MkW- nso 'kadj uohu

tUe % 2 vxLr 1962 eSfFkyh rFkk fgUnh es ,e-,.] ih&,p-Mh-] HkkSfrdh es ,e-
,l&lh- rFkk iqLrd izdk'ku ,oa vuqokn es ih-th- fMIyksek] y-uk- fefFkyk fo-fo-
] njHkaxk( jkaph fo-fo-] fnYyh fo-fo-] ts-,u-;w- rFkk dsanzh; fgUnh laLFkku vkxjk la
d,ykd ckn th-,y-,- dkWyst MkyVuxat es Nvks c[kZ /kfj eSfFkyh es v/;kiu
d,yfuA fgUnh vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh la Js"B ;qok dfod iqjLdkj] ifYyok.kh vksfM+;k
lkfgfR;d laLFkk }kjk lEeku] ;w-th-lh- }kjk rFkk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=kky; }kjk
dfu"B 'kks/k v/;srk o`fk izkIr d,yfuA jktdey pkS/kjhd lkfgR; rFkk rqyukRed
lkfgR; ij fo'ks"kKrk izkIr uohud izdkf'kr fr Nfu %
^vks uk ek lh* eSfFkyh rFkk fgUnh dh vH;kldkyhu ltZuk] ^pkuu dktj* eSfFkyh
dfork laxzg] ^tekuk cny x;k* fgUnh dgkuh] ^jktdey pkS/kjh dk jpukdeZ*
vkykspuk] ^izfrfufk dgkfu;ka % jktdey pkS/kjh*] ^jktdey pkSkjh dh pquh
gqbZ dgkfu;ka*] 'ko ;k=kk ds ckn nsg 'kqf)] ^mkj vkkqfudrk % dqN fopkj*] ^yksdosn
vk yky fdyk* laikfnr] ^ln~Hkko fe'ku* if=kdk d laiknuA
eqnz.kk/khu % ^vfHk/kk* fgUnh dfork laxzg] ^lkB ds ckn dh eSfFkyh ,oa fgUnh
dforvksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u* 'kks/k&xzaFk ^jktdey ds ikap miU;kl*] ^izfrfuf/
k dfork,a % jktdey pkS/kjh*] ^iRFkj ds uhps ncs gq, gkFk*] ^jk-d-pkS- dh eSfFkyh
dgkfu;ka* laikfnrA
,rn~fjDr fgUnh] eSfFkyh dh leLr izfrf"Br i=k&if=kdk es dfork] dFkk] vkykspukRed
fucak] y?kqdFkk vkfn izdkf'kr rFkk ckaXyk] rsyqxq] iatkch] vaxszth es vuwfnrA
#fp % thou vk ys[ku] Hkk"kk vk O;ogkj] jpuk vk deZ es lekurk jk[kc vk
foijhr vkpj.k d,fugkjd fojksk djcA
laidZ lw=k % us'kuy cqd VLV] ,&5 xzhu ikDZ$] ubZ fnYyh&110016
vk/kqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vk/kqfud lkfgR;d
ifjn`';
(vkykspukRedfuca/&laxgz )

nso'kadj uohu

vafrdk izdk'ku
iqLrd % vk/kqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vkykspukRed fuca/k&laxzg
ys[kd % nso'kadj uohu
ys[kdk/khu
izdk'kd % vafrdk izdk'ku
153ch@ikWdsV bZ
fny'kkn xkMZu] fnYyh&110095
izdk'ku o"kZ % 2000
ewY; % lk/kkj.k laLdj.k 60 Vkdk
iqLrdky; laLdj.k 120 Vkdk
eqnzd % vkj-ds- vkWQlSV izkslsl]
fnYyh&110032
Aadhunik Sahityak Paridrishya, a book of criticism
on Maithili Literature by DeoShankar Navin. Published
by Nandini for Antika Prakashan

dgckdNyts---
eSfFkyh Hkk"kk&lkfgR;d x|d bfrgkl lalkjd lHk Hkk"kk la iqjku vfNA eqnk
,dj vkykspuk lkfgR; lalkjd lc Hkk"kk la iNqvk,y vfNA vly es
vkykspukd vadqj ra y{k.k xzaFkd Qjewyk ij frd ijh{k.k la QwVy] eqnk ckn
es vkykspukd lkekftdrk egRoiw.kZ gksv, ykxyA lkfgR;] viuk le;d
lektd fpko`fk okgd gksbr jgy vfNA dksuks dkyd bfrgkl ledkyhu
jktkd jktikV] 'kklu& O;oLFkk] ;q)&'kkafr] vk[ksV&izse] wjrk&n;kyqrkd f[kLlk
dgSr jgy vfNA vksfg dkyd vfkla[; turk] ts jkt&ikV c<+cS es ok Hk*
tkbr vfN] efj [kfi tkbr vfN] tdjk ysy dufugkj lj&dqVqed anud
lwpuk jkt njckj kfj igqafp;ks uba icSr vfN] rkfg leqnk;d nq[k nnZ drgq
mfYyf[kr uba gksbr vfNA jkT;kJ; izkIr O;fDrd vkrad&vR;kpkj dsa foo'krko'k
lgSr turkd O;Fkk drgq vafdr uba gksbr vfNA lc le;d lkfgR; vgh
turkd fpko`fkd bfrgkl gksbr vk,y vfNA eqnk eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bZ
foMacuk fFkd ts ,dVk le`) lkfgfR;d ijaijkd vNSr] ,dj dksuks n`f"V laiUu
bfrgkl uba fy[ky xsyA bfrgkl&n`f"V vk vkykspuk&n`f"Vd vdky eSfFkyhd
tfM+vk,y chekjh fFkdA jekukFk >k }kjk d,y dktd foLrkj uba HksyA
jkekuqxzg >k vk yfyrs'k feJ izkjaHk dfjrs nsjh can d* nsyfuA Qsj vb
vkykspuk fn'k FkksM+sd dkt dqykuan feJ vk HkheukFk >k d,yfu] eqnk gqudks
eq[; o`fk ls uba jgyfuA ,[ku eksgu Hkkj}kt vk jekuan >k ^je.k* vb deZ
es dsafnzr Hk* d, tqVy NfFkA vksuk ra eSfFkyhd vfkdka'k jpukdkj le;&le;
ij vkykspuk deZ djSr jgSr NfFkA rkjkuan fo;ksxh vk f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl }kjk
fy[ky FkksM+sd vkykspukRed ys[k] vkykspukd izfreku cuk ldy vfNA eqnk
bZ dgck es gejk dksuks ladksp uba Hk* jgy vfN] ts eSfFkyhd jpukdkj
lekykspukd egRo dsa cM+ de otu ij y* jgykg vfNA dksugqa Hkk"kkd
vkykspuk lkfgR; vksdj lkoZf=kd yksdfiz;rk vk lkoZf=kd izlkjd dkj.k gksbr
vfN] ,fg rF; la eSfFkyhd yksd vifjfpr NfFkA vkykspuk deZ ysy ln;rk]
wjrk] bZekunkjh] rVLFkrk] v;;u'khyrk] ifjJe vk loksZifj izfrHkkd trck
vko';drk gksbr NSd] rrck iwath yxc* ysy eSfFkyh es fdvks rS;kj uba NfFkA
vkykspd dsa us ra lR; dgckd wjrk Nfu vk us jpukd lax U;k; djckd
ln;rk ra Qsj vkykspuk dksuk gks \
bZ iksFkh fdNq losZ{k.k vk fdNq ewY;kadud lax mifLFkr vfNA vkkqfud
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ifjn`'; rrsd fojkV Hk* xsy vfN] ts ,d&,dVk jpukdkj ij
,d ,dVk laiw.kZ iksFkhd [kxrk vfN] rkfg es bZ ,dVk iksFkh iwjk ifjn`'; dsa dksuk
lesfV ldr \ lhrkjke >k] dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k*] gfjeksgu >k] eueksgu >k]
cztfd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kin~e*] jke".k >k ^fdlqu*] khjsUnz] lksenso] galjkt] jkenso
>k] jekuan js.kq] lkdsrkuUn] jkeykspu Bkdqj] lqdkUr lkse] egkizdk'k] HkheukFk
>k] mn;pUnz >k ^fouksn*] dqykuan feJ] iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh] vfXuiq"i] misUnz nks"kh]
fouksn fcgkjh yky] uohu pkSkjh] foHkk jkuh] fl;kjke ljl] dsnkj dkuu] 'kSysUnz
vkuUn] jkt] gjs".k >k] fo|kuUn >k lu drksd egRoiw.kZ jpukdkjd ;ksxnku
dsa vafdr d,us fcuk vkkqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ifjn`'; iw.kZ uba Hk* ldSr
vfNA eqnk ,d O;fDrd Je vk ,d izdk'kdd lkkud ra lhek gksbr vfN]
rkfg lhek es ;Fkklk; {kerkd mi;ksx djSr ts Hk* ldy] ls izLrqr vfNA
ys[kd vk izdk'kd izfrJqr vfN] ts vfxyk [ksi es vb deh dsa iwj d* nsy
tk,rA vksuk ra dksuks uhd dkt dfgvks iw.kZ uba gksbr vfNA eqnk eSfFkyh Hkk"kk
lkfgR;d izfr rVLFk ftKklk j[kfugkj ikBdd dusdks r`"kk bZ iksFkh ta 'kkar d*
ldy] ra ge viu ifjJe lkFkZd cw>cA
lu~ 1983 la vkb kfj] eSfFkyh es fy[ky izdkf'kr vizdkf'kr vkykspukRed
ys[kd laikfnr ladyu fFkd bZ iksFkhA laiknud e es iqjku ys[k lc dsa
NksV&iS?k d,y xsy vfN] rsa izdk'ku o"kZ vFkok if=kdkd uke m)`r uba d,y
xsyA 'krkCnhd vafre n'kd es drksd uke viu egRo lkfcr d,yd
vfN 'kSyUs nz dqekj >k] vjfoan Bkdqj] lat; dqna u] dkfeuh] je.k dqekj flag]
fuHkZ;] fou; Hkw"k.k] ".k eksgu >k] vuydkar] ';ke nfjgjs izHk`fk yksdfu ij
lsgks fopkj g,ckd pkghA eqnk] ls vkc vkxw---A trsd xksV,d vkHkkjh Nh]
frudj uke xuk,c vlaHkoks vfN] vuqfprksA vksuk eSfFkyh es FkksM+sd uVoj
yky] g"kZn esgrk] lroar&csvar lc NfFk] ge gqudk yksdfud fo'ks"k :i ls
vHkkjh NhA
nso'kadj uohu
 dal la Msjk, xsygqa cyjke \ 146
dFkk f'kYid fo'odekZ 151
ijaijkd j{kd eqnk uokjaHkd vkxzgh 157
dFkk lalkj es dFkkdkjd thouh 162
ifrr uk;dd ikou dFkkdkj 167
vfHkeU;qd ,dkyki 174
i{kh vk fitjkd la?k"kZd dfork 181
thoud Mk;fj, vlyh dFkk fFkd 188
fo"k;&lwph vkdqy&O;kdqy eksud jpukdkj 193
uo dF; f'kYid ekaly dFkk 198
folaxfrd HkhM+ es lgt la/kku 204
dgckd Ny ts 7 izogeku Hkk"kkd fMDVsVj 208
LokHkkfod vk LokfHkekuh thoud dFkk 212
losZ{k.k v|ru fo"k;d euekSth dfo 217
x|d fodkld :ijs[kk 11 ldkjkRed Lojd izxfrdkeh dfork 220
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj 18
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=kk vk dFkkdkjd la/kku 31
ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk 38
y{;&la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk 47
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke 56
vktqd eSfFkyh dfork 68
eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izo`fk 73
eSfFkyh xty % Lo:i vk laHkkouk 81
uXurk] udy] izxfr'khyrk 87

ewY;kadu
iqjku vk uo ;qxd lsrq 93
e/kqi vk }kn'kh 99
uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka 104
n`f"Vdks.k vk dkO; oLrqd lhek 115
fo/kkRed rksM+&QksM+d dFkk 120
ttZj vrhr la eqfDrd dFkk 127
euksoSKkfud lR;d dFkk 133
ijaijk la izxfr /kfjd vuq'khyu 140
losZ{k.k

x|dfodkld:ijs[kk
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d fodkld ysy eSfFkyh x|d lHk laoxZd le`f) vko';d
vfNA lHk fn'kk es ,dj x| lHk rjgsa ;qxhu jkx] y; ,oa rky la pfy ld,]
fo"k; vk f'kYi nquw Lrj ij viu uwrurk vk ekSfydrkd LFkkiuk d, ld,]
ls vis{kk ra vfN eqnk ,fg es lHk la iS?k ckkd vfN izdk'kud vlqfokkA
x| ys[ku] dfodeZd dlkSVh gksbr vfN ls loZfofnr ckr fFkdA fofnr
ckr bZgks fFkd ts x|d fodkl la dksugq Hkk"kk lkfgR;d loZrksUeq[kh fodkl
laHko vfNA izkjafHkd dky la i| es y;kRedrk] inykfyR;] Nan fokku
vkfn&vkfn rRo yksd#fp dsa viuk es yiVkSus jgy vfNA eqnk] rsa bZ ufg dgy
tk ldSr vfN] ts x|d izfr yksdd mis{kk Hkko dfg;ks jgy gks;rA gks,ck
y, ra Hkkjrh; lkfgR;d vkfndkO; i|s la izkjaHk Hksy vfNA fdarq] bZ ckr lgt
vuqekud fFkd] ts vksgw le; es x|d mis{kk ufg gksbr gks,rA dkj.k] l`f"Vd
fodkl es tfg;k la ekuo lH;rkd chp vkilh vfHkO;fDrd ek;e okfpd
izf;k cuy vfN] lkekU;r;k yksd vkil es okkkZyki x|fg es djSr gks,rA
tsuk fd dFkk&dgkuhd ekns dgy tkbr vfN] ts ifgus bZ dg* vk lqu*d
oLrq NyA Hkkjrd leLr vkkqfud Hkk"kkd x|d izlax b,g dgy tk ldSr
vfNA lkekU; laHkk"k.k] fopkj&foe'kZ] mins'k&vkns'k] dFkk&midFkk vkfnd ek;e
x|s jgy gks,rA
x|d fodkld ijaijk rdck es viL;kar Hksy fganhd vuqlakkukFkhZ t[ku
ukFkiaFkh ;ksxh lHkd kkfeZd mins'kd va'k m)`r d* d, cztHkk"kk x|d dky
foe la- 1400 dfgvks d* larq"V ufg Hksykg] r[ku eSfFkyh lkfgfR;d egRoiw.kZ
fr ^o.kZjRukdj* fnl nkSM+ykgA t[ku fd eSfFkyh x|d fodkl ijaijk rkd*
es ,gsu dksuks fQjhlkuh ufg vfNA laLrd vfrfjDr izk;% vku dksuks ,gu
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ufg gks,r] tdj x|&lkfgR; ,rsd izkphu gksA eqnk eSfFkyh x|d
bZ foMacuk fFkd] ts ,rsd izkphu vk lcy ijaijkd vNSrks fyf[kr lkfgR;d
x|d fodkld :ijs[kk @ 11
:i es bZ Hkdjkj Hk* d, ufg vkfc ldyA dkj.k Li"V vfN ts rRdkyhu
fo}roxZ laLrkuqjkxh jgSr Nykg] yksd Hkk"kk es jpuk djck es ghurk cksk
gksbr NyfuA vksfg le; es viu iz[kj lkgfldrkd ifjp; fo|kifr nsyfuA
?kks"k.kk djSr yksdHkk"kk es jpuk d;yfuA eqnk] eSfFkyh x| gqudgq lkfgR; es
ufg iuxyA
x|d fofkor fodkl] oLrqr% dksuks lkfgR;d Js"Brk vk lkfgR;d
izek.k&i=k ekuy tkbr vfNA eSfFkyh x|d vkjafHkd lw=k Hkus gejk yksdfu
dsa pkSnge 'krkCnh es HksfV tk,] o.kZjRukdj y* d, iqjtksj nkok Bksfd yh] eqnk
bZgks ckr lgt :isa ekuckd fFkd ts T;ksfrjh'ojd i'pkr~ eSfFkyh x|d kkjk
#fd tdka xsy vk vktqd eSfFkyh x|d ts Lo:i gejkyksdfu dsa izkIr vfN]
rdj xgu izkjaHk izk;% muSle 'krkCnhd vafre dky vk okZeku 'krkCnhd vkjafHkd
dky es Hksy vfNA bZ ckr fHkUu] ts vktqd x| dsa ^o.kZjRukdj* la lacak dj,ck
ysy chpd 'krkCnh lHk es usiky vk vklke es fy[ky eSfFkyh ukVd lHkd
x| dsa m)`r d* yh vk vksfg {kh.k ka[kyk dsa eSfFkyh x|d fed fodkld
lksiku ekfu yhA ,fg e; O;fDrxr i=k] vfkdkj i=k] nku&i=k vkfn es iz;qDr
x|d ppkZ bfrgkldkj yksdfu djSr NfFkA lHk le;d Hkk"kk] ledkyhu laLfr
la izHkkfor gksbr vfNA ,fg chpd lkekftd izFkkd vuqlkj Hkk"kk es ifjorZu
gksbr xsyA eqnk Hkk"kk lacakh ts fdNq egRoiw.kZ ckr muSle 'krkCnh es Hksy ls
vusd n`f"V,a vf}rh; vfNA ,fg 'krkCnhd e; vcSr&vcSr fefFkykd
thou&izf;k es] lkekftd ifjos'k es] f{kiz xfr,a ifjorZu izkjaHk Hk* xsyA fefFkyk
es vusd vaxzsth Ldwyd LFkkiuk] fons'kh yksdfud }kjk Hkkjroklh ij viu
laLfr] Hkk"kk] vkpkj&fopkj dsa Fkksfi nsckd mRlkg] bZlkbZ keZd izpkj&izlkjd
rsth] fefFkyk jkT;d 'kklu dksVZ vkWQ okMZ~ld vanj tk,c] bZLV bafM;k daiuhd
izkjafHkd izksRlkgu la eqlyeku }kjk ukxjh fyfid cfg"dkj vkfn&vkfn ?kVukoyh
laosnu'khy fo}ku yksdfu dsa mRizsfjr d,ydfuA ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr fgudk yksdfu
vknjd Hkkouk c<+yA vku&vku ik'oZorhZ Hkk"kk lHk es lsgks x| izpfyr gksv,
ykxyA ,fg ifjfLFkfr es ekr`Hkk"kkd ije vuqjkxh ykSg&iq#"k doh'oj pUnk
>k] fo|kifrd iq#"k&ijh{kkd vuqokn es eSfFkyh x| iz;qDr d,yfu vk rRi'pkr~
eSfFkyh x| fofok lHkk lkslkbVh] laLFkk] vfkos'ku vkfnd vkyksd es fodflr
gksv, ykxyA ,r, la x|d ijaijk rhu fn'kk es pyy ifgy fn'kk es izkjafHkd
ikSjkf.kd vFkok 'kkL=kh; xzaFkd vuqokn] nkslj vlgt Hkk"kkd Vhdk vk rslj
iksFkh lHkd Hkwfedk vkfnA eqnk] bZ fLFkfr cslh fnu ufg jgyA ^eSfFky fgr
lkku* 1905] ^fefFkyk eksn* 1906] ^fefFkyk fefgj* 1909 vkfn if=kdkd
izdk'ku izkjaHk Hksy vk eSfFkyh x|d izxfr csl iz[kjrk la gksv, ykxyA iqu%
12 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
uo&uo if=kdkd izdk'ku c<+Sr&?kVSr jgy vk eSfFkyh x| vuqokn la ekSfydrk
ij vkfc xsyA vuqokn Hkkjrh; lkfgR;d vfrfjDr ik'pkR;ks lkfgR;d gksv,
ykxyA ,fg la x| ys[kud f'kYi ,oa 'kSyh es rsth ra v,cs d,y] laxfga
x|d mikaxd jpuk lHk lsgks izkjaHk HksyA
eSfFkyh x|d v|ru fodflr Lo:id vkkkj ij ,djk pkfj dksfV es
ckaVy tk ldSr vfN l`tukRed] o.kZukRed] fo'ys"k.kkRed rFkk rF;kRedA
jpukRed x|d varxZr dFkk] y?kqdFkk] miU;kl] ukVd] ,dkadh( o.kZukRed
x|d varxZr thouh] vkRedFkk] laLej.k] ;k=kk o`kkar] f'kdkj dFkk] js[kk fp=k]
fjiksrkZt( fo'ys"k.kkRed x|d varxZr vuqlakku] vuq'khyu] vkykspuk] ifjppkZ(
rF;kRed x|d varxZr bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] keZ] n'kZu] euksfoKku vkfn vcSr
vfNA
vkb eSfFkyh x|d ts Lo:i gejkyksdfud le{k vfN ls lok'k es eSfFky
fgr lkku] fefFkyk eksn] fefFkykfefgj] foHkwfr] Hkkjrh] oSnsgh vkfn if=kdk lHkd
lax vkuks&vku i=k&if=kdkd nsu dgy tk,rA ,fg i=k&if=kdk lHkd laiknd
yksdfu eSfFkyh x|d izxfr es viu nwjnf'kZrk vk ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr izcy vuqjkxd
ifjp; nsyfu vfNA lu~ 1898 es ifgy csj izdkf'kr ^iq#"k&ijh{kk*d vuqokn
es doh'oj pUnk >k eSfFkyh x| es tkfg rjgsa uorkd lw=kikr d,yfu] rdj
ijorhZ izfrQyu ,dVk lqnh?kZ] lqiq"V :isa] vk ikNw ekSfyd :isa gkse, ykxyA
izkjafHkd dky es izdk'kud vHkko Ny vk lax&lax yksdHkk"kkd izfr dksuks
vfrfjDr vuqjkx ufg NyA xhr vkfn ra yksdkuqjatud Hkkouk la lsgks yksdfiz;
gksbr xsyA eqnk] pUnk >kd le; es izdk'kud lqfokk HksV, ykxyA ys[kd
yksdfud mRlkgo)Zu HksyfuA fofok rjgd Hkkoukd izdk'ku la fo}ku yksdfud
n`f"VQyd c<+yfuA oSKkfudrkd izos'k la yksd ik'oZokhZd vfrfjDr lqnwj ns'k
lHkd lH;rk&laLfr la ifjfpr gksv, ykxyA ,fg e es fpard&fopkjd
yksdfu dsa viu Mhg&Mkcj] ?kj&lekt Msjgh&nyku] bukj&iks[kfjd vfrfjDr
ns'k&fons'kd laLfr vksdj vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd] ekufld] jktuhfrd] lkaLfrd
ifjn`'; lw>, yxyfuA vks viuk la vksdj rqyuk dj, yxykgA ,fg e
es eSfFkyh x|d izxfr vkvksj tksj idM+ydA rsa bZ dfg nsc ,dne Hkzked
gks,r ts eSfFkyh x|d vkkqfud :i dksuks ik'pkR; lkfgR;d vuqfr fFkdA
ga] laLrd _.kh gks,c ,dj rKrk vo'; ekuy tk,rA oLrqr% laLrd
vuqokn la izkjaHk vkkqfud eSfFkyh x|d ijaijk fdNq fnu kfj laLrd Nkgfj
la eqDr ufg Hk, ldyA vksuk] bZgks dgy t,ckd pkgh] ts O;fDr fo'ks"kd
viu ekSfydrkd Lrjd dkj.ksa laLrd izHkkod izfr'krrk es deh&cs'kh gksbr
jgy vfNA
x|d fodkld :ijs[kk @ 13
laLrd l?ku Nkgfj la eqDr eSfFkyh x|d izkjaHk gksbr vfN okZeku
'krkCnhd rslj n'kdd vafre pj.k laA ,fg ijaijkd iqjkskk NfFk jekukFk >k
vk Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou*A tsa fd lkfgR; es dksuks uohu Hkkokkjkd izkjaHk gBkr~
ufg Hk* d* ,dVk lqfuf'pr fodkl ijaijkd varxZr gksbr vfN] eSSfFkyh x|;gqd
lax ls HksyA ,fg nquw x|dkj la iwoZd x| lkfgR; dsa nw dksfV es ckaVy tk
ldSr vfN ifgy vks] ts vuqoknd dkj.ksa [kkgs jpukdkjd vuqHkoghu iz;ksxkfeZrkd
dkj.ksa laLrcgqy] csyfl Hkk"kk foU;kl] laLrd foHkfDr] lkekfldrk] fDy"Vrk
vkfn la ;qDr vfN vk nkslj vks] tdj vkkkj Hkus laLrd gks] eqnk eSfFkyhd
ekSfydrk] Hkk"kkd lgtrk] ljyrk] vkfn vksfg es fo|eku vfNA ga] nksljks
dksfVd x| es rRle 'kCnd ckgqY; vfN] ls kfj ekU;A fdarq] laLrd foHkfDr
la eqDr jgykd dkj.ksa vksdj ckskxE;rk ij vk?kkr ufg iM+Sr vfNA ,fg dkyd
izfrfufk jpukdkj es eq[;r;k doh'oj pUnk >k] egkoS;kdj.k nhucakq >k]
eqdqUn >k ^c['kh*] f=kykspu >k] cynso feJ] rqykifr flag] thou >k] j?kquUnu
nkl] eqjyhkj >k] xaxukFk >k izHk`fr yksdfu vcSr NfFkA ,gh es la es&es
eSfFkyh x| viu ekSfyd ys[ku vk ekSfyd fparud lhek fnl mUeq[k HksyA
e'k% laLrd 'kCnkfn la jpukdkj cp, ykxykg vk eSfFkyhd ekSfydrk
lqiq"V gksbr xsyA jekukFk >k eqnk laLrfu"B Hkk"kk la iw.kZr% eqDr ufg,a HksykgA
,gh le;karjky es eSfFkyhd l`tukRed x| fodflr HksyA izkjaHk es
laLrd ikSjkf.kd dFkkd vuqokn vk Qsj izkjafHkd xzaFkd dFkklw=k ij vkkkfjr
ekSfydrkd lax dFkk&jpuk 'kq: HksyA lu~ 1914 la miU;kl ys[ku ekSfyd
:isa ekU; fFkdA vuqoknd e es jpukdkj yksdfu x|d yksdfiz;rk la ifjfpr
HksykA viu lkekftd ifjos'kd leLr thou&fokku fgudk yksdfud le{k
NyfuA izkphu xzaFkd mins'kkRedrk vk euksjatukRedrk la vuqizsfjr Hk* d,
bZ yksdfu ledkyhu tu&thoud dVq&ekq viu l`tu'khyrkd lax mxkg,
yxykgA eSfFkyh ukVdd ys[ku lsgks ifgys n'kd la izkjaHk Hk, xsyA
orZeku 'krkCnhd pkfje n'kd vcSr&vcSr fefFkykd lkekftd ifjos'kd
gkyfr FkksM+sd vkvksj tfVy Hk* xsyA lkekftd foMacuk ek=k cky&fookg]
cgqfookg] lklq&iqrkSgqd vekuqf"kdrk] ngst vkfn ufg jfg xsyA Qyr% lkfgR;
lsgks euksjatu vk mi;qDr leL;kd vkaxu es ckSvkbr ufg jgyA fons'kh 'kkldd
vR;kpkj] keZd ik[kaM] lkear'kkgh fu"Bqjrk] LrqR; laLfr vk ijaijkd mis{kk]
mPpoxZd LosPNkpkfjrk] jktuhfrd fofr] ekuoh; lacakd foxyu vkfn&vkfn
leL;k thou&e dsa vkvksjks tfVy cukSydA vkc fo}ku yksdfu cktxrd
lax&lax euq";d varHkkZouk la lsgks ifjfpr gksv, yxykgA eSfFkyhd dFkk]
miU;kl] ukVd] ,dkadh vkfnd dF;d foLrkj HksyA galh&Bk] l[kh&cfguik]
14 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
iwtk&ikB] fookg&nku] dkscj&vfjiu vkfn la ,dj fo"k; fudfy d, vkReneu]
'kks"k.k] vukpkj] egxh] csdkjh] Hkw[k] nkaiR;&ruko] nSfgd foo'krk] ekufld
?khpk&rhjh] Je&voewY;u vkfnd ckV r; djSr fonzksg vk vkanksyu kfj vkfc
xsyA ,fg leLr fo"k;d vkyksd es fo}ku yksdfu f'kYid fn'kk es lsgks uohu
HksykgA jekukFk >k vk Hkqoud x|'kSyh dsa viu&viu ;fRdafpr ekSfydrkd
lax iq"V d,fugkj es ifjxf.kr ize[q k fo}ku lHk NfFk Hkksyk yky nkl] y{ehifr
flag] bZ'kukFk >k] lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu*] ra=kukFk >k] gfjeksgu >k] t;nso feJ]
