysy AA 36 AA
fdaok ,xkjgks jles djc dfod ckSfd foy{k.krk ufg r vkvksj dh Hk ldSN \
(5) oqQp mp cUgu fgr dly dfV rV dapu Mksj A
uvks jl viu LFkk;hHkkod lax fuEufyf[kr vfN
(6) ro in lerk fgr ri; dey fd ty fcp Hkksj AA 37 AA
jl
k`axkj gkL; d#.k jkS ohj Hk;kudk% A &vyak j&ekfydk] lw=k& 35&37
ohHkRlkqr laKks psR;kS dkO;s jlkLe`rk% AA vfr'k;ksfkQ
LFkk;hHkko
jfrgkZl 'kksd'p kskksRlkgksHk;a rFkk A
vfr'k;ksfkQ vyadkjd lsgks oqQoy;kuUn ,oa vyadkj&ekfydk nquew s
lkr&lkr Hksn vfN A nqud w mnkgj.k lsgks k;% ,ds vfN A
tqxqIlk fo"e;a'psfr LFkk;hHkkok% dhfkZrk% AA
vfip :idkfr'k;ksfkQ
fuosZn LFkk;hHkkoksLrq 'kkUrksfi uoeksjl% A :idkfr'k;ks f kQ% L;kfxh;kZ ;olkur% A
HkfDr vks ckRlY;ds ,[ku kfj i`Fkd~ lkk ufg HksVySd vfN A i'; uhyksRiy}U}kf%ljfUr f'krk% 'kjk%&AA
ijUrq jld fu"ifr gksv; dksuk \ &oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&36
,fg gsrq foHkko] vuqHkko vk O;fHkpkjhHkko vFkok lapkjhHkkod la;ksx tr, mieku mies;ds xhfjd vksdjk lax vHksn LFkkfir dj, vksr,
vko';d :idkfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk& ns[kw] uhy deyd tksMk+ l 'osr ok.k
foHkkokuqHkkoO;fHkpkfjla;ksxklfu"ifk% A fudfy jgy vfN A

24@fHkUu&vfHkUu vyadkj&ekfydkij dqoy;kuUnd Hkko@37

 vkud 'kadkd dkj.ks rF;ds >kic Nsdkiqfr Fkhd_ ;Fkk& xquxqukbr in
yXu Hk, xsy] ds f; \ ufg] uwijq A
dSrokiqfr
dSrokiqfr frO;ZkQkS O;ktk|SfuZrs% inS% A
fu;kZfUr Lejukjkpk% dkUrkn`DikrdSroku~ AA
oqQoyk;uUn] lw=k&31
tr, O;kt vkfn ind }kjk Lrqrd fu"ksk d;y tk; vksr, dSrokiqfr
gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk& f;kd n`Dikrd O;ktl dkensod ok.k fudfy jgy vfN A
Ny diVs d; vio dSro iwoZd mkQ A
f;k dVk{kd diVl dked ok.k ;qkQ AA
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&32
Ny&diV d, oLrqd fu"ksk djc dSrokiqfr Fkhd_ ;Fkk& f;kd dVk{kd
O;ktl dkensod ck.k ;qkQ Hk, jgy vfN A
8- mRs{kk
oqQoy;kuUnes mRs{kkd Nvks Hksn d,y xsy vfN A vykj&ekfydkes lsgks
Nvks Hksn vfN A nqud
w mnkgj.kes dksuks vUrj ufg ns[kuk tkbr vfN A e'k%
mnkgj.k Lrqr &
kweLrksea re% 'kads dksdhfojg'kq"e.kke~ A
fyEirho rekskfu o"kZrhoktua uHk% AA
jkQkS rok~kzh e`nqykS Hkqfo fo{ksi.kkn~kzqoe~ A
RoUeq [ kkHks P N;k uw u a iS j k;rs 'k'kh AA
e;% fda oqQp;kskZ`R;S c% dudnkfeHk% A
k;sCta RoRinsuSD;a kIra rks;s riL;fr AA
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&33&35
(1) lk;adkyhu vUgkj ekuw dksdhd 'kksdkfXud kwvk fFkd A
(2) jkfrd vUgkj dh fFkd] cqf> iM+rS vfN tsuk vkdk'k dktjd o"kkZ d,ds
nsges ysirS gks A
eqnk ls lHk fdNq ,fg lkvksu Hkknoes n`fxkspj gksbN A vkyEcu rFkk mhiu
foHkko fr Lo;a cuy NfFk] rs vuqHkko LokHkkfods vuq i'pkr~ HkofUr bfr
vuqHkkok% A vk rSra hlks Vk O;fHkpkjhHkko viu mi;qDr jld ifjikdes lgk;d gksbrs
vfN A vks O;fHkpkjh Hkko fFkd
fuos Z n Xykfu'ka d k[;kLrFkk lw ; kenJek%
vkyL;So nSU;L; fparkeksgLe`frkZ`fr% A
ozhM+k piyk g"kZ vkosxks tM+rk rFkk
xoksZfo"kkn vkSRlqD;a fukiLekj ,op AA
efrO;kZf/LrFkksUekn% rFkk ej.keso p A
lkvksu&Hkknoes ,xkjgks jlds i`Fkd&i`Fkd 'kh"kZdd vUrxZr jkf[k fuEukafdr
ees ltkvksy xsy vfN (1) la;ksx k `xa kj (2) foyEHk k `xa kj (3) ohj
(4) d#.k (5) gkL; (6) vqr (7) Hk;kud (8) jkS (9) ohHkRl (10) 'kkUr
(11) okRlY; ,oa (12) HkfDr A
dfo dksu rjgs foHkko] vuqHkko vks O;fHkpkjh Hkkod la;ksxl jld fu"ifk
djSr NfFk] ls ns[ky tk; A la;ksx k `xa kjd ^fpj&lksgkfxuh* 'kh"kZdl mnkgj.k Lrqr
vfN
meM+fy lfjrk flUkq&lek
vkfyfr&r# yrk Hkfek A
nwfHk lst lft ckldlTtk
olqkk ifgjfy iV gjhfrek AA
,r olqkk] ts ckldlTtk ukf;dkd :ies fpf=kr NfFk] vkyEcu foHkko
NfFk A nwfHk&lst vk ikold dkj.k yksd Nkges jfgrs vfN rs ,dkUr LFkku] ls
mhiu foHkko Hksy A ts fd la;ksx k `xa kj fujis{k vfN rs LFkk;hHkko gks;rSd jfr]
sekyki djckd bPNk A mi;qDZ r ikrhes gelHk ns[kSr Nh ts r# vk yrkd :ies
vkfyu vk dVk{kfu{ksi lsgks pfy, jgy vfN rs vuqHkkoks NSds A iqu% lfjrkd
meM+c vk flUkqd l le djc O;fHkpkjhHkko Hksy A
dsgu foy{k.k dYiukd mM+ku vfN ! drsd ;FkkFkZ fp=k mifLFkr d;y xsy
vfN ! ,gh dkjs lHk jld ifjikdes dfo iw.kZ liQy Hksykg vfN A
t[ku dfo foyEHk k `xa kjd o.kZu dj yxSr NfFk r fo;ksxd dkj.ks vJq
okfgr gks;c LokHkkfods A eqnk ls vJq ,r LokHkkfod ufg jfg tkbN A d#.kjld

36@fHkUu&vfHkUu lkvksu&Hkkno vk lqeu@25

Hkjy lzkrs ] ;Fkk&ifrR;Drk 'koqQUryk] ifrR;Drk lhrk rFkk fpjfojfg.kh jkkk bR;kfn
lHkd vuqdj.k ,d=k d lkvksu&Hkknod es?kd O;kts o"kkZ djcSr NfFk] tkfgl
d#.kjld kkj iqQfV iM+rS vfN A
^fpj&fo;ksfxuh*d ckn ohjjld ^lej&Hkwfe* 'kh"kZdds jk[kc dfod drsd
lw{enf'kZrkd cksk djcSr vfN ! ohjRod dk;Z fFkdSd vkifkl yksdds =kk.k
fn;kc, A ohjrkd gsrq {kf=k; fl vfN vk {kf=k;d dk;Z fFkdSd =kk.k nsvk;c
{k=kkfRdy=kkr;bUR;qnxz% {k=kL; 'kCnks Hkqous"kq :<+% A
,r xzh"ed p.M mkkid dkj.ks yksdlHk vkrafdr vfN vk nkslj fnl
fo;ksfxuh ukf;dk lsgks fpj fojgl O;koqQy NfFk A nqud
w s r mkjs d,fugkjd
;kstu A
^lej&Hkwfe*es lqeuth }kjk es?kds <ky] fctyksdkds [k rFkk tyfcUnqds
xzh"e:ih vfjnyd vPNsnul okfgr jDrd kkjd :ies dYiuk djc loZFkk
vfHkuo vks ekSfyd cq>uk tkbN A
dfod gkL;jld friknu r vkjks cslh n;kknd Hksy vfN A bZ frd vfN dh Toj \ ufg lf[k ! dkenso A
d.k&d.kes gkL;jld lapkj d nSr NfFk vk rkgwes foy{k.krk r bZ vfN ts gkL;d
ts fofHkUu Nvks Hksn fLer] gflr] fogflr] vogflr] vigflr rFkk vfrgflr ok
vgkl] ls lHk fed ns[kvksus NfFk A vUrj ,rcs vfN ts Nvks dkjd gkL;d
fp=k.k i`Fkd&i`Fkd ufg d vksdjk rhu Hkkxes d;yfu vfN T;s] e;e vk
uhp A ,r; ,d oxZd vUrxZr nw dkjd gkL; vcSr vfN] ;Fkk
^T;skuka fLer gflrs%
e;kuka fogflrkogflrk'p A
uhpkukekigflra
rFkkfrgflrap "kM~Hksnk% AA
(1) T;s fLer] gflr]
(2) e;e fogflr] vogflr rFkk
(3) uhp vigflr] vfrgflr A
,fg vkkkjij dfod fuEukafdr ikrhd voyksdu djc vklfd
ufg gks;r
oLrqd keZd vkjksi tr, oLrqij gksv, vksr, i;ZLrkiqfr gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk&
bZ pUek ufg r pUek ds \ pUek r f;keq[k Fkhd A
i;ZLrkiqfr ;fnp vur r vkjksi A
pku u bZ uHk] r[ku dh \ lqUnjhd eq[k&vksi AA
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&29
;fn rd vkjksi drgq vU;=k gks r i;ZLrkiqfr gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk&
vkdk'kes bZ pku ufg] r[ku dh \ bZ lqUnjhd eq[k Fkhd A
HkzkUrkiqfr
HkzkUrkiqfrjU;L; 'kk;ka HkzkfUrokj.ks A
rkia djksfr lksRdEia] Toj% d \ u] lf[k ! Lej% AA
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&29
vkud 'kadk fuokj.kd dkj.ks HkzkUrkiqfr gksbr vfN] ;Fkk&rkid lax dEiu
'kadk HkzkfUr fuokj.ks ^HkzkUr&viqfr* uke A
dic; ric; lf[k ! fo"ke Toj \ u] fo"ke 'kj dke AA
& vyadkj&ekfydk] lw=k&30
HkzkfUr fuokj.kd dkj.ks HkzkUrkiqfr uke vfN] ;Fkk& gs lf[k A dicSr ricSr
vfN] ds] fo"ke Toj \ ufg] fo"ke 'kj (ipok.k) dkenso A
Nsdkiqfr
Ns d kiq f rjU;L; 'k k rLrF;fuos A
tYiUeRins yXu% dkUr% fda \ ufg] uwiqj% AA
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k& 30
vkud 'kadkd dkj.ks rF;ds uqdk;c Nsdkiqfr Fkhd_ ;Fkk& vks 'kCn djSr
gej i;jes yXu Hk xsy_ ds f; \ ufg lf[k ! uwijq A
ij'kadk fgr rF;ds >fiv viqfr Nsd A
xquxquk; in yk;] dh f; \ ufg] uwiqj ns[k AA
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&31

26@fHkUu&vfHkUu vyadkj&ekfydkij dqoy;kuUnd Hkko@35

7- viqfr fLereq [ k od&ia f Dr, O;ks e ry
dsrfd O;kt gl, [ky [ky[ky A
'kqkiqfr
'kqkiqfr frjU;L;kjksikFkksZ keZfuok A fodp oqQeqn nUrkoyhd Ny
uk;a lqkka'kq%] fda rfgZ \ O;ksexkljks#ge~ AA gkL;&eq[kj lj&lfjrk dydy AA