t;dkUr feJ] jkkk ".k pkSkjh] dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k*] oS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh*
cztfd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kin~e*] vkuUn feJ] yfyr] jktdey pkSkjh] ek;kuUn feJ]
khjsUnz] lksenso izHk`frA
ns'k&fons'kd vuwfnr lkfgR;d laidZ] viu lqiq"V vk lqnh?kZ l`tu ijaijk
rFkk QjhN psru'khyrk] lks>jk,y n`f"Vdks.k ,oa ekSfyd l`tu'khyrkd f=kos.kh
es Lukrd eSfFkyhd l`tukRed x| vkc f'kYi] 'kSyh ,oa dF; lHk rjgsa iw.kZ
leFkZ Hk* vk,yA tsuk&tsuk lkekftd fLFkfr&ifjLFkfr cnySr xsy] jpukdkjd
dF; foLr`r gksbr xsyA ,Egj vkfc d, ;k=kh vk jktdey Qsj la ,dVk
uo izdk'k vuyfu] ts ijorhZ ih<+hd ysy vuqdj.kh; cfu xsy vfNA f'kYi&'kSyhd
Lrj ij bZ nquw O;fDr viuk&viuk fn'kk es fo'kky iz;ksx'kkyk NfFk] tr, 'kSyhd
vkfo"dkj d,y tkbr jgy vfN vk vuqxkeh ih<+hd ysy vkyksd ckaVy tkbr
jgy vfNA pkfje n'kd la izkjaHk d* d, uoe~ n'kdd var kfjd losZ{k.k
la lkQ&lkQ ckr lks>ka vcSr vfN ts ,fg Nvks n'kd es l`tukRed lkfgR;
csl fy[ky xsy ! ,dVk iS?k lu oxZ] x| ys[ku ysy rS;kj HksyA i=k&if=kdkd
izdk'ku la bZ kkjk mRizsfjr Hksy vk laxfg ,fg varjky es rhu Vk egoiw.kZ
eksM+ vk;yA ifgy eksM+ la ,fg varjkyd izkjaHk fFkd] t[ku lkekU; lkekftd
leL;kd lax&lax ijra=krkd =kkl vksfg dkyd jpukdkj ysdfu dsa vkanksyuksUeq[k
l`tu fn'k mRizsfjr d,ydfuA nkslj eksM+ fFkd lkfBd cknd] t[ku Hkkjrd
turk Lora=krkd e`xr`".kk la ifjfpr Hksy vk prqfnZd leL;kd tky ilkfj
nsy xsyA ,fg leLr vk;ked laxsa eSfFkyh x| fodflr Hksy vk e'k% dF;
rFkk f'kYid Lrj ij fukks[k vk fuMj Hk* xsy vfNA
eSfFkyh x|d nkslj mikax] tdjk o.kZukRed x| dgy xsy vfN] 'kq)
:i la gscfu es fodflr dgy tk,rA vkRedFkkd fNV&QqV ,dkk Vk ijaijk
dsa etxwr djckd ysy vk ,fg fokk dsa le`f) nsckd ysy gfjeksgu >kd
nsu LrqR; vfNA fgudj ^thou&;k=kk* iqLrd eSfFkyh x| es vkRedFkkd fodkld
ijaijk ysy ekby&LVksud :i es fufoZokn :isa ifjxf.kr gks,rA vksuk ,fg la
iwoZgq ,fg fn'kk es iz;kl izkjaHk Hksy] eqnk ls viu ifjfpfr ufg cuk ldyA
x|d fodkld :ijs[kk @ 15
,fg dksfVd nkslj vk;ke fFkd ;k=kk o`kkarA fefFkykd yksd ifgus fons'k xeu
dsa iki cq>Sr NykgA fdarq ckn es cgqr jkl ,rqDdk fo}ku yksdfu fons'k
tk, yxykgA lkfgfR;d ywfj&cqf)d yksd de xsykgA Lons'ks es rhFkkZVu vFkok
f'k{kk nkud fufek d,y Hkze.k dsa fdNq fo}ku yksdfu ,fg 'krkCnhd vkjaHk
es fyfic) d,yfuA ,gw fn'kk es NksV&Nhu vusd iz;kl Hksy vfNA eqnk] lqHknz
>kd ^izokl* vk misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*d ^fons'k&Hkze.k* ,fg ijaijkd ysy foiqy
vkyksd iqatd dkt d,yd vfN] ts eSfFkyh x|d ,fg izHkkx dsa fn'kkd lax&lax
,dj lQyrk vk yksdfiz;rkd lw=k lsgks cq>cSr vfNA f'kdkj&dFkk izk;% eSfFkyh
es ufg,a fy[ky xsy vfNA vis{kkr [kwc fy[ky xsy vfN ^thouh*ijd x|A
ls [kkgs iqLrdkdkj gks vFkok fNV&QqV] eqnk ,dj vfLerk eSfFkyh x| es uhd
tdka LFkkfir Hk* pqdy vfNA fefFkykd bfrgkliq#"k] lkkq] lar] fof'k"V fo}ku]
izfl) lkfgR;dkj] yksddFkkd uk;d vkfnd thou dsa la{ksi es vkadckd [kwc
iz;kl eSfFkyh es Hksy vfNA drsdks foHkwfr dsa dsanz es jkf[k ukVd ,dkadh lsgks
fy[ky xsyA ,Egj lkfgR; vdkneh vk eSfFkyh vdknehd izJ; la o.kZukRed
x|d bZ laoxZ vkvksjks cslh iq"V HksyA vkc ra O;fDr ijd 'kksk izcak es lsgks]
bZ ijaijk csl tdka lqn`<+ Hk, jgy vfNA laLej.k] fjiksrkZt vk js[kkfp=k 'kq)
:i la ,[kugqa if=kds kfj lhfer vfNA ,dne la gscfu es fodflr bZ laoxZ
vR;ar de le; es vk cgqr des fy[k,ykd i'pkr~ viu izfreku LFkkfir
d, pqdy vfN rFkk [kwc yksdfiz; HksyA yksdfiz;rkd bZ lksiku] fuf'pr :i
la ,dj ekSfydrk vk l`tu izfrHkkd rh{.krkd |ksrd fFkdA
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d fo'ys"k.k] ijh{k.k ifgus eSfFkyh,rjs fo}ku yksdfu izkjaHk
d,yfuA eqnk fofkor eSfFkyh es vkykspuk vkfnd izkjaHk doh'oj pUnk >k
la izkjaHk gksbr vfN ts vusd fo}kud ys[kuh la le`) gksbr jekukFk >kd
lekykspuk i)fr es uhd tdka ekfV idM+yd vk Qsj vkuUn feJ] f'ko'kadj
>k ^dkUr*] jkekuqxzg >k] dqykuUn feJ] eksgu Hkkj}kt] jekuUn >k ^je.k*
izHk`frd ys[kuh la vuqizkf.kr HksyA ,fg varjky es bZ izf;k nqb xksV vkvksj
fn'kk la lqiq"V HksyA ,d fn'kk fFkd fo'ofo|ky; es izkjaHk f'k{k.k&i)fr vk
nkslj fn'kk fFkd ih&,p- Mh- rFkk Mh- fyV~d mikfk gsrq fyf[kr 'kksk&izcakA
,fg nquw vfHkf;k la lsgks eSfFkyh x|d vuq'khyu] vuqlakku vkykspuk vkfn
dsa ;Fks"V fodkld volj HksVySdA eqnk rRokfHkfuos'ku eSfFkyhd vkykspuk es
de Hksy vfNA lekykspukd vkBks rRo izfrHkk] ln;rk] varn`fZ "V] fu"i{krk]
lgkuqHkwfr] bZekunkjh vkSfpR;cksk] vH;kl vkfn es la dksuks&us&dksuks rRod
;fRdafpr mis{kk gksbr jgy vfN vk ls Hksy izk;% mikfk gsrq fy[ky vkykspuk
esA vksuk lkfgR;d bfrgkl ys[ku lsgks ,fg laoxZ dsa cy nsyd vfNA
16 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
 oLrqr% jpukdkj vk ikBdd chp iqy cu,ckd e es] lekykspd] nquw
oxZd ysy vyx&vyx lsgks f;k'khy jgSr NfFkA ,fg izf;k es jpukdkjd
fr lekykspdd ijh{k.k dlkSVh la ifj'kksfkr gksbr vfNA LokHkkfod :i la
frd xq.k vk nks"k nquwd vUos"k.k gksbr vfNA eqnk] jpukdkj ,djk cnkZ'r
ufg d* icSr NfFkA lekykspd ,fg dksiHkktu cuckd izf;k la cp, pkgSr
NfFkA t[ku fd vis{kk vfN jpukdkj la lgu'khyrkd vk lekykspd la
fuHkhZdrkdA eSfFkyh es vksuk vfkdka'k oLrqokfn, leh{kk Hksy vfN] dykoknh
leh{kk ufg,a tdkaA eqnk] oLrqoknh leh{kk es lsgks izkjaHk es lS)kafrd leh{kk
gksbr jgy vfNA eksgu Hkkj}kt] dqykuUn feJ] jekuUn >k ^je.k*] izHk`fr viu
leh{kk dsa izof` kewyd cukSyfu vfN ls kfj iz'kaluh;A okLrfod :isa izof` kxrs
leh{kk jpukd lax mfpr U;k; d* icSr vfNA
eSfFkyhd rF;kRed x|d fodkl oLrqr% ,[kugqa ekSfyd :isa ufg,a tdka
izkjaHk Hksy vfNA eSfFkyhd ek;es Ldwy es i<+kSuh izkjaHk Hksyk lUrka VsDLV cqd
dfeVh iksFkh lHkd vuqokn djkSyd] rdj vfrfjDr osn&mifu"kn lHkd vuqokn
Hksy vk Hk* jgy vfNA ga] bfrgkld dksfV es ifjxf.kr fdNq iqLrd vo';
vk;y vfN] tkfg es izeq[k fFkd e- ijes'oj >kd ^fefFkyk rRo&foe'kZ*] ^eSfFkyh
vdkneh la izdkf'kr misUnz Bkdqjd ^fefFkykd bfrgkl* vkfnA
eqnk eSfFkyh lkfgR;d loZrksUeq[kh fodkld ysy eSfFkyh x|d lHk laoxZd
le`f) vko';d vfN vk lHk fn'kk es ,dj x| lHk rjgsa ;qxhu jkx] y;]
rky la pfy d,( fo"k; vk f'kYi nquw Lrj ij viu uwrurk vk ekSfydrkd
LFkkiuk d, ld, rsgu iz;kl gks,ckd pkghA eqnk i=k&if=kdk vk iqLrdd
izdk'ku lqfokkd vHkko x|d fodkld izcy ckkd cfu vk;y vfNA
x|d fodkld :ijs[kk @ 17
vkkqfud eSfFkyh
lkfgR; ij ,d utfj
dksuks lkfgfR;d fr] ledkyhu thou&kkjkd vuqfr gksbr vfNA lkekU;
tu thoud ifjos'k vk ekufldrkd ifjp; lkfgR; nSr vfNA vb ifjp;
nsckd e es dksugqa dykfrd ysy ^f'kYi*d mikns;rk izcy Hk* mBSr vfNA
fo"k; oLrqd p;u ra lHk jpukdkj ledkyhu lekts la djSr vfN] lektd
leLr izk.kh viu ifjos'kd ?kVukoyh la ra ifjfpr jfgrs Vk vfN] r[ku vb
fLFkfr es dksuks jpukdkjd jpuk fo'ks"k ta fdudks uohu yxSr Nfu] ra ewy
dkj.k vksfg dF;d miLFkkiu 'kSyh gksbr vfNA f'kYi vk 'kSyh ,d Vk ,gsu
dwaph gksbr vfN] tkfg la peRr Hk* d* dksuks fo"k; izs{kdd lks>ka uohurkd
lax mifLFkkfir gksbr vfNA mnkgj.k ysy jktdey pkSkjhd nw Vk dFkk ^pUujnkl*
vk ^dhrZfu;ka* dsa ysy tk ldSr vfNA ,Dds fo"k; ij fy[ky bZ nw Vk dFkk
ta fHkUu yxSr vfN ra ,dj ewy dkj.k f'kYis fFkdA vly es ifjos'kd leLr
?kVuk] ts jpukdkjd eksu&izk.k dsa m}sfyr djSr vfN] jpukdkjd laosnu'khy
ekufldrk dsa fuf'apr Hk* d* cSl* uab nSr vfN] ls f'kYisd la;ksx la viu
izHkko'kkyh Lo:i xzg.k djSr vfNA vb vFkZ es fo"k; la f'kYid lacak vR;ar
?kfu"B vfNA
MkW- uxsUnz 'kSyh dsa fo'ks"k Hkkf"kd lajpuk ekuSr NfFkA vly es f'kYi
dsa 'kSyhd i;kZ; ufg dgy tk ldSr vfNA eqnk fdNq vFkZ es f'kYi] dyk]
:i] 'kSyh] jhfr vkfnd fLFkfr vkil es xe jgSr vfNA vb ifjfLFkfrd
lw{erk la ifjfpr gksbr dksuks Hkk"kkd v;;u&ijh{k.k ,d Vk [kkl vFkZ j[kSr
vfNA
f'kYi vk 'kSyhd dkj.k frd ekSfydrk ns[kck ysy eSfFkyhd nw Vk
18 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
egRoiw.kZ fr doh'oj pUnk >k jfpr ^fefFkyk Hkk"kk jkek;.k* vk egkdfo
ykynkl jfpr ^jes'oj pfjr jkek;.k* dsa ns[ky t;ckd pkghA frd vb
uohurkd ewy dkj.k f'kYis fFkdA bZ ckr vU;kU;ks dSd Vk jpukd ijh{k.k
es lR; gksbr vfNA
eSfFkyh es izse] o"kkZ] xzh"e] HkfDr] fofr vkfn ij fHkUu&fHkUu jpukdkjd
fHkUu&fHkUu jpuk vyx&vyx Hkko&ckskd vfN] ra rdj ewy dkj.k f'kYi vk
'kSfy, fFkdA
fo|kifr la y* d* vkb kfjd eSfFkyh dforkd fodkl e es dSd
Vk egRoiw.kZ eksM+ vk;yA lHk eksM+ ij f'kYi vk 'kSyh viu lkeF;Zoku Lo:id
lax Bk<+ HksyA eqnk eSfFkyh vkykspuk&lkfgR;d utfj vb fn'kk es uba mByA
f'kYi ,oa 'kSyhd lax fo"k; oLrqd varjaxrk ns[kcSr eSfFkyh dforkd lw{erj
v;;u drsd egRoiw.kZ vfN] ls xaHkhjrk la uba cw>y xsyA twrk es [khj ijfl
d* [kksvk;c drsd izHkkodkjh gks;r] ls ds uba tuSr vfN \ f'kYi vk 'kSyhd
b,g egRo vfNA
f'kYi vk 'kSyhd vuq'khyu es ;ku j[kckd fFkd] ts Hkk"kk] f'kYi vk
jpuk 'kSyhd oSKkfud v;;u gksA lkekU;r;k Hkk"kkd pkfj Vk midj.k ekuy
xsy vfN o.kZ] 'kCn] okD; vk vFkZA vgh vkkkj ij Hkk"kk&foKku] okD;&foKku
vk vFkZ&foKkud v;;u gksbr vfNA eSfFkyh dfork vk vku fokkd ijh{k.k
vb dlkSVh ij vko';d vfNA fcac vk izrhdd v;;u lsgks 'kSfy,d varxZr
vcSr vfNA ikBdd n; es dforkd izos'k fcac vk izrhdsd ek;es gksbr
vfN vk ,djs lgk;rk la dfork] ikBdd euh"kk dsa mn~cq) djSr vfNA rsa
bZ ckr lgt izekf.kr vfN ts f'kYi vk 'kSyhd vuq'khyu] lkfgR;&fu"ifkd
vuq'khyu gks;rA
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es vkkqfudrkd izos'kd i'pkr trsd ifjokZu vk izxfr
vk;y vfN] rdj tfM+ idM+ck ysy ra bZ vkvksj cslh egRoiw.kZ Hk* mBy vfNA
vksuk vkkqfud le; es vb dykoknh vuq'khyu ij vaxqjh mBsfugkj yksdd
deh ufg vfN] eqnk lR; lR; gksbr vfNA lkfgR;&leh{kk djck dky dNqvk
keZ viukSukb mfpr ufgA vkkqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR;d leh{kk djSr dky b,g
dykoknh leh{kk dksuks nw Vk jpukdkjd frd fHkUurk Li"V d* ldSr vfNA
^funZ;h lklq* vkfd ^dU;knku* vkfd ^ikjks*] ^uorqfjvk* vkfd ^ekqJko.kh*
dksuk d* vyx& vyx jpuk Hk* ldy] rdj Li"Vrk f'kYi vk 'kSyhd enfr
la cslh laHko vfNA
^eSfFkyh es vkkqfudrk ;k vkkqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR;d lw=kikr i=kdkfjrk
la Hksy vfN] tdj eq[; Hkwfedk doh'oj pUnk >k ,oa tktZ fxz;lZu rS;kj
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 19
d;yfuA caxykd fo}ku egkegksik;k; gjizlkn 'kkL=kh] ih- lh- ckxph] lquhfr
dqekj pVthZ] uxsUnz ukFk xqIr] [kxsUnzukFk fe=k] foeku fcgkjh etwenkj vkfn
yksdfu vkkqfud eSfFkyhd fodkl es vizfre ;ksxnku nsyfuA*1
1- ledkyhu lkfgR; vks leh{kk@MkW- cspu@i`- 66
i=kdkfjrkd fodkl ij ppkZ djSr cspu vkxw dgSr NfFk] ^i=kdkfjrkd
fodkl 1905 bZ- la eSfFkyh es Hksy] t[ku fd] ^eSfFky&fgr&lkku* uked if=kdkd
izdk'ku Jh ekqlwnu >k t;iqj d;yfuA lu~ 1906 bZ- es ^fefFkykeksn* vk
Qsj ^fefFkyk fefgj*d izdk'ku vkjaHk HksyA*1
i=kdkfjrkd fodkld ekns cspud er lR; NfuA nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k*
lsgks b,g xi dgSr NfFk2A eqnk vkkqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR;d lw=kikrd izlax
cspud erd la'kksku d;y tk ldSr vfNA
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d vkkqfudrk dsa nw :i es rkdy tk ldSr vfN ifgy
ra fo"k;xr vk nkslj 'kSyhxrA ,fg nquw n`f"Vdks.k la eSfFkyh lkfgR; es vkkqfudrk
vk uorkd HkkoHkwfe doh'oj pUnk >k la iwoZfg euckskd lkfgR;d es uhd
tdka ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA
egkdfo eucksk la iwoZ izcakkRed 'kSyh es eSfFkyh es dkO; jpukd ijaijk
ufg NyA eqDrd dkO;d jpuk gksbrks Ny] rdj fo"k;&oLrq vfkdka'kr%
jkkk&".kd izse&fo"k;d Ny vFkok HkfDrijd NyA egkdfo eucksk ,fg ijaijk
dsa rksfM+ d* ,d Vk uo ijaijkd LFkkiuk d;yfu vk ^".k&tUe* egkdkO;d
jpuk d;yfuA ,fg fr es egkdfo viu vn~Hkqr lkgld ifjp; nsyfu
vfNA 'kCn iz;ksxd vkkqfudrk] rRlkef;d yksdksfDr vk eqgkojk iz;ksxd
mR"Vrk] BsB 'kCn&iz;ksxd 'kSyh] vyadkj ;kstukd uohurk] Nan&fuc)rkd
dkS'ky] fo"k;xr uwrurk lHk rjgd vkkqfudrk vkfu] eSfFkyh lkfgR; es ,d
Vk uo 'kSyhd LFkkiuk d;yfu vk rdjfg cy ij eSfFkyh es bZ izo`fk c<+Sr
xsyA QyLo:i izcakkRed 'kSyh es lkfgR;&l`tud ,d Vk ijaijk vkfc xsy
vk eSfFkyh lkfgR;d izcakkRed fokk txft;kj Hksy] izfrf"Br Hksy] izpfyr
Hksy] iz'kaflr HksyA dkO; dgckd] ltZuk djckd 'kSyh es vkqukru iz;ksxd
izf;k izkjaHk HksyA
flikgh fonzksgd i'pkr yksd jk"VO;kih Lora=krkd izfr cslh lps"V HksyA
vaxzsth f'k{kkd izpkj&izlkj nsf[k yksd ekr`Hkk"kkd mRFkkud izfr tkx:d HksyA
eSfFkfy;gq es yksdd psruk LQqfVr HksyA x| es lsgks jpuk izkjaHk HksyA uo
'kSfy,a lkfgR; es ;FkkFkZ ckrd miLFkkiuk gksv; ykxyA r[ku dksuk ufg dgy
tk;] ts eSfFkyh lkfgR; es vkkqfudrkd lw=kikr HksyA vkkqfudrk vk;y] vo';
20 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vk;y] vk ls vk;y euckskd lkfgR; la( ga] bZ ckr Qjkd] ts doh'oj pUnk
>kd lkfgR; es bZ cslh Hkdjkj HksyA fgudj lkfgR; es FkksM+sd vkvksjks 'kSfYid
uwrurk vk;yA
1- ,stu@i`- 66&67
2- eS- lkfgR;d bfrgkl@MkW- nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* i`- 122
uwrurk fo"k;&oLrq es lsgks vk;yA fo"k;&oLrq es ts loZizFke uohurk
vk;y] ls fFkd ;qxd ;FkkrF; fp=k.kA
viu jpuk es vfr lkkkj.k] loZizpfyr vk loZckskxE; 'kCnd iz;ksxd
dkj.ksa doh'oj pUnk >k vR;ar yksdfiz; jpukdkj lkfcr HksykgA loZfofk
'kSyhxr uwrurkd mUuk;d g,ckd dkj.ksa ts yksdfiz;rk HksVy gksbfu] eqnk izkphu
ik[kaMh lHk la mis{kks de ufg HksVyfuA
doh'oj pUnk >k dsa bfrgkldkj yksdfu ;qxlafkd dfo dgydfu vfN]
eqnk ewy :i la ge bZ dg* pkgSr Nh] ts eSfFkyh lkfgR; es uorkd tkfg Hkko
Hkwfed fuekZ.k eucksk d;yfu rdj loZrksUeq[kh fodkl fgudfg lkfgR; es
HksyA i| jpukd vfrfjDr vkugqa {ks=k es uo iz;ksxd iz.ksrk b,g HksykgA
fo|kifrd x|&i| fefJr iksFkhd eSfFkyh vuqokn d*d* eSfFkyh es vuqokn
lkfgR; vk x| lkfgR;d ijaijk b,g pyvksyfuA
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es eucksk vk pUnk >kd i'pkr~ iwoZorhZ jpukdkj la
izsj.kk&xzg.k] oSKkfud ;qxd izxfr] ns'k&fons'kd lkfgR; la ifjp; vk i=k&if=kdkd
izdk'kud enfr la f'kYi&'kSyh es vusd izdkjd uwrurk vk;yA ifgus izseijd
vFkok HkfDrijd eqDrd xhr fy[ky tkbr NyA eqnk izcakdkO; vk x| ys[kud
fofok Lo:i tkfg rjgsa eSfFkyh es gksv; ykxy] ls vkkqfudrsd izek.k NyA
,fg vkkqfudrk dsa i=k&if=kdkd izdk'kud izkjaHk Hksyk la rwy HksVySd vk es&es
,fg lkfgR;d lHk fokk es 'kSyhd vkqukru Lo:id LFkkiuk gksv; ykxyA
eSfFkyh es izcak dkO;d ijaijkd izkjaHk ge ^".ktUe* la ekuSr Nh] lks
bZ eSfFkyhd ifgy izcak dkO; fFkdA vksuk ^eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl* es nqxkZukFk
>k ^Jh'k* euckskd ".k tUe dsa dFkkdkO;d fcuk dksuks ifjHkk"kk fLFkj d;us
dFkkdkO; dfg nsus NfFkA iqu% ,gh iksFkh es vkxw ,djk eSfFkyhd izFke egkdkO;
ekuSr NfFkA dfg ufg fgudj nquw mfDr es lR; dksu fFkdA izcakkRed 'kSyh
es fy[ky dkO; dsa egkdkO; vk [kaMdkO; nw dksfV es ckaVyk ij [kaMdkO;d
jpukd izkjaHk bfrgkldkj yksdfud lwpukd vkkkj ij 1909 bZ- fFkdA
euckskd ^".ktUe*] pUnk >kd ^fefFkyk Hkk"kk jkek;.k* vk yky nkld
^jes'oj&pfjr&jkek;.k* rhuw izcakdkO; chle 'krkCnhd ifgy&nkslj n'kd
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 21
vFkok vksfg la iwoZd fFkd vk rhuwd jpukdky eSfFkyh izcakdkO;d 'kS'kokoLFkk
fFkdA 'kSyhxr ts dksuks lkekU;ks peRdkj ,fg rhuw es HksVSr vfN] ls vrqfyr
dgy tk;rA bZ le; eSfFkyh&izcak dkO;d mn~Hkod le; fFkd] rFkkfi ,fg
es 'kSfYid peRdkj viwoZ vfNA lgt 'kCn] izpfyr yksdksfDr] izHkkodkjh
Hkk"kk&'kSyh] ekfeZd miLFkkiu 'kSyhd izkpq;Z ,fg es loZ=k HksVSr vfNA izek.k&Lo:i
fdNq va'k m)`r vfN %
drks ,d fnol chfr xsy] gfj iquq gFkxj xksjxj HksyA
ls dksu Bke tr, ufg tkfFk] d; csj vaxugq lkSa cgjkfFkA
}kj mij lkSa kfj&kfj vkfu] gj[kfFk galfFk ;'kksnk jkuhA
d; csj vkfx gkFk lkSa Nhuq] d; csj idykg rdyk chuqA
".k tUe
ckykiud papyrk dsa |ksfrr djckd 'kSyh es jpukdkjd dYiuk'khyrk vn~Hkqr
NVk vkfu nsus vfNA
vjs ckck nkokuy ln`'k yadk tkjS,
vkEehZ yads'ks rfud lHk ikis ejS,
iM+k js js ckcw fdNq u eu dkcw ijS,
fcuk ikfu yadu`ifr iVjkuh ejS,A
fefFkyk Hkk"kk jkek;.k
yadk tj; vukFk lu] c<+y Toky vkdk'k
jfo lu dfi rfg chp es] 'kksfHkr izHkk izdk'k
vuy vfuy lkfgR; lkSa] yadk dS vuqeku
Hkje dey Nu es ;Fkk f=kiqjfg :nzd ckuA
yky nkl
rhuw egkdkO;d voyksdu la bZ ckr lks>ka vcSr vfN] ts bZ rhu jpukdkj
yksdfu viu&viu fr es dF;d vis{kk 'kSyh es dusdks de lQyrk ufg
izkIr d;yfu vfNA laiw.kZ fr es o.kZ] 'kCn] okD; vk vFkZd vuqie iz;ksx
la y{;kFkZ izrhr dj,ckd lkeF;Z] 'kSfYid peRdkjd ;ksx la vk;y vfNA
Jh fo|kfuokl feJd 'kCn es ^dkO; Hkk"kk ds :i es ,d rhljk Lrj
Hkh tqM+ tkrk gSA og Lrj gS y;cksk dkA ;g y;cksk JO;xq.k ds :i es ofu
O;oLFkk ds }kjk dHkh&dHkh ;frHkax ds }kjk Hkh] dyk?kkr ;k lqjk?kkr ds }kjk
rFkk vkaf'kd Hkhrjh ;k ckgjh rqdksa ds }kjk vkSj mlls Hkh vfkd ,d 'kCn ;k
incak ;k izR;; ;k ,d izdkj dh lajpuk dh iqujko`fk ds }kjk] ml iqujko`fk
es Hkax ds }kjk Hkh lkFkZdrk dk ,d u;k vk;ke tksM+ nsrk gS] fdarq bl rhljs
vk;ke dks idM+us ds fy, fo'ys"k.kh; lkexzh foiqyrk es miyCk gksuh pkfg,(
22 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
tSls iwjh dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl ;k egkdkO;A*1
,fg y;&cksk] ofu O;oLFkk] incak] iqujko`fk bR;kfnd ysy jpukdkj
dsa ;Fks"V volj HksVyfuA frd foiqy dk;k] frdkjd foiqy 'kCn&Kku]
dYiuk'khyrk] 'kSyh p;ud pkrq;Z vkfnd ;ksxnku la vkIykfor Hk* d* fof'k"V
1- jhfr foKku@Jh fo|kfuokl feJ@i`- 23
'kSyh es vuqie Lo:id lax mifLFkr HksyA
,fg rhuw frd ckn eSfFkyh es egkdkO;d ka[kyk izkjaHk HksyA cnzhukFk
>kd ^,dkoyh ifj.k;*] eqa- j?kquUnu nkld ^lqHknzkgj.k*] ra=kukFk >kd ^dhpd
ok* rFkk ^".kpfjr*] lhrkjke >kd ^vacpfjr*] thoukFk >kd ^jko.kok*]
nhukukFk ikBd ^cakq*d ^pk.kD;*] Jh y{e.k >kd ^xaxk* rFkk ^'kkafrnwr*]
dk'khdkUr feJ ^ekqi*d ^jkkk fojg*] oS|ukFk efYyd ^fokq*d ^lhrk;u*] lqjsUnz
>k ^lqeu*d ^nkorh*] cqf)kkjh flag ^jekdj*d ^Le`fr lgh*] ekdZ.Ms; izoklhd
^vxLR;kf;uh*] fdj.kthd ^ijk'kj* izHk`fr egRoiw.kZ egkdkO; lHk fFkdA
tsuk fd egkdkO;d ukes la Li"V vfN] izk;% lHk egkdkO;d vkkkj
rRo jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Jhen~Hkkxor] osn vFkok laLrd izkphu xzaFk lHk fFkdA
,fg lHk oLrqd fp=k.k izk;% laLr lkfgR; es iwoZfg Hk* pqdy NyA eqnk rS;ks]
fo"k;d iqujko`fk ikBdd euksefLr"d dsa mfcv,ckd volj ufg nsyd vk
lHk fr dsa ;Fkk;ksX; iz'kalk HksVySd] rdj ,d ek=k dkj.k fFkd oLrq miLFkkiud
'kSyh] vfHkO;atukd izfofkA
pfj=k&fp=k.k es euksfo'ys"k.k] izfr&fp=k.k es ekuohdj.k] vyadkj&;kstuk
es inykfyR; vkfn la fofok jpukdkj fofok 'kSyhd vkJ; ysyfu vfNA
lSjUkzhd os'k es nzkSinhd vkRelaLdkj dsa |ksfrr djSr vk pk.kD;d
vkRefparu dsa |ksfrr djSr euksfo'ys"k.kd fdNq mnkgj.k ,uk vfN
'kknwZyh dh d[kugqa ikc, =kkl
tacdw d \ dh Tofyr vaxkj
r`.kp; ld; >kafi \ dh pEidokl
Hkzej rqPN d, ld, drgq miHkksx \
dhpd ok
jfo le nhIr vuy le nkgd] ifo le dfBu dBksj
dksuks xw<+re Hkkoexu fpark la vkRe&foHkksj
vax&vax la pwc, ViVi lqn`<+ vkRefo'okl
ikVfyiq=kd tuiFk ij ds ?kwfe jgy xr =kkl \
pk.kD;
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 23
lkfgR; 'kkfCnddyk fFkdA dksuks jpuk fo'ks"k] Hkk"kkd lhek es cUgk;y ,dfu"B
oLrq fFkdA fr] Hkk"kk dsa vk 'kCn dsa] us dsoy viu ek;e cucSr vfN]
vfirq vks Hkk"kkd varLry es tUe lsgks ySr vfNA lR; ra bZgks fFkd ts Hkk"kkd
lacak fopkj la vfN] fparu la vfN Hkk"kkd vHkko es euq"; lkspc can d*
nsrA jpukd lanHkZ es Hkk"kkd izfr ,oa lajpjuk dsa Li"V djckd {kers vksdj
'kSyhd Lo:i gksbr vfNA
egkdkO;d jpukd lanHkZ es fdafpr mnkgj.k la rRdky bZ dfg vkxw
c<+y t;ckd pkgh] ts eSfFkyh egkdkO;d fo"k;&oLrq iqjku jfgrgq 'kSyh,d
dkj.ksa iz'kaflr vfN vk fr es jkspdrk] ,drkurk vk vkd"kZ.k vkfu ldy
vfNA izca k dkO;d nkslj mifokk fFkd [kaMdkO;A 'kkL=kh; cakud dkj.ksa lsgks
laHko vfN] ts eSfFkyh egkdkO;d lwph uegj ufg vfN eqnk [kaMdkO;d jpuk
vis{kkr cslh Hksy vfNA eqnk] ts Hksy vfN] rkfg es vfkdka'kd fo"k;&oLrq
oSg keZ&dFkk] uhfr dFkk] mik[;ku] egkHkkjr] iqjk.k vkfnd vkkkj ij vfNA
1947 la iwoZ [kaMdkO;d ts lwph vfN] rkfg es bfrgkldkj yksdfu Nsnh >k
^f}toj*d ^dksbyhnwrh* dsa lsgks [kaMdkO; ekfu usus NfFkA eqnk ,djk [kaMdkO;
ekuck es gejk fojksk vfNA vksuk ts gks] ,r* gej vHkh"V 'kSyhd ppkZ djc
vfNA rsa ,rck dgc vko';d vfN] ts ^dksbyhnwrh* lans'k&dkO; tdka fy[ky
Hkkjroklhd ijra=krkd eu'psruk fFkdA 'kSyh iz'kaluh; vfN] 'yk?kuh; vfNA
eSfFkyh [kaMdkO;d {ks=k es vfHkuo Hkkokkjkd LFkkiuk izkjaHk Hksy vfN Jh
misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*d ^laU;klh* laA ^laU;klh*d i'pkr mYys[kuh; [kaMdkO;
fFkd dsnkjukFk ykHkd ^yf[kek jkuh* rFkk ^Hkkjrh*] jekdjd ^'kj'k;k* vkfnA
^laU;klh* [kaMdkO; vaxjsth&f'kYid vkkkj ij fy[ky xsy vfNA bZ fr lxZc)
ufg vfNA ik'pkR; 'kSyh es iafDrd x.kukd vkkkj ij ,dj jpuk Hksy vfNA
gejk cq>us euksjatu >kd ^baVm?kuh* izk;% ,lxj ,gu fr fFkd ts 'kkL=k
iqjkud ifjikVh la vyx gfV d* uwru f'kYid lax mifLFkr HksyA
vkd"kZd vk izHkkodkjh 'kSyh es jpy vku [kaMdkO; lHk es la izeq[k
vfN O;klthd ^iru*] vejsUnz feJd ^,dyO;*] y{e.k >kd ^mRlxZ* vkfnA
eqDrd dkO; es] muSle 'krkCnhd izkjaHk la vkb kfj vusd eksM+ mifLFkr
Hksy vfNA Nan] vyadkj] in] y;] rky vkfnd vkkkj ij fofp=k&fofp=k ifjorZu
HksyA jl&cksk] Hkko&ckskd vn~Hkqr Lo:i mifLFkr HksyA eucksk] pank >k vk
ykynkld lkfgR; es fo"k;xr] Hkk"kkxr kafr vk;y ra vkxw vkfc d* vkvksjks
uohurkd vkg~oku HksyA
lu~ 1905 es i=kdkfjrk izkjaHk HksyA yksd viu ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr tkx:d
Hk* pqdy NyA ns'k ijra=krkd cks> rj dqpk jgy NyA vaxzstd dq'kklu la
24 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
leLr Hkkjrh; ukxfjd =kLr NyA vksdj Hkkoukd vfHkO;fDr gks;c vko';d
Ny] eqnk vfHkO;Dr djckd ysy [krjkd igkM+ lks>ka Bk<+ NyA dq'kkldd
dq'kklu ukxfjdd eqag dsa lhfc nsus NySdA ,gsu ifjfLFkfr es jpukdkjd
nkf;Ro NySd ts vks ukxfjd dsa lgh fn'kk&funsZ'k nSfFkA lkfgR; dksugqa ,sfrgkfld
kafrd vxqvk jgy vfNA lkfgR; es ukxfjdd ;FkkfLFkfrd fp=k.k vko';d
NySdA
laiw.kZ lekt es fo{kksHk vk dqaBkd okrkoj.k ilfj xsy NyA Hkk"kk&'kSyh
ok 'kCn&foU;kld <ax rrsd us ifjofrZr Hk* xsy ts izkP; dfork cgqr ikNw
jfg xsyA vaxzsth es ts dfork ^fyfjd* dgcSr Ny] eSfFkyh es ,fg 'kSyhd
dfork uohu xhfrdkO; dgkc* ykxyA vFkkZr~ caxyk] fgUnh vk vaxzsthd fefJr
izHkko rFkk ns'k&ns'kkarjd laidZd dkj.ksa eSfFkyh dfork ij vn~Hkqr izHkko iM+yA
dforkd 'kSyh es ekSfyd ifjorZu yf{kr gksv; ykxyA
,fg lHk n`f"V,a 1925 bZ-d i'pkrd eSfFkyh dforkd 'kSyhxr fo'ys"k.k
d;us bZ rF; lks>ka vcSr vfN] ts izxhr&dkO;d Lo:i es pyy ,d Vk dkO;d
'kSyh cgqr ckn kfj uaxjkbr&uaxjkbr vcSr jgy rk chpfg es izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn
vk vkkqfud dfork vkfc xsyA
vksuk uohu xhfrdkO;d vkRekfHkO;fDr ewyd rRo pUnk >kd jpuk la
mHkj* ykxy NyA eqnk lu~ 1925 vcSr&vcSr bZ csl Hkdjkj Hksy vk rdj
loZJs"B mUuk;d ekuy tkbr NfFk Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou*A Hkqoud i'pkr dfork
dsa vkvksjks uohuksUeq[k djckd Js; tkbr Nfu oS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh*d ukesA
;k=kh d dkO; kkjk es vn~Hkqr 'kSyh] vfHkuo iz;ksx Hksy vfNA 'kSyhd Hkk"kk
oSKkfud fo'ys"k.kd vkkkj ij ,fg es ofu foKku] vFkZ foKku] :i foKku]
okD; foKku] fcac&izrhd vkfn lHk rjgsa fgudj dforkd 'kSyh vfHkuo vfNA
Hkk"kk 'kSyhd mke izHkkoksRikndrk vk 'kCn ;kstukd dkseyrk vkg~yknd vfNA
laKk] loZuke] fo'ks"k.k] f;kin] dkjd] opu] fyax vkfnd o iz;ksx la mRiUu
peRdkjd ekfeZd fo'ys"k.k fgudj jpuk es ns[kkvksy tk ldSr vfNA 1941
bZ- d fgudj dforkd ikafr nz"VO; vfN
rksgj eu nkSM+Sr Ng dksBkd fn'k
iS?k&iS?k kuhd fn'k njckj fn'k
xjhcd fn'k ddj tkbr Nb utfj
ds rdb vfN gej uksjd kkj fn'k
dfod LoIu
lqeu] ;k=kh] ra=kukFk] ekqi] izHk`fr jpukdkjd jpuk'khyrk es vuqie 'kSyhd
NVk la eSfFkyh dfork vuqizkf.kr gksbr jgyA ;k=khd ^fp=kk*d izdk'ku ckn
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 25
jktdeyd Lojxakk] fdlqud vkReusin izdkf'kr HksyA jktdey y;] xhr]
Nan] ;fr vkfn lHk la cslh egRo dfork es 'kCn dsa nsyfu] f'kYi dsa nsyfu
%
dfork vkc ufg vfN ukf;dk Hksn] u[k f'k[k flaxkj
dfork ufg vfN jfrfoijhrd muVy xzhokgkj
dfork fFkd tuthoud vfXuizk.k t;?kks"k
xk,c] xkfcd, fj>k,c ufg fFkd dfork jktdey
,fg rjgsa eSfFkyh dfork ,dckbxs f'k[kj ij igqafp xsyA vn~Hkqr :i la uohure
ijaijkd izkjaHk xsyA dksuks rjgd ^okn* vFkok vkanksyu la eqDr Hk* d* uwru
fcac izrhd] oksfDr] oSfp=; vkfn la dforkd uwru Lo:i cuy vk rdj
vuq;k;h i;kZIr la[;k es HksyA fgudk laxsa dkO;&l`tud izf;k es tqVy jgykg
ek;kuUn feJ] lksenso] js.kq] kwedsrq] khjsanz] jekuUn js.kq] izHk`frA vk fgudj
ikNka ,gh 'kSyh es dkO;&lalkjd cgko pyyA jpukdkj v,ykg xaxs'k xqatu]
thodkUr] dhfrZ ukjk;.k] egkizdk'k] iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh] lqdkUr lkse] HkheukFk >k]
egsUnz] misUnz nks"kh] mn;pUnz >k ^fouksn*] yfyrs'k feJ] jkeykspu Bkdqj] dq.kky]
vfXuiq"i foHkwfr vkuUn] v'kksd] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] dsnkj dkuu] f'ko'kadj
Jhfuokl] ukjk;.kth] gjs".k >k] ujsUnz] lkjax dqekj] jes'k] fo|kuUn >k] izHk`frA
eSfFkyh dforkd {ks=k es ,fg rjgsa vk;y vkkqfudrk es 'kSyh dsa vR;ar
xaHkhjrk la ysy xsyA ,d fnl dfo yksdfud lw{e n`f"V ta lektd izR;sd
ukxfjdd vry eksu es mBSr euksHkko] osnuk] kafrd cqycqyk dsa ns[kckd
ysy lkdka{k Hksykg] ra nkslj fnl vksfg euksHkko dsa lektd izR;sd ukxfjd
kfj igqapsckd ysy mke la mke] izHkkodkjh vk vkd"kZd 'kSyh es <kfj nsck
es lQy Hk* ldykgA 'kSyhd dkj.ksa bZ dfork lHk vR;ar uksNjkg lkfcr Hksy]
ts tuekuld lwry fonzksgh Hkkouk dsa uksNfj&uksNfj txsckd ysy vfkdkfkd
lQy Hk*
ldyA
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es ekSfyd dFkkys[kud ijaijk izkjaHk Hksy vfN ewy:i la orZeku
'krkCnhd pkfje&ikape n'kd laA ,fg la iwoZ eSfFkyh es dFkkys[kud uke ij
laLrd dFkk lHkd vuqokns pySr NyA izks- gfjeksgu >kd ^iz.kE; nsork*d
izdk'ku la eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR;d bZ vtksg Vkax ,dk,d leFkZ Hk* xsy vk
fgudj Hkk"kk 'kSyh] oLrq&miLFkkiud 'kSyh] dF;&p;ud izo`fk] dFkk&ys[kud
f'kYi] ,dk,d eSfFkyhd dFkk lkfgR; es vkanksyu vkfu nsydA ,fg le;
kfj i=k&if=kdkd izdk'ku [kwc gksv; ykxy NyA oSnsgh if=kdkd izdk'ku izkjaHk
26 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
HksyA vksfg la iwoZ ^fefFkyk eksn*] ^fefFkyk fefgj*] ^eSfFkyh izHkkdj*] ^fefFkyk
fe=k*] ^eSfFky cakq*] ^foHkwfr*] ^Hkkjrh* vkfn if=kdk lHk NiSr NyA ,fg le;
es ,r; dFkk&ys[ku vFkok dFkk okpud ts ijaijk Ny] ls Ny gkl&ifjgkld
:i es] dksuks izse&izlaxd :i es mBkvksy xsy ckr dsa lks>&likV <axsa dfg
nscA ,fg dfg nsck es dksuks dykRedrk] dksuks xq.kkRedrk ns[kk;c vko';d
ufg NyA ,gsu ckr ufg Ny] ts ifjos'k es dF;d vHkko NySdA dkj.k] ts
ta vHkko jfgrSd ra vksfg le; es gfjeksgu >k dsa dksuk ,gsu&,gsu vkd"kZd
dF; HksfVrfu \
lu~ 1935 la iwoZd dFkkd ekns jkteksgu >kd dgc Nfu] ^vksfg le;d
dFkk lqkkjoknh gksbr Ny] tkfg es dFkkud ok pfj=k&fp=k.k fnl ;ku nsc
t:jh ufg cw>y tkbr NyA nSo&la;ksx vk vkdfLed ?kVukd la;kstu ij
dFkk vkkkfjr jgSr NyA dFkkdkj yksdfud eq[; ;ku jgSr Nyfu lkekftd
dqjhfr ij] tdj nq"ifj.kke ns[kk d* uk;dd izfr lgkuqHkwfr txsckd iz;kl
es lk;kl d#.k Hk* xsukb dFkkd fu;fr Hk* tkbr NySdA*1
eqnk gfjeksgu >kd ^iz.kE; nsork*d izdk'ku 1945 bZ- es t[ku Hksy]
ra ,fg la eSfFkyh ikBdd lks>ka bZ ckr Li"V Hk* d* vk,y] ts pfj=kkadud
dkS'ky] dFkkudd ekalyrk] dF;d uwrurk vk ekSfydrk] miLFkkiu&'kSyhd
lkSna ;Z] vksdj dykRedrk vkfnd c cslh egRo vfN dFkk ys[ku esA ^iz.kE;&nsork*
laxzgd dFkk lHk es vusjks] vokafNr] vuko';d d#.kk mRiUu d* d* tcjnLrh
ikBdd n; es d#.kk mRiUu djckd iz;kl ufg d;y xsy vfN vk us dksuks
mfpr izlaxd >kaik&rksihA lektd izR;sd vksfg fcanq ij fgrdj vk vuqHkoh
n`f"V nsy xsy vfN] ts lektd dqjhfr Ny] vlk; ihM+k NyA vk dF;d
n`f"Vdks.ksa rFkk miLFkkiu 'kSyhd n`f"Vdks.ksa fgudj dFkk lalkj es uwrurk vk;yA
dFkk dgckd fgudj 'kSyh ljsl dkxt lu uksNjkg vo'; lkfcr Hksy] eqnk
tfguk ljsl la dkB dsa jxfM+ d* fpDdu vk eqyk;e cukvksy tkbr vfN]
rfguk fgudj miLFkkiu 'kSyh lsgks jgyA fefFkykd thou&izf;k] LFkkfir
laLdkj] laLfr vk jgu&lgu es vnkS la ts tfM+vk;y xzafFk lc Ny] gfjeksgu
>k rdjk uksfp&uksfp d* gVkSyfuA dFkk es 'kSyhxr ifjorZud bZ ekSfydrk
n* d* vks ,d Vk mR"V dkt d;yfu] tdj QyLo:i eSfFkyh dFkkys[ku
es lc rjgsa ifjorZu vkfc xsyA ik'pkR; vk vkuksvku Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lcgd
laxsa ,Dds v[kM+gk ij mrjck ysy eSfFkyh dFkkd rsoj cu* ykxyA lqXxk&eSuk]
dkSvk&uf<+;kd cnyk es] jktdU;k vk _f"kdU;kd cnyk es] fdUuj vk xUkoZd
cnyk es dFkkd ik=k vke vkneh gksv; ykxyA
lu~ 1950 la iwod Z dFkkdkj es la ize[q k NfFk dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k*]
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 27
eueksgu >k] mekukFk >k] misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh izHk`frA
okrkoj.kd fo'ys"k.k] ik=kd euksfo'ys"k.k vk lgt Hkk"kk 'kSyh es ;FkkFkZ&fu:i.k
fgudk yksdfud dFkkd ewy ms'; jgyA
lu~ 1950 d ckn rFkk 1960 d iwod Z dFkkdkj es la ize[q k NfFk ef.kin~e]
xksfoUn >k] pUnzukFk feJ ^vej*] jkkk".k >k ^cgsM+*] 'kSysUnz eksgu >k] fdlqu]
yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] lksenso] khjsUnz] cyjke] kwedsrq] fyyh js] galjkt]
jekuan js.kq] jkenso izHk`fkA ,fg le;d izk;% leLr dFkk ,dne vkqukru
'kSyhd
1- iz.kE; nsork dFkk&laxzg d Hkwfedk@jkt eksgu >k@i`-&x
lax vkfc ldyA
,fg dFkkdkj yksdfud dFkkd fo'ys"k.k d;yk ij bZ ckr lks>ka vkvksr]
ts tr* cztfd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kin~e* viu dFkkd izHkkoksRikndrk c<+sckd ms';
la rFkk ik=k ,oa okrkoj.kd ekSfydrk dsa v{kq..k j[kckd mns'; la vfkdka'kr%
fuEuoxhZ; Hkk"kk] nsgkrh yksdksfDr] BsB 'kCnkoyhd iz;ksx d;yfu vfN] vksrfg
'kSysUnz eksgu >kd Hkk"kk&'kSyh fufo"V vk if.MrkeA eqnk rsa dFkkd izk.krRo
dsa dksuks gkfu ufg Hk* ldyA vU; leLr dFkkdkj yksdfu lHk lsgks fgudfg
tdka ;FkkFkZd kjkry la dFkkHkwfed p;u djc viu ;s; cq>yfuA cki{k
vk variZ{k nwud w fu:i.k lgt] ljy vk LokHkkfod <axas d;yfu vfNA
ik=kkuqdwy Hkk"kkd fuc)rk la dFkkd lkSan;Z es vrho o`f) Hksy vfNA jktdey]
yfyr vk ek;kuUn dusd vkxw cf<+ d* dFkkd ewy rRo] 'kSyh dsa izkkurk
nsyfuA fgudk yksdfud dFkk es vareZud fp=k.kd izkkkU; jgyA cfYd
jktdey FkksM+sd vkvksj vkxw vkfc d* lektd vk lkekftd izk.khd vareZu
dsa fpf=kr d;yfu] vksdj xq.kkoxq.k] nks"kknks"k fu:i.k la viu ikBd o`Und
utfj [kksyyfuA
chle 'krkCnhd lkre&vkBe n'kd es mfnr dFkkdkj lHk es la izHkkl
dqekj pkSkjh] xaxs'k xqatu] khjsUnz] thodkUr] jkteksgu >k] lqHkk"kpUnz ;kno]
egkizdk'k] lqdkUr lkse] yfyrs'k feJ izHk`fr fdNq ,gsu xfjeke; uke vfN]
ts viu ifNyk ih<+h la izsj.kk] ;qxhu lekt la vuqHko vk viu izfrHkk la
dkS'ky tek d* d* dFkk ys[kud e dsa fodflr d;yfu] ts ijorhZ ih<+hd
dFkkdkj yksdfud ysy izsj.kkiqat cfu ldyA rRi'pkr~ ,fg le;d dFkkdkj
yksdfu es la ize[q k NfFk egsUnz] misUnz nks"kh] mn;pUnz >k ^fouksn*] foHkwfr vkuUn]
dsnkj dkuu] iznhi fcgkjh] fouksn fcgkjh yky] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] 'ksQkfydk oekZ]
iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh] f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl] v'kksd] 'kSysUn vkuUn] jes'k] izHk`frA
28 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
 dFkkdkjd ,fg lewgd ckn ts dFkkdkj yksdfu viu ifgpku cukSyfu
vksfg ih<+h dsa dksuks vyx la uke nsc] la[;k vk xq.kokk nquw n`f"V,a cgqr
vko';d ufg vfNA dFkk fokk eSfFkyh lkfgR;d lokZfkd fodflr fokk fFkd]
ls dF; vk f'kYi nquw n`f"Vdks.ksaA ijh{k.k&Lo:i vusd mnkgj.k rkdy tk ldSr
vfNA f'kYid fodkld ifj.kke fFkd ,[kuqd y?kqdFkk] tkfg es fdNq 'kCn ek=k
es cgqr ckr dgy tk jgy vfN vFkok dksuks dFkk] tkfg es cM+h dky kfj]
cgqr <axsa dfu, Vk ckr dgy tk jgy vfN vFkok foKku dFkk] tkfg es lkfgR;
es foKku }kjk dkfYg gksv; cyk lwpuk nsy tk jgy vfNA
izkphu dkyd vis{kk miU;kld fodkl lsgks ;Fks"V Hksy vfNA miU;kldkj lHk
es la izkjafHkd uke vcSr vfN tuknZu >k ^tulhnu*] thoN feJ] iq.;kuUn
>k] Hkksy] dka>hukFk >k ^fdj.k*] gfjeksgu >k] y{ehifr flag] dqekj xaxkuUn
flag] gfjuUnu Bkdqj ljkst] ;ksxkuUn >k] cztuUnu izHk`fr yksdfu] ts eSfFkyh
es ekSfyd miU;kl ys[kud ijaijk pyvksyfuA bZ ckr Li"Vr;k dgy tk ldSr
vfN] ts bZ yksdfu ;qxhu ifjfLFkfr es ts ns[kyfu] rdjk 'kSyhxr vkd"kZ.k vk
lkSan;Zd lax ikBdd lks>ka izLrqr d;yfuA eqnk] ,fg es la nw Vk uke ,gsu
vfN] ts loZFkk] lHk rjgsa eSfFkyh miU;kl ys[ku dsa uo rjgsa vkxw c<+kSyfuA
vk vks uke fFkd fdj.k rFkk gfjeksguA vkxw vkfc d* ts eSfFkyh miU;kld
dks"k iq"V Hksy rdj lokZfkd Js; ,gh nquw miU;kldkj dsa nsy t;rfuA
^dU;knku* viu 'kSyhd dkj.ksa eSfFkyh ikBdd chp iz'kLr Hksy vk ikBd eSfFkyh
miU;kl fnl >qdykgA rRi'pkr~ trsd uegj miU;kldkjd lewg cuy] rkfg
es vxzx.; NfFk ;k=kh] O;kl] 'kSysUnz eksgu >k] vej] ef.kin~e] yfyr] jktdey]
ek;kuUn] lksenso] js.kq] khjsUnz] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] xaxs'k xqatu] thodkUr] foHkwfr
vkuUn] iznhi fcgkjh] uohu pkSkjh] m"kkfdj.k [kku izHk`frA
,fg leLr miU;kldkjd laidZ fo'o lkfgR; la cuy vk r[ku
f'kYi&'kSyhd ekSfydrkd laxsa bZ yksdfu miU;kld dk;kiyV dksu euksje <axsa
d,us NfFk rdj mnkgj.k vkanksyu] vkfndFkk] pkuksnk;] fcgkfj&ikr&ikFkj] nw&i=k]
nwk&Qwy] Hkks#dck] nw dqgsld ckV vkfn miU;kl es rkdy tk ldSr vfNA
euksfo'ys"k.k izkku] pfj=k&izkku] ?kVuk&izkku] o.kZu&izkku] i=kkRed]
vkRedFkkRed vkfn 'kSyh miU;kl fokk dsa [kwc iz'kfLr nsydA
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es ukVdd mn~Hkod ksr ta rkdy tk;r] ra bZ fokk
T;ksfrjh'ojd ^kwrZ lekxe* la 'kq#g ekuy tk,r] rfg;k ukVdd ms'; izk;%
gkL; jgSr NyA ukVd] lkfgR;d loZl'kDr fokk fFkdA eqnk rkfg le; la
vkkqfud dky kfj iqu% vusd ukV~; ijaijk vk,y vk py xsyA dhrZfu;ka
vk/kqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; ij ,d utfj @ 29
ukVdd ijaijk lsgks pyyA usokjh ukVd] vafd;k ukV vkfn fy[ky xsy] eafpr
HksyA eqnk chle 'krkCnh es vkfc d* thou >kd ukVd lHk] iqjuk lHk ukVd
la fHkUu tdka vk;yA fdarq fgudgq ukVd es vfkdka'kr% i|s es ckr dgy
tkbr jgyA laokn okpud 'kSyh es ts uwrurk vk;y] ls ewyr% ;qxhu izHkkod
dkj.ksaA lkt&lTtkd ;Fks"V lqfokk] eapud lkSfo;] ukSVadhd fodkl] flusekd
izknqHkkZo] oSKkfud lkkud lqfokk vkfnd dkj.ksa ukVdd Hkk"kk&'kSyh] ys[ku&izf;k]
dF; vkfn es ifjokZu HksyA vke vknehd thou ij ukVd fy[ky tk; ykxyA
,fg uwrurkd vkxeu Hksy bZ'kukFk >k] xksfoUn >k] dk'khukFk feJ]
ef.kin~e] fdj.k izHk`fr ukVddkj yksdfud ukVd laA eqnk egsUnz eyafx;k ,djk
loZFkk uo Lo:i nsyfu ,fg ijaijkd fodkl la ,d Vk vkvksj uo ijaijkd
tUe Hksy vk ls fFkd ,dkadh ukVdA ,dkadh ys[kdd lwph es ize[q k NfFk gfjeksgu
>k] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] vkuUn feJ] ef.kin~e] fdj.k] ra=kukFk >k] vej] xksfoUn
>k] jktdey] egsUnz eyafx;k izHk`frA [kkgs ukVd gks ok ,dkadh] ,rck vo';
dgckd fFkd ts bZ fokk cgqr FkksM+ le; es c cslh [;kfr ivksyd vk ls
ivksyd 'kSfy,d dkj.ksaA
vkykspuk lkfgR; dksugqa lkfgR;d ysy c vko';d vk egoiw.kZ gksbr
vfN] eqnk eSfFkyh lkfgR; es ,fg fokkd n'kk&fn'kk c n;uh; vfNA ,rsd
izxfr izkIr d;ykd i'pkrgq eSfFkyh lkfgR; es iz'kalk dsa vkykspuk vk vkykspuk
dsa fuank cw>y tk jgy vfNA vkykspuk fokk eSfFkyh lkfgR; es dksugqa vku
Hkk"kk&lkfgR; la de iq"V ufg vfN] eqnk xq.kokk vk vkykspdd fu"Bk dsa ;ku
es jkf[k t[ku ,dj voyksdu d;y tk;] ra yxSr vfN] ts eSfFkyh lkfgR;d
vkykspuk jpukijd ufg] O;fDrijd gksbr vfN viokn dsa NksfM+ d*A
eSfFkyh es ,[ku kfj vkykspukd pkfj Lo:i ns[kkbN dksuks iksFkhd Hkwfedk
ys[ku] lkfgR;d bfrgkl ys[ku] QqVdj fucak ys[ku vk dksuks jpuk ij ikBdh;
izfrf;k vFkok leh{kkA Hkwfedk ys[ku dsa us izkjaHk la y* d* vkb kfj es iz'kalsd
laKk nsy tk;r] eqnk vU; rhu es bekunkjh iwoZd ckr dgy t,ckd pkgh]
fdarq dgy ufg tkbr vfNA ts dgyfu] ls vuko';d vksfg jpukdkj lesr
gqudj lewgd dksiHkktu curkgA ,djk ewy es jpukdkjd vlfg".kqrk vfNA
nkslj ckr bZ] ts vfkdka'k vkykspuk ,[ku ,guks vcSr vfN] tkfg es iUukd&iUuk
ckr dfg nsykd ckngq dksuks ckr lkQ ufg gksbr vfNA vksuk Hkk"kkd nf"V,a
izkjafHkd vkykspuk la ,[kuqd vkykspuk fodflr Hksy vfNA jpukd ijh{k.kd
'kSyh es vHkwriwoZ ifjorZu vk;y vfN] eqnk rdj mi;ksx de Bke gksbr vfNA