&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&26 mDr iafDres fLer gkL;d o.kZu&ees dfo dgSr NfFk ts frd vkdk'k
:ih eqg l gkL; fudfy jgy vfN ts cxqykd ikrhl n`fxkspj gksbN A ikoles
tr, vrd vkjksid gsrq rd fu"ksk d,y tk, vksr, 'kqkiqfr gksbr cxqykd n`'; LokHkkfods A ;fn cxqykd ikrhl ,r nkrd vFkZ ysy tk; r bZ ,dVk
vfN_ ;Fkk & bZ pUek ufg r vkvksj dh \ bZ r vkdk'kxaxkd dey Fkhd A nks"k dgkvksr A dkj.k] fLer gkL;es eqg ij gkL;d js[kk ek=k jgSr vfN A us dksuks
oLrq fu"ksfk voLrqds dgc ^vig~uqfr* 'kq A ofu cgjkbr NSd vk us dksuks nkrd
s n`'; gksbr NSd A r[ku jlfl dfo lqeuth
pku u fFkd bZ uHk ljd 'osr ljkst fo'kq AA ,gu vlr ;ksx dksuk d ldSr NfFk \ ;fn ,gw rjgs ,dj vFkZ ysy tk; r
& vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&27 ,rsd NksV nks"kd dkj.k ,fg fof'k dkO;d xfjekij dfu;ks vk?kkr ufg vkc nSr
NSd A
oLrqd fu"ksk d, voLrqd LFkkiuk djc 'kqkig~ufq r Fkhd_ ;Fkk & bZ pku
,dks f g nks " k% xq . k lfikrs
ufg] vkdk'kxaxkd dey Fkhd A
fueTtrhUnks% fdj.ksf"ookad% A
gsRoiqfr
l ,o ;qfDriwoZ'psnqP;rs gsRoiqfr% A fdUrq] ,dj lekkku cM+ lgt <axs Hk tkbr vfN A gejkyksdfu tuSr Nh
usUnqLriks u fu';dZ%] flUkksjkSoksZ ;eqfRFkr% AA ts dfoflfd vkkkjij gkL;d Lo:i mTToy NSd vk rkgh Hkkoukl lqeuth lsgks
fy[kus gks;rkg A rs bgks ,dVk oSf'k~;s Hksy A
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&27
iqu% i`Fohij lsgks e;e gkL;d l`f gksbr vfN A ,fg dkjd gkL;d gsrq
'kqkiqfr tr, ;qfkQiwod
Z gksbr vfN vksr, gsRoiqfr dgcSN_ ;Fkk & bZ pku ekqj ofud l&l b"kr~ nUrn`'; lsgks vko';d vk ls ,r Li"V vfN
ufg fFkdkg dkj.k ts ,fges rki NSd] bZ lw;Z ufg fFkdkg dkj.k ts jkfres lw;Z ufg ^dsrfd O;kt glS Fky [ky[ky* l A D;ksyk iwQyd ijkx Hkkx fdNq n`'; jgSr NSd
mxSr NfFk_ bZ r leqd cM+okuy Fkhd A vk vksfgl ekqj ofu ^[ky[ky* fudkyc dfod dYiukd deuh;rk fFkd A
^gsrq&viqfr* Lrqrd [k.Mu ;qfDr v[k.M A ,oadkjs fuEudksfVd gkL;d lsgks ltho fp=k.k d;y xsy vfN A ,gu
pku u ri;] u riu fuf'k] lkxj ckMc fiaM AA gkL;es nkr [kqfyd ckgj Hk tkbN] eqg l rhoz ofu fudySr NSd rFkk 'kjhjd
& oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&28 fofHkUu vax dki yxSr NSd A ls lHk miknku ,r mifLFkr vfN A oqQeqn LiqQfVr
vLrqrd v[k.M ;qfkQl Lrqrd [k.Mu gsRoiqfr Fkhd_ ;Fkk& pkues rki vfN ts nUrkoyhd fodflr :i fFkd] ^lj&lfjrk*es ^dydy* ofu NSd ts
ufg Nfu] us lw;Z jkfres mxSr NfFk] bZ r leqd vfXu (cM+okuy) Fkhd A vksdj rjds dkj.k fFkd
fodp oqQeqn nUrkoyhd Ny
i;ZLrkiqfr
gkL; eq[kj lj&lfjrk dydy
vU;=k rL;kjks i kFkZ % i;Z L rkiq f rLrq l% A
uk;a lqkka'kq%] fda rfgZ \ lqkka'kq% s;lh eq[ke~ AA fefFkykapyes kh;k&iwrkds gl;ck ys*] [ksy;ck ys* yksd eqg >kfid vk
iqu% m?kkfjd ^iw&>kr* djSr vfN] rdjks fp=k.k djc dfo fcljykg ufg
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&28
34@fHkUu&vfHkUu lkvksu&Hkkno vk lqeu@27
 vks f <+ es ? k&ny dkjh dEcy 4- mYys[k
>kfi pUeq[k vufpUgkfj Ny cgq f HkcZ g q kks Y ys [ kns d L;ks Y ys [ k b";rs A
?kuiVl jfg&jfg duMs f j, L=khfHk% dkekfFZkfHk% LoZq% dky% 'k=kqfHkjSf{k l% AA
rkfd gl,&glc, vfr papy A
&dqQq oy;kuUn] lw=k&22
gkL;jld la m`r mDr nquw ikrhes ;qDr ^fodp oqQeqn* rFkk ^pUeq[k*l
ofur gksbN ts dfo jkrqd n`';d o.kZu d jgykg vfN] eqnk ^cdiafDr* nsf[k tr, ,dfg oLrqd vusd O;fDrd lEcUkes fHkUu&fHkUu dkjs o.kZu d,y
'kadk gksc yxSN A ufg tkfu ^cd* jkfr;kses mM+NS ] n`fxkspj gksbN fdaok ufg \ tk, vksr, mYys[k vykj gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk& (vksfg jktkds ) L=khx.k dkensod
:ies] ;kpd dYio`{kd rFkk 'k=kq lHk dkyd :ies ns[kySfUg A
,fg 'kadkd lekkku lsgks dksuks dfBu ufg A dfo lkvksu&Hkknod o.kZu
d;yfu vfN& nw ekld ,fg vofkes drsd fnu&jkfr chrSr vfN A rs tr cxqyk n`fHksno'k ,dgqd cgqy dFku mYys[k A
mifLFkr vfN ls fnuqds o.kZu gks;r vk pUeq[k jkrqd A ;Sg rdZ lr cq>uk tkbN A ;kpd lqjr#] dky fjiq] kfu gqfu enu ijs[k AA
lkvksu&Hkknoes tfguk fofHkUu jld foy{k.k ifjikd Hksy vfN rfguk &vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&22
vyadkjd lqUnj lkeatL; lsgks A :id&vyadkjd r dFks ufg ts cslh Bke 'ys"ks n`fHksns ,d oLrqd fHkUu&fHkUu dkjs dFku mYys[k fFkd_ ;Fkk & (vksfg
HksVr] tkfg dkj.ks bZ lkekU; ikBdd gsrq Hkkxors fFkd jktkds ) ;kpd dYio`{kd :ies] 'k=kq dkyd :ies rFkk L=kh dkensod :ies
fo|korka Hkkxors ijh{kk A ns[kySfUg A
k;% lqeuthd ,gus jpukl Hkkfor Hk MkW t;dkUr feJ fy[kSr NfFk 5- Le`fr
A common man may superficially be pleased with his lines but it is only the ita i';r% dkUrkeq[ka es xkgrs eu% AA
learned who can fully appreciate his poems.
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&24
eqnk] Mk feJds ,rcfgl lUrks"k ufg Hksyfu r iqu% fy[kSr NfFk His
Sanskritised diction, measured rhyms and rhitorical style can never make deyds nsf[krfg gejk f;keq[kd Lej.k Hk xsy A
his poems 'memorable' for the common reader. dey fujf[krfg eu iM+y f;k&onu veyku AA
MkWDVj lkgsc lqeuth }kjk d;y xsy d`frd ekuohdj.kl lsgks csl Hkkfor &vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&24
NfFk A i;fLouh ,oa frinkes igkM+ds ,d o`] ;qod ,oa cPpkd :ies vk o`{kds mi;qZ kQ nquw mnkgj.k ,ds Fkhd A
laU;klhd :ies d;y xsy ekuohdj.kd l fgud mfDr O; Fkhd His
personification of a mountain as an old man, a youth and a boy or that of a 6- HkzkfUr
tree as an asetic; reavel his supreme poitic gifts. v;a ekekqiLRoUeq[ka osfk ite~ A
vyadkjksd peRdkj O;& & oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&25
es?k&O;wgl fnl&fnl ?ksjy bZ eLr Hkzej vgkds dey cq>rS vfN A
f;re tdj fjDr&dj csky A ekqi ek kfu&onuds vey dey cqf> ySN AA
fnok&mkjk vuq[ku n'kZu&
& vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&25
mRlqd vJqeq[kh iFk gsjy AA
mi;qZ kQ nquw mnkgj.kes dksuks vUrj ufg vfN A
(fo"kkne;h)
28@fHkUu&vfHkUu vyadkj&ekfydkij dqoy;kuUnd Hkko@33
 ;fn mies;ds mieku vFkok miekuds mies; cuk nsy tk, r rhikykj
gksbr vfN] ;Fkk& (gs lqUnfj !) eq[kd xoZ O;FkZ Fkhd] pUek lsgks vksgus lqUnj
NfFk A
f}rh; rhi
vU;ks i es ; ykHks u o.;Z L ;kukjn'p rr~ A
vya xos.Z k rs oD=k ! dkUR;k pUksfi rkn`'k% AA
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&13
tr, vU; inkFkZ (mieku)ds mies; cukd, o.;Z fo"k;d frjLdkj d,y
tk, vksr, f}rh; rhi gksbr vfN] ;Fkk& (gs lqUnfj !) eq[kd xoZ O;FkZ Fkhd]
pUek lsgks vksgus lqUnj NfFk A
frjLdkj Lrqrd d; vLrqrd fokku A
onu xjo d# nwj kfu ! pkuks #fpj leku AA
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&13
tr, Lrqrd (mies;d) frjLdkj d, vLrqrd (miekud) fokku gksv,
vksr, f}rh; rhi gksbN_ ;Fkk & gs kfu ! eqg d xoZ ufg d:] pkuksd lkSUn;Z vksgus
NSfUg A
ipe rhi
rhieq i ekuL; fdeF;Z e fi eUors A
n`a ps}nua rL;k% fda isu fdfeUnquk AA
&oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&16
tr, miekud O;FkZrk ns[kkvksy tk, vksr, ipe rhi gksbr vfN_ ;Fkk&
vksfg ukf;dkd eqg nsf[k ysygq r deyl dksu eryc vk pUekl dh ykHk \
vFkok miekud dFkk dfFk y; dfjv lksj A
pku dey dsj dFkk dh \ ns[ky kfu eq[k xksj AA
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&16
miekud lksj djc O;FkZ ! kfud xksj eqg nsf[k ysygq r pku vk deyd
xIis dh \
32@fHkUu&vfHkUu
mDr ikrhes t ,d fnl vfHkeU;q&iRuh mkjk vJqe[q kh Hk fjDrgLr] O;wges
?ksjy viu ifrd vkxeud rh{kk d jgy vfN r nkslj fnl fnok&ukf;dk
es?k&O;wges ?ksjy viu f;re lw;dZ rh{kk d jgfy NfFk A iqu% &
fda o k es ? k&O;kkl cs f kr
fnuifr&kSap T;ksfr fu%'ksf"kr
lgpjhd Loj d#.k fpjUru
fojg vuqHkos eqfu&eu Dysf'kr
(fo"kkne;h)
mDr iafDrd lanHkZes vkfndfo okYehfdd 'yksdd ksr kSp a d fuku vk
kSp
a hd fojg&n'kkd Lej.k dj iM+r A ,dVk O;kkk kSp a hd eSFkqujr kSp
a ds ekfj
nsydSd vk vksdj lgpjh kSp a hd fojg&osnuk eqfud eqg l lglk ,dVk 'yksd cfu
fudfy iM+yfu] ts fFkd
ek fu"kkn frka Roexe% 'kkjorh% lek% A
;RkS a p feFkq u kns d eokh% dkeeks f gre~ AA
drsd foy{k.k 'ys"k vks :id vfN ! es?kds O;kkk] fnuifrds kSp a
^T;ksfr&fu%'ksf"kr* nquw vFkZes fuku A ^lgpjh* ,d fnl fnok r nkslj fnl kSp
a h vk
vksdj fojg&osnukl ,d fnl t eqfu O;fFkr r nkslj fnl dfo Lo;a A
,fguk vU;=kks ns[ky tk ldSr vfN A ,rnfrfjDr vU;kU;ks vyadkj ;Fkk&
miek] mRs{kk] foHkkouk] vfr'k;ksfDr vkfnd ;ksx lsgks de ufg vfN A
loZrksHkkosu ;Sg dgy tk ldSN ts ^lkvksu&Hkkno* y?kq vkdkjd jfgrgq
vusd c`gn~ vkdkjd iksFkhl cslh ego j[kSr vfN A ,dj ,d&,d iafDr
fo'ys"k.kkRed vfN] ts dfods vuUrdky kfj fo}r~lektes lekn`r cukSus jgr A
(fefFkyk fefgj] 9 fnlEcj] 1979)
v
lkvksu&Hkkno vk lqeu@29
 tr; ,dfg oLrq mieku ,oa mies; nquw gksv, vksr, vuUo;kykj gksbr
vfN] ;Fkk pUek pUes lu 'kksHkkoyk fFkdkg A
,ds fo"k; ^vuUo;*d] mies;s mieku A
vgk vgh lu] pku NfFk pkus lu Jheku~ AA
vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&9
vuUo;kykjes ,ds fo"k; mies; rFkk mieku cfu tkbr vfN_ ;Fkk& vgk
vyadkj&ekfydkij oqQoy;kuUnd Hkko vgh lu rFkk pku pkus lu NfFk A
mi;qZ kQ nquw mnkgj.k ,ds fFkd A Jh lqeuth ek=k ^vgk vgh lu* dfgd,
laLr vykj lkfgR;d ijEijkes ts LFkku oqQoy;kuUndkj vIi; nhf{krd fdNq ikFkZD; ns[kvksyfUg vfN A
vfN l,g LFkku eSfFkyhes vykj&ekfydkdkj ks lqjUs >k ^lqeu*d A fgud 2- mies;ksiek
vykj&ekfydkij oqQoy;kuUnd rsgu us Hkko iM+y vfN ts drgq&drgq langs
[kfeo tya tyfeo [ka gal bo pU'pU bo gal% A
gkse, yxSr vfN ts bZ ekSfyd jpuk Fkhd ok vuqokn \
&oqQq oy;kuUn] lw=k&11
vykjd y{k.kes r fo'ks"k ikFkZD; ns[kk;c lEHko ufg vfN] fdUrq
mnkgj.k r iw.kZr% cnfy nsy tk ldSr Ny A nquw iksFkhd v;;u ,oa vuq'khyu vkdk'k tdk ty] ty tdk vkdk'k] gal tdk pU ,oa pU tdk gal NfFk A
d;yk lUrk Lir% rhr gksbr vfN ts mnkgj.kks lkekU; ifjokZud lax vk cgqrks ljoj lu nsf[k; xxu] ljoj xxu leku A
LFkyij ;Fkkors jk[ky xsy vfN A rs drgq&drgq r 'kadk gkse, yxSr vfN ts bZ jktgal NfFk pku lu] jktgal le pku AA
vfody vuqokns uss gksv, A
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&11
lkekU;r% vykjd iksFkhes 'kCnkykjd o.kZu ifgus HksVrS vfN vk vFkkZykjd
,r, ^ljksoj lu vkdk'k] ljksoj vkdk'k lu] jktgal pku lu ,oa pku
cknes A fdUrq oqQoy;kuUnd vuqxeu djSr Jhlqeuth mies vykjl vkjEHk
jktgal lu* dgy xsy NfFk ts mi;qDZ r mnkgj.kl lkE; j[kSr vfN A
d,ySfUg A e&la[;k vks lw=k&la[;k kfj oqQoy;kuUn ,oa vykj&ekfydkd
lekus tdk vfN A lw=k&la[;k 12 l 23 kfj dksuks ifjorZu ufg d,y xsy vfN A 3- rhi
oqQoy;kuUnes 24 ,oa 25 lw=kd vUrxZr Le`fr] langs ,oa HkzkfUrd o.kZu d,y xsy rhieq i ekuL;ks i es ; Roa dYiue~ A
vfN] tdjk Jhlqeuth 24] 25 ,oa 26 lw=kd vUrxZr e'k% j[kyfUg] rs ,r,l RoYykspulea ia Ro}D=k ln`'kks fokq% AA
vykj&ekfydkes lw=kd la[;k ,d vkxw cf<+ xsy A iqu% mRs{kkykjd ifjHkk"kk &oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k &12
oqQoy;kuUnes ,dfgVk i|es nsy xsy vfN tdjk Jhlqeuth nwVk i|es nsus NfFk]
rs mRs{kkykjl lw=k&la[;k nw vkxw Hk xsy A ge viu mi;qZ kQ dFkud ifjiqfes tr; fl miekuds mies; cuk nsy tk; vksr; rhikykj gksbr vfN]
nquw iksFkhl fdNq rqyukRed mnkgj.k Lrqr d, jgygq vfN & ;Fkk & (gs lqUnfj !) dey vgkd us=k leku rFkk pUek eqg d leku NfFk A
fFkd ^rhi* foijhr ;fn mies;s mieku A
1- vuUo;
vgd u;u le ufyu iqfu pkuks onu leku AA
miekuksies;Roa ;nsdL;So oLrqu% A
&vykj&ekfydk] lw=k&12
bUnqfjUnqfjo JhekfuR;knkS rnuUo;% AA &oqQoy;kuUn] lw=k&10
30@fHkUu&vfHkUu vyadkj&ekfydkij dqoy;kuUnd Hkko@31
8- vyadkj&niZ.k % ia- lhrkjke >k] Hkwfedk
9- r=kSo & i` & 1
10- vyadkj&deykdj % ia- nkeksnj >k] Hkwfedk
11- kphu xhr % ks- jekukFk >k] Hkwfedk
12- Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou* % vk"kk<+d Hkwfedk
13- ekyk % ljl dfo bZ'kukFk >k] xk;dl
14- ,dkn'kh % ks- gfjeksgu >k] i`&89
15-
16-
dfork&laxzg % eSfFkyh vdkneh] Hkwfedk] i`&5
jkkk&fojg % dfopwM+kef.k dk'khdkUr feJ ^ekqi* % Hkwfedk
ckft mBy eqjyh
17- >kkj % dfopwM+kef.k ^e/qi*] Hkwfedk] i` & 51
18- jkkk&fojg % dfopwM+kef.k ^e/qi*] i`"B& 70
fot;kuUn] oqQt
a jatu] lqn'kZu] iq.Mjhd] ckeu 'kkL=kh] dk';i] JhBkoqQj
19- dkO;&ehekalk % MkW t;kkjh flag] Fke Hkkx] Hkwfedk] i`& d bR;kfn n'kkfkd Nukekkjh dfooj misU BkoqQj ^eksgu*d Jsre jpuk ^ckft
20- vykj&ekfydk % ks lqjsU >k ^lqeu*] kLrkfod] i`&7 mBy eqjyh* vkb gejkyksdfud le{k Lrqr vfN A bZ dfod lqnh?kZ fpUru] kS<+
21- ckft mBy eqjyh % dfooj misU BkoqQj ^eksgu*] Hkwfedk i` 4 ,oa 13 ,oa [kj cqf rFkk xgu vuqHkwfrd ifjpk;d fFkd A ,rcs ufg] bZ ,dVk o`gn~
22- vk'kk&fn'kk % Jh pUukFk feJ ^vej*] i`&12 vkdkjd i|ladyu vfN tkfges dfod fofHkUu le;d] fofHkUu eu%fLFkfrd]
23- es#&Hkk % MkW Jh".k feJ & Hkwfedk] i`& 13&14 fofHkUu ifjfLFkfrd ,oa fofHkUu fo"k;d i| (lHk feykd 101) ladfyr vfN A
24- eSfFkyh egkdkO;d mn~Hko vks fodkl % MkW f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr*] i`&161 ,dj vkfnes fy[ky pkSvkyhl istd Hkwfedk lsgks de ego ufg j[kSN A
25- r=kSo
,fg iqLrdd xEHkhjrkiwod Z v;;u d;ykij dfod lEiw.kZ thoud
26- eSfFkyh dkO;'kkL=k % MkW fnus'k oqQekj >k] i`&251
fLFkfr& jktuhfrd ok lkekftd] vkfFkZd ok ekufld] lkaLfrd ok euksoKS kfud
27- ftthfo"kk % MkW txnh'k feJ] Hkwfedk] i` & 3
& lHk fdNq pyfp=kor~ vkf[kd ijnkij vkc yxSr vfN A dfo ,d fnl t
(fefFkyk fefgj] 5 iQjojh 1984) jkkk&".kd .k;kyki lEcUkh xhr xkc yxSr NfFk r nkslj fnl ckskukRed xhr
v lsgks] drgq t rqo.kZu dj yxSr NfFk r drgq csl Vksi&Vgadkjl vfHk;ku xhr
mBk ySr NfFk] drgq t viu fu'py HkfDrn;d ifjp; nSr NfFk r drgq
n;uh;rkd ikdes iQly vkkZukn] drgq t fufyZIr ,dkdkj cqf> iM+rS NfFk r drgq
vkks'kiw.kZ iqQiQdkj NksMrS+ A
fdUrq lHk fdNq gksbrks ,fg ewY;oku iksFkh (1978d lkfgR; vdkneh
iqjLdkjkIr) ikrh&ikrh xokgh nSr vfN dfod ekr`Hkk"kkd fr vuU; Jk vk
sed A dfod vfkdka'k dforkes eSfFkyh fojkskh rod HkRlZuk d;y xsy vfN]
,djk fr oqQn`f j[kfugkj O;fDrd fuUnk d;y xsy vfN vk laxfg eSfFkyhds viu
mfpr vfkdkj fn;,ckd gsrq vfHk;ku xhr lsgks xkvksy xsy vfN A xhrlHk dfod
ys[kuhd peRr 'kfDrd |ksrd fFkd ts if<+ usukl cw<+ kfj] ;qodl ;qorh kfj]
fo}kul ew[kZ kfj] lHkd jDr [kkSy yxSN vk eksu gksb NS ts lHk D;ks ,ds csj
60@fHkUu&vfHkUu ckft mBy eqjyh@41
dkUges dkUg tksfM+ vkUnksyud vkfxes owQfn iM+h vk vIiu ek;d bTtfr cpkch A
ds liwr viu ek;d phjd vigj.k gksbr nsf[k ldSN \
dfo fefFkyk ek=kes tUexzg.k d;fugkjs Vkds eSfFky ufg ekuSr NfFk] vfirq
eSfFkyhd vfkdkj nsvvksfugkj fefFkysrj O;fDr;ksds eSfFky ekuSr NfFk A dfo
LokFkkZUk euqD[kds eSfFky ufg ekuSr NfFk] vfirq ijksidkjh lkekftd O;fDrds
Lotu ekuSr NfFk A fgud 'kCnes
Hkk"kk laLfrds ts D;ks k.kksie eku;
ns'k&lektd fgr&{kfrds ts fut d tku;
viu ns'k&dksld euqD[k ls] ls ;'k ikvksr A
eSfFkyhd vfkdkj ;qds ts lqf<+vkvksr A1
fefFkykapyd yksd lnkl jktuhfres cM+ ikNw jgy vfN] tdj ifj.kke fFkd
ts vkb gejkyksdfud ?kjes D;ks nkslj os'k dj pkgSr vfN A vkc yksdd psruk
txySd vfN vk ykBh yd rS;kj gks;ckd miees vfN (lsgks eUn xfr,) A
bZ psruk t de&l&de ipklks o"kZ iwoZ jfgrSd r eSfFky vk eSfFkyhd fdNq uos
bfrgkl jfgr; A xke&?kjd vui<+ yksdd dFks dksu ts i<+yks&fy[ky O;fDrlHk
Hkk"kkd ego ufg cq>rS NfFk A ckV&?kkV] dksV&Z dpgjh] Vus &cl] LowQy&dkyst
vkfn lHk LFkyes ;fn yksd ekr`Hkk"kkes ctckd .k d fyv; r dh ljdkjd
oqQlhZ ufg Mksfy t;rSd \ eqnk cgqrks xksVs ,gu NfFk ts ekbd Hkk"kk ctckes yTtkd
cksk djSr NfFk A dfo ,gu O;fDrd fr dsgu xw<+ O;aX; d;yfu vfN] dus ls
O;&
?kjd xkslkmfu >[kfFk vUgkjs efUnj ckjc nhi \
xke uksr ufg] uksr csykgh] tfM+ rft idM+c Nhi \
t[ku eS f Fkyh lw i d Hkk V k Hks y la d Vki
dh jkf;rk \ ns'k&HkfDr dh \ ds xkSjo&lEiUu \2
iqu% dfo fefFkykapyd yksdd n;es fufgr laoQq fpr Hkkoukij n`ffu{ksi
djSr dgSr NfFk
ns'kd flekuij t >xM+k ctjS vfN r ls dFks dksu \
fefFkyk&eSfFky&eSfFkyhdsj LoRoks iNM+; r vpy eksu A
ckM+h&[ksrd t Mkfj&VkV ?kqldkvksr D;ks] pyrS lks Vk
lhfer LokFkZd bZ thou tx vkckn jg; Hkkd yksVk AA3
42@fHkUu&vfHkUu
laxs ,djk R;kT; lsgks ufg dgSr NfFk A fgudk fopkjs vyadkjjfgrks dkO; fo}}xZds
vksfguk vk djr tsuk vyadkjlfgr dkO; A vUrj ,rcs ts vyadkj;qDr dkO;
lkekU;ks ikBdds vkufUnr djr A Mk- >k vyadkjds 'kkjhfjd ck vkMEcj rqY;
ekuSr NfFk vk rs vksdj LokHkkfod xq.k n;d dkseyrk] yTtk'khyrk] se] lsok]
n;k] lerk vkfnds vksfgl i`Fkd d nSr NfFk A26
^ftthfo"kk*d Hkwfedk fy[kSr ks- txnh'k feJ dgSr NfFk ts vkb ;qx cnyy
vfN rs kphu ijEijkd dfork fojys fy[ky tkbr vfN A fgudk fopkjs
lkfgfR;d {ks=kes vkewy ifjorZu Hk xsy vfN A ,dj ek;e] 'kSyh] dkj] NUn
vkfn lHkes ifjorZu Hk xsy A vyadkj r ppksd Z fo"k; ufg cq>;yfu A27
mDr foospukd vkkkjij vyadkjd fo"k;ij fopkj d;fugkj fo}kud rhu
oxZ Hk tkbr vfN
(1) Fke oxZ ,fg oxZd fo}kuyksdfu vyadkjds vfuok;Z ekuyfu vfN A ,dj
vUrxZr egkoS;kdj.k nhucUkq >k] ia- lhrkjke >k] ia- jekukFk >k] ia- nkeksnj
>k] ks- lqjUs >k ^lqeu*] dfopwMk+ ef.k ^ekqi*] misU BkoqQj ^eksgu*]
Mk- t;kkjh flag vkfnd uke mYys[kuh; vfN A
(2) f}rh; oxZ ,fg oxZd fo}kuyksdfu dkO;d gsrq vyadkjds us vko';ds
ekuyfu vfN vk us ,djk Hkkjs cq>rS NfFk A ,dj vUrxZr Mk- fnus'k oqQekj
>kd uke mYys[kuh; vfN A
(3) r`rh; oxZ ,fg oxZd fo}kuyksdfu dkO;d gsrq vyadkjds Hkkjs cq>rS NfFk A
,dj vUrxZr LoxhZ; Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou*] ljl dfo bZ'kukFk >k] ks-
txnh'k feJ vkfnd uke mYys[kuh; vfN A
lanHkZ %
1- dkO;kykj lw=k&o`fk % okeu & 1&2
2- pUkyksd % t;nso & Fke e;w[k] 'yksd&8
3- ,dkoyh&ifj.k; % dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >k & 1&12
4- o.kZjRukdj % T;ksfrjh'oj & f}rh; dYyksy] i`& 5
5- r=kSo & i` &6
6- r=kSo &i` & 21
7- vyadkj&lkxj % egkoS;kdj.k nhucUkq >k] i`&4
eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk@59
djckes cgqe[q kh frHkkd ;kstu NSd] ts vkkqfud vfkdka'k dfod dkO;es ufg
ns[ky tkbr vfN A fdUrq ckt; ds \ la[;k r vksdjs cslh NSd A dfooj misU
BkoqQj ^eksgu* ,gu dfods ^dfi* dgSr NfFk vk fgud jpukds cykRdkjl Hksy
xHkkZkkud voSk lUrku rqY; ekuSr NfFk A ,rcs ufg] nkslj LFkyij dfo iqu% dgSr
NfFk ts vkb&dkfYg yksd uodfork fnl >qdy vfN tkfges Hkkjrh; ewy ro de
HksVr A dfofgd 'kCnes ^^,d Vk rsljks dkj vfN fodykax l`fd & tr us
frHkk jgrSd vk us fo|k&cqf] vksr cykr~ in&;kstukl dkO; cfurs NSd A ,gu
dfo fu'p;r% dfi&dksfVd A ,gu dfork cykRdkjl Hksy xHkkZkkud voSk lUrku
rqY; fFkd--------A
vkc uodforkd ctkj xje NSd A lHk vksgh fnl yidy vfN A ,fges
Hkkjrh; ewy ro (jl NUn vyadkj bR;kfn) rkdc r cM+ de HksVr] cslh fons'kh
eky Hkkjrh; vkoj.k A**21
ia- pUukFk feJ ^vej* lsgks vyadkjd ekU;rkds Lohdkj djSr NfFk A rs
us dfg mBSr NfFk
Lo;a 'kadjkpk;Z tr; Hkkjrh lax d;yfu 'kkL=kkFkZ A
Hksy vuUo; miekyadkjs tfudk yxes pfjrkFkZ AA
e.Mu&f;k&ef.Mrk fefFkyk lu nkslj ufg gks vuqeku A
'kadj lu 'kadjs rFkk Hkkjrh ln`'k ufg fonq"kh vku AA22
MkW Jh".k feJd dFku vfN ts lqdfod }kjk ;qDr jlkuqHkwfrtU; O;atu
'kCns vyadkj fFkd A ,fg gsrq dksuks ;kld ;kstuk ufg gksbN A tr vyadkjd
;kstukd gsrq dfods ;kl dj iM+rS Nfu vksr MkDVj lkgscd 'kCnes vyadkj
ufg vyadkjkHkkl fFkd A23
Mk- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* viu ^eSfFkyh egkdkO;d mo vks fodkl*es Li
'kCns dgus NfFk ts egkdkO;es vyadkjd ;ksx 'kCnds Jqfrekqj&d.kZf;
cu;ckd gsrq vkd"kZd :i nsckd gsrq rFkk vFkZes s"k.kh;rk vuckd gsrq Hksy vfN A24
,d fnl drksd dfoyksdfu vyadkjd ;ksxds ,dVk Hkkj ek=k cq>rS NfFk]
vFkZfDyrkd dkj.k cq>rS NfFk r nkslj fnl dkUrth ,djk vFkZd Lihdj.kd
ek;e cq>rS NfFk A eSfFkyhes egkdkO; trsd vfN ls vkkqfuds dkO;d vUrxZr
vcSr vfN A ,fg lHkes vyadkjd pqj ;ksx Hksy vfN A25
Mk- fnus'k oqQekj >k dkO;es vyadkjd vfuok;Zrkds ufg Lohdkj djSr NfFk]
58@fHkUu&vfHkUu
dfod fopkj vR;qPp dksfVd vfN A fgudkes LokFkZey w d Hkkoukd xUkks
rd ufg Nfu] tdj ifj.kke fFkd ts [kj cqf] vykSfdd frHkk vk lw{e n`f
jf[krgq mPp inij vklhu ufg Hk ldykg A LoHkkor% dfods vksfg O;fDr lHkl
vR;Ur ?k`.kk Nfu ts LokFkhZ NfFk] ts viu xq.k ok fo|k nksljkds ufg fl[kkc pkgSr
NfFk vk ts Hkk"kk ,oa lektd ysy laoQq fpr n`f j[kSr NfFk] vFkkZr~ lkoZtfud cwf>
vksdjk R;kx djSr NfFk A mnkgj.k voyksduh; fFkd
y{eh&ljLorh NfFk gejk] mi;ksx rdj vius ys* vfN
Hkk"kk ok tkfrd fgr fdNq t R;kxc ls dh gejs ys* vfN \
osnkUrh vudk yx] viuk ys* Nh ge cuy ctz lksaVk
c# txd n`f;s Mwfc tkb] ^vkckn jg; Hkkd yksVk* AA4
dfo vksgu ftuxhds f/DdkjSr NfFk ts vudj Hkjksl]s ddjks ikik=k cuy]
vbB&owQfB pVSr thcSr vfN A ,gu ftuxh r oqQdjks&fcykfM+ fcrk ySr vfN A r[ku
euqD[k vk i'kqes vUrj dh \ iqu% vks O;fDr ts bfU; vk isVd r`fIr djckes ykxy
jgSr vfN] lsgks euqD[k ufg fFkd A ts euqD[k Hkb;ksd viu ns'k] tkfr] lekt ,oa
laLfrd mfr&voufrd ;ku ufg j[kyd ls ^vksN* fFkd A ftuxh r vks fFkd
ts flag tdk viu vfkdkjd j{kk djSr thch
tUe Hks y ] bfU; is V d fpa r kes thou chry A
ns'k&lektd mUufr ufg lkspy vksNd ls ftuxh A
oqQoqQjks&dkSvk thcS vfN iQsdy ,s Bs ls frjfir A
ukfj Mksyc;&oqQnd; vksdjks ftuxh fFkd dh ftuxh \
LoRo xekc;] ifjHko ikc;] eqby ,gu dh ftuxh AA
ts Vksur ls Mlys tk;r ls fo"kkj fFkd ftuxh AA
tdj /hj&xfr;s Mksyy kjrh] dki; ou&ikrj A
kU; flag nUrkj iNkj;] rdjs ftuxh ftuxh AA5
vuqekur% eSfFkyh&Hkk"khd la[;k rhu djksMl+ cf<+ xsy vfN] fdUrq vkb kfj
gelHk viuk Hkk"kkds mfpr LFkku ufg fn;k ldygq vfN A bZ ckr dfod
vUr%dj.kds csfk nsyd vfN A vks drcks lEgkjSr NfFk rFkkfi eqg l vokP; dFkk
fudfy, tkbr Nfu A ns[kw r dsgu vkks'k vfN
ckft mBy eqjyh@43
 ,d liwrd flagd tuuh ou fopj; fcuq =kkl
,d pUek Hkj; txexh Hkfj kjrh vkdk'k A
nl diw r xngkd ek; ?k; eks V k fnu&jkfr
rkjkx.k vxf.kr vla[; fefy esV; ufg uHk&ikfr AA
fdNq yk[kd vks Hkk"kk flUkh fd, frklhu \
dksfV&v<+kb d.Bdsj Hkk"kk fd, eSfFkyh nhu \
la[;k&cy jgufg dh] ;fn ufg tZLoy cy&LoRo \
LoRo ,gu dh] tfgl ufg gks vftZr eku&ego \6
vkc dfo yydkjk nd j.k{ks=kes mrjckd gsrq ohj ;qod yksdfuds sfjr
djSr NfFk A dfod ladrs vfN ts bZ 'kjhj uk'koku vfN A rs ,[kufg laHko vfN
ts yfM+d uke vej cuk yh A ekr`Hkk"kkd gsrq k.k mRlxZ d ekr`.kl m.k
cuh A dfo ijh{kk ySr NfFk
ds vfN ekbd yky \ gkFkes tku ddj NS A
ts m|r cfynku gs r q ojnku rdj NS AA
vfHkekuh ds kfUr&nwr vfN \ &pyvks lej ls A
yifd yM+r ts fuHkZ; Hk] t;xku rdj NS AA
ekr`&HkDr vfN ds \ cgjkvks ?kjd lhekl A
dVc ejc ok .k Bkuvks eSnku rdj NS AA
egkohj ds fut cy phUgr] lkxj iQkur \
ldy eSfFkyd vkf'k"kl vfHkeku rdj NS AA7
,rcksij t[ku eSfFkyd [kwu lsjk;ys ns[kSr NfFk r iqu% dfo vrhr fnl
;kuk d tkxj.k vuckd ;kl djSr NfFk A yksdds cq>cSr NfFk ts ekufoghu
thoul e`R;q lSg Js;Ldj fFkd] rkgwes LocU/qd chp A ,dVk 'yksd NSd
oja oua O;k?kz xtsU lsfora
qeky;s iDo iQykEcq Hkkstue~ A
r`.kkfu 'k;k ifjkku oYdya
u cakqe;s kughu thoue~ AA
vFkkZr]~ ck?k vk flagl lsfor oues fuokl djc uhd] v&ikfu fcuk xkN&c`{kd
iQy [kkd jgc uhd] o`{kd Nky ifgfjd xkNij lqrc uhd] fdUrq cakqx.kd
chpes kughu cfud jgc ufg uhd fFkd A ,r; dfod dgckd rkRi;Z vfN ts
^cax&vle&mRdy*d lax eSfFkyhd vksgus lEcUk NSd A rs bZ dfg txcSr NfFk
44@fHkUu&vfHkUu
ks- vkuUn feJ dfork&laxgz d Hkwfedkes fy[kSr NfFk ts fo|kifrd ijorhZ
dfoyksdfu vyadkj&;kstukij fo'ks"k ;ku nsyfu] tkfgl vks Hkk"kk tulkekU;d gsrq
nq:g Hk xsydS A
fguds 'kCnes ^Hkk"kk i#"k gks;ckd dkj.ks turkd gsrq nq:g Hk xsyd
S ]
in;kstuk] vyadkj vkfn fo"k;ij fo'ks"k tksj iM+ykl vksdj fp=kkRedrk lkkkj.k
ikBdd gsrq u Hk xsyd
S A15
dfopwMk+ ef.k Jh dk'khdkUr feJ ^ekqi* r vyadkjd iw.kZ leFkZd NfFk]
rs us ks- lqjUs >k ^lqeu* jkkk&fojgd Hkwfedkes fy[kus NfFk dksuks ikrh mBkm
;edd >ed] mRs{kkd ped vks ofud xed pedSr nedSr A16
iqu% lqeuth ekqid ^>kadkj*d Hkwfedkes fgudk miek] n`kUr] :id vks
mRs{kkd vUos"k.kes flgLr ekuSr NfFk& fgudk dforkes inykfyR;] vyadkjd
NVk vks Hkkokos'k iw.kZ :is LiqQfVr Hksy vfN A17
vyadkj&lEiqfVr gks;ckd lax lkef;drkd iqV fgud jpukes iw.kZ HksVN
S A
miek] n`kar] :id vk mRs{kkd vUos"k.kes fgud n`f us dsoy dkO;pfyr
dfo&le;ij fuHkZj jgSN] R;qr Lrqr okrkoj.kgql xzg.k djSN ts ;=k&r=k dV
vfN A ekqithd ifjp; nSr Jh pUukFk feJ ^vej* lsgks fgudk 'ys"k] ;ed ,oa
mRs{kkyadkjd fo'ks"kkfkdkjh dfgd lEeku d;us NfFk A dfo Lo;a dgSr NfFk
ljlk lkyadkjkfr&lkkd&dfo&fr&xq.k&xqfEiQr :i
inU;kl&foU;kl&'ka f lr ln` o ` f kd lk{kkr~ l:i A
ltZu&jr&dfo&jfpr&lqo.kZ [kfpr vk;kZfnd ofUnr uke
Hkkoe;h ofu&eksfgr&ln;&n;k dr dfork vfHkjke A18
MkW t;kkjh flag r laLr lkfgR;d ijEijkuqlkj lEiw.kZ dkO;'kkL=kds
vyadkj'kkL=kd vUrxZr jkf[k nSr NfFk A rnuqlkj dkO;'kkL=kd vU;kU; fo"k;lHk
;Fkk& dkO;d y{k.k] gsr]q ;kstu] 'kCn'kfDr] ofu] jl] xq.k] nks"k bR;kfn ,dj vax
cfu tkbr vfN A19
ks- lqjUs >k ^lqeu* vyadkjds n'kkfkd ukel vfHkfgr djSr ,djk
lkSUn;ZcZds ro Vk ufg ekuSr NfFk vfirq vfuok;Z ro lsgks A ,rcs ufg] fgud
r bZ xoksfZ Dr Nfu ts vyadkjds eq[;&xkS.k ts fdNq cq>y tk;& lHkds ,dj
egods Lohdkj djfg iM+y Nfu A20
okLroes dkO;'kkL=kd ijEijkd fuokZg djckes NUn&vyadkjd fu;kstu
eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk@57
 LoxhZ; Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou* ^vk"kk<+*d Hkwfedkes fy[kSr NfFk ts tkxg ohj tks v ku A
vkb&dkfYg uO; okg] NUnd cUku mfB xsy A vyadkj Hkkj Hk xsy A jl r fcuq ekud dh k.k \
cjcl loZ=k O;kIrs tdk A y{k.kk foy{k.kk Hksfy] ofu vUrZofur A jhfr vujhfr] n'kZu lkfgR;d xfjek dh \
xq.k voxq.k A lHkBke LoPNUnrkd rk.Mo A loZ=k ^LokUr% lq[kk;*d t;&?kks"k A 'kkafr&laLfrd bZ efgek dh \
dfork lHk rjgs fofok ^okn*xzLr A nw v{kj 'kq v'kq fy[kckes ts leFkZ] rfuds ek; eSfFkyh nhu cfUnuh fcy[kS NFkqu eyku A
dfo cuckd Li`gk A12 ca x &vle&mRdy vxq v ;yg
ljl dfo bZ'kukFk >k ,d fnl t NUn vyadkj ;qDr ljl jpukl fo}}xZd fros'kh rks vfr iNqv;yg
eksuds vk djSr NfFk r nkslj fnl tulkekU;ds gsrq dfg mBSr NfFk ts vkc l[k&lsgUrk vku NkfM+ >ViV lkspg mRFkku A
NUn&rkyd dksuks cUku ufg jgy fut xq f u [ks r &?kjkM+ h &ckM+ h
Bq V ~ B h Hkfj ys >xM+ k ekjh
NUn rky dsoy fFkd cUku
lk>h lwb lkf ufg pybN ufg Hkk"kk fnl ;ku AA8
ufg lEfr vfN rdj ;kstu
#fpj ifo=k Hkkoe; xk;u t[ku ;qod yksdfu vkUnksyu gsrq Msx c<+k nSr NfFk r dfo mins'k nse;
iape Lojl xkm AA13 yxSr NfFk
ks- gfjeksgu >k r ^vyadkj&f'k{kk* fyf[kd bZ fl d nsyfu ts gs vfHkekuh !
fefFkykes vui<+ks yksd >xM+ks djSr dky vyadkjses xIi djSr vfN] Hkufg vks Lo;a vfiZr 'kr&'kr vfHkuUnu] mir ^t;*&ok.kh A
,dj HksnksiHksnl ifjfpr jgvks ok ufg A ks- >k L=khx.k yksdfud >xM+kd ts n`'; ?kqfj rkdg ikNk ufg ts ds lax vcS vfN
miLFkkfir d;us NfFk ls ln; oxZd vUr%LFkyds vo';s Li'kZ djrfu A fdNq rksjs lu&lu tu fxfj oues iFk cucS vfN
>xM+kd >ydh Lrqr djc vklafxd ufg gks;r rks lnFkZ ek;d liwr mV vfHkekuh A
t; Vk Msx mBkcg vkxk rkss ikS#"k&ozr
,d tuh ctyhg ,s ! vksy lu dcdc cksy fd,d ctS Nh \ &vuqkl
r; Vk VwVr dM+h eSfFkyhds cUku xr9
,oa iw.kksiZ ek A
dfo eSfFkyhij ykny xsy vU; Hkk"kklHkds vejykhd laKk nsyfu vfN A
nkslj tuh vgwd ckr r fo"ks lu gksbr vfN A &yqIrksiek A
vejykhd LoHkko NSd ts vksdj tfM+ ufg jgSr NSd] eqnk ijs&ij iljy jgS, A
rslj tuh tsgu vks NfFk rsgus vgk Nh vkSj tsgus vgk Nh rsgus vks NfFk A cM+dk&cM+dk xkN & tdj tfM+ drksd rj igqp y NSd] >fi tkbr vfN A ms';
&mies;ksiek A bZ Nfu ts eSfFkyh lu liQy vk fodflr ,oa kphu lkfgR; vksgh fo'kky r# rqY;
pkfje fViyfu vgk lu vgh Nh A vuUo; A vfN rFkk vU;kU; Hkk"kk vk lkfgR; vejykh tsdk A dfod bZ O;aX; dus ns[kw&
vU; cki js cki ! jkfr fnu xngfdPpfu A bZ ?kj eNgV~Vksl cf<+ xsy A uksfp iQs dvks] rhfj dkrd vks lqefr ts yksd
&O;frjsd A bZ vejykh xzlS NS& xkN] nS NS*
tdj tfM+ NS Hkwfe k;us yfyr 'kk[kk ikr
nkslj tuh vgk yksdfud eqges yxke ufg vfN \ thHk vfN dh pj[kh \
rdj lkk Nkfi&>kfi djSN bZ mRikr
&lUnsg A
eSfFkyhd LorU=k lkk mfpr in fFkd eku
vU; ,fg ?kjes dEes ds \ yadkes cgqr NksV ls mupkl gkFk A &yksdksfDr A14 ,dj bZ vfkdkj ts xzlrSd] lSg veku A10

56@fHkUu&vfHkUu ckft mBy eqjyh@45

 dfod uqlkj vks O;fDr tdjkes vkfu vk ikfu ufg NSd ls cM+n fFkd A
O;aX; gejs eSfFky lektij ufg vfN dh \ LokFkhZ] ?ke.Mh rFkk ykHkgkfud Kku ufg
j[kfugkj O;fDrij dfods euq";Rod 'kadk gksbr Nfu A fgudk vuqlkjs oSg O;fDr
euq"; fFkd ts viu vfkdkj kIr djckes viu cqf] cy vk lkgl yxcSr vfN A
mnkgj.k O; fFkd
ukFky&ckUgy Mkks lfg foksg dj; ufg
tkch ykxy nkmfu cgbN] gq M + i s V ; ufg
dh euqD[k fFkd ls ls lhfer LokFksZ ns[k; \
la x lektd eku&k.k&dY;k.k mis [ k; \
ls i'kq ufg \ mUufr&voufr ts fdNq ufg cw>;
gkfu&ykHk] ;'k&vi;'k dh tdjk ufg lw>;
ls euqD[k fFkd tdjk ;qxckskd frHkk NS
LoRo vtZud gsrq tdj layXu foHkk NS A11
dfo fefFkykd vkfLrdrkoknh uhfrd lsgks HkRlZuk djSr NfFk A ,r cslh
yksd vkfLrd NfFk A bZ jd Hktu&dhkZuij fo kl j[kSr NfFk A vks dkZO;ij
fo'okl j[kSr NfFk& ^m|ksfxua iq#"kflageqifS r y{eh* A rs r dfo eqDrdaBl ckft
mBSr NfFk
tkxg nSoh laLfrd nwr] ckjg vUrT;ksZfrd nhi
Mkgg itkfj d d vkb] vklqjh o`fkdsj ts lehi
laBhl lwi MskSus dh] ikS#"k m|ees Jhd ckl A12
mi;qDZ r mnkgj.kd vkkkjij Lir% rhr gksbr vfN ts Lrqr iksFkh ^ckft
mBy eqjyh* eSfFkyhds vfkdkj nsv,ckd gsrq kfUrnwr fFkd A ts dsvks ,dgq csfj
,fg iksFkhd voyksdu djrkg] gqud n; vo';s for Hk, t,rfu] ekr`Hkk"kk
eSfFkyhd fr oqQn`f j[kfugkjl fr'kksk ysckd Hkkouk mefM+ t;rfu A bZ fo"ke
fLFkfr v;ckl iwofZ g dfo gejkyksdfuds psrkouh nsyfu A rs us dfods Hkfo";k
vk lektlzk dgy tkbr vfN ! dfo ,gus us gksv, ts viu dkO;d ek;el Jksrk
ok ikBdd n;ds [khfp ysv, !
^eksgu*th oLrqr% ,dVk ,gu dfo Nykg tfud eqgl fu%l`r 'kCn&lewg
dkO; cfu tkbr Ny A bZ owQfFk&dkfFkd dfork jpfugkj ufg Nykg vk us dfox.k
e; frfr gks;ckd mke ykyls Nyfu A r[ku r LokHkkfod :is ts fgudk eqgl
okD; fu%l`r gksbr xsyfu vk fyfic Hk, ldy] lSg de mi;ksxh ufg A
46@fHkUu&vfHkUu
literary similes and conventions dealing with the various things in the world
and ideas which are usually treated in poetry. We have in it either bare lists
of terms, or the similes and conventions are set in the frame-work of a
number of 'descriptions'.6
dfodksfdy fo|kifr r lkSUn;ksiZ kldd ukel fo[;krs NfFk A fgud
xhrlHkes foy{k.k :is vyadkjd lekos'k Hksy vfN A rfguk] fgud ijorhZ;ks
dfoyksdfud xhrlHkes vyadkjd pk#rk n`fxkspj gksbN A fdUrq bZ yksdfu LorU=k
:il vyadkjij fopkj ufg d;yfu vfN A
eSfFkyhes Lora=k :il vyadkjij fopkj d;fugkj vkyadkfjd yksdfues eq[k
NfFk& egkoS;kdj.k ia nhucUkq >k (vyadkj&lkxj)] ia- jkepU feJ (pUkHkj.k)]
ia- lhrkjke >k (vyadkj&niZ.k)] ia- nkeksnj >k (vyadkj&deykdj)] ia- jekukFk
>k (vyadkj&os'k)] ks- lqjUs >k ^lqeu* (vyadkj&ekfydk)] Mk- t;kkjh flag
(dkO;&ehekalk)] Mk- fnus'k oqQekj >k (eSfFkyh dkO;'kkL=k) vkfn A
vyadkj&lkxjd Hkwfedkes ia jekukFk >k mfDrd fofPNfkds vyadkj dgSr
NfFk] laxfg vyadkjjfgr dkO;ds lkkkj.k ok.kh ekuSr NfFk A7
ia- >kd vuqlkj egkoS;kdj.kth fo'kq vyadkjoknh NfFk] laxs bgks Lir%
tuk nSr NfFk ts vyadkj vuqHko Hksns fHkUu&fHkUu :is ns[ky tk ldSN A vr% Li
vfN ts vuqHkojfgr O;fDr vyadkjds ufg cqf> ldSN A
ia- lhrkjke >k dfod gsrq NUn] vyadkj] xq.k] nks"k vkfnd Kku jk[kc
vko';d ekuyfu vfN A8
fgudk vuqlkjs lHk thod chp fo".kq Hkxokud ts vfLrRo vfN lSg Hkw"k.k e;
miekyadkjd
txr thoes fo".kq NfFk] O;kIr tkfg ijdkj A
lc Hkw"k.kes rkfg fofk] vfN miekyadkj AA9
ia- nkeksnj >k r lkfgR;d lHk vaxes kku vyadkjsds ekuSr NfFk A ,fg
gsrq vks viu rdZ nsyfu vfN ts lHkl kphu fFkd oSfnd lkfgR;] tkfges ;=k&r=k
vyadkjd mnkgj.k kIr gksbr vfN A rRi'pkr~ czk.k] vkj.;d] mifu"kn] okYehfd
jkek;.k] iqjk.koxZ bR;kfn lHkes vyadkjd fo'ys"k.k Hksy vfN A10
ia- jekukFk >k ^kphu xhr*d Hkwfedk fy[kSr dky iqjku xhrd ifjs{;es
vyadkjl ykny dkO; ekuSr NfFk] rs us ljl dfo bZ'kukFk>kds vyadkj&funs'Z kiwod
Z
O;k[;k fy[k iM+yfu A fdUrq] uo;qxd xhrd ifjs{;es dg iM+rS Nfu ts Hkk"kk
ts laLrcgqy vks vyadkjl ykny Ny] vkc iw.kZ LorU=k Hk xsy A11
eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk@55
 t;nsod mDr xoksfZ Drl cq>uk tkbN ts vyadkjjfgr dkO; HkS, ufg ldSr dfofrHkk bZ'oj nk gksbr NSd A ts cukSvk vk v[kjdV~Vw dfo gksbr NfFk rfudk
vfN A ts gks] ,rck kfj vo'; ts laLr lkfgR;d Fke vkpk;Z Hkkegl yd gsrq eksguth ^dfi* ukedj.k viu mDr iksFkhd c`gn~ Hkwfedkes d;yfu vfN A
v|kofk k;% lHk vkpk;Z vyadkjds foosP; ekuyfu vfN A ,rck kfj vo'; ts dfooj eksguthd jpuk okZeku ifjs{;es kfUrd
eSfFkyh lkfgR;ij laLrd iw.kZ Nki iM+y NSd A dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >kd kkdSr vkfxes vkgwfrd dkt djr A
fopkjs r eSfFkyhes laLrl HkkolkE; jgufg vksfges peRdkj vkfc ldSr NSd
t tkbfUg Hkkod lkE; lwf>] lanHkZ %
laLr dkO;d frfcEc cwf> A 1- ckft mBy eqjyh % misU BkoqQj ^eksgu*] i` la[;k & 80
r djFkq lq khtu lekkku] 2- r=kSo i` la[;k & 82
Hkk"kk&lkSUn;Zd xfr u vku AA3 3- r=kSo i` la[;k & 20
vk peRdkjs r fFkd vyadkj A vkfndkysl eSfFkyhes trsd fo}ku yksdfu 4- r=kSo
Hksykg vfN vksyksdfu Lora=k :is vyadkjd foospu d;us gksfFk ok ufg] fdUrq 5- r=kSo i` la[;k & 54
,rck r vo'; ts vyadkjds Lohdkj d;yfu vfN A 6- r=kSo i` la[;k & 55
7- r=kSo i` la[;k & 62
loZFke gejk yksdfu vk| miyCk xzFa k dfo'ks[kjkpk;Z T;ksfrjh'ojd
8- r=kSo i` la[;k & 64
o.kZjRukdjes vyadkjd ts xqEiQu ns[kSr Nh rkfgl ,rck kfj Li Hk tkbr vfN 9- r=kSo i` la[;k & 67
ts eSfFkyhes dksu dkjd vyadkjd foU;kl jgSr vfN A fdNq mnkgj.k O; 10- r=kSo i` la[;k & 81
fFkd 11- r=kSo i` la[;k & 80
^^iwf.kZekd pkUn ve`r iwjy vblu eqg] 'osr iadtdk ny Hkzej cf;ly 12- r=kSo i` la[;k & 37
vblu vkf"k] dktjd dYyksy vblu Hkkqg] xFkys iwQys uEeZnkd 'kykdk iwty (fefFkyk fefgj] 4 tuojh 1981)
vblu "kksEik] ijokd iYyo vblu vkj] dfuvjkd dj vblu ukd] flUnqj eksfr
yksVk,y vblu nkUr] osrd lkV vblu ckg] ikfjtkrd iYyo vblu gkFk] Nksy v
Nksyy vblu i;kskj----**4 bR;kfn (miekyadkj % keZyIq rk yqIrksis ek)
iqu'p
^eq[kd 'kksHkk nsf"k is ty os'k d,y] vkf"kd 'kksHkk nsf"k gfj.k o.k xsy]
ds'kd 'kksHkk nsf"k pejh iyk;u d,y] nkrd 'kksHkk nsf"k rkfyos n; ohnh.kZ d,y]
vkjd 'kksHkk nsf"k oky }hikUrj xsy] dkud 'kksHkk nsf"k ckS ;kufLFkr Hksy]
d.Bd 'kksHkk nsf"k dEcq leq os'k d;y] Lrud 'kksHkk nsf"k pckd mPNUu Hksy
----bR;kfn A5
,fg egku vkpk;Zd o.kZupk#rk vks vyadkjd foy{k.k ;ksxds MkDVj
lquhfr oqQekj pVthZ lsgks Lohdkj d;yfu vfN
It is a sort of lexicon of vernacular and Sanskrit terms, a repository of