fdNq vku fokk] tsuk js[kkfp=k] thouh] fjiksrkZt] yfyr fucak vkfn ,[ku
rrsd fodflr ufg Hksy vfNA eqnk tkfg dksuks fokkd tkfg rjgsa izxfr&izlkj
30 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
Hksy vfN] rdj 'kSyhd iquiqZujkoyksdu c vko';d vfNA
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=kk vk dFkkdkjd la/kku @ 31
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=k vk dFkkdkjd lakku
dFkk dgckd izFkk gejk yksdfud vksr, vksrcs iqjku vfN] trsd ekuod lH;rk]
gejk yksdfud laLfrA bZ izo`fk vnkS la izxfr'khy jgy vfN vk le;&le;
ij bZ viu vkarfjd xq.k es ;qx lkis{k ifjorZu vuSr jgy vfNA Hkkjrh;
lkfgR; es ra oSfnds dky la dFkkd ewy Lo:i izkIr Hk* tkbr vfNA osn mifu"kn
vkfn es vusd vk[;ku] mik[;ku izkIr gksbr vfN] ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; es lsgks
dFkkd lE;d fodkl ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA dgckd vfHkizk; bZ] ts Hkkjrh;
ijaijk es dFkk&lkfgR; dksuks uo mn~Hkwr fokk ufg] vfirq ,fg vk[;kf;dk vFkok
yksd xkFkkd fodkld ,dVk iS?k lu kkjkd ifj.kke fFkdA eqnk yxys bZgks
dg* iM+Sr vfN ts ,[kuqd dFkk lkfgR;d ts :i] ts pkd~fpD; vfN] ls ,fg
ikSjkf.kd lkfgR;d dFkkRedrk vFkok yksd xkFkkRedrkd vis{kk ik'pkR; dgkuh
la fo'ks"k laifdZr cq>kbNA bZ laHko ts :id bZ vkkqfudrk vusd o"kZd fodkld
ifj.kke rFkk ns'k&ns'kkarjd c<+Sr fudVrkd Qy gksA
ewy :isa eSfFkyh es dFkk lkfgR;d vkjaHk vuwfnr dFkk la Hksy vfNA
gfjeksgu >kd izfl) dFkk&laxzg ^iz.kE;nsork*d izdk'ku o"kZ 1945 la iwoZ
eSfFkyh&dFkk lkfgfR;d uke ij vuwfnr dFkk&laxzgd uke tksM+k d, larks"k dj,
ifM+ jgy vfNA bfrgkldkj yksdfu }kjk xukvksy ta fdNq ekSfyd dFkkd uke
lks>ka vfcrks vfN ra vksfg ij bfrgkldkj yksdfu vius dF; ij viufg
vks>jk xsy NfFkA ,Egj vkfc d, ^iz.kE; nsork* dFkk laxzgd iqueqZnz.k Hksy
vfNA vb es jkteksgu >k }kjk izdk'kdh; es nsy xsy fdNq lwpuk la ckr
FkksM+sd QfjNkbr vfNA bfrgkldkj yksdfud drksd iafDr ra ,gsu Hkzekg cq>kbr
Nfu] ts dksuks vFkZ cgkj djc vlaHkoA nqxkZukFk >k ^Jh'k* ,dfg gkFksa viu
,dfg bfrgkl es ,d Bke fdj.kthd ^pUnzxzg.k* dsa miU;kl fy[kS NfFk vk
nkslj Bke ,djk nh?kZ dFkk fy[kS NfFkA vkc fgudj dksu dFku dsa izkekf.kd
32 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
ekuh] ls fu.kZ; djc dfBuA
jkteksgu >kd fy[ky izdk'kdh; la bZ lwpuk HksVSr vfN ts ^iz.kE; nsork*
d ifgy laLdj.k 1945 es cgkj HksyA ,fg la iwoZ ek=k pkfj xksV ekSfyd dFkk&
laxgz d ppkZ vfN pUnziHz kk Jh ".k Bkdqj] xIi&lIid [kfjgku oS|ukFk
feJ ^fo|kflUkq*] dkfeuhd thou dkyhdqekj nkl rFkk chNy Qwy Jh
izcksk ukjk;.k pkSkjhA ,fg pk: dFkk&laxzgd] vykos gejk yksdfu vuwfnrs
dFkk& laxzgd uke xuk ldSr Nh] tkfg es vcSr vfN pUnk >k }kjk ^iq#"k&ijh{kk*d
vuqokn] eqjyhkj >k }kjk fe=kykHk vk fgrksins'kd vuqoknA e- e- ijes'oj
>k }kjk ^lhefUruh vk[;ku*d vuqokn vkfnA
,fg pk: ekSfyd dFkk& laxzgd ekns bfrgkldkj yksdfu ,d la ,d
otuh iafDr nsyfuA dsvks ^fo|k&flUkq* dsa ik'pkR; jhfrd izFke xYidkj ekuyfu
ra dsvks dykRed lkS"Bo ns[kyfu] eqnk vlyh xIi bZ vfN ts ^pUnzizHkk* laLrd
fe=kykHk&fgrksins'k tdka mins'kkRed <axsa fy[ky NksV&NksV yksddFkkd laxzg fFkd
vk ^xIi&lIid [kfjgku* ukekuqdwy gkL;&y?kq dFkkd laxzg fFkdA ^dkfeuhd
thou* fcuk dksuks dykRedrkd dksuks izse&izlaxd likV o.kZu fFkdA ,fg lHk
la dusd vkxw izcksk ukjk;.k pkSkjhd dFkk& laxzg ^chNy Qwy* vo'; vfN]
eqnk dFkkud vk f'kYid n`f"V,a cgqr izHkko'kkyh ufgA rS;ks eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR;
es tsa fd ekSfyd ys[ku b,g yksdfu izkjaHk d;yfu rsa fgudk yksdfud uke
dFkk&lkfgR;d bfrgkl es J)kiowZd ysy tk,rA vk] vgh pk: laxzgd i'pkr
eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR; ij NkM+y dqgsl dsa ,dckbxs QkfM+ nsyd gfjeksgu >kd
^iz.kE; nsork*A vks ^fodV ikgqu* dFkkd HkkoHkwfe dsa lektd ,dne yxhp
tk d, mBkSyfu vk rdjk rrsd euksje <axsa ltkSyfu vfN ts lkekU;ks ikBdd
ysy bZ vrho lq[knk;h vfNA gfjeksgu >kd uke eSfFkyh lkfgR; es vxzx.;
,gh Vk ysy ufg Nfu] ts vks eSfFkyh es cgqr jkl fyf[k d, lkfgR; dsa le`)
d,yfu] cfYd fo'ks"k ,fg ysy Nfu ts bZ eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ysy ,dVk fo'kky
ikBd oxZ rS;kj d,yfuA Hkk"kkd ljyrk] vfHkO;fDrd lqLi"Vrk] fo"k;d
O;kidrk] dF;d uwrurk] f'kYid vkd"kZ.k bR;kfn lHk n`f"Vdks.ksa fgudj lkfgR;
fo'ks"k :isa pfpZr jgyA dh miU;kl] dh dFkk---lHk es fgudj ;ksxnku fo'ks"k
egod vfNA tfguk miU;kl es ^dU;knku* dsa i<+ckd ysy eSfFkyh Hkk"kk la
brj oxZd yksd lsgks eSfFkyh i<+c fl[kyfu] vui<+ yksd i<+ck d, lquyfu]
dFkkd {ks=k es rfguk ^iz.kE; nsork*d fLFkfr jgyA eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR;d dF;]
f'kYi] dFkkud bR;kfn vufHkO;fDrd tkfg fo'kky pku rj nkcy Ny] rdjk
,dfg csj es Tokykeq[kh ln`'k QkfM+d, iz.kE; nsork ckgj vk,y vk ijorhZ
lkfgR;dkj&ikBd yksdfu es dFkk fy[kck&i<+ckd vfHk#fp txkSyd vk lQyks
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=kk vk dFkkdkjd la/kku @ 33
Hksy ! lQyrkd b,g izfrQy fFkd ts vkb dFkk lkfgR; ,gsu le`) vfN
vk ^iz.kE; nsork* laxzgd dSd laLdj.k cgjk,yA ^iz.kE; nsork*d vrfjDr
fgud vkvksj dFkk laxzg lc vfN ts fo'ks"k egod oLrq es xuys Vk
tkbN jax'kkyk] ppZjh] rhFkZ;k=kk] ,dkn'kh bR;kfnA vksuk fgudj lqifz l)
gkL;&O;aX;kRed fucak laxzg ^[kj ddkd rjax* dFkk rRod vHkkod vNbrks
Hkk"kkd ljyrk vk vkuks cgqr jkl xq.kd dkj.ksa dFkk & laxzg es xuy tk,
ykxyA
lu~ 1889 pUnk >k }kjk vuwfnr ^iq#"k&ijh{kk*d vuqokn la y* d,
1930 kfj vuwfnr dFkk&lkfgR; vckk xfr,a pySr jgyA rkgh lax& lax ekSfyd
dFkkys[kud ,dVk HkkoHkwfe 1940 kfj] vFkkZr~ izcksk ukjk;.k pkSkjhd ^chNy
Qwy* kfj jgyA rsa ,dj cknd le; dsa vFkkZr~ 1941 la vkb kfjd le;
dsa Nvks n'kd es ckaVy tk ldSr vfNA tsa gsrq,a 1950 la iwoZ kfj ekSfyd
dFkk ys[ku cM+k fojy xfr,a Hksy] rsa 1950 la iwoZd dFkk ij ,d fdLr es
fopkj d,y tk ldSr vfNA lu~ 1947 es ns'k Lora=k HksyA eqnk Lora=krk
izkfIr la ts vlarks"k] vkks'k] lektd dqjhfr] lkkd dqO;oLFkk ikvksy xsy]
ls lHkVk NBe n'kd es O;Dr gksv, ykxyA
ta laxzgd ckr dsa xkS.k jkf[k] i=k&if=kdk es izdkf'kr dFkk lHk la ckr
mBkvksy tk, ra eSfFkyhd ekSfyd dFkk ys[ku izk;% rsljs n'kd la izkjaHk Hksy
ekuy tk,rA ,fg le;d dFkk es dqekj xaxkuUn flagd ^euq";d eksy*] Hkqous'oj
flag ^Hkqou*d ^'kwU;* vk ^jkSn Nk;k*] tys'oj flagd ^Hkxorhd ik'pkR; :i*]
Hkhes'oj flagd ^foltZu* ok ^lkvksud jkfr* bR;kfn vcSr vfNA fgudk
yksdfud vfrfjDr vb laxzg foghu dkykofk] vFkkZr~ 1950 la iwoZd le;d
egoiw.kZ dFkkdkj lHk NfFk gfjeksgu >k] y{ehifr flag] dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k*]
izcksk ukjk;.k pkSkjh] ra=kukFk >k] eueksgu >k] misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*] ;ksxkuUn
>k] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu* izHk`frA
gfjeksgu >kd dFkkys[kud izkjaHk eSfFkyh lkfgR;d vksfg lae.k dky
es Hksy] t[ku eSfFkyh lkfgR; dsa ikBdd vHkko NySdA ikape n'kd kfjd
izdkf'kr i=k&if=kdk] ta ,d fn'k ,dVk csl iS?k ys[kd oxZ rS;kj d,yd ra
gfjeksgu >k nkslj fn'k ,dVk iS?k ikBd oxZ rS;kj d,yfu vk ,rfg la iqu%
vckk xfr,a laxzgd ys[ku&izdk'ku gksv, ykxyA tr, xaxkifr flag] y{ehifr
flag] gfjuUnu Bkdqj ^ljkst*] ^fdj.k*] dqykuUn ^uUnu*] ijekuUn nk ^ijekFkhZ*]
dkyhdqekj nkl] uanfd'kksj yky] t;ukjk;.k efYyd] izHk`fr dFkkdkj yksdfud
dFkk kaxkj vks d#.kjl la ifjiw.kZ jgSr Ny] vksr, gfjeksgu >kd dFkk gkL;&jld
McMck,y jlxqYykd lax mifLFkr Hksy] eqnk ,fg gkL;d Hkhrjh rg es O;aX;d
34 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
rrsd esagh vk ekfeZd fp=k.k jgSr Ny] ts ,dj ms'; ek=k euksjatus Vk ufg]
,fg lektd izR;sd vuqfpr O;ogkj vk vrkfdZd vfHkf;k fn'k lkekU;
ikBdd ;ku vkdf"kZr djc lsgks jgyA
ikape n'kd kfjd ifjxf.kr dFkkdkj yksdfu es trsd uke xukvksy
tkbr vfN rkfg es Jh cS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh*d uke foy{k.krkiwoZd ysckd fFkdA
viu lelkef;drkd n`f"V,a bZ vfr izxfr'khy jgykgA xzkE; thoud fp=k
bZ rrsd Li"V vk lgt 'kCn la ?khpSr NfFk ts lkekU; ikBd lc rjgsa fgudj
dF; dsa cwf> ysck ysy mrkgqy jgSr NfFk vk cqf>, dsa foJke ySr NfFkA
vfr lqcksk&lgt BsaB 'kCnd iz;ksx] lkekU; tu&thoud lqPpk vfHkO;fDr]
NksV&NksV ?kVuk ij lw{e fparud lax dFkk ys[ku] dF;d vuq:i Hkk"kk&'kSyh]
lgtrk] LokHkkfodrk] ljyrk bR;kfn fgudj ys[kuhd eq[; izo`fk fFkdfuA
;|fi fgudj dFkkd la[;k vaxqfj, ij xu* tksx vfNA
dFkk&lkfgR; es eueksgu >kd uke J)kiwoZd ysy tkbr NfuA vksuk
dFkk ra bZ vufxur fy[kyfu eqnk lHk la eq[; :isa bZ ^vJqd.k*d lax pfpZr
gksbr NfFkA dFkk es ukjh n;d xgurkiwoZd fp=k.k djckd viwoZ dkS'ky mifLFkr
d,us NfFkA d#.kk fgudj dFkkd ewy izo`fk fFkdfuA dFkkdkj ;ksxkuUn >kd
dFkk jksekapd vk kaxkfjd xq.k la vksr&izksr jgSr NfuA ^vked ty[kjh* fgudj
pfpZr dFkk es la vcSr vfN] rfguk eSfFky lektd fofok vaxd ltho vks
laosnu'khy fp=k mifLFkr djck es misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl* ifgus ra ^:ly tek;*
la pfpZr Hksykg] eqnk iNkfr drksd uhd&uhd dFkk fy[kyfuA
jkenfgu feJ fy[kS NfFk dkO; niZ.k@i`- 258 ts dFkkd izkku ms';
gksbr vfN euksjatu] eqnk ta ls ckr jfgrS ra fdj.kd ^ekqjefu* if<+ d, vk
rkRdkfyd euksjatu izkIr d* d, fclfj t,ckd izo`fk cyk euqD[k tkfr
fclfj xsy jfgr, vksfg dFkk dsaA euksjatu ra gksbrs NSd] ,dj vykos vkvksjks
cgqr jkl egoiw.kZ ms'; gksbr NSd dFkkd] ts vksdjk 'kk'orrk iznku djSr
NSdA b,g 'kk'orrk vfN ekqjefu esA ,fg ikape n'kdd var vcSr&vcSr
lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] fody] fo'kkjn] Hkzej izHk`fr dFkkdkj izfrf"Br Hk* xsy NykgA
viu fofok dFkkd ek;es bZ yksdfu vkRela?k"kZd fp=k.kdkkZd :i es ekunaM
cukSyfuA
,fg iS?k varjky dsa ,dfg Bke lesVSr vkc dFkk&;k=kkd nkslj Msx izkjaHk
gksbr vfN 1951 laA ,fg NBe n'kd es vksuk dFkkdkj lwph cM~M iS?k ufg
cuy eqnk vis{kkr la[;k c<+yA la[;kd laxfg dFkkdkjd utfj [kqtyfuA
dFkkd Qyd c<+yA oLrqd O;kidrk ns[ky xsyA Lora=krk izkfIrd ckn yksdd
ts bPNk] vkdka{kk NySd rdj iwfrZd dksuks Vk ckV iz'kLr ufg Hksy] lekt la
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=kk vk dFkkdkjd la/kku @ 35
ekuorkd xq.k lHk foyhu gksbr ns[ky xsyA QyLo:i ;qxhu leL;k la vdPN
Hk* d, Bk<+ Hksykg 'kSysUnz eksgu >k] jke".k >k ^fdlqu*] izcksk ukjk;.k flag]
jekdkUr >k] xksfoUn >k] yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] lksenso] galjkt] jkenso
>k] cyjke] khjsUnz izHk`frA
,fg n'kdd dFkkdkj yksdfud dFkk ys[ku es fdNq izo`fkxr varj ikvksy
xsyA fdNq yksdfud izo`fk jgy dFkkrRo dsa v{kq..k j[kSr] pfj=k&fp=k.kd
lw{erkd lax mfpr okrkoj.kd fuekZ.k d, lkekftd ;qxhu leL;k lHk dsa
jlkRed mRd"kZ nsc] tsuk xksfoUn >kd ^Hkqrgh ikdfM+*] ef.kin~ed ^la;ksx*
jekdkUr >kd ^jDrnku*] 'kSysUnz eksgu >kd ^izkjCk* bR;kfnA fdNq yksdfud
izo`fk jgy lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dsa lgt ,oa ik=kkuqdwy Hkk"kk es pfj=kd euksfo'ys"k.k
djSr mn~?kkfVr djcA ,fg oxZd dFkkdkj yksdfu es vcS NfFk lksenso vk]
cyjke eksVjh] jkenso >k ,d [khjk % rhu Qkad] galjkt fNnz] dYiuk 'kj.k
jaxhu inkZ izHk`frA eqnk vgw la fdNq vkxw cf<+ d, ;qxhu fDy"Vrk es ftcSr
euqD[kd vry eksud nq%[k nnZ dsa cwf> d,] NksV lu dF; ij f'kYid ek;es
fo'kky la fo'kky dFkk cqufugkj es tkfg rhu xksV uke dsa eq[; :i la xuy
tkbN] rdjk yksd ^f=kiqaM* dfg d, vfHkfgr d,yfu yfyr] jktdey]
ek;kuUnA fgudk yksdfud ysy dFkkd gsrq ewy pht f'kYi jgyA thou&txr
dsa vrho xaHkhjrk iwoZd bZ yksdfu ns[kyfu ,oa eSfFkyh dFkkkkjk dsa ts fn'kk
nsyfu] rdjs Qy fFkd ts eSfFkyhd dFkk lkfgR; uoe n'kd es vkfc d,
,rsd QjksZl HksyA yfyrd ^jetkuh*] ^vksHkj yksM*] ^eqfDr*] jktdeyd ^lka>d
xkN*] ^yydk ikx*] ^iuMqCch* rFkk ek;kuUnd ^xkM+hd ifg;k*] ^galhd ctV*
bR;kfn dFkk lHkd ppkZ n`"Vkar Lo:i d,y tk ldSNA eSfFkyh dFkkkkjk dsa
,fg f=kiqaM la ts HksVySd ls eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR; dfgvks ufg fclfj ikvksrA
,fg n'kdd ckn izkjaHk gksbr vfN lkre n'kdA lkre n'kd es vkfc
d, eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR; cslh iq"V HksyA ys[ku f{kiz xfr,a gksv, ykxy] ifNyks
n'kdd dFkkdkjd lax& lax uoksfnr dFkkdkjd dFkk ys[ku pySr jgyA ,fg
n'kdd dFkk ys[ku es lkekftd dqO;oLFkk] vlekurk] 'kks"k.k] lhnu bR;kfnd
fp=k.k cslh iz[kj gksv* ykxyA ,fg es vcS NfFk xaxs'k xqatu] izHkkl dqekj
pkSkjh] jekuUn js.kq] thodkUr] mn;pUnz >k ^fouksn* izHk`fr dFkkdkj yksdfu
ts yxkrkj vckk xfr,a dFkk fy[kSr jgykg vk lektd uXu lR; VhiSr lkekU;
yksdd n`f"V es jgykgA ckn es vgh ih<+h la eSfFkyh lkfgR; es jktuhfrd
fparkijd ys[ku iq"V g,c izkjaHk HksyA vksuk jktuhfrd fcanqd izos'k ek;kuUnd
ys[ku es Hk* pqdy NyA jekuUn js.kqd ,d V?kkj uksj] thodkUrd ^gkfg*
xaxs'k xqatud ^vfHku;*] lkdsrkuUnd ^ftuxhd dkaV*] izHkkl dqekj pkSkjhd
36 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
^vk,y ikfu xsy ikfu*] jkteksgu >kd ^;q)&;q)&;q)* lqHkk"k pUnz ;knod
^dkBd cuy yksd*] egkizdk'kd ^tksM+&?kVko&xq.kk&Hkkx* bR;kfn ;qxhu leL;kd]
lkekU; tu&thoud nq%[k&nnZd okgd cuyA
vkBe n'kd es dFkk] dFkk&laxzg vk dFkkdkjd la[;k csl iq"V Hksy] ls
mR"V lkfgR; vk lkfgR;dkj la] n`f"Viw.kZ izfrHkk laA ,fg n'kdd dFkkdkj
es vksuk dFkkdjd lwph ra iS?k vfN] eqnk ewy :i la xuy tkbr NfFk fouksn
fcgkjh yky ] foHkwfr vkuUn] iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh] f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl] v'kksd] rkjkuUn
fo;ksxh] dsnkj dkuu] iznhi fcgkjh] izHk`fr yksdfuA oSKkfud ;qxd izknqHkkZo
la ns'k&fons'kd laidZd dkj.ksa lkfgfR;d psruk c<+y vk moZeq[kh ;FkkFkZd izfr
jpukdkjd vkxzg c<+yA lkfgfR;d vknku&iznku la lkfgfR;d izo`fk ij izHkko
iM+c LokHkkfod NyA ik'pkR; kkjk la gejk yksdfud lkfgR; izHkkfor gksv*
ykxyA dFkk es ?kVukd izkkurkd cnyk f'kYid izkkurk Hk* xsyA dFkk
ns'k&ns'kkarjd ekfj&yM+kb] iz{ksikL=k] ykSgekuo] pUnzryd Hkze.k] lw;Z&i`Fohd
vkilh lacakd xIi dg, ykxy] csdkjh&csxkjh] Hkw[k] nq%[k] vHkko] O;fHkpkj]
'kks"k.k&lhnud xIi lquc* ykxyA 'kksf"kr dsa vksdj rkxrd cksk djcSr yydkjk
nsc* ykxy vk 'kks"kdd irud ckr dg, ykxyA vYiosru Hkksxh ifjokjd
fofok leL;k dsa mn~?kkfVr dj, ykxy] ekuoh; bPNk vkdka{kkd nfer okluk
dsa mn~?kkfVr dj, ykxy vk ,fg leLr vfHkO;fDrdd lax vk,y rkjkuUn
fo;ksxhd ^fivkl*] ^fcljHkksj*] dsnkj dkuud ^ukVd*] ^rkel*] ^vkrad*] iznhi
fcgkjhd ^,dVk jksfx;kg ftuxh*] fouksn fcgkjh ykyd ^ftuxh*] foHkwfr vkuUnd
^[kkifM+ egad kku* bR;kfnA
jkSn es jgyk la dksuks jaxhu oL=k mnkl Hk* tkbr vfN] jax mfM+d, iw.kZ
:isa mTtj ufg gksbr vfN] rfguk euqD[kks dsa viu&viu laLdkjd izfr fdNq
foo'krk jgSr NSdA fdNq xksVs izHkkfor gksbrks NfFk] fdNq ufgvksa gksbr NfFkA
vkBe&lkre n'kdd izk;% lHk dFkkdkj ij vis{kkr ;qxd izHkko cslh iM+y
vk vksgh izHkkod varxZr ys[kuks HksyA thodkUrd dFkk ^xkSj* fo'kq) :i la
izrhdkRed fFkdA vksuk izrhd ewy :isa dforkd oLrq gksbr vfN] dFkk es ikBd
dsa likV <axd xIi HksVckd pkgh] eqnk izrhdkRed jgyk la vksdj lkss';rk
Hkax ufg gks] dF;d vfHkO;fDr Hk* tk, vk izHkkoksRikndrk es drgq O;fre
ufg vkc, ra vks] dFkkd fof'k"V xq.k HksyA dFkk 'kh"kZd ^xkSj* ,fg dlkSVh
ij lksygks vkuk lqPpk mrM+Sr vfNA vnkS la ckUgy xkSj t[ku cFkku ij la
[kqft d, taxyh eos'khd gsat es py tkbN ra vksdjk phUgc vk phfUg d,
y* vkuc vksrcs dfBu vfN trsd ,[kuqd tuoknh lewg es loZgkjkd <qfd
xsyk ij vksdjk fudkfy vkucA nkslj vFkZ es gejk yksdfud gsjk,y ekuork]
eSfFkyh dFkk;k=kk vk dFkkdkjd la/kku @ 37
ekuoh; ewY; b,g xkSj fFkd tdj [kkst es gejk yksdfu ckSvkbr Nh] rkfd
ufg icSr NhA
rkjkuUn fo;ksxhd dFkk ^mhiu* ,d fn'k lkearoknhd 'kks"k.k izo`fk vk
loZgkjkd lhnu lgckd izo`fk ns[kcSr vfN ra nkslj fn'k loZgkjk oxZ es nw
ih<+hd la?k"kZ es uwru ih<+hd fot; ns[kcSr vfNA rfguk dFkk 'kh"kZd ^dal&ok*
lektd ,dne vNwr oLrq dsa mBkd, pyy vfNA
,fg lHk ih<+hd dFkk&dFkkdkjd ppkZd i'pkr ,rck dgc visf{kr ts
chle 'krkCnhd ifgy pj.kd mkjk)Z vFkok nkslj pj.kd iwokZ)Z la mn~Hkwr
ekSfyd eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku] NBes n'kd kfj es trsd izxfr dsyd rkfg rqyuk
es vksdj vfxyk ys[kud izxfr U;wu cq>kbNA bZ ckr fHkUu ts ,[ku eSfFkyh
lkfgR;d lHk la cslh lQy fokk dFks lkfgR; Hk* xsy vfN] eqnk rsa bZ dgc
mfpr ufg ts bZ fokk viu ;Fks"V fodkl d* pqdy vfNA
ikape n'kd es ekSfyd dFkkys[ku uhd tdka viu IysVQkeZ rS;kj ufg
d,us Ny] gfjeksgu ikBd oxZ rS;kj dj* es ykxys Nykg fd NBe n'kd es
^f=kiqaM*d dFkk es ekuod vareZud O;Fkk] f'kYid izkkkU; vkc* ykxyA eqnk
rdjk ckn drksd le; chfr jgy vfN] fdarq izxfr vis{kkr de vfNA
vkc*d dFkk es ekufld la?k"kZ] laosxkRed vFkok ckSf)d dqrwgy bR;kfnd izfr
vkxzg rFkk jktk&jkuh okyk dFkk ijaijkd izfr mnklhurk jgckd pkghA dFkkd
ts kkjk ,[ku pfy jgy vfN rkfg es ,[ku NksV&la&NksV dF; ij uhd la
uhd dFkk fy[ky tk ldSNA vkc*d dFkk ?kVuk izkku ufg jfg f'kYi izkku
Hk* xsy vfN] rsa vkc ,fg fokk la cslh&la&cslh izxfrd vk'kk d,y tk ldS,A
38 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk
tsuk fd ,tjk ikmaMd dFku Nfu A Great age of literature is perhaps always
a great age of translation (Mak-lit-New, Page101, 125)
vFkkZr~ dksuks lkfgR;d egku ;qx] vksfg es vuqokn&;qx gksbr vfNA
eSfFkyhd dFkk&lkfgR;] ,dj viokn ufg fFkdA izkjaHk es eSfFkyhd dFkk&lkfgR;
ikSjkf.kd dFkk lHkd Hkkokuqokns NyA rsa ,dj bfrgkl cM+ iqjk.k ufg vfNA
eSfFkyh es dgck&lquckd izkf;k es ih<+h&nj&ih<+h yksd] dFkk fl[kSr jgy]
le;&ifjos'kd vuqlkj dgckd {kerk es fdNq tqVSr xsy] fdNq dVSr xsyA
dFkkokpd izk;% fuj{kjs gksbr Ny] fy[kckd {kerk vksdjk ufg jgSr NySdA
QyLo:i vfkdka'k dFkk f[klDdjd laxfg py xsy vk gejk yksdfud dFkk
lkfgR;] ,gw dkj.ksa ikNka d* fodflr HksyA
gejk yksdfu dFkk&ys[kud ekSfydrk vuqokns la fl[kygqaA laLr&lkfgR;d
dFkk&midFkk la vuqokn HksyA laLr&lkfgR; es ,fg dFkk lHkd ms';
mins'kkRed jgSr NyA keZ'kkL=kd uhfr okD; la ikBd vFkok Jksrk dsa vfopfyr
j[kckd ysy euksjatukRed lsgks jgSr NyA
eqnk] ,[ku gejk yksdfu dFkkd ts Lo:i ns[kSr Nh] rdjk us dsoy ikSjkf.kd
lkfgR;d nsu dgy tk;r vk us fons'kh lkfgR;d izHkkoA dFkk&lkfgR;d okZeku