54@fHkUu&vfHkUu ckft mBy eqjyh@47

 fo|kifrd dkO;es f'koHkfDr
fefFkyk&efge.Myd eUnkj] eSfFkyh&ekdUn&ekqdj] dfork&defyuhd
HkkLdj] lkfgR;&lhefUruhd flanjw dfodksfdy fo|kifr ,d leUo;oknh dfo
Nykg A fgudk 'kkDr] oS".ko vks 'kSo rhuw dgy tk ldSr vfN A vUrj ,rcsd vfN
ts jkkk".kd ln`'k f'kod lkSUn;Zd uXu o.kZues dfod d.B oqQf.Br vfN A k;%
gqudk dkfynkld oqQekjlEHkod Lej.k Hk tkbr Nfu A
dfod dkO;es fo".kq vks 'kfDrd xhrd pqjrk jfgrks f'kofo"k;d xhrd
viu i`Fkd vfLrRo vfN A fgud f'kofo"k;d xhr ok ukpkjh fefFkykes inkofy;ksl
vfkd [;kfr ikSyd vfN A inkoyh r fo'ks"kr% L=khx.k lektes xkvksy tkbr vfN]
fdUrq iq#"kes r ukpkfj, fl vfN A vkb;ks&dkfYg rhFkZLFkku t;ckd dky >q.Md
>q.M yksd ,dLojl f'kod ukpkjh xcSr vfN A HkfDrHkkoukd n`fdks.kl f'ko&fo"k;d
xhrd ts ego vfN ls jkkk".k lEcUkh xhrd ufg A
dksuks dk;Z djckes yksdd fdNq ms'; jgSr NSd A rfguk fo|kifr;ksds
f'ko&lkfgR; fy[kckes fdNq ms'; Ny gks;rfu vk vks ms'; dkO;d pk:
;kstuesl vfUre Ny gks;rfu vFkkZr~ eks{k A lkfgR; gsrq ^lR;a&f'koa&lqUnje~* gks;c
vko';d NSd A f'kod vFkZ gksbr vfN dY;k.k A vk] okLroes f'koes dY;k.k
djckd Hkkouk Nfu tdj vusd mnkgj.k vfN A leql fo"k fudyy A ;fn vksdjk
f'ko ufg iku dfjrfFk r lalkj tfjd HkLe Hk tkbr A pUekds ] tfudk yksd
dyadh dgSr Nfu] f'ko eLrdij kkj.k d;us NfFk A ;fn f'ko xaxkds viu
eLrdij kkj.k ufg dfjrfFk r HkxhjFkd riL;k viw.ksZ jfg tSrfu A
nkslj ckr bZ ts f'koes ts ^b*dkj vfN ls rU=k'kkL=kd vuqlkj 'kfDrd |ksrd
fFkd A vFkkZr~ f'kol ^b*dkj gVk ysy tk; r f'ko 'ko Hk tkbr NfFk A
mnkgj.kLo:i fo|kifrd xkslkvksfud xhrd fuEu iafDr O; fFkd
oklj jSfu 'koklu 'kksfHkr pj.k pUef.k pwM+k A
48@fHkUu&vfHkUu
eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk
^vyadkj* ,d O;kid 'kCn fFkd vk bZ fefFkykes dfg;kl ;qDr vks pfpZr gksbr
jgy vfN ls dgc dfBu A tfg,l Hkk"kk vfHkO;fDrd ek;e cuy gks;r] yksd vksfges
mfDr&oSfp=; vuus gks;r A vk oSg mfDr&oSfp=; ok lkSUn;Z r fFkd vyadkj A
lkSUn;Zeyadkj%1
lkSUn;Z ddjk uhd ufg yxSr NSd \ vaxjsthd lkSUn;kZis kld dfo dhV~ld
ekU;rk Nfu ts lkSUn;Z lrr vkuUn nscoyk oLrq fFkd A bZ lR; ,oa 'kk'or fFkd]
laxs dY;k.kdkjd lsgks &
A thing of beauty is joy for ever.
Beauty is truth and truth is beauty; that is all ye know on earth and all
ye need to know.
,fg fo"k;ij Hkus dkO;'kkL=kh; yksdfud ;ku cknes xsy gksbfu] vyadkj
ukel lsgks dkykUrjs vfHkfgr Hksy gks] fdUrq fefFkykes vk fo'ks"kr% eSfFkyhes r
,dVk vui<+ks yksdd eqg l vyadkjd kkjk okfgr gksbr jgSr NSd A cqf<+;ks
ekSxhlHkds ns[kSr fN,sd ts cPpk lHkds rsy yxk] tkfr&ihfp] gkFk&i;j eksMrS+
dgSr jgSr NSd & ^bZy lu] dhy lu] kksfc;kd ikV lu] oqQEgjkd pkd lu----
bR;kfn A* r dh ,fges vyadkj ufg NSd \ ,fg rjgs vyadkjd LFkkiuk yksdHkk"kkes
dfg;kl Hksy] bZ dgc dfBu vfN A
loZFke vyadkjd Lo:ids Lohdkj d;fugkj laLrsd vkpk;Zyksdfu
NfFk] fdUrq gqudkyksdfues erSD; ufg Nfu A rs us vkpk;Z t;nso O;aX; djSr fy[kSr
NfFk ts vuyar 'kCnkFkZds dkO; ekufugkj vkfx;ksds fd,d us vuq".k ekfu ySr NfFk
vaxhdjksfr ;% dkO;a 'kCnkFkkZouyarh A
vlkS u eU;rs dLeknuq".keuyarh AA2
eSfFkyhes vyadkj fo"k;d ekU;rk@53
 gjgjk ds dkjk Nkjk igqph ifu;k njkjh A
<ks<+ tslu lqxck xqujh exVhd efugkjh AA
f'kothd thou fefFkyk vks eSfFkyd thoul cgqr fdNq lkE; j[kSr vfN A
vkb;ks&dkfYg miu;u] fookg] prqFkhZ] ;ksx vkfnd ekaxfyd voljij fo|kifrd
f'ko&fo"k;d xhr xkvksy tkbN A fefFkykUrxZr Msx&Msxij f'ko&efUnj HksVrS vfN A
dksuks 'kqHk voljij egknsod upkjhl xhrd vUr d;y tkbr vfN A fefFkykoklhd
r ,fg dkjd kkj.kk NSd ts xhrd vUres t f'kod upkjh ufg Hksy r vks viw.ksZ
jfg xsy A ,[kuks cgqrks LFkyij HkDryksdfu f'kofyaxd le{k cSfl vkRefoHkksj Hk
xkfc mBSr NfFk
d[ku gjc nq[k eksj] gs HkksykukFk
nq[kfg tue Hksy nq[kfg xekvksy
lq[k liugq ufg Hksy] gs------------ AA
dfodksfdy ,d uVd :ies f'kod dh foy{k.k o.kZu d;yfu vfN !
ikoZrh egknsol upckd gsrq nqjkxzg djSr NfFk vk egknso vusd C;ktl viukds
ukpckl eqDr dj pkgSr NfFk
vktq ukFk ,d ozr egk lq[k ykxr gs A
rksgs f'ko k# uVos'k fd Me# ctkog gs A
dfodksfdyd f'koHkfDr&o.kZu fdNq fo'ks"k ego j[kSr vfN tdj ,d xksV
egoiw.kZ dkj.k vfN gqud lkehI; kfIr A ns[ky oLrqd o.kZu tsgu foy{k.k gksbr
NSd vksgu lquy oLrqd ufg A rqylhnklds ts fd jked n'kZu Hk xsyfu rs
jkepfjrekuld ,rsd ego A fdaonUrh vfN ts f'ko mxukd :ies fo|kifrd
vuqpj Nykg A t[ku fo|kifrds bZ cq>ck;ksX; Hk xsyfu r vksdjk xqIr ufg jkf[k
ldykg A vk] rkgh dkj.ks mxuk vUr;kZu Hk xsy A dfodksfdy mxukd [kkstes
ous&ous HkVdykg A vksgh le;es dfod d.Bl iwQfV iM+y
mxuk js eksj dr, xsyk
dr, xsykg f'ko fdngq Hksyk
f'kod fr fo|kifrd HkfDrHkkouk peksRZ d"kZij igqf p xsy vfN tdj
ek.kLo:i vkb;ks fo|kifrd fprkij f'koeafnj ns[ky tkbr vfN A tuJqfr vfN
ts bZ f'kofyax Lo;a vaoQq fjr Hk xsy NSd A
(fefFkyk fefgj] 24 twu 1979)
v
52@fHkUu&vfHkUu
cgqrks xksVs ,dj lkekU; vFkZ ,fg rjgs dfg nsus NfFk ts Hkxorhd pj.k
eqnkZd vkluij lq'kksfHkr Nfu A fdUrq] gejk fopkjs vks eqnkZ ufg] 'kfDrjfgr f'kod
vklu] vFkkZr~ 'koij fojkteku NfFk A dkj.k] vksfg le;es lHk nsorkd 'kfDr vksgh
nsohes ,d=k Hk xsy Nyfu vk okLroes Hkxorhd ewfkZ;ks r rkgh :id ns[ky tkbr
vfN A rs ] dfo f'kod o.kZu d 'kfDr;ksds l d ySr NfFk A
iqu% bgks dgc vklafxd ufg gks;r ts f'ko v<j.k<j.k NfFk A tfguk xaxk]
;equk vks f=kos.khd laxeLFky ;kx fFkd] rfguk Kku] Jk vks fo'okld laxeLFky
HkfDr fFkd A fgudk l djckd gsrq yksdds us ?kksj riL;k dj iM+rS NSd vk
us vfkd O;; A vkd] kqFkwj] Hkkl fgud iwtk d nw csj cke~ cke~ cw------- dfg
fn;kSu] l Hk t;rkg A fgr&vufgr fopkj 'kwU;n; jgckd dkj.ks fgudkl yksd
fdNq kIr d ldSr vfN A fgud ln;rkd mnkgj.k fuEu ines ns[ky tk ldSN
vkxs ekb tksfx;k gej txr lq[knk;d
nq[k ddjgq ufg nsy A
,fg ;ksfx;kds Hkk Hkqyvksyd]
krqj [kksvk, ku ysy AA
fo|kifr Lo;a f'koHkDr cuckd dkj.k dgSr NfFk ts D;ks pUd iwtk djSr
NfFk] D;ks fo".kqd iwtk djSr NfFk] fdUrq ge HkDroRly ck.k egs'ojsd iwtk d;y A
mnkgj.kLo:i fuEu iafDr voyksduh; vfN
vku pku xu gfj deyklu
lc ifjgfj ge nsok AA
HkDr cNy Hkq ck.k egslj
tkfu d;y rqv lsok AA
bZ ^ck.k egs'oj* foliQhl mkj ,d ^HksMo+ k* uked LFkkues NfFk A dfo
fguds mikld Nykg A ,rcs ufg] dfo loZnk f'kod iwtk djckd ladYi djSr
NfFk
yks<+c oqQlqe rksM+c csyikr A
iqtc lnkf'ko xkSjhd lkFk AA
ddjks fr yksdd vklfDrd dkj.k gksbr vfN vksdj vlkekU; xq.k A f'koes
lsgks fdNq fofHkUurk] fdNq fof'krk ,oa fdNq fofp=krk n`fxkspj gksbr vfN A laxfg
fgudk vZukjh'oj lsgks dgy xsyfu vfN
fo|kifrd dkO;es f'koHkfDr@49
 t;&t; 'ka d j t; f=kiq j kfj A nkslj xhres d;yfu A vUrj ,rcs vfN ts Fke xhres dfo [ksrh djckd ysy
t; vkiq#"k t;fr vkukfj AA f'kods sfjr djSr NfFk r nkslj xhres f'kod [ksrh djckd f;kd o.kZu vfN
vkk koy ruq vkkk xks j k A tVk rksfM+ gj yngk cuvksyfu
vkk lgt oqQp vkk dBksjk AA Hk?kksVukd gjh'k A
dfodksfdyds f'ko lkfgR;d ltZu djckd ,d xksV eq[k dkj.k bgks Ny f=k'kqy NksM+k; gj iQkj cuvksyfu
ts fgud firk x.kifr BkoqQj dfiys'oj LFkkues tkd iq=kd ;kpuk d;us NyfFku] gj d;yfu lerwy AA
rs f'kod fr vkLFkk jgc LokHkkfods A ,dj ToyUr mnkgj.k gejkyksdfud le{k ,d fnl tksryfu clgk cjnds
iafMr JhlqjUs >k ^lqeu*th NfFk A fgud tUe fgud ek; vk fir`Hkfxuh }kjk xaxkl ,d fnl tksryfu ck?k A
;kpukd iQyLo:i Hksy vfN vk rkgh dkj.ks dfo xaxkLrqfr fy[kus NfFk A ,d dksyk cksyfu vkd kqrqj dsj
dfodksfdy fo|kifr d[kuks d ,ds'ojoknh Hk tkbr NfFk vk r[ku lHk ,d dksyk cksyfu Hkk AA
nsorkd frPNk;k fgudses icSr NfFk] vk rs us vkuUnfoHkksj Hk iape Lojl xkfc ,rnfrfjDr cw<+ fookgd ts Fkk vktqd lektes pfyr vfN ls iwodZ kfyds
mBSr NfFk& :i fFkd A f'ko Lo;a cw<e+ s fookg d;us Nykg vk vksdj frjksk fgeky;d iRuh
Hky gj Hky gfj Hky rqv dyk A esuk dksu :ies d;yfFku] ls loZfofnrs vfN ts fokkrkl ?kVd vks ojl cfj;krh
[ku fir olu [kufg c?kNyk AA lHkds mdfV nsyfFku
[ku iapkuu [ku Hkqt pkfj A
[ku 'ka d j [ku ns o eq j kfj AA ge ufg vktq jgc ,fg vku
,d 'kjhj ys y nq b ckl A t cw<+ gks;rk tek; A
,d r cbfj Hksy ohk&fokkrk
[ku oS o q Q .B [kufg dS y kl AA
nkslj fk;k dsj cki AA
iqu% dfo f'kod vi:i :id o.kZu foy{k.k <axs d;yfu vfN &
rslj cbfj Hksy ukjn ckHku
tksfx;k ,d ges ns[ky xs ekbZ A ts cw<+ vkuy tek; A
vugn :i dgyks ufg tkbZ AA
ia p onu fru u;u fo'kkyk A iqu% viu kskds dksu :ies ifj.kr djrhg rdj vkHkkl iwoZs HksfV tkbN&
olu fcgwu vks<+u c?kNkyk AA ifgyqd cktu Mke# rksM+c
dfo f'koHkfDrd o.kZues pk#rkd lax&lax viu xfroknh Hkkoukd lsgks nkslj rksM+c #.Meky A
n'kZu d;yfu vfN A gqudkl lkekU; "kd tdk [ksrh djkc pkgSr NfFk A gj&cM+nd cjn gkfd cfj;kfr cSyk,c
tksxkj lsgks dfo;s d nSr NfFku rFkk iV;ckd gsrq nedy gqudk laxfg Nfu fk;k y, tk,c iM+k, AA
[kV dkfV gj gj ts cukfcv vLrq] tsuk&rsuk ukjnd cq>vksykl fookg dj;ckd ysy rS;kj Hksyhg A
frjlqy rksfj d# iQkj A ifjNfu bR;kfn Hksy A fefFkykd ijEijkxr fu;e NSd ts fookges oji{kl dU;kd
clgk kqjakj gj y, tksfrv ysy fdNq vkHkw"k.k tkbr NSd A ,r oji{k dh \ lHk r ckSd&crkg tdk cqf> iM+rS
ikfVv lqjlfj kkj AA Ny r xguk ds vkur \ eqnk ls ufg A O;ogkjes =kqfV ufg Hksyd
S A vkHkw"k.k NySd]
fdUrq dfods ,rcsl lUrks"k ufg Hksyfu A vks iqu% ,gh Hkkoukd n'kZu viu i;kZIr NySd vk dFkhd NySd ls ;krO; fFkd

50@fHkUu&vfHkUu fo|kifrd dkO;es f'koHkfDr@51

 ,fg lHk LFkkues ,[kuks fdNq&fdNq tehu ckpy NSd A lHk Bke eafnj NSd]
eafnjes iqtxs jh NSd] tdj [kpZ rnLFkkuh; Hkwfed vk;l pySr NSd A ,fg lHk
LFkkud e; ipk<+h egoiw.kZ LFkku vfN] tr lkgscjke nklth viu lEiw.kZ thou
fcrkSyfu vks 'kjhj R;kx d;yfu A vkb;ks djhc&djhc lkok l; ch?kk tehu vksfg
LFkkud vUrxZr NSd ts lkkq&egkRek] vlgk;] fukZu rFkk Nk=k vks 'kj.kkFkhZd vkJ;
cuy vfN A
lEfr mkjkfkdkjh NfFk egaFk Jh fl;kjke nklth A bZ lkgscjke nkll nle
iq#"k viukds dgSr NfFk] tfud voLFkk ,dkou o"kZd Nfu A fgud xq# NfFku dkO;es NUnd vfuok;Zrk
txnh'k nklth ts lkfj o"kZd voLFkk O;rhr d jgy NfFk rFkk lkgscjkel uoe
iq#"k fFkdkg A ,fgl iwod
Z vkB O;fDr vks lkgscjked xq# cyjke nkl feykd uvks
O;fDrd lekfk lEfr egUFkd fnO; vks fo'kky Hkoud nf{k.k fn'kkes vfN A l`fd vkfndkyl euq";ds ts Hkk"kkd ksr HksVrS NSd] ls NUnksc vk rs
lekfkLFk O;fDrlHkd uke e'k% vfN (1) xq#oj cyjke nkl] osnds lsgks NUnl~ dgy xsyd
S vfN A okLroes ok|&;a=k tfguk xhrd Lojds vkjks
(2) lkgscjke nkl] (3) jkeHk nkl] (4) Hkh"ke nkl] (5) ckyeqoQq Un nkl] ekqj cuk nSr NSd rfguk NUn lsgks i|dkO;ds lqekqj cuk nSr NSd A gejk fopkjs
(6) cynso nkl] (7) oa'kh nkl] (8) jkts'oj nkl (9) jke".k nkl A r NUn dkO;d gsrq vksgus vko';d ro fFkd tsgu jl fdaok vyadkj A ufg tkfu]
vkb&dkfYg fd,d dfoyksdfuds NUnd fr ,rsd iS?k vkks'k Nfu \ ,djk
mi;qDZ r uoks lekfkLFk O;fDr lHkes lkgscjke nkl rFkk gqud f'k"; jkeHk
iqQVyh vkf[k, ufg ns[k pkgSr NfFk A ts NUnksc jpuk djSr NfFk] ls lektes
nkld lekfk ,des rFkk vU;kU; i`Fkd&i`Fkd vfN A vksr ,dVk NksV lu edku
migkld ik=k cuSr NfFk A ljl dfo bZ'kukFk >k lsgks ,d fnl r vius NUnksc
NSd tkfges iqtxs jh jgSr NfFk] ts gqudk yksdfuds ty&iwQy nSr NfFk vks Hkksx
jpuk djSr NfFk vk nkslj fnl dgSr NfFk &
yxcSr NfFk A lkgscjked pj.kiknqdk ,[kugq kfj vksfg lekfkes lq'kksfHkr Hk jgy
vfN A NUn rky dsoy fFkd cUku]
ufg lEfr vfN ,dj ;kstu A
lkgscjked vftZr lEifkij f'k";ijEijkd vfkdkj NSd] oa'kijEijkd ufg A
#fpj ifo=k Hkkoe; xk;u
fgudk yksdfud uked vkxk nkld mikfk Nfu ts fgud eSfFkysrj gks;ckd 'kadk
iape Lojl xkm AA
mifLFkr d nSr vfN A ,fg lEcUkes okZeku egaFk Jhfl;kjke nklthd oDrO;
vfN ts bZ ge ekuSr Nh ts NUn dfo fdaok dkO;d gsrq cUku fFkd vk ls jgc
vko';d A dksuks oLrqds Bhd <axl py;ckd gsrq fdNq fuf'pr fu;ed
gejkyksdfu tUetkr nkl ufg Nh] vfirq lkekU; eSfFkys czk.k tdk >k]
vko';drk gksbr NSd A ns'kds py;ckd gsrq t fu;e ufg jg; r D;ks ddjks xIis
felj vk BkoqQj jgSr Nh A fdUrq xq#d nh{kk iM+ykd ckn gejkyksdfu viukds
ufg ekur] lHk LoPNUn fopj.k djr] kfUre; thou fcrkvksr A dksuks laLFkk fcuk
Hkxokud ^nkl* cq> yxSr fN,sd A rs gejk yksdfud uked vares ^nkl* jgSr
fu;ed ufg pfy ldSr vfN A dksuks e'khuds py;ckd gsrq lsgks vksdj fu;e
vfN A
cq>c vko';d A rfguk dkO;d gsrq fdNq fu;e vko';d NSd vk NUn rkgh
fgud xIi gejk ;qfDrlaxr cq>uk xsy A fu;eesl ,d vfN A
lEfr ts eq[; Hkou vfN] tkfges Lo;a egaFkth jgSr NfFk] ls chp deykd NUn fFkd vuq'kklu ts dfo yksdfuds dkO;kn'kZd iFkij fLFkj d;us
kkjes A bZ deyk lkgscjke nklthd dgykl fdNq iwc ?klfd xsyhg ts ^lxq.kk* jgSN A NUn fFkd cUku ts dfo yksdfuds fu;ed ik'kes cUgus jgSN A NUn fFkd

80@fHkUu&vfHkUu dkO;es NUnd vfuok;Zrk@61

rjktw & tkfgij dfo yksdfud dkO;&xfjekd Kku d;y tkbN A NUn fFkd
oqQEgkjd iQekZ& tkfgl o.kZ foU;Lr Hk tkbN A NUn fFkd oh.kk&&tkfges ekkq;Z vks
jkxkRedrk NSd A NUn fFkd lfjrk tdjk lHk ufg ikj d ldSN A
NUnksc jpuk djc dfBu vo'; vfN A dkj.k ts ,dj ind jpukd ysy
o.kZ] o.kZd x.kuk] e] ek=kk] ek=kkd x.kuk] ;fr&xfr vkfnds ;kues jk[k iM+rS
NSd A ,gu jpuk d.kZf; gksbN rFkk ,fges LFkkf;Ro jgSN A dkj.k ts NUnksc
jgckd dkj.ks ,djk jfV ysc lqxe Hk tkbN A g] r[ku ,rck vo'; ts ,fg ysy
frHkk] O;qRifk vks vH;kl rhuw jgc vko';ds ufg] vfuok;Z vfN A vk] ls cw>h
r uhds A dkj.k ;fn i|dkO;es NUnd vfuok;Zrkds Lohdkj d;y tk; r ek=k
fo}kus O;fDr Vk ,dj jpf;rk Hk ldSr NfFk] tkfgl nqdkO;d ltZukd dksuks
laHkkouk ufg jfg tk;r A cgqrks dfod inoh fNuk tk;r A eSfFkyh lkfgR;es
lqdkO;sVkd jpuk gks;r] oqQdkO;d ufg A cgqrks ,gu dfo ok lkfgR;dkj NfFk ts
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d v;;u d;us fcuk ok dkO;'kkL=kd ik muVkSus fcuk dkO;d
tUenkrkd :ies viukds n{k cq>rS NfFk A ;Sg dkj.k fFkd ts yksdds ,gu kkj.kk
cfu xsy NSd ts eSfFkyhd iksFkh dh i<+c \ eSfFkyhd lkfgR;dkj r D;ks cfu ldSr
vfN A fdUrq] t ^,dkoyh&ifj.k;* vks ^jkkk&fojg* lu iksFkh muVkd vkxwes jkf[k
nsy tkbd r ds vksdj Lokxr ufg djr \
NUnksc jpukd ysy lHkl vfuok;Z ro fFkd ^vH;kl* A t frHkk vks
O;qRifk jgcks dj; vk vH;kl ufg jg; r dkO;jpuk djc lkekU; ckr ufg A
vH;kl jgykl ek=kk vk o.kZ xuckd ;kstu ufg jfg tkbr NSd A dfod n;:ih
dkO;&lfjrkl fudyy ind o.kZ Lo;a NUnd fu;ekuqlkj foU;Lr jgSr vfN A
vH;kl dh fFkd rdj mnkgj.k if.Mr Hkwiukjk;.k >k Nykg ts chp lHkkes Bk<+ Hk
NUnksc Hkk"k.k djSr Nykg A ,rcs ufg] vks tkfg NUnes Hkk"k.k vkjEHk djSr Nykg
rkgh NUnes vUr kfj ctSr jgSr Nykg] drgq NnkUrj ufg A gqud bZ frKk O;
fFkd
veq";ka lHkk;ka eeS"kk frKk A
Hkqt;kra fouk uSo okP;e~ AA
;fn NUnd ego ufg jgSr r laLrd if.Mr yksdfu fd,d v|kofk
NUnksc jpuk pyk jgykg vfN \ laLr lkfgR;es r fcuk NUnd i| gks;cs ufg
djr A laxfg i|d ysy pkfjVk pj.k gks;c lsgks vko';d vfN
62@fHkUu&vfHkUu
lkgscjke nklth viu LFkku ipk<+hl rhu csj txkFkiqjh n.M.kke nSr
xsykg A fdaonUrh vfN ts t[ku bZ rslj csj vksr tkbr Nykg r txkFkth
czk.kd :ies fgud lax Hk xsyfFku vk fgudk ckjEckj dgSr jgyfFku ts vgk ?kqfj
tkm A t[ku bZ ekuckd ysy rS;kj ufg HksyfFku r vks dgyfFku ts vgk tfud
n'kZu djckd ysy tkbr Nh ls gegh Nh vk fo'okl dj;ckd ysy] viu :i ns[kk
nsyfFku A rFkkfi fgudk fo'okl ufg Hksyfu A bZ dgyfFku ts bZ :i r gegq cuk
ldSr Nh A bZ r lUr&egkRek ysy lkekU; ckr fFkdSd vk vksgus :i cukd ns[kk
nsyfFku A r[ku Hkxoku dgyfFku ts vgk viu n;es gej ,fg :ids nsf[k fo'okl
d: A ,fg rjgs fgudk fo'okl djkvksy xsyfu A
ipk<+h xke] tr bZ jgSr Nykg] fgud viu ufg Nyfu A vks le; Ny
uokcd A fgud egkk] xq.k] o.kZu vks vykSfdd 'kfDrd fo"k;es t[ku uokcds irk
pyySd r vksdjk fo'okl ufg Hksyd S A vks lkgscjke nklds idfM+ tgyes cUn
d nsydfu A eqnk rs dh \ tgy cUns jgSr Ny] igjknkj lrdsZ jgSr Ny] vk bZ
viu le;ij tgyl fudfy xaxkLuku d vcSr Nykg vk Hkxokud iwtk dj
yxSr Nykg A ,fg lEcUkes MkW t;dkUr feJd dFku Nfu
He is said to have gone and bathed in the Ganges even when he was
put behind the prison bars by the Nabab.
,rcs ufg] t[ku uokcds bZ ckr cq>ckes v;ySd r vks ,d fnu ,dVk
ckZues ekal Hkfj] diM+kl >kfid fgudk iBkSydfu ts bZ iwQy fFkd A lkgscjke
vksfg le;es iwtkij cSly Nykg A vks t[kufg vksdjk m?kkjyfu] ckZues Hkjy
xqykcd iwQy Ny A
,rcksl t[ku uokcds lUrks"k ufg Hksy
s d
S r vks fgud iwtkd le;es ?kaVk
ct;ckij jksd yxk nsydfu A bgks dgyfFku ts vkb uokcks dsj uxkM+k ufg ctrfu
vk laxs vksfg jkfr uokcd ?kjes ckujlHk tkd vusd dkjd mio dj yxySd A
r[ku uokc fgudk dkjkokll eqDr d fdNq ;kpuk djckd ysy dgydfu r bZ
vLohdkj d nsyfFku A rFkkfi vks ikpVk xke fgudk nsydfu] ts fFkd
ipk<+h (njHkaxk ftykUrxZr)]
teSyk (ekqcuh ftykd >a>kjiqj yx)]
HkVkSyh Hkxokuiqj (oS'kkyh ftykd gkthiqj yx)]
teyk (lhrke<+h ftykd <s LVs'ku yx)] rFkk
o,lkgh (ekqcuh ftykd ckcwcjgh yx) A
lkgscjke nkl vks ipk<+h@79
 i|a prq"inh] rPp
c`ka tkfrfjfr f}kk A
c`ke{kj la[;kra
tkfrekZ=kkrk Hkosr~ AA
NUnksetjh] Fke Lrod] 'yksd&4
eSfFkyhd vkkqfud dfo] vrqdkUr dforkd jpf;rkyksdfu r dforkd pj.k
ok inds rksfM+d pkjij iQsfd nsyfu vk viukds vkfo"dkkZ ok vuqla kkrk cq>rS
lkgscjke nkl vks ipk<+h NfFk ts ge eSfFkyh lkfgR;ds uo pht nsfy,sd vfN A ,fges viu&viu cgknqjh
cq>rS NfFk] detksjh ufg A t eqDrds dforkds Js ekuy tk; vks frk nsy tk;
r fo|kifr] xksfoUnnkl vks pUnk>k yksdfu ekfVes fefy t;rkg A
dksuks dfo ok ys[kdd fo"k;es lE;o~Q:is.k tkudkjh kIr djckd ysy
vkb&dkfYg fdNq dfoyksdfud dFku Nfu ts t NUnd cakues dkO;ds
loZFke vksdj le; fukkZj.k djc vko';d Hk tkbN A fefFkykd dfoyksdfud
ckUg ykxc r n;fLFkr Hkko&lfjrkd rjax vksfg ckUgds rksfM+d cfg tk;r A
bZ ijEijkxr oSf'k~; jgyfu vfN ts vksyksdfu lalkj Hkfjd xIi fy[krkg] fdUrq
t lSg r eSfFkyh lkfgR;d euh"kh dfo yksdfud Hkko vLiqQfVrs jfgrfu A eqnk dh
viu ifjp; vks le;d lEcUkes fdNq ufg fy[krkg A vksuk r lkgscjke nkl lsgks
,r Hkkod ladh.kZrk vfN \
viu le;d fo"k;es fdNq ufg fy[kyfu vfN] eqnk ,rck kfj Li vfN ts vks
egkjkt ujsU flagd jkT;dkyes jgfFk A vks Lo;a fy[kSr NfFk ^lqfu fofk lqr ok.kh 'kq ok.kh lekus A
pyfy epfy xksih ik* tsuk R;Dr k.ks AA
f'koykspu eq[k f'kolu t[ku]
eqfu inij ekFkk Vsfd l|%lukFkk A
lkgscjke nkl frfFk r[ku A
fdNq Nu ifgus ts osnukl vukFkk AA
cy ujsU flag fefFkys'k]
'kkf'kr Ny bZ fefFkyk ns'k AA (ekyuh NUn) jkkk&fojg] lxZ&2] i|&46
egkjkt ujsU flagd jkT;dky 1743 bZl 1761 bZ kfj ekuy tkbr vfN A laLr lkfgR;es r v|kofk NUnl eqDr jpuk ufg n`fxkspj Hksy vfN] rs
,fg lkkbl o"kZd vH;Urj vks vo'; Nykg] fdUrq fuf'pr le;d fukkZj.k ,[ku ,dj LFkkf;Roes D;ks 'kadk mifLFkr ufg d ldSr vfN A laLr lkfgR;d
kfj lEHko ufg Hk ldy vfN A ijEijkxr fu;ed ikyukFkZ t vkfndfo okYehfd;ksd eqgl vuk;kls ,dVk 'yksd
fudfy xsyfu r vksgks NUnksc Ny
lkgscjke nkl eSfFky czk.k oqQyksn~Hkwr oqQlqekSy xzked fuoklh Nykg A
fgud oa'kt ,[kuks vksr NfFku A vksuk Nykg bZ iq=kghu A fgud ,dek=k iq=k hred ek fu"kkn frka Roexe% 'kk'orh% lek% A
fuku vYikoLFkfges Hk xsyfu A t[ku bZ vR;fkd dku&dyi yxykg r vks ;RkSapfeFkquknsdeokh% dkeeksfgre~ AA
mfBd dgydfu ts vgk fd,d duSr Nh \ trckd se vgkds gej ,fg (vuqiq ~ NUn) Jhe}kYehfd jkek;.k &ckydk.M
gkM+&ekald 'kjhjl vfN ls ;fn Hkxokues jg; r vgkd Hkfo"; mTToy Hk
i|dkO;d ysy r NUn vksgus vfuok;Z ro fFkd tsgu jl fdaok vyadkj A
tk;r A ,fg 'kCnd lax gqudk oSjkX; mRiUu Hk xsyfu vk ek=k bZ'ojsd Hktu&dhrZu
t vyadkjfoghu dkO; fokok ln`'k cqf> iMSN r NUnfoghu dkO; os';k ln`'k A
djc viu thoud ms'; cuvksyfu A vk vksfges rsgu flf kIr d;yfu ts
dkj.k] NUnds cUku r lHk ekuSr NfFk A r[ku t cUku jfgr ;qorhd vyadj.k
fgudkl fdNq vlEHko ufg jgyfu A
gksbd r vks dh Hk ldSN \ kP; fo}kud erkuqlkj egkdkO;d ysy NUn ,d
78@fHkUu&vfHkUu dkO;es NUnd vfuok;Zrk@63
vfuok;Z ro fFkd A rS us gqudkyksdfud dFku Nfu ts egkdkO;es ,d lxZes ,Dds
NUnd ;ksx gksv; vk vares NUnkUrj A vkpk;Z n.Mhd dFku vfN ts&
lxsjZ ufrfoLrh.kS%Z JO;o`kS% lqlfUkfHk% A
loZ=kfHkUuo`kkUrS% :israyksdjtue~ AA
n.Mh] dkO;kn'kZ] Fke ifjPNsn
vkpk;Z fo'oukFk lsgks n.Mhd NUnlEcUkh y{k.kds Lohdkj djSr dgyfu
ts ,d lxZes vusdks NUnd ;ksx Hk ldSr vfN &
,d o` ke;S % i|s j olkus U ;o` kdS % A
ukuk o`ke;% Dokfi lxZ% d'pun`';rs AA
fo'oukFk] lkfgR;niZ.k] "k ifjPNsn A
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bZ lkSHkkX; jgySd vfN ts ,dj cslh egkdkO;d jpuk
laLrd N=kPNk;kes HksydS vfN vk laLrsd fo}ku }kjk A rs NUnd cUku ,[ku
kfj n`<+ vfN A g] ,dj fdNq viokn lsgks vfN A
,rnfrfjDr [k.MdkO; vks iqQVdj dforkd jpf;rkyksdfues lsgks fdNq NfFk
ts NUnksc jpuk djSr NfFk] eqnk vks leqes tyfcUnq, ln`'k NfFk A
(fefFkyk fefgj] 11 iQjojh 1979)
v Mgdu] lenkmu] dksgoj] mfprh] tksx bR;kfn lsgks A lksgjd ,d xksV mnkgj.k
64@fHkUu&vfHkUu
uxjh nsfugkj egknsod ?kjes Hkkstuksij vkiQr] drsd fojkskkHkkl lu yxb,
vjft&vjft Hkksyk vudk ds nS Nh]
viuk fdNq uS ns[kS Nh ;kS A
tfg;kl f'ko rksjk ?kj v;ykS ]
nq[k NksfM+ lq[k us djS Nh ;kS AA
vjft&vjft Hkksyk ----
2) laLdkj xhr& fefFkykes cPpkd tUel fookg i;ZUr vusd dkjd laLdkj
gksbr vfN& NfBgkj] eq.Mu] miu;u (ifjNfu] Hkh[k] twfVdkcUku)] fookg
bR;kfn A ,fg voljij yyuk yksdfu xhr xcSr NfFk A ,fg dkjd xhr ?kj&?kjes
lquckd volj HksVrS vfN A
3) rqxhr& rqxhr lsgks fefFkykes [kwc pfyr vfN A ,dj vUrxZr eykj]
iQkmx] olUr] pSrkoj] frueklk] pkSeklk] cjgeklk bR;kfn vcSr vfN A pSr
yfxpk;y vfN A cjgeklkd ,fg iafDrd voyksdu d;y tk; &
pSr gs lf[k iqQyfy csyh fodlq oqQt
a usokj ;kS]
rsft eksgu xsy ekqiqj gej dksu vijkk ;kS A
4) O;ogkj xhr& fefFkykes O;ogkj xhrd pyu [kwc vfN A R;sd 'kqHk voljij
xhr x;ckd ifjikVh vfN A ,dj vUrxZr bZ'ojfo"k;d xhr lsgks jgSr vfN ,oa lksgj]
ns[ky tk;
ikufg lu kfu ikrj iwQy lu lqUnj js A
yyuk fry Hkfj vu ufg [kkfFk osnu dksuk lgrh js AA
5) Jelacakh xhr& fefFkykes fdNq ,guks yksdlaxhr vfN ts JelEcUkh xhr
fFkd] ;Fkk yxuh] ysiuh] pj[kkxhr bR;kfn A ,dj pyu de Hksy tk jgy vfN A
6) fofok xhr& mi;qDZ r dksfVd xhrd vfrfjDr vkvksjks drksd xhr lHk vfN
ts ,fg oxZes jk[ky tk ldSN_ ;Fkk& ijkrh] >wyk] rU=k&eU=k] mnklh] vkjrh bR;kfn A
,fg rjgs ge ns[kSr Nh ts fefFkykes yksdlaxhrd fofokrk vks yksdf;rkd dkj.k
fefFkykd laLfr] lH;rk] vkpkj&fopkj] keZ&deZ] fofk&O;ogkj bR;kfn lqjf{kr vfN A
(yfyr Lekfjdk& 2004)
v
fefFkykd yksdlaxhr@77
 fefFkykd yksdlaxhrd foHkktu ,fg rjgs d;y tk ldSN
1) bZ'ojfo"k;d xhr 2) laLdkjxhr 3) rqxhr
4) O;ogkj xhr 5) Jelaca kh xhr 6) fofok xhr A
1) bZ'ojfo"k;d xhr fefFkykes bZ'ojfo"k;d xhrd fofokrk vfN A ,gu
xhrd la[;k lsgks i;kZIr vfN] dkj.k ts bZ lHk voljij xkvksy tkbr vfN A ,r,
lc nsoh&nsorkd mikld NfFk] rs dfodksfdy fo|kifr lsgks d[kugq 'kkDr d[kugq
oS".ko vk d[kugq 'kSo cfu tkbr Nykg A ifj.kker% yksdxhres fofok nsoh&nsorkd
fo'kn fp=k.k HksVrS vfN Hkxoku] Hkxorh] egknso] 'khryk] fo"kgjk] xaxk] deyk
fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes NUn&foU;kl
bR;kfnd A fdNq nsoh&nsorkd xhrd mnkgj.k Lrqr vfN
d) Hkxorh xhr& fefFkykes Hkxorh cgqr NfFk] fdUrq ,r, ,dsVk mnkgj.k nsy fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kd v;;u ,oa voyksdud ees ts ro gejk yksdfuds
tk jgy vfN lokZfkd vk djSr vfN ls fFkd doh'ojd NUn&foU;kl A ;|fi fofHkUu
lc ds lqfk vgk yS Nh ekrk] gejk fd, fcljS Nh gs A dkjd NUnd ;ksx ,dfgVk iksFkhes vU;=kks ns[kckes vcSr vfN fdUrq ,fg jkek;.kes
lxj jSfu ge Bk<+ jgS Nh] njlu fcuq rjlS Nh gs AA R;sd NUnd uke vksfg NUnd ijes nsy xsy vfN] tkfgl NUnd fofokrk
fFkdgq iq=k vghds vEck] bZ r vgk tuS Nh gs A loZlkkkj.kks yksdd gsrq Li Hk, tkbr vfN A g] ,rck r fufoZokn :is dgy tk
lxj jSfu ge Bk<+ jgS Nh] njlu fcuq rjlS Nh gs AA ldSr vfN ts trsd dkjd NUnd ;ksx fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes Hksy vfN ls
v|i;ZUr dksugq ,dVk xzFa kes HksVc vlaHko A
[k) Hkxokud xhr& fefFkykes lw;]Z pU] vfXu] bU] jke] ".k iQjkd&iQjkd
Hkxoku NfFk] fdUrq ,r, lesfdr :il ,dVk Hkxokud xhrd fdNq iafDr doh'ojd fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes NUn&foU;klij ppkZ djckl iwoZ ge
voyksduh; vfN A iQxqvk yfxpk;y vfN A olUrh gok pfy jgy vfN A yksd NUnd fo"k;es vfr laf{kIr ifjp; Lrqr dj, pkgc A oLrqr% NUnd mn~Hkkod
eneLr Hk, >wfe jgy vfN A Hkxoku lsgks sejaxes ljkoksj Hk, xsy NfFk vk HkDr 'ks"kukx ok fiaxy eqfu Hksy NfFk A1 NUn i| lkfgR;d k.k fFkd A NkUnfgd dkj.k
vkRefoHkksj Hk xkfc mBSr vfN i| lkfgR; x|l fHkUu vfN] ,djkes xs;kfeZrk NSd] ;fr NSd] xfr NSd] o.kZ vk
ek=kkd foU;kl NSd] x.k vk y?kq&xq#d lekl NSd A NUn ,dVk 'kCn fFkd ts
drgq HkhtSr gsrk Hkxoku seds cqfu;kes A l`fd vkfn dkyfgl pfpZr&O;or vfN A gejk yksdfud vk| miyCk xzFa k fFkd
fdudk ds HkhtyS jkek ykfy;ks ixfM+;k_
osn] tdjk Hkk"kkd ksr ekuy tkbr vfN vk vksdjs vij uke fFkd NUnl~ A osnd
fdudk ds HkhtyS iVksj \
pk lHkes o.kZ vk ek=kk foU;Lr NSd] vksdj Lojd fokku NSd] vksdj xk;u
se ds cqfu;k es AA
djckd viu <ax NSd vk vks lHk fdNq NUnfgd dkj.k vfN A vkc 'u mBSr vfN
jkepU ds HkhtyS jkek ykfy;ks ixfM+;k A
ts ifgus NUn vFkok Hkk"kk] ifgus Hkk"kk vFkok O;kdj.k] ifgus dkO; vFkok
lhrk ds HkhtyS iVksj A
dkO;'kk \
se ds cqfu;k es A
,rck r fufoZokn ts ifgus Hkk"kk vk rRi'pkrs O;kdj.k cuy gks,r & vksdjk
x) egknsod xhr fefFkykes lcl cslh egknsod efUnj HksVr] dkj.k ts Hkksykckck
fu;ed ik'kes ckfUg vuq'kkflr j[kckd gsr]q vksdj Lo:ids fLFkj djckd gsrq A
v<ju<ju NfFk A HkDrd cslh ijh{kk ufg ySr NfFk A LoYis le;es rq A dykS p.Mh
ifgus dkO; vk rRi'pkr~ dkO;'kkL=k cuy gks,r& dkO;d mRrkd leh{kk djckd
egs'oj% pfjrkFkZ Hk, tkbr vfN A lEiw.kZ txrds lEifk nsfugkj] jko.kds lksukd
gsr]q fdUrq NUnd lax ,gu xIi dgc dfBu gks,r A Hk, ldSr vfN ts Hkk"kkl
76@fHkUu&vfHkUu fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes NUn&foU;kl@65
iwofZ g yksdd n;es dksuks Loj xqfa tr Hksy gks vk rdj ckn Hkk"kkd tUe Hksy gks,r A
,fg lax ia xksfoUn >kd eUrO; gejk lehphu cqf> iM+rS vfN &
^^t[ku dksugq f'k'kqds vkuUnd msdes vkfc vuFkZd inkoyhl xqfEiQr NUnksc
iQdM+k i<+rS ns[kSr Nh r dYiuk tkfx mBSr vfN ts l`fd kjEHkes] tfg;k ekuo
Hkk"kkd ojnku ufg ivksus Ny gks,r] t[ku&t[ku ekuo&f'k'kq Hkkod vkos'kes vcSr
Ny gks,r] r[ku&r[ku ,fguk vFkZ& k `[a kykghu NUnksc inkoyh xkc, yxSr Ny
gks,r A vr% NUnd l`fds ;fn Hkk"kkd l`fvgql kphu dgh r vlaHko ufg A**2
^^NUn&foU;kl i| dkO;d 'kksHkk fFkd vk i|d gsrq 'kkL=kes pkfjVk pj.k
jgc vko';d dgy xsy vfN& i|a prqLinh---------**3
NUn;qDr i|d kku xq.k fFkd xs;kfeZrk] jkx&rky&y;kfJr jgc vk ,fg
gsrq ek=kk vk o.kZ foU;Lr jgc vfuok;Z vfN A ek=kk vk o.kZd vfu;ferrk jgus
vksdjk dksugq rjgs lLoj ufg i<+y tk ldSr vfN A ia xksfoUn >k NUnds
ifjHkkf"kr djSr dgSr NfFk &
^^NUn ls in&leqnk; fFkd tkfges y; vks rkyd vuqoQw y o.kZ&foU;kl gks A
NUnksc in&leqnk; i| dgcSr vfN A**4
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bZ ds Hksyfu A egjSy xzke >a>kjiqj jsyos LVs'kul fdNq, nwj mkjes vofLFkr vfN A
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dykukFk >k ,oa firkeg iafMr j?kquUnu >k rFkk firkeg if.Mr pqEeu >k NyfFkUk A
fgud ?kj fo'kq iafMrd ?kj fFkd tr; drksd iqLrl if.Mrs if.Mr Hksy NfFk A
fgud firk iafMr dykukFk >k (egkefgeksis k;k; Hkkjrh ifj"kn~] ;kx] ts
cukjld e e t;nso feJd f'k"; Nykg) laLd`rd uhd if.Mr ekuy tkbr
Nykg ts iS?k vUrjky kfj ekqcuh ftykUrxZr yksguk ikB'kkykes (tdjk fo|kihBd
ks- mekukFk >k@87
ntkZ HksVy NySd] ts Lukrdkskjd led{k gksbN vk tr; O;kdj.k] lkfgR;] U;k;]
n'kZu] T;kSfr"k vkfnd uhd v;kiu gksbr Ny) kkuk;kidd inds lq'kksfHkr
d;yfUk A ks >kd firkegHkzkrk rstukFk >k (dkf'kr d`fr HkfDr dk'k
1901] xkSjh'kadjfouksn ukVd1912] jketUe 1924] dq.Mfy;k jkek;.k 1925]
lqjktfot; ukVd 1995) Nykg tfudk nqb xksV iq=k NyfFkUk if.Mr eFkqjkukFk
>k (cukjld egkegksik;k; f'kodqekjfeJd f'k"; vk y{ehorh laLd`r kphu
Vksy fo|ky;d iwoZ kkukpk;Z) ,oa if.Mr ef.kukFk >k ,oa ikS=k lHk NyfFkUk
if.Mroj ';ke lqUnj >k (laLd`res jkifrlEeku kIr 1995] dkO;rhFkZ]
O;kdj.krhFkZ_ dkf'kr d`fr jkty{ehpfjre~ dkO; 1970] jes'ojpfjr vk
f'kojktfot; Vhdk vdkf'kr_ iwoZ kkukpk;Z dhfkZukjk;.k dkek[;k laLd`r
egkfo|ky;] egjSy_ iwoZ kpk;Z nsokhjk laLd`r dkWyts ] nhi)] if.Mr eksrhukFk
>k (iwoZ kkuk;kid HkSjoh HkSjos'oj laLd`r fo|ky;] >a>kjiqj)] if.Mr fujlu
>k (iwoZ kkuk;kid ,l- ,l- mPp fo|ky;] t;nsoiV~Vh_ laLFkkid voSrfud
kkukpk;Z laLd`r egkfokky;] t;nsoiV~Vh) rFkk Jh ;qxukFk >k A
ekr`i{k
ks mekukFk >kd fir`i{k ;fn fof'k"V if.Mr yksdful ef.Mr Ny r
fgud ekr`i{k lsgks de egod ufg A fgud ekr`i{kd lHkl iS?k oSf'k"V~; bZ Ny
ts vksfg ifjokjds jkt ifjokjl vR;Ur fudV lEcUk NySd vFkkZr~ fgud ekrkeg
Lo rhFkZef.k >kd cfgud fookg Lo;a egkjkt jes o j flagl Hksy Nyfu A rhFkZef.k
>k ldjh&>a>kjiqj jksMd fdukjes vofLFkr [kjj[k xzked fuoklh Nykg tfudk nqb
xksV ckyd&cyHk >k (T;s"B) rFkk n;kukFk >k (NksV) ,oa nqb xksfV dU;k&cjxksfj;k
j?kquUnuthd iRuh (T;s"Bk) rFkk mekukFk ckcwd ek; (dfu"Bk) HksyfFkUk A jkt
ifjokjl fudVrk jgugq bZ yksdfu vksfgl ykHkkfUor ufg Hksykg vfirq le;&le;ij
jktkd dksiHkktus cu; iM+yfUk A fgud ekr`i{kfges ^d`".k&tUe*d jpf;rk eucksk
Hksy Nykg A
fir`ekr`d
ks >kd fir`ekr`d ekqcuh ftykUrxZr xaxkSyh xzke fFkdfu A Lo xksfoUn
feJ ,oa Lo vk|kukFk feJ fgud firkd efe;kSr Hkkb NyfFkUk A nq[kd xIi ts
vkb gqudk yksdfud dsvks mkjkf/dkjh ufg jgyfFkUk A
ks >kd fir`i{kij ljLorhd vlhe vuqdEik jgyfUk A fgud fir`i{kds
,fg rkfydkl Li"V d;y tk ldSN
88@fHkUu&vfHkUu
jpuk
ks mekukFk >k Nk=kkoLFkfgl ltZukRed {ks=kes os'k d;yfUk A vaxt sz hd fr
fo'ks"k yxkod dkj.k bZ Fke dFkk vaxt sz h,es fy[kyfUk 'Lost Child' vk lsgks vksfg
le;es t[ku bZ f}rh; o"kZd Nk=k Nykg A vksgh le;es vkpk;Z jekukFk >kd sj.kkl
ladyues nsckd gsrq eSfFkyhes lsgks dFkk fy[kus jgfFk A MkW vejukFk >k lsgks fgudk
eSfFkyhes fy[kckd sj.kk nsyfFkUk] bZ dgSr ts vaxt sz hes drcks fy[kc r fons'kh lHk
ekstj ufg nsr A vr% vaxt sz hd xEHkhj fo}ku~ jfgrg]q laLd`rd i;kZIr v;;u NyfUk
fdUrq fo'ks"k ykHk eSfFkyh;s lkfgR;ds HksydS A ,r; fgud fdNq eq[k d`frd ek=k
ukeksYys[k djc gej ms'; vfN dkj.k ts vksfg lHkij FkksMc+ ks ppkZ d;us foLrkjd
Hk; vfN A
1- js[kkfp=k % eSfFkyh dFkk&laxgz & 1951] i`-la- 157] rhjHkqfDr ifCyds'ku] ;kx A
2- vrhr % eSfFkyh dFkk&laxgz & 1984] i`-la- 68] eSfFkyh vdkneh] iVuk A
lEikfnr iksFkh %
1- eSfFkyh uohu lkfgR; % 1945
2- bUkuq"k % 1967
3- fo|kifr xhr'krh % 1972] lkfgR; vdkneh dk'ku (,dkf/d laLdj.k Hksy)
4- iwokZpyh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; ,oa laLd`frd ikjLifjd Hkko % (psruk lfefr]
iVuk) & 1972
5- Jh vjfoUn (vuqokn) 1982 (lkfgR; vdkneh] fnYyh)
6- Literary and Linguistic Studies - 1974
ks mekukFk >k ,gu dhfkZeku iq#"k NfFk ts viu d`fr] es/kfork]
dk;Zd'q kyrk] v;kiu] 'kklu ,oa yksdf;rkd dkj.k vej jgrkg A ;kor~ /fj
fefFkyk jgrhg] eSfFkyh lkfgR; jgr] fgud uke Jk ,oa xkSjod lax ysy tkbr
jgr A
(^dhfkZ;ZL; l thofr* ks- mekukFk >k vfHkuUnuxzaFk 2003)
v
ks- mekukFk >k@93
jgfFk A >V n, mkj nsyfFkUk ^^lj ! ge ufg fMlkbM d, ldygq A vgk gej

(mek'kadj flag] (fouksn >k] gVk<+ (;U=ks oj >k] (LorU=ks oj >k]

fujlu >k Jh ;qxukFk >k

ykyxat)
xkftZ;u Nh rs ts mi;qDr gksv, ls dgy tk, A** vks vkjk Tokbu djckd vuqefr

ef.kukFk >k

uhyk
nsyfFkUk dkj.k ts vksr; ijekusVa in jgSd vk rs bZ Fke Tokbfuax H.D. Jain
College vkjkes nsyfUk A vksr; ek=k Nvks lIrkg jfg ldykg A vksgh chp fgudk
L.S. College eqtiQjiqj (bZ LorU=krkl iwoZ thchch dkyst jgSd) l fu;qfDri=k

rstukFk >k

ykyxat)
ekyrh
HksVyfUk vk tuojh 1945 es bZ vksr; Tokbu d, ysyfUk A 1945 l 1958 i;ZUr bZ

pkfj dU;k
L.S. College es vaxt sz hd v;kiu d, iw.kZ ;'k kIr d;yfUk A fgud frHkk]

dhfkZukFk >k fl pqEeu >k (nkSfg=k] egkjkt ek/o flag)

dk;Z&dq'kyrk] O;kid v;;u] xgu vuqHkwfr rFkk foy{k.k vfHkO;tukd Hkko r

eksrhukFk >k
viu {ks=kij iM+cs d;y vfirq usiky ljdkj Hkkjr ljdkjl nw o"kZd gsrq fgudk

';ke lqUnj >k

#ikSyh)
eFkqjkukFk >k

ckyk
ekf ysyd A bZ 1958 bZ es xWouZeVas vkWiQ bf.M;kd fMI;qV's kuij nw o"kZd gsrq
f=kHkqou fo o fo|ky; dkBek.Mw py xsykg eqnk nw o"kZd cnykes fgudk vksr; ikp

jkts'k dqekj >k

o"kZ jg; iM+yfUk A ifj.kker% bZ 1963 bZes iqu% Hkkjr vkfc ex/ fo o fo|ky;es
vaxtsz h foHkkxk;{kd inds lq'kksfHkr d;yfUk A 1963 l *68 i;ZUr bZ vksr; mikpk;Z

mekukFk >k

bUiqj)
ek/qjh
,oa foHkkxk;{k cuy jgykg A 1968 bZd tqykbes bZ iVuk fo o fo|ky;es viu
;ksxnku d;yfUk A 1975 bZ es ks >k yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo o fo|ky;]

eksnukFk >k jkds'k dqekj >k vfuy dqekj >k

lq'khy >k
njHkaxkes fo o fo|ky; kpk;Z ,oa v;{kd in xzg.k d;yfUk vk rRi p kr~ twu
1980 es fgudk ,gh fo o fo|ky;d frdqyifrd inds xkSjokfUor djckd volj

vkfnR;
dykukFk >k
HksVyfUk vk ,fg rjgs bZ tuojh 1983 i;ZUr] vFkkZr~ vodk'k xzg.k djckd frfFk kfj
inij cuy jgykg A

dk'khukFk >k

vk'kh"k
vusd laLFkkd lnL;rk

;nqukFk >k
ks mekukFk >k viu dk;Zdkyes drksd csfj flusV flf.MdsVd lnL; cuy

fu'kkUr
jgykg A 1975 bZes ks >k psruk lfefrd ykbiQ esEcj cuykg A 1969l 1972

ehuk{kh
kfj Hkkbl sflMsUV rFkk 1973l *75 kfj sflMsUV lsgks jgykg A 1976 l *80

ikp iq=k
/fj eSfFkyh vdknehd dk;Zdkfj.khd lnL; Nykg rFkk lkfgR; ,dsMeh fnYyhd

tkudhukFk >k

cztukFk >k
eSfFkyh ,MHkkbtjh cksMd Z esEcj lsgks 1968l *72 bZ kfj jgykg A bZ Indian

lwu iqQYy Lo.kZ

fukFk >k
j?kquUnu >k
Association for English Studies dsj ykbiQ esEcj NfFk A 1964 l *66 i;ZUr
,dj dk;Zdkfj.khd lnL; lsgks jgykg A

(eukst dq >k] y[kukSj)

vjfoUn lqUnj >k
deykukFk >k
lEeku
ks >kds 1984 bZ es eSfFkyh vdkneh iVukl rkezi=kl lEekfur d;y

xksihukFk >k

';kekuUn >k
xsyfUk A 1987 bZes fgudk vrhr dFkk laxgz ij lkfgR; ,dsMeh iqjLdkjl lEekfur
d,y xsy A 1988 bZes psruk lfefr] iVukd fnll fgudk rkezi=kl lEekfur