Lo:id Js; pkfj Vk ksr dsa tkbr vfN laLr lkfgR;] Qkjlh lkfgR;]
yksd lkfgR; vk ik'pkR; lkfgR;A laLr lkfgR; la izkIr lkexzh gej iqjku
laLfr vk ledkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfrd >kadh izLrqr djSr vfNA kkfeZd
vk ykSfdd gksbrks ,fg es ms';xr ,drk vk thoud izfr ,dVk larqfyr
n`f"Vdks.k HksVSr vfNA Qkjlh&lkfgR; nk'kZfudrk&izkku gsckd dkj.ksa fof'k"V
:id n`f"Vdks.k iznku d;ydA e;dkyhu Hkkjrd lainkd :i es 'kkS;Ziw.kZ
vk jksekuh dFkklw=k gejk yksdfu dsa yksd lkfgR; la izkIr HksyA eqnk] ,fg rhuw
ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk @ 39
ksr la miyCk dFkkd o.;Z&fo"k; iqjku NyA rsa vkkqfud Hkkjrd vko';drk
vk Hkkoukd vuqdwy dFkk ufg cfu icSr NyA ,fg es fefFkykd okZeku
jhfr&dqjhfr] bZ";kZ&}s"k] eku&vieku] oxZ&la?k"kZ] 'kks"k.k] vukpkj bR;kfnd fp=k.k
HksVc nqyZHk NyA Qyr% dFkk es tu&thoud bZ fp=k.k ik'pkR; lkfgR; la
vk;yA
lkfgR; es nw rjgd ewY; gksbr vfN okZeku ewY; vk 'kk'or ewY;A
okZeku ewY; Hksy orZeku le; es O;kIr ekuo&thou la vksfg lkfgR;d rknkRE;
vk 'kk'or ewY; Hksy fpjdkyd ckn vksfg lkfgR;d fp=k.k&o.kZud mi;ksfxrkA
lkfgR;d orZekus ewY; vksdj ledkyhurkd |ksrd fFkdA ^ledkyhurk* 'kCn
fo'ks"k :isa fopkj.kh; vfNA ts lkfgR; ledkyhu ufg gks,r vFkkZr~ tdj okZeku
ewY; mis{k.kh; gSr] vks 'kk'or ewY;d oLrq dfgvks ufg Hk* ldSr vfNA lkfgR;
es ledkyhurkd vFkZ Hksy rRdkyhu lektd] vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd&lkekftd
ifjfLFkfrd fp=kkadud lax lkekftd thoud ;FkkFkZ dsa vafdr djcA ;qx
ifjokZud lax&lax ekuo thoud fLFkfr&ifjfLFkfr] euq";d lH;rk&laLfr
es ifj"dkj gksbr vfN] fdNq ifjokZu gksbr vfN rsa thou&izf;k dsa vFkok
jgu lgu dsa vFkok lH;rk&laLfr dsa euq"; fclfj ufg tkbr vfN] vks Fkkrh
dksuks us dksuks :i es] fdNq us fdNq va'k es lqjf{kr jgSr vfNA vr,o] bZ
ckr loZFkk ekU; fFkd ts ledkyhu lkfgR; 'kk'or&ewY;d n`f"Vdks.ksa lsgks mke
gksbr vfNA vk rsa] lkfgR;d mR"Vrkd gsrq bZ vko';d vfN] ts vks ledkyhu
gksv;A
eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR;d ledkyhurk ij fopkj djck la iwoZ ,dVk leL;k
vkxka vcSr vfN] izdk'kud leL;kA ,fg leL;kd dkj.k ,fg ckrd iw.kZ
laHkkouk jgSr vfN] ts dksuks dFkkdkjd vktqd vuqHkwfr] vktqd dF;] vktqd
f'kYi ta la;ksx ykx;] ra chl&ckbl c[kZd ckn gejk yksdfud lks>ka vkc;A
lkfgR;dkj vR;ar Hkkoqd vk laosnu'khy izk.kh gksbr vfNA vks tkfg ifjos'k
es thcSr vfN] vksdj dVqekq vuqHko vksdjk uhd tdka izHkkfor djSr NSdA
lekt es fo|eku ,d&,dVk mfpr vfHkf;k vksdjk varl~ dsa lq[k nSr NSd
vk ,d&,dVk vuqfpr] voSk] vokafNr vfHkf;k] vukpkj&vR;kpkj] 'kks"kdh;
izo`fk bR;kfn vksdj eksu&izk.k dsa O;fFkr djSr NSdA jpukdkjd bZ laosnu'khyrk
vksdjk Hkhrj es ,dVk vn~Hkqr izf;k izkjaHk d* nSr NSdA vO;oLFkk vk folaxfrd
bZ izR;{k n'kZu jpukdkjd eksu es vksfg ?kVukd ,dVk HkksDrkd tUe nSr vfN
ts vksfg ?kVuk dsa HkksxSr vfN vFkkZr~ vksfg HkksDrk la jpukdkj varjaxrk LFkkfir
djSr vfN vk r[ku ,fg ;FkkFkZ&Hkksxd i'pkr~ ,fg ?kVukd ifjfLFkfr&ifjos'k&
ms';&ifj.kke bR;kfn ij fopkj dsykd ckn vuqHkwfrd ukV Lo:i rS;kj djSr
40 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vfNA iqu% Hkk"kk f'kYid lkt&kaxkjd lax ikBdd vkxka izLrqr djSr vfNA
^dh dgh* ls trsd vko';d vfN] rkfg la cslh vko';d ^dksuk dgh* ls
vfNA ;Sg ^dksuk dgh* fFkd f'kYiA dFkkd ledkyhu Lo:i es ^f'kYi* fo'ks"k
:isa pfpZr vfNA
fojklr es laLr la izkIr laLdkj] oSKkfud ;qxd nsu la c<+Sr ns'k&fons'kd
lH;rk&laLfrd laidZ] vk fons'kh lkfgR;d izHkko eSfFkyh dFkkd orZeku Lo:i
dsa izkIr Hksy NSdA
eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR;d lHk la ,sfrgkfld mRFkkud le; fFkd Lora=krk
izkfIrd vkl&ikld ikap c[kZd le;A ,fg le; es lektd fofok oxZd
yksd ys[kuh mBkSyfu vk ls ladh.kZrk la fujis{k jfg d*A ,fg le;d jpukdkj
dksuks tkfroknh] oxZoknh] laiznk;oknh fopkj] :f<+xzLrrk vkfn la eqDr NykgA
fgudk yksdfud n`f"VQyd fo'kky NyfuA QyLo:i lektd fofok f;k&izf;k
dsa dFkk ys[kud fo"k; cukvksy tk, ykxy vk lkfgR;] lkekU; tu&thou
la tqfV ldyA
dFkk lu NksV jpuk es] pfj=k&fp=k.kd cslh lqfokk ufg jgSr vfNA
dFkksidFkuks dsa cslh uej;ckd 'kkSd;Zd vHkkos jgSr vfNA eqnk dFkkd izk.kro
dFkkud] ?kVuk pd vkkkj ij vk o.kZu dkS'kyd vkkkj ij c<+Sr vfN] dF;d
foLrkj vk Li"Vhdj.k ,gh la gksbr vfNA ,fg ?kVukp dsa of.kZr djckd
ysy ifjfLFkfrfo'ks"k] ifjos'kfo'ks"k] LFkku&dky&ik=kfo'ks"k dsj [kkl&[kkl rF; dsa
fpf=kr dj, iM+Sr NSdA ,fg fp=k.k es ;FkklaHko pfj=k&fp=k.k] dFkkisdFku]
ifjfLFkfrd fp=k.kd lkS"Bo >yfd mBSr vfNA eqnk] ,Egj vkfc d* dFkkd
nqb, Vk ro ize[q k gksv, ykxy vfN dF; vk f'kYiA
dFkk ys[ku es v|kofk rhu rjgd ekSfyd ifjokZu vk;y vfN dF;xr]
f'kYixr vk Hkk"kkxrA bZ rhuw ifjokZu gejk lektd cnySr lH;rk&laLfr]
c<+Sr jhfr&dqjhfr] fodflr Kku&izfrHkk vk ns'k&ns'kkarjd fe=krk bR;kfnd
vonku fFkdA tsuk&tsuk le; lljSr xsy] dFkk&ys[kud rsoj es ifjokZu vk;y
xsyA vk vkc ,fg fu"d"kZ ij igqapy Nh] ts dFkk lkfgR; eSfFkyh, ufg vfirq
lHk Hkk"kkd loZizfl) loZiz'kaflr fokk fFkdA eSfFkyh dFkk&fokk vku lHk fokk
dsa vR;ar ikNw NksfM+ fo'o&lkfgR;d nkSM+ es tqVy vfN] eqnk ,Egj vkfc d*
eSfFkyh es fdNq xksVs FkksM+sd l*[k la dFkk fy[kc izkjaHk d;yfuA lkfgR; ys[ku
,dVk iS?k lkkuk fFkd vk rsa l*[k la dFkk fy[kfugkj dFkkdkj ,fg lkkuk
es ufg FkEgrkgA tsuk xngk uky ufg BksdckvksrA ,gu dFkkdkjd jpuk]
lHk n`f"V,a mis{k.kh; vfNA HkRlZuksd n`f"V,a ,gu jpukd ppkZ ufg gks;ckd
pkghA
ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk @ 41
dFkk fy[kc cgqr iS?k tksf[ke mBk;c fFkdA vku dksuks fokk es dusd
gqfl tk;c {kek djck ;ksX; gksbrks vfN] eqnk dFkk&ys[kud izkjaHk vk var gks;ck
ij fdNq er ,uk vfN dgkuh og kziq n dh rku gS ftlesa xk;d egfQy
'kq: gksrs gh viuh laiw.kZ izfrHkk fn[kk nsrk gS] ,d {k.k esa fp=k dks brus ekkq;Z
ls ifjiwfjr dj nsrk gS] ftruk jkr Hkj xkuk lquus ls Hkh ugha gks ldrk
izes pUnz@lkfgR; dk ms'; i`-&44A jktdeyd ,dVk fucUk es ps[kod
m)j.k vfN mke dksfVd dFkk viu lekfIr, LFky la izkjaHk gksbr vfN
fefFkyk fefgj] 6 twu 1965 i`-&20A jktdey Lo;a dgSr NfFk ^dFkk lekfIr,]
dFkkd varjkRekd izrhd gksbr vfN] dFkkd fo"k; ufg i`-&21A ,fg fucakd
laiknd laikndh; fVIi.kh es dgSr NfFk ^dFkkd lekfIr fdNq ,gus lu LFky
ij d* nsy tk, tkfg la ikBd dsa uhd tdka ckSvk; ifM+ tkbd] ra ls Hksy
,dj f'kYi] eqnk dksuks f'kYi fo'ks"kd dkj.ksa ;fn ikBd lekfIrd vFkZ dsa vuFkZd
:i es xzg.k dj, ra ls Hksy dFkkdkjd nkScZY; i`-&31A*
vkc iz'u mBSr vfN ts dFkkd e; Hkkx dsgu gks;ckd pkgh \ ;qxhu
ekufldrkd fglkc la] dFkkdkj dsa dFkkd cqukofV] Hkk"kk] okD;&foU;kl]
pfj=kkadu] dFkk&f'kYi] dF;] 'kCn&iz;ksx bR;kfn lHk ij ,rsd vuq'kklu j[kckd
pkgh] ts dFkk] viu ms'; la fry Hkfj fopfyr ufg gksv;A dFkk ledkyhu
lektd vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd&lkekftd fp=kkofy gksv* ykxy vfN] oxZ&la?k"kZ]
nSU;] foo'krk 'kks"k.k] vHkko bR;kfn dsa HkksxSr fo'kky tu leqnk;d nnZxkFkk
gksv, ykxy vfNA lektd ,gu ifjos'k es thcSr euq";d efLr"d ,fg leLr
euksfodkj la Hkjy jgSr NSd] r[ku nq%[k ij bZ nq%[k yksd fd,d Hkksxr \ Toj
la ihfM+r euq"; viu frDr eqag dsa dquSud xksyh la vkjks frDr dksuk djr \
,fg frDrrkd fuokj.k gsrq ,fg xksyh ij euksjatdrkd feBkl ysiy jgSr vfNA
bZ euksjatdrk ikBd dsa dFkkd vk|ksikar ikjk;.k kfj ,dkxz d,us jgSr vfN]
cUgus jgSr vfNA QyLo:i var es ikBd dFkkd ekSfyd ms'; kfj igqafp
icSr NfFkA izkjaHk es euksjatdrs eSfFkyh dFkkd eq[; ;s; Ny] tsuk lqkka'kq
'ks[kj pkSkjh lsgks LohdkjSr NfFk lanHkZ i`- 70A
dFkkdkj ysy vIiu thou&n'kZu( ifjiDo vuqHkwfr] lQy] fukksZ[k] dVq
vk ;FkkFkZ ifjfLFkfrd vfHkO;fDrd lkgfldrk( iz[kj izfrHkk] vkd"kZd Hkk"kk&
'kSyh bR;kfn c vko';d 'krZ vfNA izkjaHks la gejk lekt es iwath&izFkk] Nwvk&Nwfr]
cgq&fookg] cky&o`) fookg] dqfRlr ;kSukpkj iljy NyA ,rn~fjDr] Lora=krk
izkfIrd i'pkr~ FkksM+sd vkj nqxqZ.k gejk lekt dsa lusld :i es izkIr HksySdA
lqfokk lu pht iz'kklfud eqh es xuy&xwFky yksd ysy can Hk* xsyA ekSfyd
vfkdkj] dgckd ysy cuy] eqnk vks lafokku fdNq [kkl yksdd pht Hk*xsyA
42 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
xke] lekt] ns'k lHk [kaM&[kaM es fofok Lrj la cafV xsyA dk;kZy; es vjktdrk]
pksjh] cSekuh] ?kql[kksjh cf<+ xsyA usrk&vQlj&i=kdkj&f'k{kd leLr cqf)thoh
viuk dkZO; la foeq[k Hk* xsyA lekt nqxqZ.kd [ktkuk Hk* xsyA eqnk ,gw ifjfLFkfr
es iwoZd dFkkdkj yksdfu lektd :f<+ xzLr djrk vk vO;oLFkk vk vukpkj
bR;kfn la VDdj ysc okftc ufg cq>yfuA ,fg ifjfLFkfr es lektd nSfud
thoud ck vk vkarfjd ;FkkFkZ dsa fpUgyfu gfjeksgu >k] ef.kin~e] fdj.k]
O;kl] eueksgu >k] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] y{ehifr flag] xksfoUn >k] 'kSysUnzeksgu
>k] fdlqu] izcksk ukjk;.k flag] yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] lksenso] galjkt]
dYiuk 'kj.k fyyh js] jkenso] khjsUnz] jekuUn js.kq] izHk`frA
,fg jpukdkj es la fdNq dsj ;s; jgyfu dFkkd dFkkro dsa v{kq..k
j[kSr pkfjf=kd oSf'k"V~; dsa mRd"kZ nsc] ra dsNq dsj jgyfu vkRela?k"kZd gkiksg
vk ekul fo'ys"k.kd Qsjk es dFkk ro dsa xkS.k d* nscA ,dj vykos ,fg
le; es FkksM+sd vkj dFkkdkjd uke xukvksy tk ldSr Ny] eqnk vksfg es vfkdka'k
uke] jfg ufg ldyA ,fg le; es eSfFkyh es drksd if=kdkd izdk'ku lsgks
gksc* ykxy vk bZ izdk'ku dFkkdkjd ,dVk lewg cu;ck es cslh leFkZ lkfcr
HksyA
;qxhu lanHkZ es xked mPpoxhZ;] vFkZlaiUu ifjokjd laHkzkar ukxfjd }kjk
vFkZfoiUud 'kks"k.k] vksdj vHkko la ykHk ysckd izo`fk] fuEuoxhZ; yksdd L=khd
lax O;fHkpkj---vkfnd fp=k.k cslh vko';d NyA
ledkyhu lektd ,fg vkarfjd i{k dsa fpUgyfu yfyr] jktdey]
ek;kuUn] lksenso] dYiuk 'kj.kA eqnk vfHkO;fDrd tksf[ke mB;ck es jktdey
lHk dsa ikNw NksfM+] cf<+ xsykgA izk;% fgudj leLr dFkk&lkfgR; es vareqZ[kh
fopkjkkjk izxk<+ gksbrs xsyA vk ,r, vkfc d* jktdey] eSfFkyh&dFkk&lkfgR;d
,dVk ;qx thfr xsykg] ts eSfFkyh&dFkk es viwoZ uwrurk vuyfuA ns'k&ns'kkarjd
lkfgR; la laidZ Nyfu] nq)Z"kZ izfrHkk'kkyh] nqnkr i<+kdw NykgsA fo'o&lkfgR;d
ifjizs{; es vkqukru iz;ksxd tkudkjh NyfuA fgudj dFkk lkfgR; es ewy
LFkku f'kYi izkIr d;ydA fgudj dgc Nyfu ts vly oLrq dFkk es f'kYis
gksbr vfN] dF; ra lHkd ,Dds gksbr NSd] f'kYisd uohurk ys[kdd futRo
gksbr vfN Le`fr la;k] i`- 153A ys[kdd ysy vks bZgks 'krZ jk[kSr NfFk ts
gqudk es ,rck izfrHkk] {kerk jgckd pkgh] tkfg la vks lkkkj.k la lkkkj.k
ikBd dsa viu dFkkoLrq] viu eUrO;] viu f'kYi&iz;ksx vk viu vkarfjd
ms'; la Li"V Hkkosa ifjfpr djk ld; fe- fe-( 6 twu] 65 i`-&20A viu
f'kYi&iz;ksx vk viu ms'; la jktdey lkekU;ks ikBd dsa ifjfpr dj;ck
es lQy Hksykg vfN vk f'kYid uohurk ,Dds dF; dsa dksuk fHkUu djSr vfN]
ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk @ 43
rdj n`"Vkar Lo:i ^dhjrfu;ka* vk ^pUujnkl* ,oa ^vkokxeu* vk ^,dVk
paikdyh ,dVk fo"kkj* dFkk ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
ikNw vkfc d* yfyr&jktdey&ek;kUnd uke la eSFkyh dFkk&kkjk es
f=kiqaMd izpyu HksyA eqnk jktdeyd dFkk&izf;k ijorhZ dFkkdkj yksdfud
ysy fo'ks"k :i la vuqdj.kh; Hksy ! izk;% ,gu ns[ky xsy vfN] ts lHk jpukdkj
viu iwoZorhZ jpukdkj la izsj.kk y* d*] izHkko xzg.k d* d* Msx vkxw llkjSr
NfFk] eqnk] eSfFkyh dFkk dsa vkb la rSarhl c[kZ iwoZ jktdey tr, NksfM+ d,
xsykg] rr, kfj ,[kuks fdNq, dFkkdkj igqafp ldykg vfNA
fuEuoxhZ; tu&thou ifgus eSfFkyh lkfgR; ys[kud fo"k; ufg gksbr
NyA ,fg ijaijk dsa izk;% 'kq#g d;yfu dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k*A ef.kin~e dsj
dFkk ys[kud ra fo"k;s ;Sg oxZ jgyfuA Qsj yfyr vk ckn es ,fg ij jekuUn
js.kqd ys[kuhd peRdkj ns[ky tk, ykxyA fuEuoxhZ; ifjos'k dsa HkksxSr turkd
vkRekfHkO;fDr] pfj=kkadu] vksdj nSU;] vksdj foo'krk fgudk lkfgR; es vk,yA
vksuk] dFkk es euksjatdrk vFkok mR"Vrk vuckd yksHksa ,Egj drksd dFkkdkj
yksdfu] ns[kk&ns[kh fuEuoxhZ; vkapfyd cksyhd lekos'k dj, yxykgA eqnk]
,fg oxZd cksyh ij lkkukd vHkko jgykd dkj.ksa vks dFkkd nks"k cfu d,
jfg xsyA
dFkk&fokk es ts uwrurk jktdey vuyfu] rdj vku ts dksuks dkj.k
jgy gks] eqnk ifjos'kxr vko';drk bZ vo'; NyA dFkk fy[kckd e es vR;ar
NksVks lu ?kVuk e dsa fpf=kr djck dky] ik=kd iwoZdFkk] vksdj ifjos'k] vksdj
pfj=k] vksdj ekufldrk] vksdj izo`fk] vksdj xq.k] vksdj voxq.k] vksdj
lkekftd ekun.M] vksdjk ij ifjos'kd izHkko bR;kfnd o.kZu gSc vko';d
Hk* xsy vfNA ,fg o.kZud e es vkc izR;sd izk.khd ,d&,d {k.kd ?kVuk
dFkkd fuekZ.k d* ldSr vfNA ;qxhu folafxr es thcSr euq";d thou ,rsd
fDy"V vk oSfo;iw.kZ vfN ts euq"; ,d&,dVk lkal dFkk&ys[kud IykWV ij
f?kpSr vfNA ,fg ifjfLFkfr dsa idM+yfu xax's k xqt a u] izHkkl dqekj pkSkjh]
kwedsrq] jkteksgu >k] thodkUr] egkizdk'k] xaxs'k xqatu] lqHkk"kpUnz ;kno] lqdkUr
lkse] m"kkfdj.k [kku] iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh izHk`frA
okZeku 'krkCnhd vkBe n'kd es gejk lekt es fdNq uo leL;k viu
izkcY; ij vk,yA csjkstxkjh&csdkjh vk ,djk laxs egxhA ,fg la iqu% vusd
vjktdrk mRiUu HksyA ekuod voewY;u HksyA vHkko c<+yA 'kks"k.k&c<+yA
vHkkoxzLr ;qokih<+h rukoxzLr voLFkk es thc* ykxyA ,Egj vkfc d* fdNq
uo ckr bZgks Hksy ts] 'kksf"kr leqnk;d chp ;qokoxZ dsa FkksM+sd vkRepsruk]
vfLrocksk HksyfuA ,fg leLr lkekftd f;k&vfHkf;k] fLFkfr&ifjfLFkfr
44 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
dsa ,fg dkyd izfrHkk'kkyh dFkkdkj yksdfu fpUgyfuA mn; pUnz >k ^fouksn*]
fouksn fcgkjh yky] foHkwfr vkuUn] uohu pkSkjh] iznhi fcgkjh] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh]
dsnkj dkuu] 'kSysUnz vkuUn izHk`fk dFkkdkj yksdfud ;qxcksk] vkRe&ijh{k.k
ps r u'khyrk fgudk lHkd dFkk es Hks V S r jgy vfNA ledkyhu
lkekftd&jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd ifjos'k la fgudk yksdfud dFkk cslh yxhp yxSr
vfNA tu&thoud okZeku leL;k fgudk yksdfud dF; gksbr jgyfu] vksfg
leL;k dsa HkksxSr O;fDr fgudj pfj=k uk;d gksbr vfN vk rdj pfj=kkadu
es viu iw.kZ thou&n'kZud mi;ksx d* d* ik=kd euksHkko dsa if<+ d* vksdjk
mtkxj djSr jgykg vfNA lsok fuo`fkd i'pkr~ dksuks O;fDrd euksfo'ys"k.kkRed
pfj=kkadu] ;qokoxZd vkRepsruk] uohu laLdkjd fot; izkfIr] if?kySr nkaiR;&lw=k]
fDy"V ftuxhd la?k"kZ] ;qxhu Ny&Nn~e] eksg&Hkax] fonzksg] csdkjhd leL;k la
mn~Hkwr vusd ekufld }U} la vb n'kdd dFkk ljkcksj vfNA
vly es Lora=krk izkfIrd i'pkr~ fefFkykd lH;rk&laLfr vk thou&izf;k
es fdNq rsuk tdka ifjokZu vcSr jgySd] ts ,fg fokkd Lo:i rqjr&rqjr cnySr
xsyA izfrHkk'kkyh dFkkdkj ,fg ifjokZud vkSfpR; dsa] vk lkfgR; es ,dj
fp=k.kd vko';drk dsa cq>Sr jgykgA
oLrqr% eSfFkyh dFkk vkc dkscj&Mgdu] pqygk&fpuckj] lksgj lenkvksu]
vfjiu&iqjgjd lhek la ckgj vkfc ;qxd izfr;ksfxrk es xoZ la Bk<+ vfNA
dF;&f'kYi&Hkk"kk] rhuw uohurkd lax eSfFkyh dFkk ,[ku ;qxd izfrfufkRo es
layXu vfNA izsepUnd ersa lHk la mke dksfVd dFkk vks gksbr vfN] tdj
vkkkj dksuk euksoSKkfud lR; ij gks lkfgR; dk ms';] i`-&51A euksfoKku QyLo:i vksdjk eksud fonzksg kkfd mByA vksdj bZ fonzksgh LoHkko] rFkkdfFkr
,[ku lkfgR; es fo'ks"k :isa HksVSr vfNA dFkkd Jo.k ok v;;u la izkIr
vkuUn vFkok ?kfVr fojspu] oLrqr% ,dVk ekufld izf;k fFkdA euksfo'ys"k.kkRed
fp=k.k ,fg dkj.k la ikBdd gsrq fo'ks"k :i la yksdfiz; Hksy vfNA ekuo&thoud
;FkkFkZ vkc la?k"kZd v[kkM+k cfu xsy vfNA thou&laxzke es rUe; euq"; dsa
vkc euksjatud ysy le;d vR;ar vHkko jg* ykxy NSdA ,fg ifjfLFkfr
es vkc vko';d vfN] ts vks de le; es vfkd la vfkd euksjatu izkIr
djckd ckV rkd,A euksjatu ufg;ksa gks] de la de eksud lqanj Hkkouk dsa
tkxzr vo'; dj,A ,fg ysy vko';d vfN dFkk es laiUurk] cqukcfV es
xgurk] dF; es ;FkkFkZrk] pfj=kkadu es euksoSKkfudrk] vfHkO;fDr es Li"Vrk]
vk f'kYi es uwrurkA dFkkd ,d&,d 'kCn vkd"kZd gks vk vifjgk;Z gksA dFkkd
,fg lhek&'krZ dsa ledkyhu dFkkdkj yksfdu phfUg jgy NfFkA ,r* ge] vksgu
dFkkdkjd ppkZ d* d* gqudk vuko';d egoiw.kZ ufg cuc* pkgSr Nh] ts
l*[k la jpukdkj cu* pkgSr NfFk] vFkZ&laiUu NfFk ra iksfFkvks Nik ySr NfFk]
ledkyhu eSfFkyh dFkk @ 45
eqnk us ra lkfgR;d okZeku ewY; dsa cq>Sr NfFk] us 'kk'or ewY; dsaA dFkk&ys[ku
fctyhd kkjk ln`'k gks;ckd pkgh] Lohp ncy fd kkjk izokfgr gSc 'kq:] dFkkd
ifgy iafDr i<+ygqa fd dFkkd ifjos'k es py xsygqaA
,[ku eSfFkyh es dFkk ys[ku [kwc Hk* jgy vfN] eqnk yxSr vfN tsuk
ekfeyk lsjk,y lu gksA ,dj ewy dkj.k izdk'kud nqnZ'kk fFkdA ,dVk le;
Ny lu~ 1950&55 d] tkfg es ^oSnsgh*d izdk'ku la eSfFkyh dFkk dsa ,dVk
fn'kk HksVySdA yfyr] jktdey izHk`fr dFkkdkjd ,dVk lewg rS;kj Hksy ts
eSfFkyhd dFkk&fokk dsa ,dVk ;qxhu Lo:i nsyfuA ^fefFkyk fefgj*d iquiZzdk'ku
,fg fn'kk dsa etxwrh nsydA eqnk] ,[ku izdk'kud vHkko es ;qxlEer dFkk]
dFkkdkjd Qkby es nkcy vfN] vk vFkZ le`)] ns[kkSafl;k dFkkdkjd dFkk&laxzg
bR;kfn vk;y tkbr vfNA
egxh] csdkjh] vHkko] vLi`';rk] ngst] ?kql[kksjh] nkaiR; thoud dVqrk]
csesy&fookg] bZ";kZ] }s"k] dqfRlr ;kSukpkj] vFkZ laiUurkd vkJ; la vFkZfoiUud
'kks"k.k] cykRdkj] pksjh] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk] jktuhfrd vjktdrk vk vlarqyu]
jktuhfrd vijkkhdj.k] foKkud vkxeu la izkIr izxfr vk voufr bR;kfn
,[ku gejk lektd okZeku leL;k vfNA ,fg es la lHk ,d nksljd tuuh
fFkdA ,fg dVq ;FkkFkZ la eqag pksjk,c gejk dFkkdkjd fu;fr ufg fFkdA
fuEuoxhZ; tkfrd loZfofk 'kks"k.k lektd mPp oxhZ; tkfrd vfkdkj tdka
cfu xsy] eqnk vktqd f'k{kk iz.kkyhd izpkj&izlkj] 'kgjh&{ks=k vk f'kf{kr yksdd
lalxZ fuEutkfrd ;qok oxZd n`f"V [kksfy nsydA vksdj vkRecksk tkfx xsyA
mPpoxhZ; leqnk; dsa vuqfpr ykx* yxyfuA ,fg mfprkuqfprd la?k"kZ dsa
gej dFkkdkj misf{kr ufg d,yfuA
dF; dsj bZ fo'kn&fojkV Qyd dFkk lkfgR;d dk;k es lek xsy] lek
jgy vfNA ,djk fpf=kr djckd ysy rh{.k Hkk"kk&'kSyh vk uwru f'kYid vis{kk
lgtsa d;y tk ldS,A vnkS la py vcSr Hkk"kk vk f'kYi es okZeku dF;
dsa] vfHkO;fDr dsa vks>j;ckd iw.kZ laHkkouk NySdA rsa f'kYi vk Hkk"kkd uohurk]
dFkk dsa uo&uo :i es vku* ykxyA
,Egj vkfc d* f'kYid bZ uwrurk eSfFkyh es y?kqdFkk uked fokkd tUe
nsyd vfNA tdj vaxt sz h gks;r Short Short-StoryA eqnk bZ vaxzsth lkfgR;d
izHkko la ufg vk;yA bZ vk,y vfN osn] mifu"kn] czk.k] vkj.;d] iapra=k
vFkok yksdFkkd vt ksr la] tr, bZ mins'kkRed izopud chp es vFkok