pk
d;y xsyfUk A
92@fHkUu&vfHkUu ks- mekukFk >k@89
f'k{kk laLdkj
ks mekukFk >kd kjfEHkd f'k{kk ?kjfges Hksy] laLd`rd
s ek;es A vkjEHkfges
fgudk vusd laLd`rd 'yksd lHk] vejdks"k bR;kfn jVkvksy xsy A miu;ud nw
o"kZd ckns bZ loZFke fo|ky;d eqg ns[kyfUk A fgud miu;u laLdkj 1929 bZ
es Hksy vk vksgh o"kZ egkjkt jes o j flagd nsgkolku lsgks A fgud vkpk;Zx#q ia
eFkqjkukFk >k Hksykg ts fgud fo|k O;oLkk;d xq# lsgks jgfFk A 1931 bZ es fgud
ukeku ,e ,y ,dsMeh lfjlces ikpe d{kkes Hksy A 1933 bZ es bZ feM~y gSnjkcknes dk;Zjr NfFk tfudk ek=k ,dfgVk iq=k NfFku vkfnR; rFkk ikpe iq=k Jh
cksMZ Fke Js.khes mkh.kZ Hksykg tdj ijh{kkd dsU NySd okV~lu Ldwy ekqcuh A
lfjlc Ldwy ks >kd xkel dkiQh nwj NSd rFkkfi jktuhfrd dkj.kl fgudk
vksrfg kjfEHkd f'k{kk xzg.k dj; iM+yfUk A ;|fi jkt&ifjokjl lEcUk&lEidZ jgus
fgudk njHkkes i<+ckd lqfo/k HksfV ldSr NyfUk fdUrq fgud firk ia dykukFk
>k LokfHkekuh jgfFk vk rs egkjkt dkes o j flagd leq;k=kkd fojksk djSr
egkjktd lax Hkkstu ufg d;yfUk A gqudk Msuoh lkgscd ,dVk i=k HksVy jgfUk ts
vgk egkjktd lax Hkkstu d, ldSr Nh ok ufg \ iafMr th dksuks tokc fcuq nsufg
egkfo|ky;d kkukpk;Zd inl R;kxi=k n, nsyfUk A ,gu fLFkfres ks >k viu
fir`ekr`d xaxkSyhes jfg lfjlc Ldwy xsykg] laxfg firkd efe;kSr Hkkb Lo xksfoUn
feJl vaxt sz h ,oa laLd`r i<+yfUk A
vkBe d{kkes ks >k njHkkes uke fy[kk; ldykg fdUrq kd`frd vkink
vFkkZr~ 1934 bZd y;adkjh HkwdEid dkj.k fgudk ukekadues nw ekl nsjh Hk
xsyfu vk rs ftyk Ldwyes uke ufg fy[kk ldyfu] jktLdwyd s 'kj.k k;yfu A
i<+ckes rst jgckd dkj.k fgudk eSfVdy q 's ku ijh{kkes fMfLVDV LdkWyjf'ki HksVyfu A
mPp f'k{kkd gsrq ks >k iVuk xsykg vk vksr; lkbUl dkWyt s es ukeku
djvksyfUk tkfges fgud fo"k; Ny&dsfeLVh] fiQftDl ,oa xf.kr rFkk vaxt sz h
vfuok;Z fo"k;d :ies A vfrfjDr fo"k;d :ies bZ teZu lsgks j[kus Nykg A 1940
bZes ks >k vkb,l&lh Fke Js.khes ikl d;yfu A ch,es bZ vaxt sz hes vkulZ fy; A** vksfg le;es iVuk dkystd kkukpk;Z Batheja jgfFk ts fgudk nsf[krfg
j[kyfu A vaxt sz h vkWulZes fgudk lsd.s M Dykl HksVyfu A ,e, (vaxt sz h)es lsgks
lsd.s M Dykl Hksy jgfUk A
larfr
ks mekukFk >kd fookg Lo xksihuUn >k (yksguk)d dU;kes Hksyfu tkfges
fgudk ikp iq=k ,oa pkfj dU;k NfFku A T;s iq=k MkW vjfoUn lqUnj >k lEfr
yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo ofo|ky;d Lukrdkskj jlk;u'kkL=k foHkkxes fo o fo|ky;
90@fHkUu&vfHkUu
pk;Zd inds lq'kksfHkr djSr NfFk A gqud fookg 1974 bZes jktdqekj thos oj
flagd dU;kes Hksyfu tkfges fgudk ,d dU;k pk rFkk nqb ckyd lwu ,oa
iQqYy NfFku A nkslj iq=k Jh eksnukFk >k HkwxHkZ 'kkL=kes ,e ,l&lh NfFk A gqudk
nqb xksV dU;k NfFku Lo.kkZ ,oa ehuk{kh A rslj iq=k Jh jkds'k dqekj >k] ih vks]
LVsV cSda vkWiQ bUnkSjes , th ,e jSd a es NfFk] tfudk nqb iq=k fu'kkUr ,oa
vk'kh"k NfFku A pkfje iq=k MkW vfuy dqekj >k] ,e Mh (dkfMZ;ksykWth)
jkts'k dqekj >k] ch ,l&lh (,fxzdYpj)] ih vks] LVsV cSd a vkWiQ bf.M;k]
lEfr tcyiqjes inLFkkfir NfFk A
pkfj xksfV dU;kes Jherh ekkqjh ,oa Jherh ckyk MkW vjfoUn lqUnj >kl
tsfB rFkk Jherh ekyrh ,oa Jherh uhyk Jh eksnukFk >kl NksfV rFkk Jh jkds'k dqekj
>kl tsfB NfFk A Jherh ekkqjhd fookg Jh mek'kadj flag (bUiqj)l ts fjVk;MZ
eSut
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>k] vkb,,ll Hksyfu A Jherh ekyrhd fookg MkW ;U=ks'oj >k (,e Mh)
ykyxatl rFkk Jherh uhykd fookg ykyxatd s MkW LorU=ks'oj >kl] ts yuk
fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;es Lukrdkskj jlk;u'kkL=k foHkkxes kpk;Zd inij dk;Zjr
NfFk A
fo|k O;olk;
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jftLVkjd ,d xksV iqthZ HksVyfu ^^;fn vgk ;ksxnku dj, pkgh r fo o fo|ky;ds
vgkd lsok Lohdkj NSd A** fgud mkj Hksyfu ^^ijh{kkd >ekjd dkj.k ,[ku
Fkkdy Nh A nw ekl vkjke djc A** nw ekld ckn fjtYV fudyyfu vk rRi p kr~
iVuk fo o fo|ky;d vaxt sz h foHkkxd rRdkyhu v;{k dfyeqhu vgen fgudk
,dVk fruiS;kgh iksLVdkMZ fy[kyfFkUk ^^;fn vgk Tokbu dj, pkgh r Tokbu d,
iqNyfFkUk "Have you come to join ? This is purely temporary." vksfg le;es
fgudk H.D. Jain College vkjkes ijekusVa in HksVrS NyfUk rs ddkZO;foew<+ Hk,
xsykg vk fopkjckys* le; eyfFkUk A fgudk 24 ?kaVkd le; HksVyfUk A bZ viu
fgrprd dfyeqhu lkgscl fopkj d;yfUk r vks gqudfgl ijke'kZ ysckd xIi
dgyfFkUk A kr% t[ku mekukFk ckcw vksfg kkukpk;Zd le{k igqp ykg r vks
nsf[krfg iqNyfFkUk "Young man ! What have you decided ?" vksfg le;es
kkukpk;Zl Hks V djckys* iwofZ ges le; fukkZfjr dj, iM+d
S eqnk bZ r ctkvksy
ks- mekukFk >k@91
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Hkkjrh; n'kZu r v;kRe 'kkL=kd vk/kjij fl djSr vfN ts iwoZ tUekftZr laLdkjd
vkkkjsij euq";ds thoues lq[k&nq%[k] mUufr&voufr] thou&ej.k] d#.kk&O;Fkk]
n;k&ksk bR;kfnd Hkksx dj, iM+rS NSd A
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vuqeku le;l iwofZ g d, ySr vfN tfg vkkkjij vkxe nq%[kds lq[kes ifjofrZr
djckd ;kl d, ld, A
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fo'okl NSd ts iq#"kkFkZoku O;fDr fokkrkd ys[kds cnfy ldSr vfN] viu
HkkX;ds pedk ldSr vfN] ,fg lax MkW usfepUn 'kkL=khd dFku iw.kZ lehphu
cqf> iM+rS vfN
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tk ldrk gS vFkok U;wu :i eas fd;k tk ldrk gS A dgha&dgha iq#"kkFkZ vn`"V dks
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iQykiQy vo'; Hkksxus iM+rs gSa A**
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T;ksfrfoZn~ds ,fg lwpukd lnqi;ksx djSr xzgd iQykiQyes ifjorZu djckd ;kl
djckd pkfg;fu A
T;ksfr"k'kkL=kes kku xzg lw;Z vk pUds ekuy xsy vfN A lw;d
Z s iq#"k vk
pUds L=kh vFkkZr~ iq#"k vk d`frd :ies ,fg nwuw xzgds ekuy xsy vfN A ikp
rod :ies HkkSe] cq] xq#] 'kq ,oa 'kfuds ekuy xsy vfN A ,fg d`fr] iq#"k
vk rod laca kl lai.w kZ T;ksfr"kp Hkze.k djSr vfN A
;|fi pUekds vkdkjkUr jgckd dkj.ks L=kh :ies ifjdfYir djc gkL;kLin
cq>kbr vfN A oLrqr% pUek iq#"k fFkdkg vk fgud iRuhd uke jksfg.kh fFkdfu A
;Sg dkj.k fFkd ts pkSBpUes pUekd iwtk ^^jksfg.kh lfgr prqFkhZ pUk; ue%**
dfgds gksbr vfN A ,rcs ufg pUekds iq#"k lkfcr djckd gsrq ge ,r, ,dVk
fl 'yksdds m`r djSr Nh tkfges ,dVk l[kh jksfg.khl dgSr NfFk ^^gs
jksfgf.k ! vgk jkf=kdj vFkkZr~ pUekd Hkk;kZ fFkdgq A vgkd ifr O;fHkpkjh NfFk rs
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120@fHkUu&vfHkUu
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igqp
vfN ls ddjgql pksjkvksy ufg vfN A gqud ^fefFkyk&iapk*l ds ifjfpr
ufg Nh \ LokHkkfod NSd ,gu dfod dkO;es T;kSfr"k rod ckgqY;d A nk&orh
egkdkO;d fuEukafdr iafDr ns[ky tk; tkfges xq# dksu dkjs vU; 'kkL=kfg tdk
T;kSfr"kd Kku lsgks viu f'k";ds djcSr NfFk
xf.kr iQfyr u{k=k jkf'k fnu yXu dj.k frfFk ;ksx A
xzg mixzg xfr vuqxfr xzg.kgqes T;ksfr"k mi;ksx A8
iqu'p lqeuth dgSr NfFk ts owQz j xzgd fuokj.k ek=k 'kkfUrikB ufg fFkd]
Vhifu ek=k fVius xzg ufg dVSN] 'kuS'pj lu ikixzgd lae.kl ?kksj foifk v;cs
djr A fuEukafdr iafDrd voyksdu vklfd ufg gks;r
foxzgds xzg ozwQj ekfu d; nku A 'kkfUrikB djcs dh mfpr funku \
'kuS'pjd lae.k dky fodkjky A Vhifu fVius dh VjbN xzg&tky \9
lqeuthd fy[ky vusdkusd jpukes gqud T;kSfr"kKkud Nki iM+y vfN A
frinkd i| O; fFkd
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vkkZl Lokrh kfj vuqxkfeuh vgkd vusd AA10
mi;qDZ r i| Jhlqeuthd lw{e ,oa larfq yr T;ksfr"k Kkud |ksrd Fkhd] dkj.k
ts vkkZl Lokrh kfj nlVk u{k=k vfN (vkkZ] iquoZl]q iq";] v'ys"kk] e?kk] iwoZ
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vuqjkkk] T;sk ,oa ewy uiql
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gykjl djSr dgSr NfFk ts gqudk ,dVk f;k NfFku jsorh vk lsgks ^gUr*
(LoxhZ;k) vk vgkds nlVk& vkkZl Lokrh i;ZUr A ,r ;krO; fFkd ts vuqxkfeuh
fefFkykes T;kSfr"k fo"k;d ekU;rk@101
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ego vfN;ks A Nfu ts euq"; tkfg u{k=k] xzg] okrkoj.kd Hkkofo'ks"kes mRiUu ,oa iksf"kr gksbr vfN]
mkjk [k.MkdkO; e; lsgks ks lqjUs >k ^lqeu* owQz jxzgd dkj.k nq;ksxZ vk,c vksfges vksgh rod fo'ks"krk jgSr NSd A xzgd fLFkfrd foy{k.kRkkd dkj.ks vU;
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ts LFkkufo'ks"kd okrkoj.kes mRiUu ,oa iq"V gkse,cyk k.kh vksfg LFkkuij iM+;oyk
cqf> iM+bN fdNq rfguk lu nq;ksZx A vkfc rqyk;y ,r; owzQjxzg ;ksx AA xzgjf'eds viu [kkl fo'ks"krkd dkj.k vU; LFkkuij vksfg {k.k tUe xzg.k d;fugkj
& & & cPpkd vis{kk fHkUu LoHkko] fHkUu vkd`fr bR;kfn ns[kckes vcSN A xzgjf'ed Hkko
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Z vR;fkd ego vfN A vksdj jgL; ,gu xEHkhj vfN ts
djSr NfFk ts lkekU; ikBdd gsrq nq:g Hk tkbr vfN] dkj.k ts vksdj vFkZd xxuxkeh xzg u{k=kd ve`r] fo"k rFkk vU; mHk;xq.k ;qDr jf'ed Hkko lrr leku
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NSd A ,r Lrqr vfN ks rU=kukFk>kd ^".k&pfjr* egkdkO;d fuEukafdr i| jgSr vfN ts viu xq.k vk rod fo'ks"krkd dkj.k dksuks fo'ks"k dk;Zd flfd gsrq
mi;qDr gksbr vfN A
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ikFkjd jax&:i] vkdkj&dkj rFkk i`Foh] ty] vfXu roesl dksugq rod kkurk
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ij iM+rS NSd A le xq.k;qDr jf'ed xzgl iq"V vk lapkfyr O;fDrds ;fn vksgus
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vkkkjij Hkfo";d ladrs nSr NfFk] fdUrq ,rnfrfjDr ;k=kk] [ksrh] vdky] vfro`f] NSd A frdwy Hkkod euq";ds foijhr LoHkkoksRiUu jRu kkj.k djvksus foijhr iQy
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ts 1988d HkwdEid vkHkkl gqudk iwofZ gl Nyfu A O; fFkd & 'fkDr miyC/ ufg gksbr NSd] rdjk T;ksfr"kh yksdfu eksrh ifgj;ckd gsrq dgSr
iQkM+S Ny >q.M&>q.M dkjdkSvk dku] dkk fnul ! NfFk] ts fo'ks"k ykHkn NSd A ,fgl 'kkjhfjd vk ekufld nwuw rjgd fodkl
Ny duSr csj&csj xke Hkfjd 'oku] dkk fnul ! leqfpr :il gksbr vfN A xzgjf'ed Hkko lalkjd leLr inkFkZij iM+rS vfN]
fudfy ewl chgfjl ekj; Njiku] dkk fnul ! ,fges drgq langs ufg A
Hkd cnjax vjs ! xS Ny pku] dkk fnul ! 14 xzg ddjks lq[k&nq%[k ufg nSr NSd vfirq vks Hkfo";es v,fugkj lq[k&nq%[kd
,fg rjgs gelHk ns[kSr Nh ts fefFkykes T;kSfr"kij yksdds fo'okl NSd] lwpd fFkd A tsuk iwoeZ s dgy xsy vfN] xzgjf'ed Hkkod vuqlkjfg euq"; ij
iQyhHkwrks gksbr NSd] yksd ,dj v;;uks djSr vfN] 'kkL=kkFkksZ djSr vfN rFkk dksugq dkjd jRud ;ksx gks,ckd pkgh A ;Fkk vfXud LoHkko ngu djc vfN]
fo}kuyksdfu viu dkO;es lsgks ,dj LFkku nSr NfFk A ijEijkxr if.MroxZd r fdUrq ;fn pUdkUr ef.k gkFkes y, ysy tk, r vks vfXu nguf;k djckes l{ke

102@fHkUu&vfHkUu ekuo thouij T;ksfr"kd Hkko@119

 dFks dksu ts lkekU;ks dksfVd fo}kud dkO;es T;kSfr"k rod pqj LFkku HksVy vfN]
tdj v;;u d vksdj vFkZd laxfr cq>ck gsrq fefFkykpyd lkekU;ks ikBd
l{ke jgSr NfFk A
eSfFkyh dkO; e; r fNV&iqQV T;kSfr"kd Hkko vfN,] ek=k T;kSfr"k
fo"k;sVk ij ^Mkdopu laxgz * rhu Hkkxes dkf'kr vfN] tkfges rrsd us lks> Hkk"kkes
T;kSfr"kd lw=k lHkd O;k[;k d,y xsy vfN ts vui<+ks yksdd daBes bZ lek,y
vfN A vui<+ks yksdd eqgl lquc&
ekuo thouij T;ksfr"kd Hkko dsjk jksih lksfp fopkfj A 'kh eh Hkknks Hknok ckfj AA15
,r; ^'kh* Hksy ,dkn'kh] }kn'kh bR;kfn rFkk eh Hksy ipeh] lIreh bR;kfn A
vFkkZr~ ijho] f}rh;k] r`rh;k] pkSB vk "kh ,rcs frfFkes dsjk jksih vk rkgwes Hkkno ekl
ekuo thoues T;ksfr"kd vR;Ur egoiw.kZ LFkku vfN A nSufUnu O;ogkjd
vk Hknok ckfjd A rfguk ;k=kkd lEcUkes Mkdd opu loZfofnr vfN &
vR;Ur mi;ksxh fnu] frfFk] lIrkg] i{k] ekl] v;u] rq] o"kZ] ikofu&frgkjd Kku
,gh 'kkL=kd }kjk gksbr vfN A pUxzg.k] lw;xZ gz .k bR;kfnd Kkud ek;e lsgks jfods iku lkseds niZ.k] eaxy fdNq fdNq kfu;k poZu A
T;ksfr"ks fFkd A cqkds xwM+] o`gLifr jkbZ] 'kq dgs ts ngh lks g kbZ AA
'kfu dg, eksfg vnj[kHkko] ldy dktds ftfr ?kj vkc A
;fn euq";ds mi;qDZ r rF; lHkd Kku ufg gksbd r kkfeZd mRlo]
us xquh Hknok us fnd~'kwy] dgfFk ^Mkd* ve`r lerwy AA16
lkekftd ioZ] egkiq#"kd tUefnu bR;kfnd us r Bhd&Bhd le;d Kku Hk, ldr
vk us le;ij iwtk&ikBl y, firjd d`R; kfj lEiUu Hk, ldr A i<+y&fy[ky ,gh rjgs ;k=kkd le;es Nhdd fopkj NSd A lkekU;r;k yksd ;k=kkd
yksdd r xIis dksu ts fefFkykpyd dok leLr i`Fohd lkekU;ks yksd ,fg le;es Nhd lqfurfg lgfe tkbr vfN] ?kcjk tkbr vfN] v'koqQud langs dj
ckrds cq>rS vfN ts dksu ekl vk u{k=kes o"kkZ gks;rSd vk rnuqlkj vks cht oiu yxSr vfN] fdUrq ;krO; fFkd ts Nhdd 'kqHk iQy lsgks NSd A cgqr de Nhdd
djSr vfN] vU;Fkk vksdj lHkVk ifjJe O;FkZ Hk, t;rSd A v'kqHk iQy NSd A fNdfugkj dksu fn'kkes vfN ls ;ku jk[kc vko';d A ,fg lax
Mkdd opu lkekU;ks yksdd daBes vfN A O; fFkd &
ekuo thoud iy&iyij T;ksfr"kd Hkko iM+rS NSd A T;ksfr"k'kkL=kd vU;
uke T;ksfr%'kkL=k lsgks fFkd] tdj vFkZ gksbN dk'k nsc,cyk vFkok dk'kd laca kes nf{k.k NhdS ku yS NhtS A uSZr dksu flagklu nhtS AA
cq>c;cyk A vFkkZr~ tkfg 'kkL=kd ek;es lalkjd eeZ] thou&ej.kd jgL; vk if'pe NhdS ehB Hkkstuk A xs y ks iyVs ck;c dks u k AA
thoud lq[k&nq%[kd laca kes iw.kZ dk'k HksV, lSg fFkd T;ksfr"k'kkL=k A mkj NhdS eku leku A loZ f lf yS dks u bZ ' kku AA
lcgd fNk dfg xsy^Mkd* A vius fNk ufg d# dkt AA
tkrdd tUe le;es tkfg&tkfg jf'eoyk xzgd kkurk gksbr vfN] rsgus
vkdk'kd fNs uj tk; A iyfV v efUnj ufg [kk; AA17
vksdj LoHkko cfu tkbr NSd A fuEukafdr mfDrds ns[ky tk;
,rs xzgk cfy"Bk% lwfrdkys u`.kkaLoewfrZle;e~ A
,fg rjgs ge ns[kSr Nh ts fefFkykes T;kSfr"kfo|kd vR;Ur egoiw.kZ LFkku
vfN A NksVl iS?k dk;Z yksd fcuq fnu] frfFk] u{k=k] vZgjk] lakfUr] eklkUr
m;qZnsZga fu;ra cgo'p lekxrk feJe~ AA
bR;kfn fopkj d;us ufg djSr vfN A fo}kul fuj{kj kfj] vjsft;kl if.Mr kfj]
vFkkZr~ lalkjd R;sd oLrq vkufUnr voLFkkes jgSr vfN vk lHkij xzgd Hkko iM+rS jktkl j kfj lHkds ,fg xEHkhj 'kkL=kd fr vkLFkk NSd vk rnuqlkj yksd
NSd A vkpj.kks djSr vfN A

118@fHkUu&vfHkUu fefFkykes T;kSfr"k fo"k;d ekU;rk@103

lUnHkZ % jkrqd vZgjkd ees ts 'yksd m`r d;y xsy vfN rkfges xqjkS 'kjkkS d
1- [kj ddkd rjax % ks gfjeksgu >k] i` 51&57 LFkkuij ^xqjkS jlkkS* vusd T;kSfr"k xzUFkes Niy vfN ts Hkzked fFkd] fujkkkj vfN A
2- .kE; nsork % ks gfjeksgu >k] i` 71&86 cgqrks O;fDr vksdjk 'kq ekuSr NfFk A ijUrq ,fg fucUkes m`r lHkl Fke lw=k ts
3- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.k % doh'oj pUnk >k] i` 16 vfN& ^okjfL=k?uks ---------- A rkfgl vks [kf.Mr Hk tkbr Nfu A
4- ,dkoyh&ifj.k; % dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >k] 2@68
vkc 'u mBSr vfN ts ,dVk vZgjk drsd dky kfj jgSr vfN \ vksuk
5- r=kSo] 3@67] 68
r eksVkeksVh dfg nsus Nh ts 12 ?kaVkd fnu Hksy tkfges vkBVk vZgjk gksbr vfN A
6- HkwdEi&o.kZu % T;kS dfooj lhrkjke >k]
7- r=kSo A
rnuqlkj ,dVk vZgjk Ms<+ ?kaVkd Hksy A eqnk bZ r lks>Dq dk fglkc Hksy A dkj.k
8- nk&orh % ks lqjsU >k ^lqeu*] 2@19
ts d[kuks ckjg ?kaVkd cnyk ,xkjgs ?kaVkd fnu Hk tkbr vfN vk d[kuks rsjg
9- r=kSo] i` 4@58
?kaVkd A rs vZgjkd le; ?kVSr&c<+rS jgSr vfN A
10- frink % ks lqjsU >k ^lqeu*] i` 24 vr% 'kq&'kq vZgjk Kkud ysy tkfg fnud vZgjk Kkr djckd gks
11- mkjk % ks lqjsU >k ^lqeu*] i` 32 rkfg fnud lw;ksnZ ; ,oa lw;kZLrd le; iapkaxes nsf[k ysckd pkgh A rRi'pkr~ vksfg
12- ".k&pfjr % ks rU=kukFk >k] 12@11 le;ds 8 l Hkkx n vZgjk fudkfy yh A mnkgj.kkFkZ lw;ksnZ ; (5-30) ikp ckft
13- frFkh'kk ofdks xkSjh x.ks'kksfgxqZgks jfo% A rhl feuVes gksbr vfN vk lw;kZLr (6-50) 6 ckft 50 feuVes A vkc lw;ksnZ ;l
f'koknqxkZUrdks fo'os gfj% dke% f'ko% 'k'kh AA vejdks"k lw;kZLr kfjd le; 13 ?kaVk 20 feuV Hksy A ,fg le;ds 8 l Hkkx nsykl 1 ?kaVk
14- uke r fFkd oSg % MkW HkheukFk >k] i`&106 40 feuV Hksy A rs vksfg fnu 1 ?kaVk 40 feuVd vZgjk gks;r A
15- Mkdopulaxzg A
vkc ;fn vksfg fnud pkfje vZgjk Kkr djckd vfN r 1 ?kaVk 40
16- r=kSo A
feuVds 3 l xq.kk d lw;ksnZ ;d le;es tksfM+ nh vFkkZr~ 1 ?kaVk 40 feuV x 3 $
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tk ldSr vfN A jkfrd vZgjk lsgks ,fguk Kkr d;y tkbr vfN A ,fges lw;kZLrl
lw;ksnZ ; kfjd le;ds 8 l Hkkx nsy tkbr vfN A iqu% trckd dkyd vZgjk
Hksy rdjk ;kues jkf[k vHkh"V vZgjk Kkr d;y tkbr vfN A
(fefFkyk fefgj] 10 fnlEcj 1978)
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104@fHkUu&vfHkUu vZgjk&fopkj@117
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cqk 5 3 5 7 euq";d thoues tUel e`R;q i;ZUr trsd dkjd laLdkj gksbr NSd lHkes Fker%
o`gLifr 8 7 8 5 fnu xqukvksy tkbr vfN tkfg gsrq tksr[khd vko';drk gksbr NSd A eSfFkyh
'kq 3 4 3 3 lkfgR;d dksuks fo/kd ;fn xIi djSr Nh r vksfges eq.Mu] miu;u] d.kZcs k]
'kfu 6 1] 8 6 1] 8 fookg vkfnd o.kZu HksVrS vfN A ;fn ;k=kkd o.kZu ns[kSr Nh r ;qd gsrq ;k=kk]
fookgd gsrq ;k=kk] vigj.kd gsrq ;k=kk] f'kdkjd gsrq ;k=kk Hk`fr HksVrS vfN A ;k=kkd
mi;qZDr lkj.khds ;kues j[kckd ysy fuEufyf[kr 'yksd mi;ksxh vfN&& le;es 'kdqu] vi'kdqu] fNDdkd fopkj fHkUus HksVrS vfN A ekl] fnu] frfFk] pU]
fnuqdk vZgjk & rkjk bR;kfnd vuqlkj fnu nsf[k yksd viu ;k=kk fuf'pr djSr vfN A oL=k ifgjckl
jokSoT;kZ'prq"iapa lkses lIr};a rFkk A y, Hkou&fuekZ.k i;ZUr yksd fcuq fnu xq.kvksus ufg djSr vfN A
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'kukS jlk|Ur fefr{kik;ka AA
es"k& vf'ouh Hkj.kh d`fkdk ,d ik; A es"k jkf'k dsj ,rsd mik; AA
jfo (fnu) pkfje&ikpe] lkse fnu lkre&nkslj] oqQt(eaxy)fnu NBenkslj]
cqk fnu ok.k (ikpe) rslj] o`gLifr fnu lkre&vkBe] HkkxZo ('kq) fnu o`"k& d`fkdk rhfu jksfg.kh HkkSosn A nw e`xf'kj yS o`"k ifjNsn AA1 Hk`fr A
rslj&pkfje ,oa 'kfu fnu vkfn] vUr rFkk NBe vZgjk cqk tu R;kx djSr NfFk A pU fnXKku %
es"k flag /uq iwos pUnk A
jfo (jkfr) NBe (jl)] pkfje (vfCk)_ lkse (fgex)&lkre (g;)]
nf{k.k dU;k o` " k edjUnk AA
pkfje (vfCk)_ eaxy (eght) nkslj_ cq/ (fokqt) ikpe ('kj) lkre (vx)_
if'pe dqaHk rqyk vks feFkquk A
o`gLifr & ikpe&vkBe] 'kq (Hk`xt
q ) rslj] 'kfu 6 (jl)] vkfn ,oa vUr A
mkj ddZ V o` f 'pd ehuk AA

116@fHkUu&vfHkUu T;ksfr"k % nSufUnu mi;ksxd fdNq egoiw.kZ rF;@105

 vFkkZr~ es"k] flag vk /uq jkf'kd pUek iwoZ fn'kkes jgSr NfFk A dU;k] o`"k 'kfu& 7 A ,r lkre vko`fkes 'kfu vcSr vfN rs o`gLifr fnu lkre vZgjk
vkvksj edjd nf{k.kes] dqHa k] rqyk rFkk feFkqud if'pees ,ao ddZ] o`f'pd vk jfolwucq y
s k Hksy A
ehud pU mkj fn'kkes jgSr NfFk A 'kq 'kq&1] cqk&2] lkse&3] ,oa 'kfu&4 A vr% 'kq fnu 4e vZgjk
;k=kkes pUfopkj % jfolwucq ys k fFkd A
nf{k.ks lEeq[ks ykHkLR;tsRif'peoke;ks% A 'kfu 'kfu&1] o`gLifr&2] eaxy&3] jfo&4] 'kq&5] cqk&6] lkse&7 ,oa
vfip& 'kfu &8 A ,r vkB vko`fkd vUrxZr nw csj 'kfu vcSr vfN & Fke vks vfUre A
lEeq[ks pkFkZykHkk; nf{k.ks lq[klEin% A vr% 'kfu fnu Fke vks vkBe vZgjk jfolwucq y s k fFkd A
i`"Bs p 'kksdlUrkiks okes pUs /u{k;% A2 jkfres jfolwuqcsyk
vFkkZr~ lEeq[k pU vFkZykHk nSr NfFk] nfgu pU lq[k lEifk nsfugkj fFkdkg] Bhd fnus tdk jkfrd jfolwucq y
s k Kkr d;y tkbr vfN A vUrj ,rcsd
ikNwd pUek 'kksd lUrki nsfugkj rFkk oke pUds viO;; djvksfugkj dgy xsy vfN ts fnues 6&6 dsj ifjorZu ij xuy tkbr Ny vk jkfres 5&5 ifjorZuij] ts
vfN A fuEufyf[kr lw=kl Li vfN
fnu&u{k=k ;ksxl e`R;q;ksx % fnok "kV~es.kSo jk=kks iapes.k rq A
fnu frfFkd ;ksxl e`R;q;ksxij fopkj r lHk dfjrfg NfFk] ts ;k=kk rFkk 'kqHk okjs'kknZ;kekuka ir;%dhfkZrk cqkS% AA
dk;Zes oftZr vfN A ,r, fnu u{k=k ;ksxl e`R;q;ksxd ppkZ d, jgy Nh] ns[ky (cjkgfefgj r]iapLojkl)
tk;&
jfo jfo&1] o`gLifr&2] lkse&3] 'kq&4] eaxy&5] ,oa 'kfu&6 A vr%
R;t jfoeuqjk/s oS';nsoa p lkses] jfod jkfrd NBe vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A
'krfHk"kefi HkkSes pUtPpkf'ouh"kq A
lkse lkse&1] 'kq&2] eaxy&3] 'kfu&4 A vr% lksed jkfres pkfje
e`xf'kjfl lqjsT;a liZnsoa p 'kqs]
vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A
jfolqrefi gLrs e`R;q;ksxk HkofUr AA
eaxy eaxy&1] 'kfu&2 A eaxyd jkfres nXk;ke ,oa jfolwucq y
s k nquw ,ds
vFkkZr~& jfods vuqjk/k] lkseds mkjk"kk<+] eaxyds 'krfHk"kk] cqds vf'ouh] csj gksbr vfN A
o`gLifrds e`xf'kjk] 'kqds vk'ys"kk rFkk 'kfuds gLr u{k=k iM+ykl e`R;q;ksx gksbr
vfN A ,fges 'kqHkdk;Z ,oa ;k=kk oftZr vfN A cqk cqk&1] jfo&2] o`gLifr&3] lkse&4] 'kq&5] eaxy&6 ,oa 'kfu&7 A
vr% cqkd jkfres lkre vZgjk jfolwucsyk fFkd A
rkjk Kku %
o`gLifr o`gLifr&1] lkse&2] 'kq&3] eaxy&4] ,oa 'kfu&5 A vr%
pUekl dfu;ks de egod rkjk ufg A fookg] miu;u vfn 'kqHk dk;Zes o`gLifrd jkfres 5e vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A
pUek rFkk rkjkd vuqdyw rk ns[kc vfuok;Z gksbr vfN A tUe u{k=kl vHkh"V u{k=k
/fj x.kuk d, uvksl Hkkx nsy tkbr vfN A ,dl uvks /fj 'ks"k jgSr vfN ts rkjk 'kq 'kq&1] eaxy&2] 'kfu&3 A vr% 'kqd jkfres rslj vZgjk
fFkd] e'k% &tUe] lEir] foir] {kse] R;fj] lk/d] c/] fe=k] vfrfe=k A nXk;ke vks jfolwucq y
s k nquw fFkd A

,fges lEir] {ks=k] lk/d] fe=k] vfrfe=k] viu ukekuqdy w 'kqHk iQy nsfugkj 'kfu 'kfu&1] cqk&2] jfo&3] o`gLifr&4] lkse&5] 'kq&6] eaxy&7 ,oa
fFkd rFkk 'ks"k v'kqHk A v'kqHk rkjkes yksd 'kqHk dk;Z ufg djSr vfN A ipe rkjk 'kfu&8 A vr% 'kfud jkfr nw Vk jfolwucq y
s k vcSr vfN & Fke vks vkBe A