yksddaB es uqdkvksy NyA vFkZ xkaHkh;Z la Hkjy] NksV dk;k es rh{.k Hkk"kk] uwru
f'kYi vk vR;ar eekZgr d* nsc* oyk bZ mifokk [kwc izHkkodkjh lkfcr Hksy
46 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vfN vk fodkl ikfc jgy vfNA
vly es eSfFkyh es lhek {ks=k NksV jgckd dkj.ksa iS?k lkfgR;dkjd lkfUu;]
iSjoh vk njckj ilan] n`f"Vghu] vFkZlaiUu laiknd la ifjp; lgt Hk* tkbr
vfNA QyLo:i Hknckfjd csax tdka cgqr jkl fy[kfugkj vkfc tkbr NfFkA
eqnk ,gsu ys[kd lc jfgrks NfFk Hkkncs HkfjA viu thou&n'kZu] ifjos'kxr
vuqHkwfr vk izfrHkktU; vfHkO;fDr ftudk Nfu] lkfgR; es oSg LFkk;h Hk*
ldykgA
eSfFkyh dFkk&ys[ku es FkksM+sd udyh izk.kh lsgks vcSr jgykg vfN] ts
^egktuks xrsu l iUFkk%* ij pfy d* izflf) gfFk;k ysc* pkgSr NfFk] eqnk
ls Hk* ufg icSr NfuA pwafd jktdeyd dFkk es lsDl&fp=k.k Hksy vk jktdey
vHkwriwoZ [;kfr izkIr d* ysyfu] rsa] gegwa lsDl ij fyf[k d* izflf) lesVh(
,guks ekufldrk eSfFkyhd dFkkdkj yksdfud jgyfu vfNA bZ ns[kckd] ij[kckd
izfrHkk ufg Nfu] ts vks lsDl&fp=k.k dksu lanHkZ es vk dksu :i es Hksy vfN \
rFkkfi] ,fg fNV&QqV leL;kd vNSrks] eSfFkyhd okZeku dFkk ledkfyd
ekfV&ikfu] tu&thou] thou&laxzke] Toyar leL;k] ifjfLFkfr] ;FkkFkZ&thou]
oxZ&la?k"kZ] ;qxhu lanHkZ bR;kfnd izfrfcac ns[kcSr vfNA la[;kd fglkc la FkksM+cs
lgh] eqnk ,guks dFkkdkj NfFk] ts [ksr es dkt djSr t*u&gjokgd] cakqvk&etnwjd
'kks"k.k d* vcSr NfFk] lwn ij lwn tksfM+ d* y* vcSr NfFk vk vkil v;yk
ij vksdj nSU; ij] vksdj foo'krk ij dFkk fy[kSr NfFkA dFkk&ys[ku dsa ,fg
Nn~e izxfr'khyrk la Qjkd jk[kc vko';d vfNA jpukdkjd ys[ku vk thou]
fl)kar vk O;ogkj es lekurk jgckd pkghA
y{; la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk @ 47
y{; lakku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk
eSfFkyh es ekSfyd dFkk okZeku 'krkCnhd rslj n'kd la izkjaHk Hk* d* kjkkfj
uo&uo vk;ke xzg.k djSr xsyA lu~ 1921 es tsa vuwi feJ viu ^ukjn&fookg*
dkO;d Hkwfedk es loZizFke miU;kl ,oa dFkk dsa vyx&vyx Lora=k fokkd
:i es j[kyfu] rsa izk;% dkyh dqekj nkld ^Hkh"k.k&vU;k;* 1923 rFkk dqekj
xaxkuUn flagd ^euq";d eksy* 1924 dsa eSfFkyhd izkjafHkd ekSfyd dFkkd
:i es Lohdkjy xsy vfNA vFkkZr~] ek=k vkB n'kdd ;k=kk es eSfFkyh dFkk
vkb kfjd fLFkfr es igqapy vfNA
izdk'kud vofk dksugqa dFkkd ledkyhurk |ksfrr djSr vfNA eSfFkyh
lkfgR;d bZ ,dVk leL;k jgySd vfN ts dFkkdkjd ikap&ikap nl&nl c[kZd
iqjku vuqHkwfrd vfHkO;fDr izdkf'kr gksbr vfN] fdaok ufgvksa gksbr vfNA
tsuk fd jkteksgu >k viu dFkk laxzg ^,dVk&rslj* es dgyfu vfN ts ^bZgks
ra eSfFkyh vdkneh,d ik fFkd ts muSl l; pkSjkflvks es vkfc d, ljlfB
la ipgkfj kfjd fy[ky dFkk laxzghr Hk* xsy] vU;Fkk vkfcvks ldSr fd
ufgA* rFkkfi] ta izdk'kus dsa ;ku es jkf[k vkkqfud eSfFkyh dFkkd v;;u
d,y tk, rS;ks ,djk rhu dksfV es ckafV ysy t,ckd pkgh 1 izkjaHk la
ikape n'kd kfjd dFkk 2 NBe n'kdd dFkk vk 3 NBe n'kd la cknd
dFkkA
uhfrijd vk lektijd dFkk lHkd vuqokn la izkjaHk Hksy eSfFkyh dFkk
^iz.kE; nsork*d izdk'ku gksbr&gksbr ikBdd chp csl izflf) ikfc ysydA
QyLo:i vkxwd dFkkdkj dsa dF; vk f'kYi es FkksM+sd vkvksj vkxw v,ck es
lqfokk HksyfuA NBe n'kdd dFkkdkj lektd ck <*c&<kapkd eksg NksfM+ lks>s
O;fDrd fparu vk thou la tqfM+ xsykgA NBe n'kdd cknd dFkkdkj lHk
dsa lsgks ta oxhZr djh ra lkQ&lkQ ns[kkbr vfN] ts lkre vk vkBe n'kd
48 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
es dFkkdkjd iS?k lwph rS;kj Hksy ts vpkud uoe n'kd es vksN Hk* xsyA
vksuk vb vksN g,ckd izR;{k dkj.k fFkd izdk'ku ehfM;kd vHkkoA vkWfMvks&fotqvy
vFkok vkWMhcqy ehfM;k la eSfFkyh es ,[kugqa kfj fdNq lh>&ikfd ufg jgy
vfNA vb iS?k lwphd lax lkre vk vkBe n'kd [kwc tks'k&[kjks'k la vk,y
NyA vb nquw n'kdd dFkkdkj dsa ,dVk lqfuf'pr nwjh r; d,y dFkk&e
HksVyfu] cnyy ekgkSy HksVyfu] Lokxr y, ikBd leqnk; HksVyfu] jpukRed
Msx jk[k* ysy if=kdkd IysV QkeZ HksVyfu] thou&n'kZu fodflr dj* ysy
lkekftd fofr vk ekuoh; la?k"kZ HksVyfu vk vb leLr fLFkfrd chp es
dF;d oSjkV~; ,oa f'kYid oSfo; HksVyfuA bZ yksdfu vb leLr vonkud
mi;ksx d,yfu vk viu jpuk lalkj es fojklr la izkIr izo`frd fodkl
d,yfuA
uoe n'kd es viu l`tu'khyrkd ifjp; nsfugkj dFkkdkjd la[;k vR;ar
de vfNA eqnk trcs vfN] ls iwoZd leLr jpukdkjd eSfFkyh dFkkd f'kYi
vk dF; dsa le;&lkis{k cu,ckd ysy nkfpr Hk* d, tqVy NfFkA
pwafd] thou&n`f"V euq"; dsa f'k{kk la ufg] mez la ufg] vkRe&la?k"kZ la
izkIr gksbr vfNA vk ;qxhu izxfr'khyrkd lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa vkfFkZd
izHkkod {ks=k es fefFkyk] vku iz{ks=k la iNqvk,y bykdk vfNA lkfgfR;d Lo:id
izxfr'khyrk ysy ?kVuke vko';d vfNA fefFkykapy vksgquk vkRethoh yksdd
fuokl&LFky fFkd] tr, yksd ;FkkfLFkfroknsd iks"kd cslh dky jgSr vfNA
vgh e es eSfFkyhd lkfgR;dkjks FkksM+sd fnu e;e xfr la py, yxykgA
QyLo:i jktdeyd ckn dFkkd rh{.krk iz[kj ufg Hk* d, lkekU; xfr la
py, ykxyA
vb rhu n'kd es tuthoud foHkhf"kdk mkjkskj fodflrs HksyA drksd
izfrHkk'kkyh dFkkdkj lalkj la mfB xsykg vk 'ks"k dFkkdkj dsa vkxwd le; es
O;oLFkk tU; fofr ukd la mij cq>k, yxyfuA vkRela?k"kZd :i ijkdk"Bk
ij vkfc xsyA jpukdkj yksdfu dsa tu&thoud ,d&,d lakl es dFkk&rRo
HksV, yxyfuA vb la?k"kZ la mn~Hkwr dFkk&l`tu iz[kj HksyA vuqHkoh jpukdkjd
ekaty f'kYi vk uo dFkkdkjd uwru f'kYi es dFkk&ys[ku gksv, ykxyA
ewy :i la dFkkd ysy nqb, Vk oLrq fopkj.kh; jfg xsy vfN dF;
vk f'kYiA ifjos'k la mBkvksy jkW eSVsfj;y dF; Hksy vk vksdjk izLrqr djckd
ywfj f'kYi HksyA jktdey ,fg izlax ,d csj dgus NfFk ts dFkkd ysy vly
oLrq f'kYi gksbr vfNA dF; ra cgqrks O;fDrd ,d jax Hk* ldSr vfN] eqnk
dF; dsa miLFkkfir djckd ywfj viu&viu [kkl&[kkl rjgd gksbr vfNA
,dfg ifjos'k la mBkvksy fofok lkfgR;dkj }kjk jkW&eSVsfj;y ra ,d Hk* ldSr
y{; la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk @ 49
vfN] eqnk f'kYi fuekZ.k yksd viu&viu vuqHkwfrd ifjiDorkd vkkkj ij
djSr vfNA ,gh f'kYid dkj.k ,dfg dF; la dSd rjgd dFkkd tUe nsy
tk ldSr vfNA b,g f'kYi gscfu es vkfc d, dFkk dsa euksoSKkfudrk fn'k
eksfM+ nsydA dFkk] dFkkud izkku ufg Hk* d,] ?kVuk izkku ufg Hk* d,] 'kSyh
izkku gkse, ykxyA vuqHkwfrd ifjiDork la f'kYi fufeZr gksbr vfNA lu~
1960 d n'kd es viu ifjfpfr cukSfugkj jpukdkj yksdfu uo Hkkocksk dsa
uo 'kSfy,a fpf=kr dj, ra yxykg] eqnk fdNq :f<+xzLr yksd dsa ls ufg ipyfuA
vFkZ&ra=k la izHkkfor jktdeyd ^uufn&Hkkmt* lu dFkk vksfg ih<+hd yksd dsa
ufg vj?kyfuA vksuk] viokn lc fdNq es gksbr vfNA xksfoUn >k lu ys[kd
vk ikBdd la[;k de vfNA dF;d Lrj ij lsgks uos ih<+hd yksd viu Qyd
dsa cslh c<+k ldSr NfFk] bZ ckr ekuy t,ckd pkghA iqjku ih<+hd yksd ysy
,[kugqa fdNq {ks=k oftZrs Nfu( t[ku fd uo ih<+hd yksd fn'kkgkjk ;qok oxZd
LVs'ku ij lsgks ;ku dsafnzr djSr NfFk vk ,fg ekufldrk es dScjk MkUl
ns[kSr dky lsgks vFkok dksuks os';kd dksj es ewM+h jkf[k d, pje 'kkafr izkIr
djSr dky lsgks gqudk thou la dFkk rRo fudkfy ySr NfFkA vFkkZr] uo ih<+hd
dFkkdkj ysy thoud dksuks {ks=k lkfgR; es ckxy ufg tkbr vfNA ,fg l`td
lewg ysy vfHkO;fDrd dksuks [krjk ufg jfg xsyA vFkZ&ra=k] jktuhfr] dwVuhfr]
ukjh&mRihM+u] Hkw[k&csjkstxkjh& vHkko&'kks"k.k] 'kSf{kd&os';ko`fk] oSpkfjd os';ko`fk]
nkaiR; vk jDr lacakd foxyu] lacakd <ksax] kkfeZd ik[kaM vkfn leLr
lkekftd xfrfofk dFkkd oLrq Hk* ldSr vfNA NBe n'kd la y* d, vkb
kfjd dFkk es le;kuqlkj vk jpukdkjd dkS'kyd vuqlkj bZ lHk rkdy tk
ldSr vfNA
;qx lanHkZd lax jpukdkjd c varjax lacak jgSr NSdA jpukdkj dsa
;qxkuqdwy viu n`f"Vd dSuokl ifjofrZr dj* iM+Sr NfuA vkb usrk] iqfyl]
i=kdkj] f'k{kd] vQlj izHk`fr lHk O;fDroknh kkj.kk es leVk xsy NfFk] rsa
vkc tu lkekU;d vkxw iFknz"Vkd ladV vfN jktdey bZ nkf;Ro lkfgR;dkjd
ekuSr NfFkA oLrqr% mfprks l,g fFkdA l`tukehZ yksd lkektd lHk la
laosnu'khy rarq gksbr vfN] tdjk lektd izR;sd NksV&iS?k ?kVuk izHkkfor djSr
NSdA vk t[ku lektd O;oLFkk ra=k ,fg rjgsa LokFkZ es fyIr Hk* tk,] r[ku
oLrqr% bZ nkf;Ro lkfgR;dkjd gksbr Nfu ts vks tulkekU; dsa n`f"Vcksk nsfFk
vk ;qxd lax Msx feyk d, pyckd ysy izsfjr djfFkA
fnukuqfnu ;qx cnySr jgy vfNA jpukdkjd ifjos'kes vkewy ifjokZu
Hk* xsy vfNA ifjos'k la jpukdkjd HkksDrk eu izHkkfor HksyA vuqHkwfrd uo&uo
fn'kk izkIr dsydA oSKkfud ;qxd vkfoHkkZo la {ks=k&foLrkj Hksy] HkkSxksfyd nwjh
50 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
dfe xsy] fo'od lhek ?kksdfp d, de Hk* xsyA ftuxhd O;Lrrk c<+yA
euq"; jsy] gokbZ tgkt la ;k=kk izkjaHk d,ydA panzekd iwtk d,fugkj] panzek
ij la Hkze.k d* vk,yA bZ lHkVk ifjokZu] lHk f;k&dyki lkfgR; lajpukd
{ks=k es ,dVk kafr vkfu nsydA yksd de&la&de le; ls cslh&la&cslh lq[k
Hkksxckd vH;klh cfu xsyA egkdkO; la [kaM dkO;] [kaMdkO; la eqDrd] ukVd
la ,dkadh] miU;kl la dFkk] dFkk la y?kqdFkk fn'k ikBdd >qdku c<+yA jpukdkj
dsa ikBdd ,fg izo`fk dsa phUg, iM+yfuA ,fg pje&lR; la Nkg dkV* oyk
jpukdkjd jpuk okZeku le; es R;kT; Hk* tk,c ,dne LokHkkfod fFkdA
leL;k;qDr lektd tfVyre ftuxh es thfor ikBd dsa ,dVk jg, jktk]
,dVk jg, jkuh dfg d, vkc vks>jkvksy ufg tk ldSr NyA O;oLFkk la
mfcvk,y ,fg raxgky izk.khd euksfodkjd 'keu ysy jpuk es ^vksdj* ckr
dgc vko';d Ny] vU;Fkk fojspu g,c vlaHko Hk* tbr,] ts lkfgfR;d
vlQyrkd |ksrd gksbr,A
izk;% lHk jpukdkj viu iwoZorhZ jpukdkj la dksuks&us&dksuks rjgsa vuqizsfjr
gksbrs Vk NfFkA ;k ra vks izHkko xzg.k djSr NfFk] ;k vkus dksuks rjgd fn'kk&lwpuk
izkIr djSr NfFkA ,fg e es iwoZd fudVorhZ jpukdkjd jpuk la izsj.kk HksVckd
cslh laHkkouk jgSr vfNA NBe la uoe n'kd kfjd dFkk es FkksM+&cgqr ,fg
ed ifjp; HksVSr vfN vk vkc t[ku fd NBe n'kdd fdNq, vxzt dFkkdkj
'ks"k rhu n'kdd dFkkdkjd lax jpuk'khy NfFk] djhc&djhc viu&viu
l`tu&lhek r; d* d, eSfFkyh dFkk&lalkjd Qyd&fuekZ.k es ykxy NfFkA
lkekU; turk vkc gjne ekufld ruko es thcSr vfNA yksdthoud
bZ n`'; dFkk f'kYi dsa lksygks vkuk cnfy nsyd vfNA dFkk es vkc dFkkRed
pfj=k&fp=k.kd cnyk euksfo'ys"k.kkRed pfj=k&fp=k.k gksv, ykxy vfNA ,guk
fLFkfr es ik=kd ck la?k"kZd vis{kk vkarfjd la?k"kZd izfr jpukdkjd eksg tkx*
ykxy vfNA rnuqlkj dF; vks f'kYid uohurk eq[kj HksyA dFkkd dk;k&dYi
NksV gkse, ykxyA y?kqdFkk [kwc fy[ky tk, ykxyA v'kksd] f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl]
,e- ef.kdkUr] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] dqekj iou] iznhi fcgkjh] nso'kadj uohu]
fo|kuUn >k] lkjax dqekj izHk`fr yksdfud lw{e izs{k.kh;rk] dkO;kRed dkS'ky
la dF; laizsf"kr djckd {kerk y?kqdFkk lHk es vcSr jgy vfN] le;&le;
ij i=k&if=kdkd ek;es viu dFkk&f'kYid ifjp; bZ yksdfu nSr jgykg vfNA
vokZphu dky es ik'pkR; 'kSyh la izHkkfor Hk* d, eSfFkyh&dFkk viu uo :i&jax
es izlkfjr&izpkfjr HksyA izphu dFkk tdka vkc ,fg es ck txrd fp=k.k
lqfu;ksftr ufg jgy] vareZud dFkk mefM+ d, vkc, ykxyA thoud i{k&fo'ks"k
dsa de&la&de ik=kd vkJ; la de&la&de ?kVuk&e y* d, NksV&Nhu dk;k
y{; la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk @ 51
es fo'ks"k izHkko'kkyh <ax la dgckd vkxzg vkkqfud eSfFkyh dFkk es jg, ykxyA
caxykd d#.kk vk vkaXy&Hkk"kkd euksoSKkfudrk eSfFkyh dFkk es jp*&ip* ykxyA
lkjax dqekjd ^fuf'par*] f'ko'kadj Jhfuokld ^kkj vk euqD[k*] rkjkuUn
fo;ksxhd ^ifjfLFkfr*] fo|kuUn >kd ^tjlheu*] nso'kadj uohud ^mlkal* vkfn
,dj lk{kh vfNA ^dkslh dqle*d y?kqdFkk vadd izk;% lHkVk ekSfyd y?kqdFkk
es d#.kk vk euksoSKkfudrkd bZ Loj eq[kj Hksy vfNA
lw{erk la tkap&iM+rky d,y tk, ra bZ rF; lks>ka vcSr vfN] ts 'kq)
:isa yksdkuqjatu ysy izkjaHk Hksy ekSfyd dFkk ys[ku dsa gfjeksgu >kd dFkk&l`tu
,dVk Lo:i vk fn'kk nsyd] tdjk yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] kwedsrq izHk`fr
cgqr lkgl vk cgqr euks;ksx la uo f{kfrt nsyfuA cknd n'kdd dFkkdkj
lHk ,dtqV Hk* d, ,[kugqa l`tu'khy NfFkA eqnk bZ ns[kkbr vfN ts dFkk&l`tud
ts Lrj vkxw ufg cf<+d, {kSfrt ry ij pyy tkbr Ny] vkb lsgks ?kV,
ykxy vfNA eSfFkyh dFkk vkc fo'o dFkk&lkfgR;d Lrj ij Msx fey,ck es
l{ke Hk* ldy vfNA ,dVk vYi vofk es bZ tr, kfj igqapy] ls vku
dFkk&lkfgR;d ysy pqukSrhd ckr Hk* ldSr vfNA lqHkk"kpUnz ;kno lu izfrf"Br
dFkkdkjd ^unh* vk ^dckNq*] fouksn fcgkjh ykyd ^HkksVra=k*] thodkUrd ^xaxk
ykHk* vkfn lu fdNq dFkk nsf[k d, eSfFkyh dFkk&fodkld ekxZ vo#) ekuc
lehphu gks,rA ,r, ukeoj flag dsa m)`r djc mfpr yxSr vfN] ^dgkuh
dh vlQyrk ifjJe vkSj vH;kl dh deh ds dkj.k Hkh gks ldrh gS] ysfdu
vH;Lr ys[kdksa ds ;gka ;fn dgkuh dh ,slh :igkfu fn[kkbZ iM+s rks D;k dgk
tk,xk \ ;gh dgkuh ds {ks=k es u, f'kYiokfn;ksa dh igpku gks ldrh gSA u,
Hkko&lR; ds vuqlkj u, dgkuh&f'kYi ds uke ij ;s dgkuh es dHkh dsoy
okrkjoj.k nsrs gSa] tks dHkh dsoy ,d O;fDr dk js[kkfp=k] rks dHkh jkspd O;aX;ksa
es QSykdj vk|ar fopkj ubZ dgkuh % lQyrk vkSj lkFkZdrkA*
ukeoj viu bZ oDrO; ts fgUnhd ubZ dgkuhd lanHkZ es nsyfu vfN]
rdjk eSfFkyhd vkkqfud dFkkd ysy lsgks vksgh :i es ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
ukeojd 'kCn es ^dgkuh dk ;g nqHkkZX; gS fd og euksjatu ds :i es i<+h
tkrh gSA vkSj f'kYi ds :i es vkyksfpr gksrh gSA euksjatu mldh lQyrk
gksrh gS rks f'kYi mldh lkFkZdrkA* eSfFkyh dFkkd tkap&iM+rky lsgks vgh vankt
es g,ckd pkghA vkb kfjd eSfFkyh dFkkd miyfCk la ,dj ms'; izkfIr ufg
Hk* ldSr vfNA vktqd le;kHkko vk thou&laxzked dkj.k eSfFkyh dFkk tr,
kfj igqapy vfN] ls eSfFkyh dFkkd pje y{; ufg fFkd vk ,dj rh{.krk
vo#) djc y{;&xeu ysy vfHk'kki fFkdA vkBes n'kd la lf; foHkwfr
vkuUn] fouksn fcgkjh yky] iznhi fcgkjh] v'kksd] f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl] rkjkuUn
52 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
fo;ksxh] 'kSysUnz vkuUn] jes'k] nso'kadj uohu izHk`fkd dFkk i=k&if=kdk es nsf[k
bZ dgy tk ldSr vfN ts eSfFkyh dFkk dsa ;qx&lkis{k cu,ck es bZ yksdfu
thrksM+ iz;kl d,yfu vfNA ^VqVrS cs<*+ vk ^fcgkfj es tM+rS nhi* nquw dFkkd
dF; vkl&iM+ksld jfgrgq f'kYid dkj.ksa ,djk ts fHkUurk fouksn fcgkjh yky
nsyfu] ls fgudj iz'kaluh; f'kYid |ksrd fFkd] eqnk ls vkxwd fdNq dFkk
es vius izHkko de djSr xsy vfNA fokok fookgd izfr vkxzgh] vlgk; tk;kd
'kks"k.kd izfr fonzksgh dFkkdkj fouksn viu dF; p;u es lkekftd lR;d yxhp
cq>kbr NfFkA eqnk ls dksuks&dksuks dFkk es rrsd vfrjaftr Hk* tkbr Nfu] ts
dFkk&ik=k dsa cytksjh&tuoknh cuc, yxSr vfNA
rkjkuUn fo;ksxhd ^fcljHkksj* vk ^fivkl* dks'khd rkaMo la =kLr turk
ij jktusrk vk xzkeusrkd vR;kpkj la mRiUu VVdk vuqHkwfrd vfHkO;fDr fFkdA
nfyr leqnk;d euksfo'ys"k.k vk vksfg leqnk;d yksdd lrgh ,oa lkekU;
vkdka{kk dsa phUgc fo;ksxhd dFkkd keZ gksbr NfuA
foHkwfr vkuUn ih<+hd }a} vk oxZ&la?k"kZd dFkkdkj NfFkA ^fjVk;jesaV*
dFkk es lsokeqDr O;fDrd euksfo'ys"k.k djck es foHkwfr lQy Hksy NfFkA
ek;kuUn feJd ^pUnzfcanq* vk fgUnh ysf[kdk m"kk fiz;Eonkd ^okilh* dFkk
dsa Lej.k jf[krks foHkwfrd ^fjVk;jesUV* dFkkd vfLerk viuk fn'kk es Lora=k
:isa tkbr ekuy t,ckd pkghA nsg lacakd jkxkRed ,izksp lsgks foHkwfrd dFkkd
ewy keZ es vcSr vfNA Hkk"kkd Lrj ij foHkwfr lkekU; tu&thoud cslh yxhp
NfFkA
^ljafx;k* iznhi fcgkjhd ekufld }a}d dFkk fFkd] tr, ljafx;k cfu
Hkh[k eaxSr viu ifr dsa phfUg xsykd ckn iRuhd dk#f.kd fLFkfr QjhN Hk*
d, vk,y vfNA Hkkouk vk ;FkkFkZd bZ la?k"kZ iznhid dFkk es Hkdjkj Hk* d,
vk,y vfNA leL;k cgqy lekt es ,[ku izse&izlax tsuk misf{kr gksv, ykxy
vfN] rdjk iznhi viu vkd"kZd f[kLlk&'kSyh es dgSr NfFkA vR;ar lkekU;
dksfVd yksd&thoud vR;ar NksV&lu ?kVuk iznhid dFkkd dF; cuSr vfNA
^ekSfx;kg* vb dksfVd dFkk es jk[ky tk ldSr vfNA ukjh&lacakd vfuok;Zrk
iznhid dFkkd eq[; xq.k tdka Hk* xsy vfNA ifjek.kkRed :i es cgqr dFkk
fyf[k d, xq.kkRed :isa de dFkkd laxsa eksu jgfugkj dFkkdkj es iznhi fcgkjh
vk fouksn fcgkjh yky xuy t,rkgA
^Msjcqd*] ^vksfgjkfrd Hkksj* vk ^fetkZlkgsc* v'kksdd dFkk&ys[kud foLrkj
dsa |ksfrr djSr vfNA ^Msjcqd* tr, xzkeh.k ckykd ekufld laosx la xgu
laidZ djcSr vfN] vksrfg ^fetkZ lkgsc* lkaiznkf;d lacakd dVqrk dsaA v'kksd
viu dFkk&ys[kud leLr fn'kk es ekuoh; lacakd nSU; ij fpafrr NfFkA lacakd
y{; la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk @ 53
O;kdj.k fgudj dFkk l`tu dsa m}sfyr d,us NfuA
f'ko'kadj Jhfuokld ^lhrkiqjd lqu;uk* vk ^nckb* lkekftd jgL;kRed
?kVukd ewyrRo dsa mn~?kkfVr djSr vfNA f'ko'kadj viu laiw.kZ dFkk ys[ku
es ikBdd laxsa fopjSr NfFkA dFkked lgt fodkl] yksdthoud ikjaifjd
laLfrd izfr lgt laosnu fgudj dFkkd izeq[k xq.k fFkdA viu ekfVd xakd
ekSfydrk dsa v{kq..k jk[kc fgudj dFkk dsa thouh 'kfDr nSr vfNA vfrjatuk
fgudj dFkk e; gqyfdvks ufg ekjSr vfNA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts lQyrk
vk lkFkZdrk nquwd lax bZ ,dfg le; es rS;kj jgSr NfFkA
jes'k okZeku tuthoud O;kogkfjd jgu&lgu es fNfM+vk,y lw{erkd
dFkkdkj NfFkA ;qxhu pVd&eVd vk miHkksDrk laLfrd vkkqfudrk es
ngkbr&Hkflvkbr ekuoksfpr laLdkjd ykseg"kZd fp=k.k fgudj dFkk es HksVSr
vfNA ^dSykl eaMyd fQfyIl jsfM;ks* lu drksd dFkkd uke ysy tk ldSr
vfNA jes'k viu ifjos'kd izfr vR;ar ltx vk lkdka{k dFkkdkj NfFkA nso'kadj
uohud ^ccwj* dFkk lsgks viu vfUofrd ysy le`) dFkk fFkdA
dsnkj dkuud ^ukVd*] ^rkel*] ^vkrad* izHk`fr dFkk lHk ;qxpsruk la
ljkcksj vfNA O;oLFkkd ukaxV n`'; vR;ar fuHkhZdrk la mifLFkr djck es dsnkj
k[kkbr ufg NfFkA fgudk vfHkO;fDrd iw.kZ Lora=krk izkIr NfuA mR"V
vfHkO;fDr ysy bZ dBksj&la&dBksj 'kCn dsa lkfgfR;d xfjek n* nSr NfFkA
O;fDr&lR; dsa lewg&lR;d vkaf[k,a ns[kckd fgudj dkS'ky iz'kaluh; NfuA
'kSysUnz vkuUnd ^mB iqkk ! iqjy&iqjy* lekt lkis{k ;FkkFkZ vk ;qx lkis{k f'kYid
mnkgj.k Hk* ldSr vfNA ;|fi dFkk&ys[ku es 'kSysUnz vR;ar eaFkj NfFk] rFkkfi
rkfRod vk xq.kkRed mRd"kZ] ifjek.kkRed dehd {kfr iwfrZ djSr vfNA
dFkk vk dFkkdkjd uke xuk d, eSfFkyh dFkkd fo'ys"k.k ,dVk fucak
es djc vkc laHko ufg vfNA vgw ih<+hd drksd dFkkdkj vk drksd dFkk
,gsu vfN] tdj vge Hkwfedk vb lakku es jgy vfNA eqnk lHkd uke xu,ck
la cslh mi;qDr vb ih<+hd iwoZorhZ fn'k tk,c cslh vko';d vfNA rslj n'kd
la vkjaHk Hksy eSfFkyhd ekSfyd dFkk dsa yfyr&jktdey&ek;kuUn ts uo fn'kk
iznku d,yfu] ls ijorhZ dFkkdkj yksdfu dfgvks ufg fclfj ldrkgA
ek;kuUnd jpukkfeZrk la eSfFkyh dFkk ,[kugqa vuqizkf.kr gksbr jgSr vfNA
eqnk bZ ckr [kwc fuHkhZdrk la dgy tk ldSr vfN ts jktdey viu dFkkd
ek;es dFkkys[kud ts ckV fufnZ"V dsyfu rdjk idM+ck es ijorhZ dFkkdkj
lQy Hk* ldykg vfNA Hkk"kk vk f'kYid uwrurk rFkk rsthd dkj.k vksdjk
,dSle 'krkCnhd eSfFkyh dFkk dgy tk ldSr vfNA vksfg VDdjd dFkk ta
vkb iw.kZ lkeF;Zd lax vkc, ykx, ra gejk cq>us vku lkfgR;d dFkk
54 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
izfr;ksfxrkd ckV ij eqag fckqvkSus jfg tk,rA fgudk yksdfud vfrfjDr
kwedsrq] lksenso] izHkkl dqekj pkSkjh] xaxs'k xqatu] jkteksgu >k] jekuUn js.kq]
galjkt] khjsUnz] fyyh js] thodkUr] lqHkk"k pUnz ;kno] egkizdk'k] egsUnz] yfyrs'k
feJ] ekdZ.Ms;] lqdkUr lkse] iw.ksZUnq pkSkjh] m"kkfdj.k [kku izHk`fr jpukdkjd
dFkk la eSfFkyh dFkk&lkfgR; le`) gksbr jgy vfNA vkkqfud eSfFkyh dFkkd
lcy LraHk lHkd jpuk ^vxqjoku* kwedsrq ] ^bfUdykc*] ^rsrjh*] ^xkSM*+ thodkUr]
^vuqifLFkr egk'k;* xaxs'k xqatu ^ik[kaM ioZ* egkizdk'k] ^;q)&;q)&;q)*]
^lc&ns&lc* jkteksgu >k ^dkBd cuy yksd* lqHkk"k pUnz ;kno vkfn es
vkRela?k"kZ la mn~Hkwr vuqHkwfrd n'kZu gksbr vfN] ;qxckskd fp=k HksVSr vfNA
eSfFkyhd dFkk vk dFkkdkjd foiqy la[;kd ukeksYys[k ,r, ufg Hk* ldy
vfN] eqnk r; vfN ts vks yksdfu eSfFkyh dFkkd 'kS'ko dsa cM+k euks;ksx la
lEgkjyfu vfN] dS'kks;Z dsa ltkSyfu vfN vk iYyfor&iqf"ir d,yfu vfNA
N=kkuUnd ^LoxZ*d laizs"k.kh;rk ikBdd varLry dsa Nwfc ySr vfN] ^vuqifLFkr
egk'k;* es uk;dd fons'kh lH;rkd izfr >qdku vk ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr f=ke
Lusg] dFkkdkj xaxs'k xqtud [kkSa> dsa txk nSr vfN] Jh nsod ^uTe&,&y{eh*
feF;k tkfroknd lkQ fp=k.k djSr vfN] eueksgu >kd ^tksad* O;fDrd
Hkyeulkgrd vuqfpr ykHk mB,ckd dqR;d ifjp; nSr vfNA jkteksgud
^lc&ns&lc* es iatkch Hkk"kkd lekos'kd dkj.ksa fdNq ikBd vksdjk detksj
dgyfu] eqnk dFkkd Lrjd dlkSVh vksdj fdNq laokns Vk ufg fFkdA oLrqr%
dFkk es izlaxkuqdwy vku Hkk"kk vFkok cksyhd lekos'k ifjfLFkfrd ekax ij fuHkZj
djSr vfNA ta dF; laizs"k.k es bZ lekos'k ckkd ufg gks] ra bZ xq.ks dgy t,ckd
pkgh] ,fg la dF;d fo'oluh;rk iq"V gksbr vfNA ;qx&thou vkc c xfr'khy
Hk* xsy vfNA ek=k vfjiu&iqjgj vk dkscjd fpk&fHkfk ij eSfFkyh dFkk dsa
jk[kc loZFkk ;qx&thou la dkVc g,rA ,fg euksoSKkfud ;qxd nzqr xfrd
lax eSfFkyh dFkkd Hkk"kk dsa] fo"k; dsa] uo Vsdfud dsa nkSM+* iM+rS] r[kufg eSfFkyh
dFkk ;qxd lax pyckes leFkZ gSrA rsa okD; iz;ksxd ,fg rjgsa fojksk mfpr
ufgA
,r, ,dVk ckr vkc dgd pkgh ts rFkkdfFkr usrk] iqfyl] i=kdkj
vkfn tdka iz'kfLr ikfc xsykd ckn jpukdkj dsa lkfgR; lax oapuk ufg djckd
pkgh] iz'kfLrd dekb ufg [k,ckd pkghA ,fg la gqudj ra ts FkksM+&cgqr fcxM+fu
ls fcxM+fu] lkfgR;d Hkkjh vfu"V gksbr NSd vk vb ij ,dj nwjxkeh nq"izHkko
iM+Sr NSdA ^iwokpy* if=kdkd dFkk lHkes izfrf"Br dFkkdkj yksdfud fdjnkuh
ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA lkfgR;dkj yksd&thoud iFk&izn'kZd gksbr NfFk] rsa gqudk
de&la&de dkZO; cksk jgckd pkfgvfuA vuqHkwr lR;] tu&thoud leL;k
y{; la/kku djSr eSfFkyh dFkk @ 55
vkfn la lac) jfg d, l`tu djckd pkfgvfuA yksd&thou la i`Fkd jfg
d, d,y xsy ys[ku ckyqd Hkhr Bk<+ djc g,rA
oSKkfud ;qxd ,fg O;oLFkk la izHkkfor ifjos'k es euqD[kd O;Lrrk cf<+
xsy vfNA le;d vHkko] nwjhd ladqpu] ekuo efLr"d es rukod ckgqY;]
jksVhd leL;k] jksVhd vHkko es ukjh&nsgd fch] 'kks"k.k] vigj.k] ywfV vkfn
vke ckr Hk* xsy vfNA ?kwl[kksjhd izos'k Hksy] mfprks dkt vuqfpr tdka gksv,
ykxy] vuqfpr dsa mfprd LFkku HksfV xsyA tuekul es ,fg la vlarks"k tkxyA
ifjos'kd ,fg fDy"Vrk la lkfgR; izHkkfor HksyA lapkj vk lakku ek;ed
dkj.ksa ns'k&fons'kd laidZ c<+y] ,d ns'kd lkfgR;] laLfr] jhfr&fjokt nkslj
ns'k es izpkfjr HksyA eSfFkyh lkfgR;d dFkk ys[ku vgw la izHkkfor HksyA bZ
izHkko] tkfg :i es yksd#fpd ifjokZu d,yd] eSfFkyh dFkkd Lo:i rdj
vuq:is jg*d pkghA ts] fdafpr vfNvks] fdafpr ufgA
vkkqfud dFkk lgh vFkZ es ?kksM+nkSM+d pqLrh la ;qDr jgd pkghA dFkkd
ifgy iafDr es izos'k dfjrs ,gsu okrkoj.k cu*d pkgh] tkfg la ikBd lekfkLFk
Hk* tkbFk vk dFkk lekIr gksbr&gksbr ikBd dsa iw.kZ eu%rks"k HksfV tkbuA
jktdeyd dFkk ,fg fn'kk es loZlQy dFkk vfNA viu ifjos'kd loZfofk
Kkud vHkko es] lkdka{k n`f"Vd vHkko es bZ miyfCk vlaHko vfNA tu&thou
la fujis{k jfgd, dFkk fy[kc] ?kfM+;kyd uksj cgk,c fFkdA iqu% ;qx&lR;
dsa phUgc&cw>c vk vksfg la tqfV d, jpuk djc trsd vko';d vfN] Hkk"kkd
rsth] f'kYid uwrurk] vfHkO;fDrd Li"Vrk rFkk NksV&la&NksV dk;k es cslh&la&cslh
larqf"V nsckd {kerk lsgks vksrcs vko';d vfNA
Lo;a okrkuqdwfyr fuokld lq[k yh vk tsBd jkSn es >jdSr ok ek?kd
tkM+ es fBBqjSr cksfugkfjud thou ij dFkk fy[kh( ifjfLFkfr vk O;oLFkkd ekjy
vlgk; ukjhd ykpkjh la ekSt eukch vk r[ku btksr es vksdj eqfDrd ysy
ukjk yxkch( bZ jpukdkjd ?kksj cSekuh vk jpukkfeZrkd izfr [ksykSM+ dgy tk,rA
dFkkd lQyrk ysy dFkkdkjd ys[ku vk thou&n'kZu es lkE; g,c vksrcs
vko';d vfN] trck dFkkys[kuA ,dVk jpukdkj vla[; ykBh rS;kj djckd
lkeF;Z j[kSr NfFkA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts bfrgkld kafr nwr] lHk ;qx es
lkfgR;dkjs cuSr v,ykg vfNA lkfgR; dsa ;qx&lkis{k g,ckd ysy jpukdkj
dsa dkZO;&cksk g,c vko';dA b,g dkZO;cksk tuthoud ;FkkFkZd lax
jpukdkjd f'kYi ifgfj d, lkfgR; es mrjSr vfN ts turkd vkaf[k [kksySr
vfN] vksdj psruk dsa tkxzr djSr vfN] vksdjk vfLrRo cksk nSr vfNA varr%
lkekftd kafr gksbr vfN] O;oLFkk&ifjokZu gksbr vfNA
eSfFkyh dFkk ,[ku tr, kfj igqapy vfN] ls mez&lkis{k ra Hk* xsy]
56 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
;qx&lkis{k ,[ku kfj ufg Hk* ldy vfNA oSKkfudrk vk vkkqfudrkd ,fg
gksM+ es ,djk ;qx&lkis{k cu,ck ysy dFkkdkj dsa viu nkf;Ro ij iw.kZ lps"V
jg* iM+rfuA fcuk ls Hksus O;oLFkk dsa xkfj i<+c vj.; jksnu g,r---A
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 57
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke
eSfFkyh miU;kld ppkZ djSr bZ Lohdkfj ysck es ladksp ufg gks;ckd pkgh ts
ifjek.kkRed :i la eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bZ fokk cM+ ikNw vfN vk ,dj HkaMkj
cM+ NqNwu vfNA xq.kkRedrkd izlax bZ dgc mfpr ufg gks;r] eqnk ta fy[kys
ufg tk;] ra vksdj xq.kokkd ijh{k.k dh gks;r \
Lora=krk izkfIr la iwosZ eSfFkyh es miU;kl ys[ku fnl jpukdkjd vklfDr
ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA O;fDr&O;fDrd n; es vkRe&dqaBk cf<+ jgy NyA
iz'kkldh; mRihM+u la tu&lkekU;d vareZu O;fFkr NyA HkkSfrd fodkl vk
ekufld Lrj ,fg nw n`f"Vdks.ks]a fefFkyk cgqr cslh iNqvk,y iz{ks=k NyA ,r*
'kkL=kh; Kkud foiqy kjksgfj Ny] KkuktZud vlhe ms'; fcanq Ny] eqnk ukxfjd
viu :f<+d tky es vks>jk;y NyA ,fg ifjfLFkfr es] turkd vkxw nw rjgd
leL;k Ny O;oLFkktU; vk ijaijktU;A euq"; tkfrd bZ LoHkko gksbr vfN
ts vks viu yM+kb NksV Lrjd izfri{kh la izkjaHk djSr vfNA O;oLFkktU; leL;k
vk fons'kh 'kkldd nkuorkd lhek foLr`r NyA eSfFkyh miU;kl es izk;% ,fg
O;oLFkk dsa vksfg le; es O;Dr ufg d;y xsyA rRdkyhu lekt es fefFkykd
tuthou csesy fookg] cgqfookg] cky fookg] lklq&iqrkSgq] gkl&ifjgkl] fuj{kjrk]
ukjh&neu vkfn&vkfn jhfr&dqjhfr la Hkjy NyA dksuks dkyd lkfgR; ledkyhu
lektd ifjHkk"kk gksbr vfNA vksfg dkyd miU;kl ,fg lHk fcanq dsa fpf=kr
djck es ykxy jgyA fefFkykd ukjhd vKku vk nSU; dsa fpf=kr djSr jgy
vFkok tkrh; oS"kE;] iathc) vgadkj vkfn la mn~Hkwr fofr dsa |ksfrr djSr
jgyA vktqd lanHkZ es ,fg dkyd miU;kld ijh{k.k d* d, ,d iafDr es
dfg nsy tk;r ts bZ varjky eSfFkyh miU;kld ysy f'kYi vk dkO; nquw n`f"V,a
vifjiDo dky fFkdA eqnk] ls vkykspukd bZekunkjh ufg gks;rA dkj.k miU;kl
ys[ku vk miU;kld v;;u nquw fn'kk es yksdklfDr dsa ge lkearh laLdkj
58 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
la eqDr Hk* d* fuEu&e;oxhZ; yksdd ,drkiw.kZ thou thckd vkxzg ekuSr
NhA egkdkO;d uk;dd lhek 'krZ la eqfDr ikfc d* lektd lHk dksfVd
ukxfjd dsa viu dkO;iq#"k cu;ckd vfkdkj jpukdkj izkIr ra d* ysyfu]
eqnk dFkk] eqDrd] ,dkadh vkfn es lekt dsa] thou dsa VqdM+h&VqdM+h es ns[kckd
ts vkxzg ifjyf{kr gksbr vfN rdjk miU;kl vk ukVd nquw vFkZ es ,dVk
fn'kk nSr izrhr gksbr vfNA bZ ckr lHk lkfgR;d ysy ekU; Hk* ldSr vfNA
,fg dkyd eSfFkyh miU;kld detksj rarq dsa xhtc mfpr ufgA vksuk ,fg
vofkd fdNq egoiw.kZ miU;kl dsa mDr rF; la Qjkd cw>*d pkghA dkaphukFk
>k ^fdj.k*d ^pUnzxg.k*] gfjeksgu >kd ^dU;knku*] f}jkxeu*] oS|ukFk feJ
^;k=kh*d ^ikjks* vkfn ,gus miU;kl fFkd] tdjk ij dFkkudd cqukofVd izlax]
tyQkaQh gks;ckd dyad ufg Fkksiy tk;rA
ledkyhurk vk lkSna ;Zcksk bZ nquw 'kCn le; lkis{k vfNA jpukdkyd
fglkc la ledkyhu gksbrks dfri; fr fo"k; vk miLFkkiukd n`f"V,a ledkyhu
ufg Hk* icSr vfNA eqnk fdNq fr ,gsuks gksbr vfN] ts 'kk'or :isa viu
ego v{kq..k j[kus jgSr vfNA fdNq fr ,guks gksbr vfN] ts viu le;d
vHkwriwoZ izHkkod dkj.ksa tuekul es rsgu LFkku cuk ySr vfN] tkfg la lnSo
vksdj ego lqjf{kr jfg tkbr vfN] iSrd ` laifk tdka vksdj iz'kfLr iq'r&nj&iq'r
pySr jgSr vfNA ^dU;knku* vk ^f}jkxeu* eSfFkyh lkfgR; es ,dj mnkgj.k
fFkdA gfjeksgu >kd ^dU;knku* eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl es vkb, ufg] Hkfo";ks
es ,rcs lekn`r gks;r vk ,dj l`tu ,dVk ;qxd :i es tkuy tk;rA ,fg
miU;kld fo"k; ;|fi vktqd le; es rrsd lanHkZ;qDr ufg vfN] rFkkfi
viu izHkkoksRikndrk] miLFkkiu vkfn&vkfn xq.kd dkj.ksa csl tdka izfrf"Br
vfNA ;qx vk ;qxhu n`f"Vdks.k] nquw es ifjokZu gksbr jgSr vfNA ,fg ifjokZu
la O;fDrd #fp vk n`f"Vcksk nquw es ifjokZu vcSr vfNA iphl c[kZ ifgus
tkfg nyku ij dkyh] y{eh] f'ko vk jked vknedn QksVks Vkaxy jgSr Ny]
vksr* ikap c[kZ ifgus fo|kifr] ;k=kh] fujkyk vk fleksu n cqvkd QksVks vk
vkb dksuks flusekd fgjksbud iz.k;fyIr dysaMj Vkaxy tk; ykxyA O;fDrd
lkSan;Z izs{k.k ,fg fglkcsa ifjofrZr HksyA ,guk fLFkfr es lkSan;Zcksk dsa ledkyhu
lR; vk oS;fDrd n`f"Vdks.k la dkfV d* ufg ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA oS;fDrd
n`f"Vdks.k izR;sd jpukdkjd l`tu'khyrk dsa izHkkfor djSr vfNA bZ izHkko
jpukdkjd lkSan;Zckskd ek;es lsgks jpuk es mrjSr vfNA
lqfokkd n`f"V,a eSfFkyhd izfrfufk miU;kl dsa ys[kudky vFkok izdk'ku
dkyd Lrj la nw dksfV es ckaVy tk ldSr vfNA bZ foHkktu miU;kld fo"k;
psrukd izlax es fo'ks"k iz;kstuh; lkfcr gksbr vfNA bZ foHkktd fcanq fFkd
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 59
NBe n'kdd varA lu lkfB la iwoZ izdkf'kr miU;kl lHk es la izfrfufk
frd :i es xuy tk;r dU;knku] f}jkxeu] ikjks] uorqfj;k] dqekj] ekqJko.kh]
fo|kifr] vkfndFkk] pkuksnkb] fcgkfM+ ikr ikFkj vkfnA ,fg leLr fr lHk
es ^ikjks* vk ^fo|kifr* dsa NksfM+ d* vU; lHkVk fefFkykd oSokfgd lanHkZ la
lac) vfNA ^ikjks* efevkSr&fiflvkSr Hkkb&cfgud izsedFkk ij vk ^fo|kifr*
,sfrgkfld dFkk ij vkkkfjr miU;kl fFkdA tsuk fd ifgus dgygqa] jpukdkj
viu ;qxcksk] lkSan;Z&cksk la vuqizkf.kr jpuk'khyrk dsa ledkyhu dFkk&izlaxd
ek;es Li"V djSr NfFk] mDr lHk miU;kl es lSg eq[kj gksbr vfNA ;qxckskd
Lrj ij vk ledkyhu lekkftd jgu&lgu rFkk O;fDr&O;fDrd ekuork&nkuorkd
Lrj ij izs{kdd lkSan;Z psruk ifjofrZr gksbr jgSr vfNA rRdkyhu fefFkyk
tkfg izdkjd oSokfgd folaxfr la ;q) d* jgy Ny] ngst] vf'k{kk] ekufld
oS"kE;] cgq&fookg] izse&fookg] izseghu fookg] ku yksyqi fookg] iathc)rkd
dkj.ksa izLrqr leL;k vkfn&vkfn la ,r* trsd foMacuk mRiUu Ny] rkfg
ifjfLFkfr es dksuks Hkkoqd vk izcq) yksd dksuks lqo.kkZ] lq:ikd Hk`dqfV foykl
vk vyd tky fnl tk d, ufg vks>jk ldSr NfFkA ,fg fLFkfrd voyksdu
la viu n; es xqnxqnh ufg mBk ldSr NykgA dksuks laosnu'khy O;fDrd
us=k viuk ifjos'kd ,fg foMacuk ij dsafnzr gksbr gsrfuA vk rsa ,fg varjkyd
vfkdka'k fr ,fg lHk leL;k ij vkkkfjr vfNA eqnk tsa fd ;qxckskd lax&
lax oS;fDrd n`f"Vdks.k cslh egoiw.kZ gksbr vfN] ,fg leLr miU;kld dFkk&
lanHkZ ,d jfgrks viu&viu ms'; es fHkUu&fHkUu vfNA tr, gfjeksgu >k
vaxzsth laLdkjd laked jksx la xzflr lh- lh- feJd fookg djk nSr NfFk]
vksrfg ^dU;knku*d izdk'kud rsjg o"kZd ckn misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*d ^dqekj*
es uk;d izse&izlax es vlQy Hksyk ij VwfV tkbr vfNA fujk'kkd tky es
vks>jk d, viu fdNq jkf[k ufg icSr vfNA iNkfr fgudj dFkk uk;d viu
izfrKk ij iNrkbrks Nfu] Qsj fookgks djSr NfuA ,fg leLr fLFkfr la laxzke
djSr O;fDrd euksn'kk ^dqekj* es fpf=kr Hksy vfNA ,fg fp=k.k es fgudj
miLFkkiud izfofk fuf'pr :i la vrho vkd"kZd vfNA eqnk dFkkuk;dd
ekufldrk grk'k jgSr NfuA t[ku fd gfjeksgud uk;d for vkkqfudrkd
pVd&eVd es x`ghr viu ft ij vM+y jg, oykA ^dU;knku*d cqPphnkbd
ew<+rk vk nsgkrh izo`fk dsa [kre d* d, lh- lh- feJd vgadkj enZu ysy
vfxyk miU;kl ^f}jkxeu* es cqPphnkbd lacakh es tkx:drk ns[kcSr NfFk]
t[ku fd ^lksenso* viu ^pkuksnkb* es vf'k{kkd dkj.ksa ukjh tkfrd nqjoLFkk
dsa fpf=kr djSr NfFkA ukjh dsa iq#"kd HkksX;kd :i es Bk<+ djSr NfFk] eqnk
rdj lekkkuks viu vksgh fr es fudkfy nSr NfFkA oLrqr% ^dU;knku*d
60 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vfxyk Hkkxd :i es ^f}jkxeu* dsa xuy t;ckd pkghA ls ek=k ,fg ysy
ufg] ts dU;knkud izeq[k ik=k f}jkxeuks es fo|eku NfFkA vfirq ,fg ysy]
ts miU;kldkjd izxfr'khyrk vk fgudj n`f"Vcksk] ,fg nquw fr dsa feyk
d* ns[kck es iw.kZ Li"V gksbr vfNA ;k=khd ^uorqfj;k* vk ek;kuand ^fcgkfM+
ikr ikFkj* ,ds jaxd leL;k dsa y* d* pySr vfNA eqnk] jpukdkjd oS;fDrd
n`f"Vdks.k nquw miU;kl dsa nw fn'kk es eksfM+ nSr vfNA ;k=kh dsa uorqfj;kd lkgl
vk 'kfDr ij rrck Hkjksl Nfu] ts ,dVk cw<+ oj la folsljhd fookgd laiw.kZ
ljatke d;ys jfg tkbr Nfu] lektd :f<+ VsafVvkbr jfg tkbr vfN vk
uorqfj;k ,fg leLr <kB dsa rksfM+ d* folsljhd ;Fkksfpr fookg djk nSr vfNA
,r* ;k=khd vkRefo'okl] fgudj vkLFkk uo'kfDrd izfr vk'kk vkfn nf'kZr
vfNA t[ku fd ek;kuan es lkekftd ;FkkfLFkfr fo|eku jgSr NfuA ^fcgkfM+
ikr ikFkj*d frjcsuh dsa #nzukFk feJd gkFksa fcd;ck la jksd* ysy dksus uokadqj
Bk<+ ufg gksbr vfNA ^uorqfjvk*d izdk'kud Nvks c[kZ cknks ek;kuand lektd
uorqfjvk ,rck lkgl ufg d* icSr NfuA vFkkZr~ ek;kuUn ,[ku kfj viu
lektd ,fg fofr dsa] ,fg foMacuk dsa esV;ckd ysy Bk<+ gksv* okyk dksuks
vkanksyud yqkh ufg nsf[k ldykg vk fgudj frjcsuh vle; es fokok Hk*
xsyfuA mez tU; ;kSouksUeknd >kaV&fcgkfM+ lgSr jgyfuA lkekftd e;kZnk
vk nSfgd vko';rkd jLlkd'kh es rukbr jgyfu] fdfdvkbr jgyfuA ,r*
fuf'pr :i la bZ dgy t;ckd pkgh] ts ek;kuUn dsa t[ku viu lektd
,fg ik[kaMh e;kZnkd vkoj.k etxwr cq>;yfu] fgudj ukf;dk thoud ,fg
vUgj&fcgkfM+ dsa vaxsft ysydfu] r[ku ;k=kh dsa bZ lHkVk ik[kaM uo'kfDrd
vkxw Qksafdy cq>;yfu vk fgudj uorqfj;k vksfg Qksafdy ik[kaM dsa QksfM+ d*
folsljh dsa eqDr d* nsyfuA ;k=kh ,rck tksf[ke us dsoy fo"k;d lanHkZ es]
vfirq Hkk"kk vk miLFkkiu vkfnd lanHkZ es lsgks mBkSus NfFkA oLrqr% ;k=khd
psruk ek=k okrkoj.k es O;kIr izR;{k n`'; kfj lhfer ufg jgSr Nfu] vfirq
egoghu vgadkj] "kM~;a=kiw.kZ lkekftd e;kZnk vkfnd lhM+dd dksu mBk d*
vksdjk r*j es gksbr f;kdyki kfj cf<+ tkbr NfuA viu ,fg izo`fkd dkj.ksa tk;r ^vkfndFkk*A ^vkfndFkk* es jktdey pkSkjhd ;qxcksk] vkRecksk] n`f"Vcksk
vks fcjtw vk ikjksd izksekd"kZ.k dsa fpf=kr d* ldykgA vksuk ,fg miU;kld
bZ lacak vfkdka'k ikBd dsa ufg vj?kyfuA dkj.k lekt dsa vks,g pht lqanj
yxSr NSd] ^ts gks;ckd pkgh*A eqnk] jpukdkj dsa vks pht cslh lqj yxSr
NSd ts gksbr vfNA tr* ^gks;ckd pkgh* ,dVk [kkl oxZd cukvksy vkn'kZd
uewuk fFkd] vksr* ^gksbr vfN* lR;A lR; dsa vkn'kZd inkZ r*j >kafi d* j[kckd
"kM~;a=k nh?kZdkfyd ijaijk fFkdA fefFkyk es ,fg ijaijk dsa laj{k.k HksVSr jgySd
vfNA ;k=kh ,djk [kafMr d;yfu vk lR; ij la vkn'kZd vks<+uk ?khfp ysyfuA
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 61
fgudk lR; lHk la cslh lqanj cq>kbr jgyfu vfNA lR; ek;kuUn dsa lsgks
lqanj cq>;yfu] cfYd ,fg dkyd leLr miU;kldkjd vkkkj rRo ledkfyd
tulR;s fFkdA eqnk] vksfg lR;d lax jpukdkjd ckSf)drk vk lkgl dksu
Lrjd lacak LFkkfir d* icSr vfN] ls egod fo"k; fFkdA ek;kuUn viu
dFkk ukf;dk dsa lkekftd vuq'kklud iVjh ij pycSr&pycSr Fkdk nSr NfFk]
vksdjk viu HkkX; cysa thou lakku djck ysy NksfM+ nSr NfFk] t[ku fd ;k=kh
viu dFkk ukf;dkd Hkfo"; lqkkj* ysy uo'kfDrd fuekZ.k djSr NfFk] iqjku
'kfDr dsa oLr djSr NfFk vk vksdjk leqfpr :isa n`<+ djSr NfFkA
^ekqJko.kh* miU;kl lsgks cgqyka'k es oSokfgd lanHkZ la tqM+y vfNA 'kSysUnz
eksgu >k ,fg es dey vk ufyuhd la;ksx&fo;ksx dsa fpf=kr djSr d#.kkd
vkfkD; mRiUu djSr jgykg vfNA fo;ksxkfnd vfrfjDr fp=k.k ,fg miU;kl
dsa vR;fkd dk#f.kd cuk nsyd vfNA Bke&Bke fdNq vizklkafxd vk vuqi;qDr
fp=k lHk ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA eqnk ,fg miU;kl es o.kZu] fo'ys"k.k vk [kkl
d* pfj=k&fp=k.k la tkfg =kklnhd tUe Hksy vfN] fojspu izf;k vksgh la
izkjaHk gksbr vfNA euksfo'ys"k.k dsa miU;kldkj vfkd ego nsus NfFkA fgudks
n`f"Vdks.k fefFkykd ,fg fookg ijaijk vk nSfod la;ksxkfnd chp izrkfM+r thou
dsa mckj* ysy dksuks tksf[ke ufg mBk ldyfuA feFkykd ,fg fodjky nqjkoLFkk
es cztfd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kin~e* fefFkykd foHkwfr] lkfgR;lsoh] bfrgkl izfl)
Hkk"kkfoK fo|kifrd thou e dsa dsna z es vkfu miU;kl fy[kyfu ^fo|kifr*A
eqnk miU;kl es ,sfrgkfld rF;d mis{kkd lax& lax vkSiU;kfld lajpukRedrkd
mis{kk lsgks Hksy vfNA 1954 bZ- es ^uorqfjvk* izdkf'kr Hksy vk 1958 es izdkf'kr
Hksy ^vkfndFkk*A uorqfjvkd izdk'ku eSfFkyh miU;kld {ks=k es egoiw.kZ ?kVuk
NyA egoiw.kZ ?kVuk ^dU;knku*d izdk'ku lsgks NyA eqnk] eSfFkyh miU;kld
tkfg iz'kLr ckV fn'k gfjeksgu >k b'kkjk d* nsyfu] ekuqlkj vks ckV Hkksfrvk;
ykxyA ^uorqfjvk*d izdk'ku la miU;kld vk;ke dsa ts foLrkj nsy xsy] rdjk
,r* la uo eksM+ ekuy tk;rA eSfFkyh miU;kld le`) psrukd mnkgj.k ekuy
vk ;FkkFkZcksk lHk lfEefyr Hk* d* vk;y vfNA ;qx&;FkkFkZd fp=k.ks Vk
egoiw.kZ ufg gksbr vfN] egoiw.kZ gksbr vfN jpukdkjd vkRecksk vk n`f"V
cksk la vuqizkf.kr ;qx&;FkkFkZd fp=k.k] jpukdkjd lkSan;ZpsrukA gqudj vkRecksk
mRizsj.kk la tkxzr gksbr vfN vk rkfg ij ;qx&lR;d HkaMkj la viwoZ vk xqIr
rF; dsa txft;kj djckd izof` k fu[kjSr vfNA jktdeyd ^vkfndFkk* lelkef;d]
lkekftd thoud O;fDrfu"B foMacuk ufg fFkd] vksfg dkyd lektfu"B
Qksafdy ;FkkFkZ la vko`k O;fDr&O;fDrd van:uh =kklnh fFkdA ,dj ,d&,d