106@fHkUu&vfHkUu vZgjk&fopkj@115
 'kfu 'kfu fnu] fnud la[;k 7] vksdjk 3l xq.kk d;yk ij 21] vk 8l R;fj&Fke vko`fkd /u nsfugkj] f}rh; vko`fkd 'kqHk d,fugkj rFkk rslj
Hkkx nsykij 5 'ks"k cpSr vfN vk vksfges 1 tksMy
+ kij 6 Hksy A vr% 'kfud fnu ,oa vko`fkd e`R;q nsfugkj fFkdkg A ,fg lac/a es T;ksfr"k f'k'kqcks/d dFku "VO; fFkd&
jkfres NBe vZgjk nXk;ke Hksy A tUeHkkn~ x .k;s n knkS fnuf/".;kof/ekr~ A
jfolwuc
q y
s k uofHk'p gjsn~Hkkx 'ks"krkjk fofuf'ksr~ AA
tUe lEin~foir~ {kseR;fj% lk/dkso/% A
jfolwud
q vFkZ Hksy 'kfu dkj.k ts vks lw;d
Z iq=k fFkdkg A vFkkZr~ 'kfu
dksu csykes vcSr NfFk lSg ,r ns[kckd fFkd A bZ fnu rFkk jkfrd fHkUu&fHkUu gksbr rFkk fe=kkfrfe=ks p uorkjk% LotUeHkkr~ AA
vfN A f}prq% "kM+"VuoxrkLrrkjk% 'kqHknk% A
/unk lq[knk pSo e`R;qnk pSo ipeh AA4
fnues jfolwuqcsyk
vfuok;Z jgus v/ykgks rkjkes yksd dkt djSr vfN fdUrq vksdj 'kkUR;FkZ
fnud jfolwucq y
s k Kkr djckd ysy ,d Vk lw=k NSd fdNq nku dj, iM+rS NSd A ,fg gsrq R;fjd ysy uksu] tUed gsrq 'kkd] foir~ dsj
vk|ksHkkxks fnolkfkiL; gsrq xqM]+ rFkk fu/u rkjkd gsrq fry vk dkpud nku dgy xsy vfN A ;|fi fuku
rr%ija "kV~ifjokZusu rkjkes yksd dkt ufg;s V k djSr vfN A "VO; fFkd&
;fLefUoHkkxs jfolwuqosyk R;jkS yo.ke~ n|kr~ 'kkde~ n|kr~ f=ktUelqq A
losZ"kq dk;sZIofi fufUnrk lk AA xqMa foikkjk;ke~ lqo.kZe~ fuf/usfrye~ AA5
(ojkg fefgj r ^iapLojk*l) fnD'kwy %
vFkkZr~ tkfg fnud jfolwucq ys k Kkr djckd gks vksdjk ,d ekfu vksrl loZlk/kj.kks yksd fnXcy vk fnD'kwyd fopkj d, ;k=kk djSr vfN A t
NBe fnu xuh ls 2 Hksy A iqu% vksgh fnul NBe fnu xuh ls 3 Hksy A bZ e rrckd fnD'kwy dsvks ufgvks cq>rS NfFk] flkfn;ksx ufgvks tuSr NfFk r fnXcy nsf[k
dky kfj tkjh jg; ;kor kfj 'kfu ufg vkfc tk; A 'kfu v;ckes trckd vko`k ;k=kk d, ySr NfFk&
yxySd lSg jfolquw csyk fFkd] ;Fkk
ufg fdNq tkuh r fnXcy / rkuh A
jfo jfo fnud jfolwucq y
s k Kkr djckd ysy jfods ,d ekuh vk vksdj
NBe fnu 'kqds 2 ekuh A ,gh ekuqlkj 6 fnuij xuh A rs cqk 3 lkse 4 'kfu rFkk lkseds iwoZ fn'kk t,ckes] cq/ rFkk c`gLifrds nf{k.k fn'kk t,ckes]
vk 'kfu 5 Hksy A vr% jfo fnu ikpe vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A 'kq rFkk jfods if'pe fn'kk t,ckes rFkk cq/ vk eaxyds mkj fn'kk t,ckes
fnfXojks/ gksbr vfN A oke dkrd dks.kds oke fn'kk cq>ckd fFkd A fuEukafdr
lkse lkseds ,d ekfu vksdj NBe fnu 'kfuds 2 ekuh A ,r nksljs 'yksdd vuq'khyu d,y tk,&
vko`fkes 'kfu vkfc tkbr vfN rs lkse fnu nkslj vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A
'kukS p Us R;ts R iw o k nf{k.kka p xq j kS c q / s A
eaxy eaxyds ,d ekfu vksdj NBe fnu jfo & 2] ,oaes 'kq &3] lw;Zs 'kqs if'pek;ka cq/s HkkSes rFkkskje~ AA6
cqk&4] lkse&5] ,oa 'kfu&6 gksbr vfN A vFkkZr~ eaxy fnu NBe vZgjk
jfolwucq y
s k fFkd A dky fopkj %
cqk cqk&1] lkse&2] 'kfu&3] vFkkZr~ cqk fnu rslj vZgjk jfolwucq y
s k dkyd fopkj lrr ufg gksbr vfN A bZ fo'ks"kr% f}jkxeu] f}rh; ;k=kk]
fFkd A jkt;k=kk] uoks<k+ ;k=kk] uotkr f'k'kqd lax ;k=kk] xfHkZ.khd ;k=kk bR;kfnes fopkj.kh;
gksbr vfN A dky&vxgu] iw"k] ek?kes iwoZ fn'kkes jgSr NfFk_ iQkxqu] pSr] oS'kk[kes
o`gLifr o`gLifr&1] eaxy&2] jfo&3] 'kq&4] cqk&5] lkse&6] ,oa
114@fHkUu&vfHkUu T;ksfr"k % nSufUnu mi;ksxd fdNq egoiw.kZ rF;@107
nf{k.k fn'kkes_ T;s"B] vk"kk<+ lkvksues if p
e fn'kkes rFkk Hkkno] vkf'ou] dkfrZdes
mkj fn'kkes A ;k=kkd le; ns[kckd fFkd ts ,gu fn'kkes ;k=kk gksv, ts dky lEeq[k
vk nfgu ufg iM+fFk A "VO; fFkd&
ekxsZ ikS"ks rFkk ek?ks iwoZL;ka jkgqlafLFkfr% A
iQkYxqus p rFkk pS=ks oS'kk[ks nf{k.ks Hkosr~ AA
T;s"Bs ekfl rFkk"kk<+s Jko.ksfi p if'pes A
Hkks rFkkf'ous ekfl dkfrZds pkskjs Hkosr~ AA7
vfip&
xfHkZ.khp lwrkp uokS<+k HkwifrLrFkk A
inesda u xPNsr jkgks% lEeq[k nf{k.ks AA
iqu'p&
f}jkxexrk dU;k fir`os'efu vkxrk A
inesda u xPNsr jkgks% lEeq[k nf{k.ks AA
f'kookl %
egknsod iwtkd gsrq f'kookl Kkr djckd gsrq frfFkds nwl xq.kk d, ikp
tksfM+ lkrl Hkkx nsy tkbr vfN A 1 l 7 /fj 'ks"k jgSr vfN A ,des f'ko dSyk'k
ij jgSr NfFk] nwes xkSjhd fudV] rhues clgkij] pkfjes lHkkes] ikpes Hkkstuij]
Nvkses hM+k rFkk lkres 'e'kkues A ,fges Fke lq[k nsfugkj] f}rh; lq[k&lEifk
nsfugkj] rhu vHkh"V fl d,fugkj] pkfj lUrki nsfugkj] ikp d"V nsfugkj] Nvks
d"V nsfugkj rFkk lkr e`R;q nsfugkj fFkdkg A d`".ki{kd ijhces x.kuk djckd le;
'kqDyi{kd 15 frfFk tksMy + tkbr vfN A mnkgj.kkFkZ d`".ki{kd f}rh;kds ;fn
f'kookl Kkr dj, pkgc r 15+2=17 x2+5=397=4] pkfj 'ks"k vFkkZr~ f'koth
lHkkes jgSr NfFk ts lUrkinkf;uh Hksy A ,fg gsrq fuEufyf[kr iafDr ;krO; fFkd&
frFkhp f}xq.khd`R; ok.kS% la;kstrs rr% A
lIrfHkLrq gjsn~Hkkx% f'kookl% leqfn~n'ksr~ AA
,dsu okl% dSyk'ks f}rh;s xkSfjlfUu/kS A
r` r h;s o` " kHkk:<+ % lHkk;ka p prq F kZ d s AA
ipds Hkkstus pSo dhM+k;ka "kf.ers rFkk A
lIres 'elkus pSo f'kookl% ;nqP;rs AA
108@fHkUu&vfHkUu
nXk;ke ok vZ;ked gsrq mi;qDr 'kCn rdckd ees ge dkes'oj flag
njHkaxk laLr fo'ofo|ky;d T;ksfr"k foHkkxd v;{k Jh cztfd'kksj >kthl xIi
d;us jgh A vksgks gej rdZds laxr ekuyfu vk ,djk gsrq ,d uohu 'kCn
dgyfu ^nXk;kekZ* A eqnk gejk fopkjs ^nXk;kekZ* lsgks mfpr vFkZd friknu
ufg d icSr vfN A dkj.k] nXk;kekZ r ifgus ;kes nXk Hk tkbr vfN vk r[ku
iQsj vksdj vkks nXk dksuk ekuy tk; \ vLrq] ts&ls A gejk fopkjs ,fg le;d
ysy ^nXkkZ;ke*d ;ksx djc leqfpr fFkd A
nXk;ke fnu rFkk jkfr nque w s leku gksbr vfN A bZ fudkyckd gsrq ,dVk lw=k
NSd
^okjfL=k?uksfHkLr% lSd% L;knkZ;ked% A* (ojkgfefgjr iapLojkl)
vFkkZr~ fnues rhul xq.kk d iqu% vkBl Hkkx nh ,oa 'ks"kes ,d tksMh+ A trck
gksv; ls nXk;ke Hksy A jkfr vk fnu nquew s vks vZgjk gks;r A fnud x.kuk jfol
d;y tkbr vfN A ;Fkk
jfo jfo fnu] fnud la[;k ,d Hksy 1] vksdjk 3 l xq.kk d;ykij 3 vk
iqu% 8 l Hkkx nsykij rhus 'ks"k jgy A vksfges ,d tksMy + kl 4 Hksy A rs jfod fnu
vks jkfr nquew s pkfje vZgjk nXk;ke Hksy A
lkse lkse fnu] fnud la[;k 2 Hk xsy A vksdjk rhul xq.kk d;ykij 6
vk 8 l Hkkx nsykl Nos 'ks"k jgy A iqu% 1 tksMy + kl 7 Hksy] rs lksed fnu ,oa
jkfres lkre vZgjk nXk;ke Hksy A
eaxy eaxy fnu] fnud la[;k 3 Hksy A vksdjk 3l xq.kk d 8 l Hkkx
nsykij 1 'ks"k jgy vk iqu% 1 tksMy + kl 2 Hksy A vr% eaxyd fnu ,oa jkfres nkslj
vZgjk nXk;ke Hksy A
cqk cqk fnu] fnud la[;k 4 Hk xsy A 4 ds 3 l xq.kk d;ykij 12
vk 8 l Hkkx nsykij 4 'ks"k cpSr vfN A iqu% 1 tksMy + k l 5 Hk xsy A vr% cqkd
fnu ,oa jkfres ikpee vZgjk nXk;ke fFkd A
o`gLifr o`gLifr fnu] fnud la[;k 5] vksdjk 3l xq.kk d;ykij 15 vk
8 l Hkkx nsykij 7 'ks"k cpr vk iqu% 1 tksMy + k ij 8 Hk tkbr vfN A vr%
o`gLifrd fnu ,oa jkfres vkBe vZgjk nXk;ke Hksy A
'kq 'kq fnu] fnud la[;k 6] vksdjk 3 l xq.kk d;ykij 18 vk 8 l
Hkkx nsykij 2 'ks"k cpr A iqu% 1 tksMy + kl 3 Hk tkbr vfN A rs 'kqd fnu ,oa
jkfres rslj vZgjk nXk;ke fFkd A
vZgjk&fopkj@113
 iqu'p&
dSyk'ks yHkrs lkS[;a xkS;kp lq[klEinkS A
o`"kHksHkh"VflfL;kr~ lHkklUrkinkf;uh AA
Hkkstus p HkosRihM+k hM+k;ka d"Veso p A
'elkus ej.ka pSo f'kookl% iQye~ yHksr~ AA
lk<+slkrh 'kfu %
tUejkf'k rFkk tUejkf'kl ckjge vk f}rh; LFkkues 'kfud fLFkfrds lk<+l
s krh
vZgjk&fopkj 'kfu dgy tkbr NSd A lk<+l s krh 'kfud ukesl yksd ?kcjk tkbr vfN& tfudk ij
'kfud n`f"V gks ls tu lq[k ufg ikcfFk eqnk lk<+l s krh 'kfu lHkds lrr vkykgs Vk
ufg djSr NfFk A 'kfu ,d ?kjes 2 o"kZ jgSr NfFk vk rs rhfuVk ?kj Vickes gqudk
1@2

fnu vk jkfr feykd vkB gj gksbr vfN A pkfj gjd fnu vk pkfj gjd 71@2 o"kZd le; yxSr Nfu A lk<+s lkr o"kZd ekus 90 ekl A uCcs ekles vkjaHkl
jkfr A fnud pkfj gjds vkB Hkkxes ckVy tkbr vfN A fnud pkfj gjd rkRi;Z 7 ekl eLrdes (lok'k gkfu)] us=kes 9 ekl (gkfu)] eqg es 8 ekl (ykHk)] daBes
vfN fnuekul vFkkZr~ lw;ksnZ ;l lw;kZLr kfj A pkfj gjds vkB cjkcfj Hkkxes 6 ekl (Hkw"k.kkfn ykHk)] n;es 10 ekl (;U=kkfn ykHk)] mnjes 11 ekl (vUukfn
cVykl ,d Hkkx vkkk gjd Hksy A rs ,dj uke vZgjk Hksyd S A ykHk)] ukfHkes 4 ekl (mnj d"V)] xqg~; LFkkues 4 ekl (gkfu)] tkuqes 14 ekl
Bhd ,gh rjgs jkf=keku vFkkZr~ lw;kZLrl lw;ksnZ ; kfjd le;ds lsgks vkB (O;;)] tka?kes 11 ekl (lkS[;)] i,jes 5 ekl (ekxZd"V) A8
Hkkxes ckVy tkbr vfN A vksfg vka'k le;ds lsgks vZgjk dgy tkbr vfN A LoIu fopkj %
vZgjk nw dkjd gksbr vfN & yksd ukuk dkjd LoIu ns[kSr vfN] Msjkbr vfN] lUu gksbr vfN A
fdaonUrh NSd ts 'kqHk LiIu nsf[k viukl Js"Bds dfg,sd ts iQynk;d gksbN rFkk
(1) nXk;ke vk (2) jfolwucq y
s k
v'kqHk LiIu nsf[k viukl NksVds dfg,sd ts iQynk;d ufg gksbd A ,r; fdNq
nXk;ke vZ;ke ukel lsgks vfHkfgr vfN] eqnk vFkZd laxfr ufg cSlrS eq[k LiIud iQy Lrqr d,y tkbr vfN
vfN A nXkd vFkZ Hksy tjy ok nkxy vFkkZr~ v'kqHk ,oa ;ked vFkZ gj] ts LoIu iQy LoIu iQy
lkkkj.kr% rhu ?kaVkd ekuy tkbr vfN A rs nXk;ke dgyk mkj yxkrkj nqb xksV
vkdk'kes mM+c & ;k=kk iks[kfjes Luku & fr"Bk
vZgjk v'kqHk lwpd Hk tkbr vfN ts lEHko ufg vfN] dkj.k ts ckjg ?kaVkd
vkdk'kl [klc & gkfu nsckyijl [klc & voufr
vH;Urj nqb xksV nXk;ke vkfc, ufg ldSr vfN A rs nXk;ke vFkZ Hkzked fFkd]
;|fi :<+ Hk xsy vfN A vfXu ns[kc & o"kkZ unhes ugk;c & fpUrkeqfDr
vkfx mBk;c & /u [kpZ unh ikj djc & dk;Zflf
vkc nXk;ked ysy ;qDr ,dVk nkslj 'kCn vcSr vfN && vZ;ke A ,dj
;ksx ojkg fefgj lsgks viu ^iapLojk* uked iksFkhes d;us NfFk A eqnk bZgks 'kCn vke [kk;c & lUrku o`f unhes [klc & d"V
leqfpr vFkZd |ksru ufg djSr vfN] dkj.k ts vZ;ked vFkZ r vkkk gj ek=k fcgkfM+ ns[kc & Dysf'kr ;k=kk ikfues Mwcc & 'kqHk dk;Z
Hksy A ,fgl bZ dksuk Li gks;r ts bZ vkkk gj v'kqHk vk R;kT; fFkd \ yksd dgSr xkN p<+c & fr"Bk miou ns[kc & [kq'kh
NSd ts ,[ku vZgjk NSd rs 'kqHk dk;Z ,gu le;es ufg djh A eqnk vZgjk r iQM+y xkN ns[kc & euksdkeuk flf dqdjq dkVc & 'k=kqd lkeuk
gjne jgSr vfN vks 'kqHk jg; ok v'kqHk A r[ku vZgjkd vFkZ gejkyksdfu eqnkZ ns[kc & /u ykHk [ksr ns[kc & fo|k o`f
v'kqHklwpds fd,d cq>h \ yM+kb ns[kc & jksx d"V xk; ns[kc & O;kdqyrk 9
112@fHkUu&vfHkUu T;ksfr"k % nSufUnu mi;ksxd fdNq egoiw.kZ rF;@109
 lkekU;r;k mTtj oLrq ns[kc (Hkkr] rwj] vfLFk NksfM+) 'kqHk fFkd rFkk dkjh lanHkZ %
oLrq ns[kc (gkFkh] czk.k] xk;ds NksfM+) v'kqHk fFkd A 1- T;ksfr"k f'k'kqcks/_ i`- 5&6
2- r=kSo
vaxij fxjfxV [klckd iQy %
3- r=kSo_ i`- 9
LFkku iQy LFkku iQy 4- T;ksfr"k f'k'kqcks/_ i`- 11
f'kj & jkT;ykHk HkkS g e; & jkT; lEeku 5- r=kSo
6- r=kSo i`- 16
uklkxz & O;kf/] ihM+k oke dku & cgqykHk
7- r=kSo i`- 17
oke Hkqtk & jktHkhr o{kLFky & nqHkkZX; 8- fo|kifr ipk~x_ xzUFkky; dk'ku] 1978_ i`- 36
nwgw tka?k e; & 'kqHkkxe nqgw gkFk & oL=kykHk 9- r=kSo i`- 47
dfVHkkx & okgu ykHk oke ef.kcU/ & dhfrZuk'k 10- r=kSo i`- 48
11- r=kSo i`- 48
xYiQ & /uykHk nf{k.k i;j & xeu
v/jks"B & /uS'o;Z ds'kkUr & vfrd"V (foofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkxd 'kkskif=kdk eSfFkyh] vad&2] flrEcj 2007)
i`"Bns'k & cqfuk'k mkjks"B & /uuk'k v
eqg & fe"VkUu Hkkstu vkf[k & cU/u
eLrd & cU/q n'kZu isV & Hkw"k.kykHk
nf{k.k dku & vk;q o`f dkUg & fot;
d.B & 'k=kquk'k n; & /uykHk
nqgw tka?kij & 'kqHk oke i,j & cU/q fouk'k
nfgu ef.kcU/ & euLrki nf{k.k Hkqtk & u`irqY;rk
ukfHk & cgq/u iknkUr & L=khuk'k10
uksV& iq#"kd nfgu Hkkx] L=khd oke Hkkx [klc 'kqHk fFkd A
x.Mewy u{k=k % jsos rh u{k=kd lekfIrd nw n.M] vf'ouh u{k=kd vkfnd vkB n.M]
v'ys"kk&ekkd vfUre nw n.M] T;s"Bkd vfUre nw n.M] ewyd vkfnd nw n.Mes ;fn
cPpkd tUe gks r cPpkds ewy x.M ;ksxes tUe ekuy tkbr vfN ts v'kqHk fFkd A
T;s"Bkd ifgy pj.kes cPpkd tUe Hksykl cM+dk Hkkbd uk'k] nkslj pj.kes NksV
Hkkbd uk'k rFkk rslj pj.kes tUe Hksus ek;&ckid uk'k fuf'pr vfN A11

110@fHkUu&vfHkUu T;ksfr"k % nSufUnu mi;ksxd fdNq egoiw.kZ rF;@111

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ gs jksfgf.k ! Roefl jkf=kdjL; Hkk;kZ
leiZ.k@ ,s u a fuokj; ifra lf[k nq f oZ u hre~ AA
mikf/ tkykUrjs . k ee oklx` g a fo'; A
kfIr Jksf.krVa Li`'kfr d dqy/eZ ,"k% \
dFkklkfgR; ekuo thoues T;ksfr"k'kkL=kd rrsd us cslh mi;ksx NSd ts ,dj fcuk
1- eSfFkyh uo dFkkd MkW-vftr ukFk feJ MkW- uohu pU feJ 1986 ,d&,d Msx jk[kc dfBu Hk, t,rSd A ,r, fdNq mnkgj.k Lrqr vfN_ ;Fkk
laosnu'khyrk % Lo:i ih-th- lsaVj] lgjlk tgktd dIrkuds T;ksfr"kd fcuk dksuks nkslj lgkjk ufg A vksyksdfu T;ksfr"ks 'kkL=kd
vks ekU;rk ek;es leqes tgktd fLFkfrd irk yxcSr NfFk A kphu le;es ?kM+hd vHkkoes
2- eSfFkyh dFkkd MkW- ehuk >k MkW- uhrk >k 1990 lw;Z pU vkfn u{k=kd fiaMds nsf[k, d, le;d irk yxcSr Nykg A T;ksfr"k Kkud
lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] vHkkoes yEck nwjhd leqh ;k=kk djc lqjf{kr ufg A ,gh 'kkL=kd ek;es fofHkUu
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk ns'k vk jsfxLrkues lsgks jkLrk fudkyy tk ldSN rFkk v{kka'k vk ns'kkarjd }kjk vksfg
3- eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR;es MkW- ujs'k dqekj >k MkW- HkwisU dqekj pkS/jh 1993 LFkkud fLFkfr vk fn'kk vkfnd fu.kZ; ysy tk ldSN A
e;oxZ % ,d vuq'khyu lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk dksugq uo dk;Zd vUos"k.k djckd gsrq T;ksfr"kd Kku vko';d vfN A
4- eSfFkyh dFkkes fefFkykd MkW- f'ko 'kadj >k MkW- HkheukFk >k 1994 oSKkfud yksdfu lsgks T;ksfr"khd enfr y, viu vuqla kku dk;Zds xfr nSr NfFku A
lkekftd thoud fp=k.k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] dksuks mPpre igkM+d pkb vk leqd xgjkb T;ksfr"k'kkL=kd }kjk fu:fir d,y
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk tkbr vfN A ,rck vo'; ts vksfg gsrq js[kkxf.krd enfrd ;kstu gksbr vfN]
5- 1936&52 vof/d MkW- vkfnR; dqekj MkW- HkheukFk >k 1996 tdjk T;ksfr"ksd vax ekuy xsy vfN A kphu T;ksfr"kh yksdfu js[kkxf.krd flkUrd
fof'k"V lanHkZes eSfFkyh >k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] friknu d,us NfFk A HkwxHkZl kIr fofHkUu oLrqd dky&fukkZj.k lsgks T;ksfr"k'kkL=kd
dFkkd vkykspukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk ek;es ljyrkiwod Z d,y tkbN A
v;;u
lkekU;r;k euq"; ,fg 'kkL=kd lE;d~ v;;ul vusd dkjd jksxl cfp
6- eSfFkyh dFkkd ifjs{;es MkW- d`".k dqekj MkW- uxsU ukjk;.k >k 2000 ldSr vfN dkj.k ts vfkdka'k O;kfk lw;Z vk pUekd dqHkkol mRiUu gksbr vfN_
ks- gfjeksgu >kd dFkk lkg ts-,u- dkWyst] e/qcuh ;Fkk iQkbysfj;k jksx pUekd dqHkkod dkj.kfg ,dkn'kh vk vekokL;kds c<+Sr
lkfgR; % ,d l`f"V ,d NSd A T;ksfr"kh yksdfud dFku vfN ts tsuk pUekd Hkkol leqes TokjHkkVk
n`f"V mRiUu gksbr NSd rfguk euq";d jDrd okgij lsgks vksdj Hkko iM+rS NSd tkfgl
7- eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR;es MkW- lquhrk >k MkW- /hjsUukFk feJ 2005 euq"; jksxh cfu tkbr vfN A vr% euq";ds vksfg dqHkkods nwj djckd gsrq frdkj
efgyk ysf[kdkd ;ksxnku lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk d,ykdl ykHk gksbr NSd A ,fg 'kkL=kd lHkl iS?k ego vfN ts tsuk vUgkj ?kjes
8- ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkkd MkW- uwru pkS/jh MkW- jes'k >k 2007 ,dVk nhi tjus lEiw.kZ ?kjds vkyksfdr d, nSr NSd] rfguk ,fg 'kkL=kd ek;es
fof'k"V lanHkZes jked`".k ,e-,y-,l-,e- dkWyt
s ] vkf[kd ijks{kd Hkfo";d ladrs yksdds HksfV tkbr NSd A
>k ^fdlqu*d eSfFkyh njHkaxk ,fg Hkfo";d x.kukd gsrq T;ksfr"kh yksdfu vksfg {k.kd vR;fkd ego nSr
dFkk % ,d lkfgfR;d
NfFk tkfg ewY;oku {k.kes dksuks O;fDr tUe xzg.k djSr vfN A euq"; tkfg fnu tUe
fo'ys"k.k
xzg.k djSr vfN vks frfFk] fnu] u{k=k] ;ksx] dj.k bR;kfnd Hkko r euq";ij ifM+rs

140@fHkUu&vfHkUu ekuo thouij T;ksfr"kd Hkko@121

vfN laxfg lHkl cslh Hkko iM+rS vfN vksfg le;es xkspj xzglHk vksfg tkrdd e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
yXul drsd nwjhij NfFk] dsgu laca k j[kSr NfFk vk dsgu n`f"Vl ns[kSr NfFk A ,fg leiZ.k@
gsrq T;ksfrfoZn~ yksdfu ipkd lgk;rkl ekud vks LFkkuh; le;d vuqlkj mikf/
b"Vdky Kkr djSr NfFk vk ,ghij yXu fLFkj d, x.kuk djSr NfFk A kfIr
3- eSfFkyh miU;kles ukjh MkW- hrh >k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1987
egkn'kk % lkekU;gq yksdds viu egkn'kk vk vUrnZ'kkd lac/a es Kku jgSr
fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
NSd rs ,r; ge vR;Ur la{ksies egkn'kkd ppkZ d, jgy Nh A egkn'kk v"Vkskjh; y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
vk foa'kkskjh; gksbr vfN A v"Vkskjh;es euq";d vk;q 108 o"kZ ekuy xsy vfN vk
foa'kkskjh;es 120 o"kZ A 4- eSfFkyh miU;kles MkW- ihrkEcj >k MkW vejukFk >k 1991
ikfjokfjd fp=k.k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx
fefFkykpyes foa'kkskjh; egkn'kkd vkkkjij x.kuk d,y tkbr vfN A bZ y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
tUe&u{k=kd vkkkjij Kkr d,y tkbr vfN A ,fg gsrq uoksVk xzg&vk pa dq jk th
5- miU;kld {ks=kes fefFkyk MkW- eU=kukFk >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1992
'k cq ds 'kq ds e'k% d`fkdk u{k=kl ees fyf[k tUe&le;d egkn'kkd Kku fefgjd ;ksxnku % ,d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
djkvksy tkbr vfN A ,r; tUe&u{k=k }kjk foa'kkskjh; egkn'kk&ckskd p Lrqr fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
vfN
6- Lokra=;kskj eSfFkyh MkW- /S;Z'kadj >k MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1992
tUeu{k=k }kjk foa'kkskjh; egkn'kkckskd p miU;kld lekt'kkL=kh; lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
lw;Z pU eaxy jkgq xq# 'kfu cq/ dsrq 'kq xzg v;;u

6 10 7 18 16 19 17 7 20 n'kko"kZ 7- yksdxkFkk ,oa yksddFkk MkW- ukjk;.k >k MkW- dqejdkUr ikBd 1993
ij vkkkfjr miU;kld ,y-,u-ts- dkWyst]
d`- jks- e`- vk- iqu- iq"; vk- e- iq-iQk- v;;u >a>kjiqj
m-iQk- g- fp- 'ok fo- vuq- T;s- ew- iw-"kk- 8- eSfFkyh miU;kles nkEiR; MkW- iqrqy >k MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 1995
thou ,e-ds- dkWyst]
m-"kk- J- /- 'k- iw-Hkk- m-Hkk- js- v- Hk-
ygsfj;kljk; njHkaxk]
mi;qDZ r lkfj.khd vk/kjij dsvks O;fDr viu tUeu{k=kd vkkkjij tUedkfyd
9- eSfFkyh miU;kld MkW-nsosU yky d.kZ MkW- ukxsU ukFk >k 1996
egkn'kk Kkr d, ysrkg A iqu% Hk;kr HkHkksxds iyes vkfu Hk;krds n'kko"kZl xq.kkd, lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u ts-,u- dkWyst] e/qcuh
iykRed HkHkksxl Hkkx n, egkn'kkd HkqDr o"kZ&ekl&fnu fudkfy ysy tkbr vfN
vk vksfg HkqDr le;ds n'kko"kZl ?kVk; HkksX; Kkr djckd fFkd A 10- eSfFkyh miU;kles MkW- iwue nkl MkW- nsosU yky d.kZ 2007
lkaLd`frd fo'ys"k.k ts-,e-Mh-ih-,y-] ekqcuh
R;sd egkn'kkd vUrxZr vksdj varnZ'kk Kkr d,y tkbr vfN tkfg gsrq lw=k
11- miU;kld lekt 'kkL=kh; MkW- ;ksxukFk feJ MkW- ;'kksnkukFk >k 2007
vfN i{k ,oa ;k=khd eSfFkyh vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh
n'kk&n'kk grkdk;kZ n'kfHkHkkZxekpjsr~ AA miU;kl % ,d fo'ys"k.k
vFkkZr~ dksuks egkn'kkd vUrnZ'kk fudkyckd gsrq n'kko"kZds n'kko"kZl xq.kk 12- thodkUrthd miU;kld MkW- ;ksxsU ;kno MkW- egsU lkn flag 2008
d,] nll Hkkx n, varnZ'kkd o"kZ&ekl&fnu fudkyy tkbr vfN A mnkgj.kkFkZ pU lkfgR;'kkL=kh; foospu lh-,e-ts- dkWyst] [kqVkSuk
egkn'kkd n'kko"kZ vfN 10 o"kZ A iqu% lw=kkuqlkj vFkkZr~ pUekd egkn'kkes pUekd

122@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@139

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ vUrnZ'kk 0 o"kZ 10 efguk 0 fnu jgr A ,fg rjgs lHkVk vUrnZ'kk fudkyy tkbr
leiZ.k@ vfN A iqu% vUrnZ'kkes R;UrnZ'kk vk vksfges lw{en'kkd x.kuk lsgks gksbr vfN A
mikf/
kfIr ,fg rjgs ge lHk ns[kSr Nh ts T;ksfr"kh yksdfu lrdZrkiwod Z tkrdd
tUele;d vuqlkj vksdj yXu dq.Myh cucSr NfFk vk rnuqlkj xzgd 'kqHkk'kqHkRods
13- vk/qfud eSfFkyh ukVdd MkW- jk/s'oj >k MkW- egsU >k 1993
lekt'kkL=kh; fo'ys"k.k lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk
nsf[k] cykcyds ijsf[k] 'k=kq&fe=kd fopkj djSr] n`f"Vij ;ku nSr] mPp&uhp
ij[kSr] va'kij foe'kZ djSr] ;qfrlaca kds ns[kSr] wjrk&lkSE;rkds cq>rS ] 'kqHkk'kqHkRo
14- HkwirhU eYyd eSfFkyh MkW- eatw flag MkW- jkenso >k] 1994 iQyd ladrs nSr NfFk A v'kqHkd vk'kadkd Hkku gksbrfg vksdj v'kqHkRods lekIr
ukVdd vkykspukRed fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] djckd gsrq vusd dkjd jRud mipkj] eU=kd mipkj] iwtkikB] ;K&vuq"Bku]
v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
nku&iq.;] oL=kksipkj bR;kfnl v'kqHkRods u"V djSr NfFk A ,fg rjgs ge lHk ns[kSr
18- lkB~;kskj eSfFkyh fgUnh MkW- fuR;kuUn >k MkW- ujukjk;.k jk; 1996
Nh ts T;ksfr"k'kkL=k ekuo thouij pqj Hkko ns[kcSr vfN A
ukVdd rqyukRed ^funks"Z k* iwf.kZ;k
v;;u v
15- vk/qfud eSfFkyh ukVdd MkW-fot; 'kadj >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1997
dFkk&foU;kl fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
15- ljldfo bZ'kukFk >k vks MkW- vthr feJ MkW- txnh'k feJ 1999
ia- xksfoUn >kd ukVdd ,e-,y-,l-dkWyst]
rqyukRed v;;u lfjloikgh] e/qcuh
16- e;dkyhu ukVdes MkW- t;dk'k >k MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 2004
;qDr eSfFkyh xhrd ekjokM+h dkWyst] njHkaxk
vkykspukRed v;;u
17- eSfFkyh ,dkhd mo] MkW-d`".kk dqekjh >k MkW- mfeZyk lkn 2006
fodkl ,oa klafxdrk % vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh
,d vkykspukRed
vuq'khyu
miU;kl
1- eSfFkyh miU;kles fpf=kr MkW- vHk;ukFk >k MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1983
lkekftd ifjokZud feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
Lo:i
2- eSfFkyh miU;kles MkW- jes'k >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1986
fefFkykd tu&thou fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk

138@fHkUu&vfHkUu ekuo thouij T;ksfr"kd Hkko@123

 e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@
mikf/
kfIr
3- vadh;k ukVd MkW- HkwisU dqekj MkW- jkenso >k 1985
vkykspukRed v;;u pkS/jh fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk

fefFkykes ckf<+d leL;k 4- dfooj thou >kd

ukV~;d`frd vkykspuked
MkW- n;kdkUr >k MkW- jkenso >k
fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
1986

v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk

fefFkyk Hkkjro"kZd vks xkSjoe; HkwHkkx fFkd ts lnkl fo|k&oSHko] 'kqfp&vkpkj] 5- vk/qfud eSfFkyh ukV~; MkW- Jh'kadj >k MkW- dkphukFk >k ^fdj.k* 1986
lkfgR;d leh{kkRed njHkaxk
keZ&deZ ,oa R;kx&riL;kd gsrq vxzx.; jgy vfN A ,r; dsj Hkwfe v mit;ckd
v;;u
gsrq r mi;qDr vfN, vfirq txTtuuh tkudhd lsgks knqHkkZo ,gh kjkl Hksy vfN A
,r; dsj {ks=k unhekr`d dgcSr vfN A nSo&ekr`d (o"kkZij fuHkZj) ,oa vnSo&ekr`d 6- eSfFkyh ukVdd MkW- Hkjr fd'kksj MkW- uhrk >k 1988
(f=ke ;a=kl tyd vkiwfrZ djc) r loZ=k ns[kckes vcSr vfN A fefFkykes trsd lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u flag fo-eSfFkyh foHkkx]
dkjd unh okfgr gksbr vfN ls k;% ns'kd dksuks vU; HkwHkkxes ufg A ,r; y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
cg;cyk unhlHkes kku vfN& xaxk] dks'kh] deyk] deykcyku] y{e.kk] x.Mdh] 7- vk/qfud eSfFkyh ukV~;es MkW- egkuUn feJ MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1990
ckxerh] thcN] ve`rk] ksejq k bR;kfn A doh'oj pUnk >k fefFkykd pkSghd mYys[k lkekftd mn~cksku ih-th- lsaVj] lgjlk
djckes tkfg unh lHkd uke ysyfu vfN ls fFkd % 8- LokrU=;kskj eSfFkyh
ukVdd fo'ys"k.kkRed MkW- lqjsU >k MkW- ek/qjh >k 1990
xaxk cgfFk tfud nf{k.k fnf'k iwoZ dkSf'kdh kkjk A
v;;u lgjlk
if'pe cgfFk xaMdh mkj fgeor ou foLrkjk AA
9- mekifrd ikfjtkrgj.k MkW- oh.kk feJ MkW- uohu pU feJ 1990
deyk f=k;qxk ve`rk kseqjk ckxerh rlkjk A
vks 'kadjnsod fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx
e; cgfFk y{e.kk Hk`fr ls fefFkyk fo|kxkjk AA ikfjtkrgj.kd rqyukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
,rcs ufg] dfo viu fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes fefFkykd unh lHkds ve`r fo'ys"k.k
rqY; tyl vkIykfor dgSr NfFk A gqudfg 'kCnes ns[ky tk; & 10- ia-thou >kd ukV~;xhres MkW-mes'k lkn flag MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1991
laxhrkRed fo'ys"k.k lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
iw.kZ 'kr rM+kx dh lqkk leku okfjl A
fofp=k ifuh cuh fogax okfjpkfjl AA 11- eSfFkyh ukVdd jaxf'kYi MkW- ujukjk;.k jk; MkW- fo'os'oj feJ 1992
iwf.kZ;k dkWyst] iwf.kZ;k
fefFkykd HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ,gu vfN ts ,dj mkjes fo'od loksPZ p ioZr
12- ukV~;'kkL=kd ifjs{;es MkW- rkjkuUn lknk MkW- tVs'oj >k ^tfVy* 1992
fgeky; vofLFkr vfN tdj ijh Hkkx lrr fge&vkPNkfnr jgSr NSd tkfg dkj.ks vadh;k ukVd Vh-ih- dkWyst] e/siqjk
fefFkykapyd vfkdka'k unhes vfkd fnu kfj ty jgSr NSd ts f"k&dk;Zes vR;Ur ukV~;oLrqd 'kkL=kh;
lgk;d gksbr vfN A fefFkykd mkjes usiky iM+rS vfN tdj Hkwfe fgeky;d v;;u
124@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@137
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ tyxzg.k {ks=kes i;kZIr ty gks;ckd dkj.k vkkse[q k o`fkoyk ckf<+d ikful mcMqc
leiZ.k@ dj, yxSr vfN] ykxy iQfly cokZn Hk, tkbr vfN] Hk.Mkj.k d,y xsy v lfM+
mikf/ tkbr vfN] i'kq vks euqD[k nfg tkbr vfN rFkk ekfVd cuy ?kj Hkfl tkbr vfN A
kfIr usrk yksdfu Hkk"k.k nSr NfFk] vk'oklu nSr NfFk] foekul iSdVs [klcSr NfFk] ukuk
3- fefFkykd yksfjd MkW-eukst dqekj feJ MkW- uUn uUnu >k 1989 dkjd ckf<+fujkskd ;kstuk cucSr NfFk] Bhdsnkj vcSr NfFk] ugjij Ngj cucSr
yksdxkFkkd vkykspukRed ts-,u- dkWyst] e/qcuh NfFk] ejEefr djSr NfFk vk iqu% vfxyk o"kZ oSg !
v;;u
fefFkykes ckf<+ dksuks uo leL;k ufg fFkd] ifgugq vcSr Ny] iQflyks
4- eSfFkyh yksdxkFkkes lrh MkW-rstukjk;.k iafMr MkW- deydkUr >k 1990 ngkbr Ny] yksd vk ekyks ejSr Ny] VV?kj vk Hkhr?kj lsgks ngkbr Ny] fdUrq ,fg
fcgqyk th-Mh- dkWyst] t;uxj
Lrjij ufg A dele A yksdds nsg yxkd, ekjcs tksxjd A vksrck yksdds vstys
5- T;ksfr yksdxkFkkd MkW-f'ko lkn ;kno MkW- euksjatu >k 1993 jgSr NySd A
lkaLd`frd ,oa lkfgfR;d lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk
ewY;kadu tsuk&tsuk frd lax foKkud }a};q c<+rS xsy] ckf<+d Hkh"k.krk cy
6- yksdxkFkk ,oa yksdxkFkkij MkW- ukjk;.k >k MkW- dqej dkUr ikBd 1993 gksbr xsy A ckf<+ jksdckd gsrq vusd ugfj [kqukvksy xsy vk drksd Ngjd fuekZ.k
vk/kfjr miU;kld ,y-,u-ts- dkWyst] Hksy A eqnk rkfgl dh \ dksuks o"kZ ,gu ufg chrSr vfN ts twul vxLr kfj
v;;u >a>kjiqj fefFkykd kjrhij pkuh ufg ihVy gks A
7- fo|kifrd dkO;es yksd MkW- i`FohpU ;kno MkW- nsoukFk >k 1995 ^ty gh thou gS* fl vfN, A laLres lsgks tyds thou dgy xsy
thou ,e-ds-dkWyst] ygsfj;kljk; vfN A vejdks"kes tyd i;kZ;okph 'kCn ts nsy xsy vfN rkfges ^thou* lsgks
8- dkfj[k ift;kj % eSfFkyh MkW- egsU ukjk;.k MkW- [kq'khyky >k 1999 vfN A O; fFkd
yksxxkFkkd lekykspukRed jke ,y-,u-ts- dkWyst] >a>kjiqj vki% L=kh HkwfEu ookZfj lfyya deya tye~ A
v;;u
i;% dhykyee`ra thoua Hkqoua oue~ AA
9- eSfFkyh yksdxkFkkes nsoh MkW- jkejkth ;kno MkW- jktkjke lkn 2000 dcUkeqnda ikFk% iq"dj% loZrkseq[ke~ A
nsork % ,d vuq'khyu lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk vEHkks.kZLrks; ikuh; uhj{khjkEcqlEcje~ AA
10- yksdxk;d egku uk;d MkW- fnus'k dqekj MkW-y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 2002
dk: f[kjgfM+ fnokdj fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] ,gu thourods yksd jksfd d, jk[k, pkgSr vfN] dkj.k ts oLrqr% thou
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk ,ghij fuHkZj djSr vfN eqnk t[ku vks thou yse, yxSr NSd r yksd tYnh&tYnh
tsEgjs&rsEgjs vksdj dy&dy Ny&Ny djbr osxorh kkjkd eqg eksfM+ nSr vfN
11- eSfFkyh yksdvk[;kues MkW- 'kkfUr dqekjh MkW- jktkjke lkn 2006
ukjh&fp=k.k lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk ^vfr loZ=k otZ;rs ~* A
ukV~;lkfgR; fefFkykes ckf<+d Hkh"k.krkd drksd dkj.k vfN A lcl iS?k xIi r bZ vfN
1- eSfFkyh ,dkhd mo MkW- fo".kqdkUr feJ MkW- dkphukFk >k ^fdj.k* 1981
ts usikyes etxwr ckUg ufg jgykl tyds rhoz xfrl jksdc dfBu gksbr vfN A
vks fodkl njHkaxk fefFkykd Hkwfery uhp jgckd dkj.k osxorh kkjk p.M :i kkj.k d, iS?k&iS?k
unhds HkjSr] rVcak lHkds rksMrS+ yksdd [ksr&[kfjgku] Mhg&Mkcj] ?kj&}kfj loZ=k
2- eSfFkyh dhkZfukk ukVdd MkW- ek/qjh >k MkW- jkenso >k 1984
dkO;'kkL=kh; v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
rkfg xfrl gqfy nSr vfN ts D;ks lEgkfj ufg icSr vfN A fro"kZ ,fg vo';EHkkoh
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk fouk'kds yksd cnkZLr djSr vfN ek=k bZ'ojd ukeij A ljdkj lsgks ltx jgSr vfN]
136@fHkUu&vfHkUu fefFkykes ckf<+d leL;k@125
frdkjks djSr vfN] yk[k ufg] djksMi+ j [kpZ lsgks gksbr vfN] eqnk ckf<+d e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
foHkhf"kdkl yksdds lhfnr gkse, ifM+rs NSd A lHkVk lM+d rgl&ugl Hk, tkbr leiZ.k@
vfN] th.kZ&'kh.kZ dBiqyk lHk oLr Hk, tkbr vfN] jsy ykbu vk lM+dijl ty mikf/
okfgr gkse, yxSr vfN A ifj.kker% lM+d vk jsy nquw rjgd vkokxeu vo# Hk, kfIr
tkbr vfN A ,dj dkj.k dh \ gejk tuSr dkj.k Li vfN A ,d r usikyes tyds 12- Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL=kd MkW- loZukjk;.k >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1995
jksdckd dksuks O;oLFkk ufg vfN A nkslj ts unhcgqy {ks=kd unh] ugfj] iks[kfj] bukj fof'k"V lanHkZes vEcpfjr fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
egkdkO;dvkykspukRed y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk
lHk Fkj Hk, xsy vfN] Hkfj xsy vfN A Hkjckd lsgks drksd dkj.k vfN & ,d
v;;u
r fro"kZ ckf<+ }kjk vkuy xsy ikd] ekfV bR;kfnl vk nkslj c<+rS tula[;kd
dkj.ks vkokld gsrq drksd iks[kfj ugfjds Hkfj d, vkokl cukvksy xsykd dkj.k A 13- jk/k fojg % ,d MkW- bfUnjk >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1997
vkykspukRed v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
iks[kfj bukj&[kqu;ckd o`fk vkc lekIrk; vfN eqnk Hkjckd tksj&'kksjl A ek=k
y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk
vkokls ufg] pklksd gsrq yksd kkjl ugfj vk ugfjl iks[kfjd eqg rd igqp ;cyk
ukyk lsgks Hkfj&Hkfj d, ?kj cuk, ySr vfN] tdjk us D;ks jksdfugkj vk us ns[kfugkj A 14- jes'oj pfjr fefFkyk MkW- uoyfd'kksj MkW- HkheukFk >k 2002
jkek;.k ,oa jkepfjr Bkdqj fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
;Sg lHk dkj.k fFkd ts tyds drgq vVdckd txg ufg HksVrS NSd vk vks yksdd
ekuld rqyukRed y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk
?kj}kfj gqfy nSr vfN A
v;;u
ckf<+l lcl cslh Hkkfor gkse,cyk {ks=k vfN dks'kh ,oa deyk&cykud [k.MdkO;
rVorhZ bykdk A ,d r cfjlkres lHkVk unh ukyk viufg Hkjy jgSr vfN vk
rkfgijl usiky }kjk NksMy
+ xsy ikfu ,gh dks'kh&deyk&cykul vkfc fouk'kyhyk 1- eSfFkyh [k.MdkO;d MkW- eqDrs'oj feJ MkW- n;kuUn >k 1984
ilkfj nSr vfN A ,fgl lokZfkd Hkkfor gksbr vfN detksj ,oa "kd oxZd mo vks fodkl fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
yksd A lkekU;r;k detksj oxZd yksdd ?kj iwQld jgSr Nfu ts ckf<+es fuf'pr :is
fou Hk, tkbr NSd] drksd i'kq vk euq"; lsgks Hkfl tkbr vfN A "kd yksdfud 2- ledkyhu lanHkZes eSfFkyh MkW- nqxkZuUn >k MkW- jkenso >k 1988
?kj vk ckgj nquw lekIr Hk, tkbr Nfu] tfud Hkfo"; f"k;sVkij fuHkZj jgSr Nfu A [k.MdkO;es ukjh ik=kd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
klafxdrk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ckf<+d le;es mi;qDr iqyds oLr Hksus drksd iS?k&iS?k {ks=kd lM+d vk 3- eSfFkyh jkedFkkes chjckyd MkW- eksgu >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1990
jsylEidZ VqfV tkbr vfN] tkfgl fefFkykapyd turkds vR;fkd ijs'kkuh cf<+ [k.MdkO;d ewY;kadu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx
tkbr NSd A ,rcs ufg] mi;qDr LFkyes iqyd vHkkod dkj.k tyd fudkles lsgks y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ckkk iM+rS NSd tkfg dkj.ks ckf<+d ikfu vfkd fnu kfj vVdy jfg tkbr NSd A 4- eSfFkyh [k.MdkO;es MkW- ujsU dqej MkW- n;kuUn >k 2001
tsuk fd iwogZ eq s ppkZ Hk, pqdy vfN ts ckf<+d leL;kd lekkkud gsrq fcEc&;kstuk fo- eS- foHkkx]
ljdkj fro"kZ djksMe+ s [kpZ djSr vfN] ukuk dkjd mik; d,y tkbr vfN] eqnk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
,fg leL;kd funku gejk tuSr ,fg :is lEHko ufg NSd A ;kor kfj ckf<+d yksdlkfgR;
O;kidrkij xEHkhjrkiwod Z fopkj&foe'kZ d, le; jgSr vksdj lekkku ufg d,y 1- eSfFkyh yksdegkdkO; % MkW- ohjsUukFk >k MkW- fo'os'oj feJ 1987
tk,r rkor kfj bZ fefFkykd kjrh ckf<+ :ih nkuod vR;kpkjds ykpkj cufy vkykspukRed v;;u iwf.kZ;k dkWyst] iwf.kZ;k
lgSr jgrhg A bZ leL;k fnukuqfnu xEHkhj cuy tkbr vfN A iwoZ dkyes t ckf<+ 2- eSfFkyh yksdlkfgR;es MkW- 'kf'kHkw"k.k >k MkW- p.Ms'oj >k 1989
vcSr Ny r ?ksjy tek d,y ikfu ufg jgSr NySd A e'k% ty vcSr Ny vk yksdlaLd`frd vk/kj njHkaxk
126@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@135
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ xgh j iks[kfj] unh lHkds HkjSr yksdd [ksr&[kfjgkues igqp
rS Ny A vksdj rhozrk
leiZ.k@ de jgSr NySd A LokHkkfod NSd] tyd okgds trsd ckfkr djcSd rrsd vksdj
mikf/ osx cy gks,rSd A
kfIr
gejk tuSr fefFkykes ckf<+d leL;kd lekkkud gsrq ek=k ljdkjsVkij fuHkZj
3- eSfFkyh egkdkO;es MkW- ghjk eaMy MkW- vejukFk >k 1987 jgc mfpr ufg A fefFkykd tutues ;qodl ;qorh kfj] cPpkl cw<+ kfj] fukZul
oLrq&foU;kl fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] kuk<~; kfj] fo}kul ew[kZ kfj] R;sd oxZ vk o.kZd yksd lHkd eksues ,d leku
y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk
Hkkouk jgckd pkgh ts viu {ks=kd fodkl dksu dkjs gks,r] ,dj leL;kd
4- dfopUd fefFkykHkk"kk MkW- ykyijh nsoh MkW- egsU >k 1990 lekkku dksuk djc \ yksdes Lor% ,gu o`fk jgckd pkgh ts iks[kfjd eksgkj ok
jkek;.kes O;or lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk iks[kfj Hkfj ?kj ufg cukch] unh&ukyk Hkfj pkl vk vkokld fodkl ufg djh]
yksdksfDrd foospukRed dBiqykd ydM+h pksjk, ^pkSdh* vk ^gjhl* ufg cukch] fctyhd iksyd rkj dkfV
v;;u
vkues Mksfj ufg Vkaxh vk ljdkjh taxy dkfV ^?kwj* ufg itkjh A ,rcs ufg]
5- eSfFkyh egkdkO;es MkW- i'kqifr ukFk >k MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1990 tula[;kij fu;a=k.k lsgks ckf<+fu;a=k.kes egoiw.kZ LFkku j[kSr vfN] dkj.k ts ;fn
jl fu:i.k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] tula[;k o`f ufg gks;r r yksdds iks[kfj vk ugfj Hkfj ?kj cu;ckd ;kstus ufg
y- uk -fe- fo-] njHkaxk gks,rSd A
6- ykynkld jes'oj pfjr MkW- jk/kd`".k >k MkW- dqy/kjh flag 1991 fefFkykd ckf<+fu;a=k.kes ljdkjd r egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vfN,] fdUrq ek=k
fefFkyk jkek;.kes ts- ,u- dkWyst] e/qcuh
fcgkj ljdkj ok dsU ljdkjsVkd bPNkl ,fgij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k ik;c vlEHko lu
'kfDrd Lo:i
cqf> iM+NS A iwofZ g mYys[k d,y xsy vfN ts fgeky;d lfdV fefFkykapy vfN
7- nk&orh egkdkO;d MkW- v'kksd dqekj >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1991 vk ioZrh; {ks=k usikyd] ts LoHkkor% mPp NSd vk vksfgl fefFkykapy l|%
'kkL=kh; vuq'khyu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] Hkkfor gksbr vfN A vr% Fker% ljdkjds usiky ljdkjl okrkZ djc vko';d
y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk NSd vk nkslj fefFkykd unh] iks[kfj] ugfj] ukyk vkfn ts ckf<+d ikdl Hkfjd,
8- d`".kpfjr egkdkO;d MkW- iqQys'oj >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1992 Fkj Hk, xsy vfN rdj th.kks Z kj djc, iM+rd
S ] tkfges ckf<+d tyd vfkdka'k
dkO;'kkL=kh; vuq'khyu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] Hkkx lekfgr Hk, ld, A fefFkykapyd NksVl iS?k unh] iks[kfj vkfn ts iwoeZ s
y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk vR;fkd xgh j Ny] fnukuqfnu Fkj Hk, xsy A ,dj ToyUr mnkgj.k vfN
9- #fDe.kh ifj.k; MkW- m"kk dqekjh MkW- HkheukFk >k 1992 deyk&cykud rVcUk A ,fg rVcakij ihpjksM vfN] tkfgij vufxur cl vk
egkdkO;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] Vdd ifjpkyu frfnu gksbr vfN A t ,fg rVcakl i;js pyc r Li cwf> iM+r
vkykspukRed v;;u y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk ts tyxzg.k {ks=k (rVcUkd Hkhrjd {ks=k) i;kZIr mPp vfN vk rVcakd ckgjh {ks=k
10- eSfFkyh egkdkO;es MkW- equhU dqekj >k MkW- f'ko 'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1993 uhp A vkc lkspy tk ldSr vfN ts Hkhrjh Hkkx dksuk mPp Hksy gks,r \ fu'p;
d`fr&o.kZu % Lo:i lh- ,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk ckf<+d ikd vk fro"kZ rVcakd dVkud ekfVl Hkhrjd Hkkx Hkjy tk jgy vfN A
foospu rs mPp LFkkuij ikfuds ?ksfj d, jk[kc nq"dj vfN A iQyr% rVcakij vR;fkd
11- ekdZ.Ms; oklhd`r MkW- iqQys'ojh dqekjh MkW- vejukFk >k 1993 ncko iM+rS NSd vk vksfges njkj vcSr NSd A dfu;s VqVckd dkt A rRi'pkr~
vxLR;kf;uh egkdkO;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] ckgjd {ks=k r uhp NSds A rhoz xfr, fudVorhZ {ks=k tykIykfor gkse, yxSr vfN A
vkykspukRed v;;u y- uk- fe- fo-] njHkaxk vkb ckf<+d leL;kd LFkk;h lekkkud gsrq gejk fopkjs ,dek=k mik; vfN ts unh

134@fHkUu&vfHkUu fefFkykes ckf<+d leL;k@127

lHkd ekfV dkfV vksdjk iw.kZ xgh j d,y t;ckd pkgh vk vksfg ekfVl vksdj
rVcakds lsgks iw.kZ etxwr cukvksy tk, A rVcakd Hkhrjh lrg fuf'pr :il ckgjh
lrgd vis{kk i;kZIr xgh j jgckd pkgh A ,rck vo'; ts bZ lkekU; xIi ufg NSd]
i;kZIr [kpZlk; NSd] le;lk; NSd A ,fges fdNq o"kZd le; vo';s yxrSd] eqnk
gejk tuSr cgqr va'kkfj ckf<+d [krjk nwj Hk, tk,r A ,fg [kuu f;kd vUrxZr
lHkl tfVy dk;Z vfN ts NksV&NksV kkj] ugj] ukyk] iks[kfj bR;kfnd okLrfod uki y- uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/
djk,] vfrfer Hkwfeij fu;U=k.k d, vksdjk iw.kZ:ies vkuc] vFkkZr~ rRijrkl ;fn
d,y tk, r del de ,d iapo"khZ; ;kstuk vo';s ykxr] fdUrq fefFkykapyd fefFkykd n;LFkyes fojkteku yfyr ukjk;.k fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;]
gsrq ,dVk ojnku fl gks,r A ,r, dsj etnwjds jksVhd rkdes gfj;k.kk vk iatkc eSfFkyh fo"k;es ih&,p-Mh-d mikfk nku djckes dksuks vU; fo'ofo|ky;l cgqr
ufg tk, iM+rd S ] yksdds iQfly ng;ckd Mj ufg jgrSd vk us lesVy vUu vkxk vfN A ,fg fo'ofo|ky;d LFkkiukd i'pkr~ v|kofk fofHkUu fo"k;ij
Hkflv;ckd A 'kks/dk;Z Hksy vfN vk nw l;l vfkd 'kkskdkkZ yksdfuds ih&,p-Mh-d mikfk
,fg tfVy dk;Zd gsrq ge ;qokoxZd vkku djSr fN;fu ts vksyksdfu nku d;y xsyfu vfN A vkc fdNq o"kZl ih&,p-Mh- djckd f;k tfVy Hk,
n`<r+ kiwod
Z vxzlj gksFkq vk ljdkjd ;ku ,fg fn'kkes vk djFkq] tkfgl ckf<+d xsy NSd A iwoeZ s r dksuks Lukrdkskj fMxzhkkjhds 'kkskdk;Z djckd vkgZrk kIr
LFkk;h lekkku Hk, ldr] vU;Fkk fro"kZ lM+d vk ckUgd ejEefres djksMk+ s #iS;kd Nyfu eqnk vkb ih-vkj-Vh- (h jftLVs's ku VsLV)d ijh{kkes lfEefyr Hk, vksfges
viO;; r gksbrs jgr vk yksdd tku&eky] ?kj&}kfj] mitk&ckjh lHk fdNq fou mkh.kZrk kIr d;ykd i'pkrs 'kkskdk;Z djckd gsrq fucUku d;y tkbr vfN A
gksbr jgr A fucUkul iwoZ 'kkskdkkZ yksdfuds 'kksk&k:i cuc; iM+rS Nfu tkfges gqudk viu
'kksk&funs'Z kdd lg;ksx HksVrS Nfu A ,fg ees 'kkskdkkZ ,oa 'kkskfuns'Z kdds bZ
(Lekfjdk % lkre vUrjkZh; lEesyu] te'ksniqj] 8&9 tuojh 2000) cq>ckd cy ftKklk jgSr Nfu ts iwoeZ s dksu&dksu fo"k;ij dk;Z Hksy vfN A dkj.k
v ts fo"k;d iqujko`fk ufg gks;ckd pkgh A ,fg vk'k;d ek.k&i=k 'kksk funs'Z kdds
nse, iM+rS Nfu A ,r; ge miyCk lwpukd vkkkjij fofHkUu fo"k;ij Hksy 'kkskdk;Zds
oxhZd`r d, miLFkkfir djckd ;kl d, jgy Nh] tdjk lqkho`Un ;kuLFk Hk,
i<+fFk vk lkspfFk ts dh ,dfg fo"k;ij r nksckjk dk;Z us Hk xsyd S vfN \
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@
mikf/
kfIr
egkdkO;
1- dfooj ykynkl vks MkW- eksrh yky MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1986
gqud jes'oj pfjr ih- th- lsaVj] lgjlk
fefFkyk jkek;.kd
fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u
2- eSfFkyh yksdegkdkO; % MkW- ohjsU ukFk >k MkW- fo'os'oj feJ 1987
vkykspukRed v;;u iwf.kZ;k dkyst] iwf.kZ;k

128@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@133

djrSd A cslhl cslh la;eh efgyk viukij fu;a=k.k jkf[k ldSr NfFk] fdUrq rs
gqudkij vR;kpkj ufg gks;rfu] rdj ds xkjUVh ysr \ ;k=khthd 'kCnes ,d fokckd
d#.k Unu voyksduh; fFkd &
keZl thou fcrkcS pkgSr Nh
bTtfr vkc: cpkcS pkgSr Nh
rS;ks dj pkgS NfFk gejk upkj
dsgu&dsgu pkuu Bksi dSfugkj A fefFkykapyd fodkl vk efgykd nkf;Ro
iqu% vksfg fokckd vkks'k 'kr&'kr Tokykeq[kh ln`'k iwQfV iM+rS vfN &&
fefFkykapyd lax t[ku gejkyksdfu fopkj dj yxSr Nh r loZFke
vxjkgh yxkS c# ctz [klkS
,dVk leL;k le{kes vcSr vfN] ts fFkd ,dj lhekd fukkZj.k A lhek&fukkZj.kd
,gu tkfrij c# kluk klkS
i'pkrs ,dj dksuks leL;kij fopkj djc leqfpr gks;r A ek=k njHkaxs ekqcuh
HkwdEi gkSd c# iQVkSd kjrh
ifjljd {ks=kds fefFkykpy ufg dgy tk ldSN A ,fg lax gejk yksdfu
ek fefFkyk jfg;sd dh djrh \
doh'oj pUnk >kd erd vuqlj.k djh] ls cslh uhd gks;r A vks fefFkykapyd
vkc lgt lkspckd ckr fFkd ts ,rsd iS?k vkks'k j[kfugkfj ns'k ok pkSghd lax dgus NfFk &
lektd dk;Zes lg;ksx d ldfr \ lHkl Fke ;kl ,gh fn'kkes gks;ckd pkgh] xaxk cgfFk tfud nf{k.k fnf'k iwoZ dkSf'kdh kkjk A
r[kus Vk fefFkyk iw.kZ fodflr Hk ldr] ukjh lektd vknj Hk ldr A t viu if'pe cgfFk x.Mdh mkj fgeor ou foLrkjk AA
vfkdkj vksyksdfu NksfM+ nsrhg r lHk fnu vuds 'kj.kes fnu fcrkc iM+rfu] deyk f=k;qxk ve`rk kseqjk ckxerh rlkjk A
iq#"ksd rjck pVSr le; dkV iM+rfu A vfkdkj kIr djckd gsrq R;kx vks lkkuk
e; cgfFk y{e.kk Hk`fr ls fefFkyk fo|kxkjk AA
dj iM+rS NSd A bZ eykl ufg HksVrS NSd
vktqd le; fFkd ;ksxd A yksd uo&uo ;ksx djSr vfN A viu
ekxs feyrh gS Hkh[k fdUrq
lH;rk&laLfrds cnfy uo;qxd LFkkiuk djSr vfN A Hks"k&Hkw"kk] [kku&iku]
ekxs feyrk vfkdkj ugha
jgu&lgu vkfn lHk fdNq cnyy tkbr vfN A fdUrq fefFkykapyd yksd ,[kuks
ekxk Fkk dsoy ikp xzke
ijEijkoknh NfFk] vUkfo'oklh NfFk rFkk HkkX;oknh NfFk A ;Sg dkj.k fFkd ts gejk
ij lwb vxz foLrkj ugh
yksdfud lokZh .k fodkl ufg Hk jgy vfN A
if.Mr lhrkjke >k lsgks ,gus Hkko nf'kZr d;us NfFk
fefFkykapyd fodkld gsrq efgykd nkf;Ro egoiw.kZ vfN A fefFkyk
vfN lykbes vkfx cjr dh fcuk jxM+us \ vkkqfud ;qxd vuqlkj vusd rjgs ikNw Hk tkbr vfN] tdj dkj.k bZ fFkd ts ,r
ik;c fut vfkdkj drgq dh fcuk >xM+us \ ukjhd LFkku xkS.k NSd A vksdjk dksuks vfkdkj ufg nsy xsy NSd A vksdj vfLrRo
vr% ukjh lektds viu fodkl] viu Hkkoh lUrfrd fodkl rFkk viu ux.; NSd A ;|fi dgy r bZ xsy vfN ts tr ukjhd lEeku gksbN vksr nsork
ns'kd fodkld gsrq ltx Hk ;kl djc vko';d Nfu A ddjks xjnfud <soQq y cfud yksdfud fuokl jgSr vfN &
jgc ok vudks fodflr cqfds klksUeq[k djc gqudkyksdfud dkZO; ufg fFkdfu A ;=k uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r=k nsork A
(fefFkyk fefgj] 6 vSy 1980) gejk yksdfud vksr ,gu ns[ky tkbr vfN ts yksd ckydds i<+;ckij
v iw.kZ rRij jgSr vfN] fdUrq ckfydkd ysy dksuks fpUrk ufg A bZ vko';ds ufg cq>uk
132@fHkUu&vfHkUu fefFkykapyd fodkl vk efgykd nkf;Ro@129
tkbr NSd A ,fg ysy t ddjks dgcks djcS r mkj HksVr ts && dh djcS
i<+k&fy[kkd ----- csVh csVh fN,s ------- fookg gsrS lklqj tk;r------dksuks ukSdjh&pkdjh
FkksMc+ s djckd NSd \ LowQy&dkWyt s tkd iphl jaxd ckr -------- A
vkc lkspy tk ldSr vfN ts tkfg Bke ,gu laoQq fpr fopkjkkjk j[kfugkj
yksd jgSr gks rkfg ns'kd fodkl dksuk gks;r \ trd ukjhes ckY;dkysl ghurkd
Hkkouk Hkfj nsy tkbr NSd vks ukjh ns'kd fodkld gsrq dh lksfp ldSr vfN \ g]
vkc fdNq ;ku nsyks tk jgy vfN cl ,gh ysy ts dgquk vksdjk uhd ?kj&oj Hk
tkbd A vkc r bZgks ,d Vk iS?k leL;k Hk xsyd S vfN A fukks[Z k :is iwfN nSr NSd
ts dfu;k dksu oxZes i<+rS vfN \ rFkkfi drsdks O;fDr ,gh i{kes jgSr NfFk ts
>wB&iwQfl ckftd dgquk fookg djk fn,sd] cknes tdj dikj [kkbd A bZ ije
fpUrkd ckr fFkd A lUrku dksuks jg;& csVk ok csVh& ek;&ckid Fke dkZO; fFkdSd
ts viu LokFkZd ikNw vksdj thou u ufg djSd] vFkkZr~ vksdjk lqf'kf{kr cu;ckd
gsrq vFkd ;kl djSd A vks ek;&cki 'k=kq fFkd ts viu lUrkuds ufg i<+crS vfN
ekrk 'k=kq% firk cSjh ;s u okyks u ikfBr% A
u 'kksHkrs lHkke;s gal e;s cdks ;Fkk AA
gejk yksdfud f'kf{kr efgyk lektd dkZO; gksbr Nfu ts vksyksdfu
fefFkykapyd Hkkoh fodkld gsrq ,fg fn'kkes tksjnkj vkokt fudkyfFk] lky pj.k
c<+kcfFk A
,gwl fo'ks"k fpUruh; ckr r bZ fFkd ts ,r thoud ts lHkl cslh egoiw.kZ
ckr] ls yksd viuk fopkjs ufg d icSr vfN A vks ckr fFkd ^fookg*& nw iw.kZr%
fHkUu eu%fLFkfrd ,dhdj.k A fefFkykd bZ ijEijk vfN ts iq#"k jg; ok ukjh] viu
fookgd lax ctckd vfkdkjh ufg vfN A t D;ks ,fg lkekftd cUkul viukds
eqDr dj pkgSr NfFk r gqudk lektes migkld ik=k cu iM+rS Nfu A bZ de
lkspuh; xIi ufg fFkd A yksdds nw&pkfj fnu ok ?kaVkd ysy ddjks lax ,MtLV
djckes vlkSd;Z Hk ldSr NSd r lEiw.kZ thoud gsrq ,gu ckr lkspc drs dfBu
gks;r \ ;fn nqgd w chp euksekfyU; jfg xsyd S r dh vksdj thou ?kksj ujd rqY;
ufg Hk t;rSd \ dh vks ns'k ok jkd fodkld gsrq fpUru&euu d ldr \
,fg fn'kkes iq#"k oxZds r e'k% fdNq LorU=krk HksfV xsyd
S vfN] fdUrq ukjh
lekt ,[kuks kfj vksfg ijEijkoknh lektd ?kksj vUgkj dksByhes uqdk;y viukds
lM+k jgfy vfN A viu ofZ".kq cqf] laLdkj lHkds efyu cukSus tk jgfy vfN]
Bhd vksfguk tsuk Nkmj fpuxkjhds >ius tkbr gks A dh vksdj eksu dfg;ks 'kkar Hk
ldSr NSd] ts viu mTToy Hkfo";d dYiuk djSr Nfy] viu 'kqHk le;d
130@fHkUu&vfHkUu
vkxeud rh{kk djSr Nfy vk ifj.kke bZ gksbr NSd ts vksdjk dksuks yqYg] ukj
ok vkUgj ojd gkFkes n firk viukds LoPNUn cqf> ySr NfFk A eqnk] vksfg vcyk
ukjhd dh n'kk gks;rSd ls r lgtfg dYiuk d;y tk ldSN A ,fgl uhd r bZ
gksbr ts tUe xzg.k dfjrs firk Lo;a viufg gkFks vksfg f'k'kqd thou lekIr d
fnrfFk A HkfjtUe ts yksd fpark:ih Tokykes nXk gksbr jgr rkfgl uhd vfXud
Tofyr fprk A fprkes r ejykd ckn yksdds tjkvksy tkbr NSd] fdUrq fpUrk r
k.k vNSrs yksdds tjk nSr NSd A dgy xsy vfN
fprk fpark lek[;krk foUnq ek=ka fo'ksf"kdk A
fprk ngfr futhZoa fpUrk kf.kuka lnk AA
vfip
fpUrk gS cM+h fprk ls Hkh uj dks futhZo cukrh gS A
gS fprk tykrh eqnkZ dks fpUrk thrs dks [kkrh gS A
drsdks dU;k ,gh lkekftd cUkud dkj.k vkb oqQekfj iM+fy vfN A ;fn
ek;] cki vk lekt vksdjk ysy ufg lksprS NSd r cUku dFkhd \ yksd fd,d
lekt] ifjokj vk lEcUkh oxZd jksp jk[kr \ oLrqr% ukjh lektds ,fg fo"k;ij
xEHkhj fpUru d ,fg ekxZds lqxe vks 'kLr cuk;c vko';d A ,d O;fDrd
fpUrk ufg NSd] fpUrk NSd Hkkoh larfrd] fpUrk NSd ns'kd voufrd] fpUrk NSd
nqjkpkjhd c`fd A gejk fopkjs thoud ,fg egoiw.kZ dk;Zd lEiknues dU;k&ojd
kkurk jgckd pkgh] vU;d lg;ksx ek=k] r[kus Vk yksdd thou 'kkar vks lq[ke;
jgrSd A yksdds fpUru&euu djckd volj HksVrSd A ukjh lektes vkc ,fg
rjgd tkxj.k gks;c furkUr vko';d vfN] vU;Fkk fefFkykapyd fodkl fdUugq
ufg Hk ldSr vfN A bZ voufrd xrZes [kfl iM+r A
,d leL;k vfN fokokd iqufoZokgd A ge lHk ns[kSr Nh ts ifjokjes
efgykds oSkO;d d Hkksx iM+rS Nfu A ,fges drsd iS?k jktuhfr vfN ! iq#"k
ts loZ'kfDreku vfN & iqufoZokg d ldSr vfN] fdUrq efgyk ts LoHkkor% vukFk
vfN] iqufoZokgd vfkdkjh ufg] pkgs fookgd osnh;sij fd, us vksdj Lokehd
fuku Hk xsy gks ! vksfg cspkjh vcyk ukjhd dh xfr gks;rSd tdjk nkEiR;
thoud xUkks rd ufg yxySd \ vksdj iqufoZokg djk;c vR;Ur vko';d vfN]
vU;Fkk ifgyqdk lrhFkk lSg uhd Ny A ;fn lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd n`f;s iq#"k
vks efgykds leku vfkdkj NSd r gks;ckd bZ pkgh ts fokckd fookg fokqjd
lax gks A vU;Fkk lektes vijkk c<+r A o;ld vuqlkj yksdd vkpj.k gks;cs
fefFkykapyd fodkl vk efgykd nkf;Ro@131
 e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@
mikf/
kfIr
dfork
1- eSfFkyh uo dfork MkW- ucksukFk >k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1982
fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- vk/qfud eSfFkyh dforkes MkW- fujatu dqekj MkW- vejukFk >k 1986
dYiukrRod fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
3- eSfFkyh uo dforkes tu MkW- y{e.k >k MkW- /hjsU ukjk;.k >k 1997
la?k"kZ vk foksgd Loj lqikSy
O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo
1- misUukFk >k ^O;kl*d MkW- dqy/kjh flag MkW- uohu pU feJ 1983
O;fDrRo vks d`frRo fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- jktdey % thou vks MkW- nso'kadj >k MkW- f'ko 'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1989
lkfgR; lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
3- iafMr g"kZukFk >kd MkW- fou;/kjh flag MkW- osnukFk >k 1990
O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo vkj- ds- dkWyst] ekqcuh
4- lkgscjke nkld MkW- ikyu >k MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1991
O;fDrRo vks d`frRo feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
5- fcyV ikloku fogaxe % MkW- enu dqekj MkW- mfeZyk lkn 1994
O;fDrRo vks d`frRo ikloku vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh
6- pkS/jh dsnkjukFk Bkdqj % MkW- veksy dqekjh MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 1996
O;fDrRo vks d`frRo >k ,e-ds- dkWyst]
ygsfj;kljk;
7- Jh jke y"k.k jke MkW- cqp: ikloku MkW- egsU lkn flag 2008
^je.k* % O;fDrRo vks nksuokjhgkV] [kqVkSuk
d`frRo

160@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@141

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@
mikf/
kfIr
dFkkdkO;
1- eSfFkyh dFkkdkO;d MkW-jes'k dqekj MkW- vejukFk >k 1991
mo vks fodkl pkS/jh fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- }kn'khd fo'ks"k lanHkZes MkW-v#.k dqekj d.kZ MkW- HkheukFk >k 1996
eSfFkyh dFkkdkO;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
vkykspukRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
i=k&if=kdk
1- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d MkW-dSyk'k ukFk >k MkW- uohupU feJ 1982
fodkles fefFkykeksn fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
if=kdkd ;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d MkW- f'kopU >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1991
fodkles oSngs hd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
;ksxnkud ewY;kadu y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
3- miU;kld {ks=kes fefFkyk MkW- eU=kukFk >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1992
fefgjd ;ksxnku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
Hkk"kkfoKku
1- eSfFkyhd eq[k ikajifjd MkW- ;ksxkuUn >k MkW- jkenso >k 1986
tkrh; O;olk; lacakh fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
'kCnkoyhd Hkk"kkrkfRod y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
v;;u
2- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es ;qDr MkW- yfyrk >k MkW- jkenso >k 1990
Hkkstu lEcU/h 'kCnkoyhd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
Hkk"kkrkfRod v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
3- eSfFkyh vks exghd MkW- lR;ukjk;.k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1990
ijLij laca/ fo'ys"k.k ;kno fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
142@fHkUu&vfHkUu fHkUu&vfHkUu@159
 e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@
mikf/
kfIr
4- eSfFkyhd miHkk"kk % ,d MkW- HkoukFk >k MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 1992
v;;u ,e-ds- dkWyst]
ygsfj;kljk;
5- eSfFkyh vks Hkkstiqjhd MkW- fdj.k dqekjh MkW- uohu pU feJ 1992
rqyukRed v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
6- eSfFkyh lkfgR; vks MkW- deyk pkS/jh MkW- jkenso >k 1996
Hkk"kkes ;qDr Hks"k&Hkw"kk& fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
lkku lac/a h 'kCnkoyhd y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
Hkk"kkrkfRod v;;u
7- eSfFkyh ns'kh 'kCnd Hkk"kk MkW-tkudh lkn MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 1997
oSKkfud v;;u pkS/jh ekjokM+h dkWyst] njHkaxk
8- eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vk ,dj MkW-v'kksd dqekj >k MkW- je.k >k 1999
fofo/ cksyh % okZeku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
lanHkZes ,d fo'ys"k.k y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
xhr
1- eSfFkyh yksdxhrd laxhr MkW- p.Ms'oj >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1979
'kkL=kh; v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- fo|kifr inkoyhij MkW-f'kokdkUr Bkdqj MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1979
Jhen~Hkkxord Hkko fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
3- e/qid fof'k"V lanHkZes MkW- f"k dqekj >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1986
eSfFkyh xhrdkO;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
leh{kkRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
4- eSfFkyh xhrdkO;d MkW-uUn fd'kksj feJ MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1987
mo vk fodkl feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
5- eSfFkyh yksdxhres ukjh MkW- ehuw dqekjh MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1990
Lo:id fp=k.k feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
158@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@143
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
6- eSfFkyh yksdxhres MkW- v'kksd dqekj MkW- ucksukFk >k 1990 5- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d Jh nsodkUr feJ MkW- HkheukFk >k 2008
thou n'kZu feJ ,e-,y-,l-,e- dkWyt
s ] fodkles csuhiqj iwoZ kpk;Z]
njHkaxk vuqe.Myd ;skxnku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
7- dkyhoknh vks xksjS;k MkW-xaxk lkn ;kno MkW- vejukFk >k 1991
xhrd v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] 6- vk/qfud eSfFkyh xhr Jh pUef.k >k MkW- foHkwfr pU >k 2008
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk lkfgR;d fo'ys"k.kkRed vkj-,u- dkWyst] i.MkSy
foospu
8- eSfFkyh yksdxhres MkW- xaxk lkn flag MkW- p.Ms'oj >k 1991
yksdthoud O;k[;k fo- laxhr ,oa ukV~; foHkkx] Mh-fyV~- mikf/ gsrq 'kks/ca/ lefiZr
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 1- eSfFkyh dkO;ij MkW- je.k >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 2006
9- pUnk>kd inkoyh MkW- flkFkZ 'kadj MkW- :iukjk;.k pkS/jh 1991 T;ksfr"kd Hkko fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
lkfgR;es fefFkykpyd ikBd ts-,u- dkWyst] usgjk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
yksdpsrukd rF; njHkaxk v
10- ia-thou >kd ukV~;xhres MkW- mes'k lkn MkW- f'ko 'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1991
laxhrkRed fo'ys"k.k lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
11- dks'kh .Myd ;kno MkW- veksy jk; MkW- vejukFk >k 1992
leqnk;d laLdkjxhrd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
oSKkfud v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
12- eSfFkyh yksdxhres MkW- Hkkjrh MkW- ckyxksfoUn >k ^O;fFkr* 1992
O;olk; laca/h xhr % ,e-,y-,l- dkWyt s
ifjp; vks fo'ys"k.k lfjloikgh] e/qcuh
13- lar dohj Hkf.kr eSfFkyh MkW-deykdkUr MkW- lqHk >k 1992
inkoyhd foospukRed HkaMkjh
v;;u
14- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es nsork MkW- ;ksxs'oj >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1993
laca/h xhr vk vksdj fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
15- eSfFkyh yksdxhres d`fr MkW-lqHkk"k pU flag MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1996
o.kZu lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk

144@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@157

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
8- eSfFkyh vkUnksyud MkW-oS|ukFk pkS/jh MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2004 16- eSfFkyh yksdxhrd MkW-jk/kdkUr ;kno MkW- jktkjke lkn 1996
n'kk fn'kk % ,d ^cSt*w lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk lkfgfR;d fo'ys"k.k lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk
los{Z k.k 17- eSfFkyh yksdxhres MkW- foHkwfr ukFk MkW- tVs'oj >k ^tfVy* 2001
9- eSfFkyh lEcjdkO; % MkW- gfjukjk;.k MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2007 lkekftd psruk pkS/jh lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
,d fo'ys"k.k egrks lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk 18- eSfFkyh yksdxhres HkfDr MkW- ,e-,u- flag MkW- uxsU ukjk;.k >k 2003
10- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d fodkles MkW- vatw Bkdqj MkW- HkheukFk >k 2007 n'kZu ts-,u- dkWyst] e/qcuh
vkRedFkk lkfgR;d iwoZ kpk;Z 19- eSfFkyh e;dkyhu MkW- t;dk'k >k MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 2004
;ksxnku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx ukVdes ;qDr eSfFkyh ekjokM+h dkWyst] njHkaxk
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk xhrd vkykspukRed
Mh-fyV~- v;;u
1- ks- gfjeksgu >kd MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ MkW- uohu pU feJ 1997 dkO;'kkL=k
eSfFkyh d`frd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] 1- egkdfo xksfoUnnkld MkW- txnh'k feJ MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1985
vkykspukRed ifj'khyu y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk vykj&;kstuk feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
mi;qZDr oxhZdj.kes dksuks dksuks uked iqujko`fk lsgks Hksy vfN ;Fkk ^eSfFkyh 2- vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;es MkW- je.k >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1986
egkdkO;es jl* A ,gu 'kks/dk;Zds dkO;'kkL=kij vk/kfjr lsgks ekfu ysy xsy vfN vk vykj&fo/ku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
egkdkO;ij vk/kfjr lsgks A eqnk ,dj la[;k ux.;s tdk vfN A y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
fdNq 'kks/&cU/ ts ewY;kadud gsrq lefiZr vfN eqnk v|kof/ vksdj ekSf[kdh ufg 3- eSfFkyh iwoeZ ;dkyhu MkW- oUnuk dqekjh MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1987
Hk ldy vfN] vks fFkd dkO;es lkn`';ewyd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
1- usikyd eSfFkyh ukV~; Jh dqykuUn >k MkW- jkenso >k 2007 vykj y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ijEijk ygsfj;kljk; 4- xksfoUnnkld lkfgR;] MkW- fnus'oj lkn ks- lqjsU >k ^lqeu* 1987
2- eSfFkyhd ozrdFkkd Jherh iq"ik dqekjh MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2008 n'kZu rFkk dkO;'kkL=kh; flag MkW- ijekuUn ikBd (fgUnh)
lekykspukRed v;;u lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk ro
3- ledkyhu eSfFkyh Jhdeyukjk;.k jk; MkW- ucksukFk >k 2008 5- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes MkW- gs.kq >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1991
dforkd o`fk fo'ys"k.k ,e-,y-,l-,e- dkWyt
s ] vykj&;kstuk fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
njHkaxk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
4- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es tu Jh jktdqekj flUgk MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2008 6- Jh lqjsU >k ^lqeu*d MkW-jktsU lkn flag MkW- n;kuUn >k 1991
psrukd Lo:i foospu lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk dkO;es vykj&;kstuk lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk

156@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@145

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
7- dfo'ks[kj cnjhukFk >kd MkW-fo'oukFk ikloku MkW- ckyxksfoUn >k ^O;fFkr* 1991 12- jes'ojpfjr fefFkyk MkW-uoyfd'kksj Bkdqj MkW- HkheukFk >k 2002
eSfFkyh dkO;es ,e-,y-,l- dkWyt s jkek;.k ,oa jkepfjr fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
vykj&;kstuk lfjloikgh] e/qcuh ekuld rqyukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
v;;u
8- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes MkW- vfuy dqekj MkW- je.k >k 1998
NUn&;kstuk >k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] 13- , dEiksftV LVMh vkWiQ lqnhIrk HkV~Vkpk;Z MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 2006
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk eSfFkyh ,.M flysVh fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
9- eSfFkyh egkdkO;es MkW- i'kqifr ukFk >k MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1999
jl&fu:i.k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] fofo/
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
1- eSfFkyh yksdksfDrd MkW- deydkUr >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1982
10- e/qid dkO;es MkW- fo".kq lkn MkW- je.k >k 2004 vuq'khyu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
NUn&fo/ku eaMy fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
2- eSfFkyh uoxhr % MkW- jkepSrU; >k MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1987
fofHkUu ifjlj fo'ys"k.kkRed ifjp; ih-th- lsaVj] lgjlk
1- mtku ifjljd fof'k"V MkW- egsU ukFk >k MkW- dkphukFk >k ^fdj.k* 1986 3- fefFkykapyes MkW- eatw lkn MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 1993
eSfFkyh lkfgR;dkjd yksguk] njHkaxk e/qjksiklukd ifjikVh ekjokM+h dkWyst] njHkaxk
d`frd leh{kkRed vkvksj e/qjksikld
v;;u eksnyrkth
2- e/qcuh e.Myd dq'kckgk MkW- egsU lkn MkW- vejukFk >k 1986 4- eSfFkyh ;k=kk lkfgR; MkW- oS|ukFk >k MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1994
leqckgk leqnk;d pfyr flag fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
O;kogkfjd xhrd v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 5- eSfFkyh lekykspuk MkW-vjfoUn dqekj MkW- uohupU feJ 1995
3- eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vk lkfgfR;d MkW- ,l-,l- >k MkW- mes'k feJ 1989 lkfgR; % n'kk vks fn'kk flag >k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
fodkles iwf.kZ;k ifjljd ih-th- lsaVj] lgjlk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
;ksxnku 6- fefFkykd eq[k ozrdFkk MkW- foHkwfr ukFk flag MkW- vejukFk >k 1996
4- eSfFkyh Hkk"kk lkfgR;d MkW- cps'oj >k MkW- dqej dkUr ikBd 1991 vk rdj ewY;kadu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
fodkles lgjlk ftykd ts-,u- dkWyst] >a>kjiqj y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
;ksxnku 7- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es tuoknh MkW-vfuy dqekj ;kno MkW- cS|ukFk >k 2002
5- lgjlk ftykd eSfFkyh MkW- v'kksd dqekj MkW- egsU >k 1991 fparu % ,d vuq'khyu ,e-,y-,l-,e- dkWyt
s ]
lkfgR; vks lkfgR;dkj flag lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk njHkaxk
146@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@155
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
5- dfooj pUnk >kd MkW- d`".k dqekj MkW- uohu pU feJ 1991 6- dks'kh e.Myd ;kno MkW- veksy jk; MkW- vejukFk >k 1992
fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] leqnk;d laLdkjxhrd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
vks dfooj ykynkld y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk oSKkfud v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
jes'ojpfjr fefFkyk
7- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es dqej MkW- :ik dqekjh MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2003
jkek;.kd rqyukRed
ckftriqjd vonku lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
foospu fo'ys"k.k
8- dydkk ifjljes eSfFkyh MkW- vejukFk feJ MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2006
6- eSfFkyh vks Hksktiqjhd MkW- fdj.k dqekjh MkW- uohu pU feJ 1992
lsok % ,d vuq'khyu lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
rqyukRed v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 9- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d MkW- vpZuk dqekjh MkW- HkheukFk >k 2007
fodkles dksby[k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
7- lkgscjke nkl ,oa xksfoUn MkW- uohu dqekj >k MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 1993
ifjljd ;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
nkld dkO;es HkfDr ekjokM+h dkWyst] njHkaxk
fo"k;d Hkkoukd lkfgR; ,oa laLd`fr
rqyukRed v;;u 1- eSfFkyh lkfges kphu ,oa MkW- fot; pU >k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1981
8- lardfo lkgscjke nkl MkW- nqxkZuUn Bkdqj MkW- vejukFk >k 1996 e;dkyhu eq[k fo}ku fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
vks lardfo viwN nkld fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] yksdfud nk'kZfud o`fk y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
HkfDr dkO;d rqyukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 2- lkekftd vlUrks"k vk MkW- uhrk >k MkW- jkenso >k 1983
v;;u rdj eSfFkyh lkfgR;ij fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
9- lkB~;kskj eSfFkyh fgUnh MkW- fuR;uUn >k MkW- ujukjk;.k jk; 1996 Hkko y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ukVdd rqyukRed ^funkZ"s k* iwf.kZ;k 3- pUnk >kd eSfFkyh jpukes MkW- 'kkfUrukFkflag MkW- uohu pU feJ 1986
v;;u ykSfdd ,oa 'kkL=kh; Bkdqj ih-th- lsUVj] lgjlk
10- eSfFkyh vks fgUnh MkW- nsosU ukFk Bkdqj MkW- vejukFk pkS/jh 1998 rod lqfu;kstu
eqgkcjkd rqyukRed lh-,e- lkbUl dkWyst] 4- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d MkW- ek;kuUn feJ MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1989
foospu % ro ,oa :i njHkaxk lkekftd i`"BHkwfe fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
11- ljldfo bZ'kukFk >k vks MkW- vthr feJ MkW- txnh'k feJ 1999 y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ia- Jh xksfoUn >kd ,e-,y-,l- dkWyst] 5- eSfFkyh dkO;'kSyhij MkW- eaty
q k feJ MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1990
ukVdd rqyukRed lfjlo ikgh ik'pkR; lkfgR;d Hkko feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
v;;u
6- e;dkyhu usiky MkW-foeysUnq flag MkW- osnukFk >k 1991
njokjd eSfFkyh lsok vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh

154@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@147

e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
7- vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;es MkW- lqjs'k dqekj MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1991 4- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es MkW- pUnso >k MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1992
lkekftd vks lkaLd`frd lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk vk/qfud o`fk fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
fo'ys"k.k y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
8- eSfFkyh lekykspuk MkW- vjfoUn dqekj
MkW- uohu pU feJ 1995 5- vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;es MkW-v'kksd dqekj flag MkW- f'ko 'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1992
lkfgR; % n'kk vks fn'kk flag >k
fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] ;qxlR;d foospu lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 6- ;FkkFkZokn vks vk/qfud MkW- th-ds- >k MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 1995
9- eSfFkyh cky lkfgR;d MkW- neu dqekj >k MkW- jkenso >k 2000 eSfFkyh lkfgR; ,e-ds- dkWyst]
lekykspukRed v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] ygsfj;kljk;
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
7- e;dkyhu eSfFkyh MkW-';ke dqekj pkS/jh MkW- jkenso pkS/jh 1997
10- fefFkykd lkaLd`frd MkW- vjfoUn >k MkW- je.k >k 2005 HkfDr lkfgR; 'kkgiqj iVksjh
i`"BHkwfees doh'ojd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 8- vk/qfud eSfFkyh MkW- 'kSysU dqekj >k MkW- HkheukFk >k 2002
dforkes rhd ;kstuk fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
11- lkfgR; ,oa lkaLd`frd MkW- y{eh dqekj MkW-y{e.k pkSkjh ^yfyr* 2006
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
n`f"V, fefFkykd thoues d.kZ fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
ouLifr y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk rqyukRed foopsu
laLFkk 1- eSfFkyh vks laLd`r MkW- dkek[;k nsoh MkW- vejukFk >k 1983
lkfgR;es xkSjh 'kadj % fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
1- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d xzaFk] MkW- ;ksxukFk >k MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1985
,d rqyukRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
i=k&if=kdkd laj{k.kes feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
iqLrdky;d ;ksxnku 2- e;dkyhu eSfFkyh vks MkW- ukjk;.k >k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1988
2- lkfgR; vdknseh }kjk MkW- ;ksxkuUn flag MkW- uohupU feJ 1992 fgUnh d`".k dkO;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
eSfFkyhd iqjLd`r iksFkh % >k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] rqyukRed foospu y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
,d vkykspukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 3- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.k vks MkW- eqjyh/j >k ks- lqjsU >k ^lqeu* 1988
v;;u jes'ojpfjr fefFkyk njHkaxk
O;fDrfo'ks"k jkek;.kd rqyukRed
v;;u
1- dfopwMk+ ef.k Jh MkW- HkheukFk >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1982
dk'khdkUr feJ ^e/qi*d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] 4- mekifrd ikfjtkrgj.k Mk- oh.kk feJ MkW- uohu pU feJ 1990
d`frd vkykspukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk vks 'kadjnsod ikfjtkr fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
v;;u gj.kd rqyukRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
fo'ys"k.k
148@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@153
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
4- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es xaxk MkW- ;ksxek;k >k MkW- HkheukFk >k 1996 2- dfooj ykynkl d`r MkW- jk/kdkUr >k ks- lqjsU >k ^lqeu* 1985
fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] jk/kdk.Md v;;u njHkaxk
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
3- lkfgR; jRukdj eqa'kh MkW- uhfyek >k MkW- uohupU feJ 1987
5- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es d`".k MkW- vkfnR; ukFk >k MkW- uohu pU feJ 1997 j?kquUnu nkld eSfFkyh ih-th- lsUVj] lgjlk
ro fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] d`frd vkykspukRed
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk fo'ys"k.k
5- eSfFkyh lkfgR;es Jhjk/k MkW-nh?kZ ukjk;.k MkW- mekdkUr >k 1999 4- dfooj vkjlhd eSfFkyh MkW- d`".k dkUr ks- lqjsU >k ^lqeu* 1988
dqej ,e-,y-,l-,e- dkWyt
s ] dkO;lk/uk Bkdqj njHkaxk
njHkaxk
5- jked`".k >k ^fdlqu*d MkW- jes'k >k MkW- egsU >k 1988
6- fefFkykHkk"kk jkek;.kes MkW- ujsU ukFk >k MkW- je.k >k 2005 thou vks lkfgR; lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk
'kfDr rRo fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 6- vk/qfud eSfFkyh MkW- nsoukFk >k MkW- jkenso >k 1988
lkfgR;d fodkld fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
ukjh lkfgR; fof'k"V lanHkZes Jh y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
1- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d MkW- bfUnjk >k MkW- t;/kjh flag 1989 pUukFk feJ ^vej*dsj
fodkles efgyk vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh eSfFkyh d`frd
lkfgR;dkjd ;ksxnku vkykspukRed v;;u
2- eSfFkyh yksdxhres ukjh MkW- ehuw dqekjh MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1990 7- T;ksfr"kkpk;Z cynso MkW-yhykdkUr >k MkW- egsU >k 1988
Lo:id fp=k.k feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk feJd eSfFkyh jpukd lgjlk dkWyst] lgjlk
fo'ys"k.kkRed v;;u
3- vk/qfud eSfFkyh MkW- m"kk pkS/jh MkW- vejukFk pkS/jh 1990
lkfgR;es efgyk lh-,e- lkbUl dkWyst] 8- ia- Nsnh >k ^f}toj* ,oa MkW- 'ks[kj dqekj >k MkW- f'ko'kadj >k ^dkUr* 1989
ysf[kdkd ;ksxnku njHkaxk rRlkef;d eSfFkyh ih-th- lsUVj] lgjlk
lkfgR;
4- eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR;es MkW- lquhrk >k MkW- /hjsU ukFk feJ 2005
efgyk ysfd[kdkd lh-,e- dkWyst] njHkaxk 9- jktif.Mr cynso MkW- 'kEHkqukFk >k MkW- jkenso >k 1990
;ksxnku feJd eSfFkyh jpukd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
vkykspukRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
fofHkUu okn 10- JhpUukFk feJ vejd MkW- HkkX;ukjk;.k >k MkW- jkenso >k 1991
3- vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;es MkW-v#.k dqekj >k MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* 1991 d`fres fufgr Hkk"kk fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
O;aX;d fo'ys"k.kkRed y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
okn d`frd Lo:i feYyr dkWyst] njHkaxk
v;;u
152@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@149
e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/ e 'kks/fo"k; 'kks/dkkZ 'kks/funsZ'kd 'kks/ca/
leiZ.k@ leiZ.k@
mikf/ mikf/
kfIr kfIr
11- doh'oj pUnk >kd MkW- v#.k dqekj MkW- uohu pU feJ 1991 20- eSfFkyh x| lkfgR;es MkW- lkfo=kh >k MkW- HkheukFk >k 1996
jpukes lelkef;d Bkdqj fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] Jh lqjsU >k ^lqeu*d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
ifjfLFkfrd fp=k.k y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk ;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
12- eSfFkyh Hkk"kk vks MkW- lrh'k pU >k MkW- t;dkUr feJ 1991 21- ;ksxnkuUn >kd lkfgR;d MkW- 'kphU ukFk feJ MkW- HkheukFk >k 1996
lkfgR;ds e-e- mes'k bykgkckn leh{kkRed v;;u fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
feJd ;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
13- ks- gfjeksgu >kd MkW- vt; dqekj >k MkW- HkheukFk >k 1992 22- MkW- ijes'oj feJ % ,d MkW- misU dqekj MkW- mfeZyk lkn 1997
miU;klsrj lkfgR;d fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] v;;u vkj-ds- dkWyst] e/qcuh
vkykspukRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk 23- eSfFkyh vkykspuk MkW- uhye dqekjh MkW- uohu pU feJ 1999
14- doh'oj pUnk>kd MkW-jktho jatu lkn MkW- xkSjh dkUr >k 1992 lkfgR;es vkpk;Z jekukFk fo- eS- foHkkx]
iqjkrRokUos"kd flag iwf.kZ;k dkWyst] iwf.kZ;k >kd ;ksxnku y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
vkykspukRed v;;u 24- eSfFkyh 'kSo lkfgR;d MkW-t; dk'k MkW- HkheukFk >k 1999
15- e/qjksiklukd vkyksdes MkW- fo'oukFk feJ MkW- vejukFk >k 1992 fof'k"V lanHkZes pkS/jh ^tud* fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
xksfoUnnkld dkO;es fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx] dfopwMk+ ef.k e/qid y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
e/qj Hkko y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk f'koxhrd fo'ys"k.k
16- pUnk>k d`r fefFkykHkk"kk MkW- Hkkxs'oj >k MkW- f'kokdkUr Bkdqj 1993 25- dfooj vkjlh lkn MkW-egsU ukjk;.k MkW- v#.k dqekj d.kZ 2008
jkek;.kd ekuosrj ik=kd ekjokM+h egkfo|ky;] flagd lw;Zeq[khd ;kno efgyk dkWyst] leLrhiqj
pfj=k fo'ys"k.k njHkaxk leh{kkRed v;;u
17- lardfo viwNnkl vks MkW- jktsU >k MkW- vejukFk >k 1993 vkykSfdd pfj=k
gqud dkO; jpukd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
1- eSfFkyhes jkedkO;d MkW- oh.kk Bkdqj MkW- y{e.k pkS/jh ^yfyr* 1984
v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ijEijk vks vksdj ewy fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
18- ia- #kuUn feJd MkW- fefFkys'k dqekj MkW- vejukFk >k 1995 lzkrs y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
^egknso fookg* dkO;d >k fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
2- eSfFkyh lkfgR;d fof'k"V MkW- mekdkUr >k MkW- 'kSysU eksgu >k 1990
vkykspukRed v;;u y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
lanHkZes lhrk pfjrd fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
19- eSfFkyh jkedkO;d MkW-fd'kksj dqekj ks- jkeujs'k flag 1995 e&fodkl y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk
ijEijkes jkelq;'k flag ih-th- lsUVj] lgjlk 3- eSfFkyhes 'kkDr lkfgR; MkW- Hkksyk >k MkW- jkenso >k 1991
lkxjd foospu fo- eSfFkyh foHkkx]
y-uk-fe-fo-] njHkaxk

150@fHkUu&vfHkUu y-uk- fefFkyk fo'ofo|ky;&nk eSfFkyhes ih&,p-Mh- mikf/@151

 Mk je.k >k

H tUe& 14 vxLr 1957 bZ

gVk<+&#ikSyh] e/qcuh (fcgkj)
H f'k{kk& ch, fr"Bk (eSfFkyh) & 1976] Fke oxZes Fke
yuk fefFkyk fo ofo|ky;] njHkk A
,e, (eSfFkyh) & 1978] Fke oxZes f}rh;]
yuk fefFkyk fo ofo|ky;] njHkk A
ih&,pMh & 1986] vk/qfud eSfFkyh dkO;es vykj&fo/ku]
yukfefFkyk fo o fo|ky;] njHkk A
Mh fyV~ gsrq yukfefoes 'kks/&cU/ lefiZr&2006] eSfFkyh dkO; ij T;kSfr"kd
HkkoA
H o`fk % 2 uoEcj *82 l 5 iQjojh *96 /fj jkl ukjk;.k egkfo|ky;] i.MkSyes
O;k[;krk ,oa mikpk;Z_ 6 iQjojh *96 l fo o fo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkx] y
uk fefFkyk fo ofo|ky;] njHkkes mikpk;Z A
H jpuk % i'pkkki (dFkk&laxzg) & 1995
dkO;&okfVdk (dfork&laxzg) & 1999
vykj&HkkLdj (iwoZ&[k.M) & 2002
vykj&HkkLdj (vykj 'kkL=k) & 2003
fHkUu&vfHkUu (leh{kk) & 2008
H lax lEiknu % eSfFkyh (fo'ofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkxd 'kks/&if=kdk) & 1996
H lEiknu % eSfFkyh (fo'ofo|ky; eSfFkyh foHkkxd 'kks/&if=kdk) & 2007