62 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
ik=k lektd oxZ fo'ks"kd izrhd fFkdA nsg] eksu] ifjos'k] laink] vkn'kZ
vkfn&vkfnd viu&viu vfLerk es O;fDr dksuk foo'k gksbr vfN] rdj Hkdjkj
fp=k.k d, jktdey ,fg miU;kl dsa viwoZ mRd"kZ nsyfuA iwosZ ppkZ Hksy vfN
ts ledkyhu lkSan;Zcksk O;fDr&O;fDrd n`f"Vdks.k ij fuHkZj djSr vfNA
laosnu'khy l`tukehZd ysy lkfgR; ys[ku vksdj foo'krk gksbr vfNA dksuks
le;d O;oLFkktU; folaxfr] fofr vksfg le;d lkfgR; ysy vis{kkr
vfkd egod pht gksbr vfNA dkj.k bZ ufg] ts vksfg le;d lqlaxfr vk
lqfr jpukdkj dsa nq%[k nSr gksbu] vfirq dkj.k bZ] ts lkekU; turk tkfg
foMacuk la fujis{k jg* pkgSr vfN] tdjk HkksxSr vfN] ijap vksfg ij lkspc
vk vksdjk cw>c O;FkZ cq>Sr vfN] jpukdkj vjcSk d* vks n`'; iquiqZu% vksdjk
vkxw jkf[k] ,fg ifjfLFkfrd fujkdj.k fn'k mRlqd gks;cd izsj.kk nSr NfFkA
lkkkj.k O;fDrd lkSan;Zcksk vk ,dVk jpukdkjd lkSan;Zcksk es ;Sg rkfRod
varj vfNA ^vkfndFkk*d uk;dd ekr`dd laink lkekU; ukxfjd ysy n`';
fcanq Hk* ldSr vfN] uk;dd eke vk lq'khykd nsg;f"B] gqudj n`x pkiY;]
Hk`dqfV foykl] vyd NVk vkfn&vkfn lkSan;Zd [kku ykfx ldSr vfN( eqnk
,dVk n`f"V laiUu jpukdkj dsa ,fg lkSan;Zd izfr vksgu vkd"kZ.k] vksgu tqM+ko
ufg jfg ldSr Nfu] tsgu ,fg ifjos'k es thcSr O;fDrd varl es mBSr&[klSr
}a}d izfr] ekufld Tokjd izfr] vksdj vkarfjd [kkSa> vk NViVh vk O;kdqyrkd
izfrA lkekftd vkjksfir vkn'kZd j{kkFkZ O;fDr dksuk foo'k jgSr vfN] lekt
es jgckd yksHk es O;fDr dksuk viu loZLo Lokgk d* nSr vfN] viuk dsa
cUgd jkf[k nSr vfN] dksuk viu ,d&,d lkal es ukVd djSr vfN] lekt
es jfg d* tkfg lq[kd lafokku jfV ySr vfN] rdj y{kka'kksd iwfrZ nqyZHk gksbr
NSd] eqnk rSvks ,fg lekt la eqDr gks;ckd iz;kl ufg djSr vfN] ,fg lektd
fodjky O;Fkk la eqDr Hk* d* taxyh thoud mUeqDrrk fnl vxzlj ufg gksbr
vfNA bZ lHkVk ifjfLFkfr jpukdkj dsa cslh vkdf"kZr djSr vfNA vkdf"kZr
djSr vfN] ,dj voyksdu la izlUu gks;ck ysy ufg] cfYd O;fFkr gks;ck
ysy vk ,fg O;Fkkd lg;ksxh cfu d* nkf;Roikyud larqf"V izkIr djck ysyA
jpukdkj viu lkSan;Z ckskd e es O;fDrd ckkMacj] vksdj vlkj&ilkj]
vksdj os'k&Hkw"kk la cslh ego vksdj varl~txr la lapkfyr vksdjk eq[kkfr
ij fu[kjSr Hkko dsa nSr NfFkA jktdeyd ^vkfndFkk* eSfFkyh miU;kld ;k=kk
iFk ij ,dVk fof'k"V fr fFkd] tdj vonkud ppkZ es pqi Hk* tk;c cslh
visf{kr ckr gks;rA
^funZ;h lklq* la ^fcgkfM+] ikr ikFkj* kfjd miU;kl viuk le;d
;qxckskd lax mifLFkr Hksy vfNA v|kofk izdkf'kr lHk miU;kld ppkZ djckd
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 63
lq;ksx ,dVk fucak es HksVc vlaHko vfN] rsa ^dU;knku* la iwoZd miU;kl ys[ku
dsa vH;kl dky ekfu d* vkxw c<+y tk ldSr vfNA lu~ 1933 la 1960
kfj] vFkkZr~ ^dU;knku* la ^fcgkfM+ ikr ikFkj* kfjd miU;kl ys[ku dsa iz;ksxdky
dgy tk;rA ,fg vofk es gfjeksgu >k] misUnzukFk >k ^O;kl*] 'kSysUnz eksgu
>kd n`f"V&fn'kkd lw{e voyksdu ;k=kh] jktdey] lksenso vk ek;kuUn la fHkUu
cq>kbr NfuA ifgy oxZd miU;kldkj uk;d dsa izokld thou nsc vko';d
cq>Sr NfFk] viu dsa mPp f'k{kk la vfHkHkwfr djc vko';d cq>Sr NfFkA
miU;kldkjd bZ izo`fk iq#"k f'k{kkd izfr viwoZyxkod |ksfrdk ekuy tk;rA
eqnk Bkefg bZgks ns[kkbr vfN ts L=kh f'k{kkd izfr gfjeksgu >kd vykos vku
fdudks rsgu vkidrk ufg NfuA f'k{kk vusd vakdkj la eqfDr fnvk ldSr
vfN] rsa f'k{kkd izfr tkx:drk] eSfFkyh miU;kldkjd miyfCk ekuy tk;rA
eqnk ukjh f'k{kkd izfr mnklhurk fgudk yksdfud izxfr'khyrk dsa dyafdr
djrfuA nkslj oxZd miU;kldkj dsa viu dF;] viu n`f"Vcksk lkekU; turk
kfj igqap;ck ysy dFkkd cqukcfV es dksuks dkWyst] dksuks fo'ofo|ky;] dksuks
egkuxj vkfn la mPp f'kf{kr ;qod dsa idfM+ vkuc vko';d ufg cq>;yfuA
fgudk yksdfu dsa xzkeh.k ifjos'kd ,fg fofr dsa xzkeh.ks Lrj ij lks>jk;c
mfpr izrhr HksyfuA oLrqr% fgudk yksdfud bZ rF;] lkekftd thoud xkNd
tfM+ es ykxy ?kwu gV;ckd izfr dgy tk;rA ;k=khd ^uorqfjvk* ,fg ckrd
ladsr nSr vfN] ts vkanksyud tqvk f'kf{krs O;fDr Vk mBk ldr] ls vko';d
ufgA t[ku fd ^fcgkfM+] ikr vk ikFkj* rFkk ^vkfndFkk* lkektd e;kZnkd
tu?kkrh izo`fkd ladsr fFkdA lekt euq"; dsa fdNq ufg n* ldSr vfN] nq%[kd
vfrfjDr vku fdNq ufgA
o"kZ 1960d i'pkr~ eSfFkyh miU;kld miou [kwc iYyfor&iqf"ir HksyA
yfyr] lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] jekuUn js.kq] khjsUnz] thodkar] ekdZ.Ms; izoklh] xaxs'k
xqatu] foHkwfr vkuan] iznhi fcgkjh] uohu pkSkjh] m"kkfdj.k [kku izHk`fr yksdfud
miU;kl izdk'k es vk,yA ifgyqdks miU;kldkj yksdfud uo&uo miU;kl lks>ka
vk;yA mkjkskj miU;kld la[;k c<+Sr xsyA mij of.kZr&pfpZr izfrfufk
miU;kldkjd vfrfjDr vkj cgqr jkl miU;kldkjd fr eSfFkyh lkfgR;d
miU;kl fokk dsa iq"V d;yd vfNA lu~ 1960 la 1965 kfjd dky eSfFkyh
miU;kld loZfofk izxfr ysy fojy dky dgy tk;rA dkj.k] ,d r* ,fg
varjky es miU;kl vk;y de] nkslj tsgks vk;y rkfg es fodkl vk izfrd
laHkkouk des n`f"Vxkspj HksyA lksensod n`f"V] ,fg le; es ns'kd jktuhfr vk
vjktdrk ij dsafnzr Hk* pqdy NyfuA czfipkld ukes kkjkokfgd :i es
izdkf'kd fgudj miU;kl lu~ 1964 es ^gksVy vukjdyh*d uke la izdkf'kr
64 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
HksyA eSfFkyh es bZ izFke tklwlh miU;kl dgy tk;rA eqnk eSfFkyh es bZ ijaijk
vkxw pfy ufg ldyA ijaijk lw=kd bZ foPNsn ,fg ckrd |ksrd fFkd] ts ,gw
le; kfj fefFkykd tuekul viu lrgh leL;k lHk la mcfj ufg ldy
NyA ,fg jktuhfrd "kM~;a=k la cslh fparuh; ,fg okrkoj.k es O;kIr izR;{k
mRihM+u NyA Qyr% jpukdkjd ysy lsgks] ewy vkd"kZ.kd dsanz xzkE; thous
HksyA vksuk] czt fd'kksj oekZ ^ef.kin~e*d dksczkxyZ es bZ ijaijk lqiq"V gksbr
vfN vk fo"k;d foLrkj ns'kkarj kfj py tkbNA ef.kin~e] yksd lkfgR;d
mn~xkrkd :i es ekuy tk;oyk egku O;fDrRo NfFkA yksdlaLfr] yksddFkk]
yksdxkFkk fgudj thoud vax cuy izrhr gksbr vfNA fgudj viu Hkk"kk
'kSyh Nfu] viu fo'ys"k.k i)fr Nfu] ifjos'k la laf'y"V laLfrd izfr xgu
tqM+ko Nfu] viu ifjos'kd 'kCn HkaMkj Nfu---bZ leLr rF; fefy d* fgudj
vkSiU;kfld mRd"kZ dsa vlhe djSr vfNA ^fo|kifr* lu miU;kl vk ,fg
fokk es izo's k djSr ^jktk lygsl* ^uSdk cfutkjk*] ^yksfjd fot;*] ^yogfj&dq'kgfj*]
^jkb&j.kiky* vkfn&vkfn yksddFkkRed miU;kl la us dsoy eSfFkyh miU;kld
HkaMkj iq"V d;yfu vfN] vfirq eSfFkyhd miU;kl&ys[ku dsa ,d Vk uo vk;ke
nsyfu vfNA eSfFkyhd yksdlkfgR;d ppkZ ef.kin~ed ppkZ la Qjkd Hk* d*
ufg Hk* ldS,A ra=k ij dsafnzr miU;kl ^v)Zukjh'oj* lsgks csl pfpZr Hksy
eqnk ^dksczk xyZ* tklwlh miU;kl vk ^Hkkjrhd fcykfM+* izfl) cky miU;kld
izdk'ku] ef.kin~ed vfrfjDr izfrHkkd ifjp; nSr vfNA ,fg nquw frd
ikB la ,dj dF;xr] fopkjxr] Hkk"kkxr] fp=kxr] ?kVukxr fo'ys"k.k la fgudj
yksddFkkRed Lo:i drgq la ckfkr ufg gksbr vfN vk ,dj oSf'k"V~;] ,dj
lkSan;Z ef.kin~ed vkSiU;kfld psrukd ifjp; nSr vfNA
chle 'krkCnhd lkre n'kdd v)ZHkkx chrSr&chrSr ^i``Fohiq=k*] ^Hkks#dck*
rFkk ^[kksra k vk fpM+S rhu Vk egoiw.kZ miU;kl izdk'k es vk;yA Lora=krk
izkfIrd vBkjg c[kZd i'pkr~ ,dk,d jpukdkjd ;ku oxZ&la?k"kZ fn'k xsyfuA
ikap o"kZ iwoZ ts ek;kuUn fefFkykd oSokfgd folaxfrd lM+y&xUgk;y rarq lHk
dsa rkfd jgy Nykg] gqudj utfj lektd oxZ&la?k"kZ fn'k mUeq[k HksyfuA yfyr
vk khjsUnz ,fg psrukd lax miU;kl ys[ku es izfo"V HksykgA ,r* fgudk yksdfu
dsa lektd fuEuoxhZ; tuthoud nSU; vl Hk* xsyfuA Je'khy ukxfjdd
nqnZ'kkd fp=k.k fgudk yksdfud lw{e n`f"V dsa fpUgck es lgk;d Hksy vfNA
;|fi rhuw miU;kld dFkk ifjos'k ,Dds vfN] eqnk jpukdkjd oS;fDrd psrukd
dkj.ksa rhuw miU;kld ms'; fHkUu&fHkUu Hk* tkbr vfNA rhuw miU;kld fuEu
oxhZ; uk;d tq>k: vfN vk viu 'kks"kd eaMyd fojksk djckd izo`fk j[kSr
vfNA eqnk tr, ^[kksark vk fpM+S*d fojksk leUo; la 'kkar gksbr vfN] ^i`Fohiq=k*
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 65
vk ^Hkks#dck*d fojksk fot; laA yfyr vk khjsUnz dsa viu Je'khy ik=kd
lkgl vk vfLrRocksk ij trsd fo'okl Nfu] ek;kuUn dsa rrsd ufgA Bkefg
yfyrd fuEuoxhZ; L=kh ik=k nSfgd tky es trsd vks>jkbr Nfu] ek;kuUnd
ufgA nkaiR; thoud izselw=k dsa ek;kuUn trsd eksyk;e cukSyfu vfN] rrsd
yfyr ufg cuk ldyfFkA ek;kuUnd ukjh ik=kd n; es mBy iRuhRod ygfj]
oklukd leLr fodkj dsa tjk nSr vfN] yfyrd L=khik=k ls ufg d* icSr
vfNA ek;kuUn tr* [ksr&iFkkj la jktuhfrd Hkou kfjd n`'; dsa rky&esy
djkc* es ykxy jgSr NfFk] khjsUnz viu uk;d dsa lg;ksx fn;k d* fot;h
cucS NfFk vk yfyr viu ik=kd ikfjokfjd ln~Hkko rFkk lkgld cy ij
vksdjk la lej'ks"k djk ySr NfFk] L[kfyr pfj=kd ukf;dk lsgks] fgudk utfj
es viu xq.k fo'ks"kd dkj.ksa egoiw.kZ Hk* tkbr vfNA
vfxyk Msx es eSfFkyh miU;kld Qyd Lor% foLr`r Hk* tkbr vfNA
xke la 'kgj kfjd thou izf;k] ns'k la fons'k kfjd laLfr] vkRe&LFkkiud
f'k[kj kfj igqapckd ysy mRlqd ;qokoxZd ihM+k vk foo'krk rFkk ,fg e es
lk{kkRdkj djSr vUk[kksgd dqRlk] ;kSu fofr] thou fofr] laLdkj fofr-
--vkfn&vkfn rRo eSfFkyh miU;kld dFkkHkwfe cuyA LojkT; kafrd HkkoHkwfe
ij dsafnzr Hk* d* fy[ky ;k=khd ^cypuek* vk izoklh eSfFky cakqd "kM~;a=kdkjh
uhfrd cgsa] lektd fofok fcanq dsa mtkxj djSr jktdeyd ^vkanksyu* bZ
Li"V djSr vfN] ts lkre n'kdd mkjk)Z es eSfFkyh miU;kldkj laiw.kZ lektd
dksu&dksu dsa ;ku es jkf[k l`tu'khy gksv* ykxy NykgA Lojktd i'pkr~
fl)kar vk vkn'kZd uke ij ns'kd rFkkdfFkr d.kZkkjd for ekufldrk
^cypuek*d i`"B ij QjhN Hksy vfNA vkReLFkkiukd leL;k la viL;kar ,d
Vk ;qod dsa dFkk&uk;dd :i es izLrqr d* jktdey eSfFky yksdfud for
vk dqfRlr fopkj dsa fpf=kr d;yfu vfN] tr* eSfFky cakq Hkk"kk&izsed ukVd
djSr vfN] eqnk eu es vku cxy es es Nwjh j[kSr vfNA izlaxkuqdwy eSfFky
ukjhd vfLrRo vk nsglacakd foo'krk vkfnd lkaxksikx fp=k.k HksyA vfNA
eSfFkyh miU;kl ys[kud bZ nkSM+ jpukdkj yksdfud lkSan;Zcksk dsa ekspkfj d*
jkf[k nsydA ukjh tkfrd Hkzw&foykl] u;u dVk{k] fpdqj foU;kl] u[k&f'k[k
kaxkj vkfn&vkfn la foeq[k Hk* d* lkSan;Zckskd lhek&fukkZj.k jpukdkj yksdfu
lkekftd folaxfr es d;yfu ra ifgus eSfFkyhd miU;kldkjd utfj lektd
oSokfgd folaxfr ij dsafnzr HksyfuA ,fg le;d miU;kldkj yksdfu ukjh
thoud nSU;] ngstd vHkko es vksdj nqnZ'kk] vksdj nqxZfr vk loksZifj lekt
}kjk ukjh tkfr dsa oLrq cq>ckd izo`fk vkfn dsa ewy fcanq ekuyfuA ,r* la
e vkxw c<+y] ra Qsj ukjh nsgd leiZ.k vFkok ; vFkok ihM+u vFkok 'kks"k.k-
66 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
--lkekftd foMacuk cfu xsyA ga] bZ ckr vo';] ts ledkyhu leL;k ek=k
ukjh&nsg vk ukjh eksu ij dsafnzr ufg jgyA ,fg dkyd lekt fofok jktuhfrd]
lkekftd] izkfrd] oSKkfud] jk"Vh;] varjkZ"Vh; vkfn&vkfn ifjfLFkfr la
ifjfpr vk izHkkfor HksyA QyLo:i lektd laxfr&folaxfr fofokeq[kh Hk*
xsyA ,fg fofokeq[kh ifjfLFkfrd ifj.kke fFkd ^cypuek*] ^vkanksyu*] ^nwkQwy*]
^nw&i=k*] ^dknks vk dks;yk*] ^bZ crgk lalkj*] ^ifuir*] ^nw dqgsld ckV*]
^vfxucku*] ^ihvj xqykc Ny*] ^vfHk'kIr*] ^;qxiq#"k*] ^gejk yx jgc*] ^uokjaHk*]
^ifgy yksd*] ^ejhfpdk*] ^xke lquxSr*] ^folwfo;l*] ^ckV vk cVksgh*] ^glhuk
eafty* vkfnA
jekuUn js.kqd ^nwk&Qwy* vk khjsUnzd ^dknks vk dks;yk* fuEuoxhZ; thoud
fojkV leL;k la Hkjy miU;kl fFkdA nquw miU;kld uk;d viu ikfjokfjd
thoud ihM+k la vkkar Hk* d* fn'kkgkjk ifFkd tdka xke la 'kgj kfjd nwjh
ukfi icSr vfN] lHk Bke VkSvk vcSr vfN( fDy"V] my>u ;qDr] jgLe; vk
vcw> thou ,oa thou O;oLFkkd fHkUu&fHkUu ifjos'k&ifjfLFkfr dsa HkksxSr vfN]
lHk ifjfLFkfr la yM+Sr vfN] la?k"kZ djSr vfN vk var es Fkkfd tkbr vfN]
,fg lHk ifjLFkfr la yM+Sr&yM+Sr fujk'k Hk* tkbr vfNA ^nwk&Qwy*d uk;d
cckth cfu tkbr vfN] ^dknks vk dksbyk*d uk;d dsa thou] leL;k la Hkjy
cq>kbr NSdA js.kqd uk;d ,d fnl ta vkRe&LFkkiu vFkksZiktZu vkfnd leL;k
la yfM+ d* Fkkfd Hk* tkbr Nfu] la?k"kZ'khy jfg d* fujk'k Hk* tkbr Nfu] ra
nkslj fn'k khjsUnzd uk;d ukjh nsgd izfr iq#"k tkfrd yksyqirk vk nkuorkd
voyksdu la fujk'k tkbr NfuA ^nwk&Qwy*d uk;d dsa viu la?k"kZ es loZnk
vkuan HksVSr jgySd vfNA ,dj ik=k jkelju] viuk thoud lHk vUgj&fcgkfM+
dsa c lkgl vk vkSnk;Z la lgyd vfNA dksuks ukjhd ihM+k vFkok ;kSu&lacak]
khjsUnzd fojuh tdka ,djk ufg lrcSr NSdA bZ lHk Vk ?kVuk] jpukdkjd n`f"Vdks.k
dsa lsgks ofur djSr vfNA
thodkar vk izHkkld miU;kl&ys[kud vofk e'k% 1967&1971 rFkk
1970&1979 fFkd vk miU;kl fokk dsa nquw la ifjek.kkRed rFkk xq.kkRed nquw
vonku iw.kZ :i la HksVySd vfNA fgudk yksdfu dsa viu miU;kl dyk dsa
iq"V djckd ;Fks"V volj HksVyfuA ,d Vk O;ofLFkr vkSiU;kfld ifjos'k] mDr
fo"k;] rksM+y :f<+] Lora=k ns'k] oSKkfud vk jktuhfrd ifjokZu] f'k{kksUeq[k lekt]
for O;oLFkk] l`ftr leL;k] thoud raxh] 'kks"k.k] csjkstxkjh vkfn&vkfnd
vonku la tu&thou dsa ns[kckd&cq>ckd QjhN n`f"V HksVyfu] bZ volj fgudk
yksdfud vuqHkwfr vk n`f"Vdks.k dsa izkekf.kd cukSydfuA vk] bZ leLr n`';
fgudk yksdfud miU;kl es mrfj vk;yA xke la 'kgj kfjd thoud rhr&ehB
ledkyhu miU;kl % iz;kl vk ifj.kke @ 67
dsa pkfV d* ns'kd ;qokoxZ tkfg rjgd lqjax es viu la?k"kZ&{kerkd {k; d;yfu
vFkok viu la?k"kZ&'kfDr dsa ifjiDo d;yfu] ls lkQ Hk* d* fgudk yksdfud
miU;kl es vk;yA ukjh nsg vk vkRe&LFkkiud leL;k fgudk yksdfud miU;kl
es mkjkskj eq[kj gksbr xsyA ;k=khd ts uorqfjvk iwoZorhZ ih<+hd <ksax] ik[kaM
vk :f<+ la yfM+d, vksfg ij fot; izkIr dsyd] ls lqkka'k 'ks[kj pkSkjh] thodkar]
izHkkl] xaxs'k xqatu] foHkwfr] iznhi] uohu pkSkjh] m"kkfdj.k [kku izHk`frd miU;kl
es ;qxkeZ vk ;qxpd tkar es filk; ykxyA lektd f'k{kk i)frd vkarfjd
Qksad vk ,dj lM+y&xUgk;y vkar la mBSr nqxk fgudk yksdfud fr es
uhd tdka fpf=kr HksyA xaxs'k xqatud ^ifgy yksd* ,d fn'k f'k{kk vjtus
uorqfjvkd O;Fkk dgSr vfN] ra ekdZ.Ms; izoklhd ^vfHk;ku*] f'k{kk&ekfQ;k
dfod nUr dFkkA foHkwfrd ^xke lquxSr* f'kf{kr uo;qodd vkUnksyuh izo`fkd
xqRFkh lks>jkcSr vfN] ra iznhid ^folwfo;l* vkanksyud kkjk ij iwathd ikfu
Qsadckd foo'krk icSr vfNA uohu pkSkjhd ^ckV vk cVksgh* oSokfgd folaxfr
dsa fViSr vfN ra m"kkfdj.k [kkud ^vuqkfjr* vk ^nwokZ{kr* loZFkk v{kr] vNwr
fo"k; dsa Loj nSr vfNA tsuk fd pkZ Hk* pqdy vfN] oSokfgd leL;k ij izkjaHks
la miU;kl fy[kkbr NyA eqnk uoe n'kd es vkfc d, t[ku vb fo"k; ij
bZ iqLrd vk,y] ra loZFkk uo xak] Lokn vk Hkafxek eSfFkyh miU;kld xq.kokkd
izfr vk'oLr dsydA Lora=k Hkkjrd tkxzr] eqnk fujhg Hkw[kaM es iSarkyhl o"kZd
Lokkhurkd vonku lkSan;Z ckskd ekunaM dsa dksu vFks for d;yd vfN]
rdj Cyw&fizaV fFkd bZ lHk miU;klA
O;klthd ^nw&i=k* uo f'kYid iz;ksxkRed miU;kl fFkd] tkfg es nw
laLfrd jLlkdLlh es dkr ykxSr ;qod vk Hkkjrh; ukjhd ekU;rk Li"V Hksy
vfNA jpukdkjd n`f"V Qydd bZ foLrkj eSfFkyh miU;kl dsa ,d Vk uo psruk
nsyd vfNA ^ejhfpdk* miU;kl es fyyh js okZeku lanHkZ la cgqr ikNw tk
d* lkearh O;oLFkkd lekykspuk d;yfuA ^iVk{ksi* es uDlyoknh vkanksyu
dsa ego nsfugkfj fyyh js] ^ejhfpdk* es lkearh laLdkjd xq.kkoxq.kd fo'ys"k.k
[kwc euks;ksx la d;yfuA fo"k;d Lrj ij vrhrxkeh fgudj n`f"V f'kYi vk
fo'ys"k.kd Lrj ij vxzxkeh dgy t;rfuA
eSfFkyh miU;kl ysy uoe n'kd cgqr [kjkc ekuy tk;r] n'ke ra
,dnEesA eSfFkyh miU;kld osx ,fg rjgsa vo#) gks;c nq[kdj fFkdA vkBe
n'kdd i'pkr~ miU;kldkj yksdfu dsa viu n`f"Vdks.k dsa vkj foLrkj nsckd
volj HksVyfu] rdj lnqi;ksx gks;ckd pkgh NyA iafMr tuknZu >k ^tulhnu*
la iznhi fcgkjh vk uohu pkSkjhd miU;kl ys[kud ;k=kk e eSfFkyh miU;kl
dsa trsd fo"k;&foLrkj] f'kYi&iz;ksx] fcac&fokku] lkSan;Z&cksk vkfn nsyd] ls
68 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vkxwd miU;kl ys[ku ysy izsj.kkd ksr fFkdA ukjh thoud nSU; la pyy
fo"k;d Qyd foLr`r gksbr&gksbr] vkanksyu vk kafr kfj igqafp xsy] ijap
,[ku kfj miU;kl fokk] eSfFkyh es viu kk[k uba tek ldyA
1993 es xksfoUn >kd ^fo|kifrd vkRedFkk* vk 1995 es m"kkfdj.k
[kkud ^glhuk eafty* uab vk,y jfgr, ra orZeku 'krkCnhd vafre n'kdd
bTtfr uba cfpr,A ,rsd miyfCkd i'pkrks chp&chp es ,uk xcnh ekjc
eSfFkyh miU;kld ysy v'kqHk lwpuk fFkdA ,gh n'kd es xksfoUn >k fyf[kr
^fo|kifrd vkRedFkk* ,sfrgkfld miU;kl fFkdA Lo;a fo|kifr, dsa ik=k cuk
d, gqudfg la gqudj thouh dgkvksy xsy vfNA ^glhuk eafty* miU;kl
dSd vFks egoiw.kZ vfNA eSfFkyh jpukd uk;d&ukf;dk lkekU;r;k eqfLye
laiznk; la uba vcSr vfNA yfyr vkfd jktdey lu vioknd x.kuk uba
gks ! Hkk"kk lsgks ik=kd vuqdwy vk fo"k; rFkk fo"k;d lax jpukdkjd O;ogkj
eeRoiw.kZ vfNA ekuoh; lacak vk ekuo thoud =kklnh ,r, ekfeZd <axsa mHkjy
vfNA
eSfFkyhd leLr miU;kl vk miU;kldkjd ppkZ djc] vkc ,d Vk fucak
es laHko ufg jfg xsy vfN] rSvks bZ dgys Vk tk;r] ts eSfFkyh dfork vk
dFkkd rqyuk es miU;kl cM+ iNqvk;y vfNA ,fg fokk es vkjks uo&uo iz;ksx
dsa iqf"V nsckd iz;kstu NSdA
vktqd eSfFkyh dfork @ 69
vktqd eSfFkyh dfork
'krkCnhd pkfje n'kdd iwokZ)Z chrSr&chrSr fgUnh lkfgR; es Nk;koknd Vkax
;qxhu Hkkockskd Hkkj ogu es yM+[kM+k, ykxy NyA 1935 es bZ- ,e- QkLVZjd
lHkkifrRo es isfjl es izksxzsflo jkbVlZ ,lksfl,'kud izFke vfkos'ku HksyA ;wjksih;
ns'kd ysy bZ dky vksfg fLFkfrd fFkd] t[ku vksrqDdk lekt es vk lkfgR;
es ,d izdkjd fLFkjrk vkfc xsy NyA ,gh ne?kksaVw okrkoj.k dsa QjhN djck
ysy vksrqDdk jpukdkj yksdfu izxfrd ukjk nsyfuA 1936 d yxkfr Hkkjrgq
es Nk;koknd fodkl FkfEg xsy Ny vk dfo yksdfu uwru fopkjkfHkO;fDrd
ek;e rkd* yxykgA egkdfo fujkyk fcuk dksuks ?kks"k.kkd] dfork dsa cgqthoud
Nfo ekfu d, lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dsa viu jpuk es ifgufg la izJ; nsc, ykxy
NykgA eqYdjkt vkuUn vk lTtkn tghjd iz;kl la 1936 es izsepUnd v;{krk
es y[ku es izxfr'khy ys[kd la?kd ifgy vfkos'ku HksyA ,gh le;karjky
es Hkqouth] eSfFkyh dfork es uohu Hkkoukd LFkkiuk d* d, izxfr'khyrkd
ukjk cqyan d* nsyfuA 1936 es fgudj ^vk"kk<+* dfork&laxzg izdkf'kr HksyA
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d uSlfxZd l`tukehZ dfo yksdfu ijra=k Hkkjrd foHkhf"kdkd
vafre {k.k dsa HkksxyfuA ,Egj Hkkjr es Lora=krkd fdfj.k QwVy] vksEgj turk
}kjk Lora=krkd Qwtr clkr es mUeqDr lkal ysckd vkdka{kk iksfl ysc ,dne
LokHkkfod NyA ls yksd ikslus NyA eSfFkyhd dfo yksdfud vf}rh; izfrHkk
rrck iz[kj Ny ts lekU; tuthoud O;kdqyrk] vdqykgfV] fujk'kk vkfn dsa
fpUgck&cq>ck es dksuks dksrkgh ufg jgfuA
LokHkkfod ckr fFkd] ts dksuks vkanksyud usr`Ro xuys&xwFky yksd lEgkjSr
NfFkA vk] vkanksyud lQyrkd i'pkr~ vke tuthou vksfg oxZ dsa tulsod
ekfu viu usr`Ro gqudfg yksdfud gkFk es lkSafi nSr vfNA ls Hkkjrks es HksyA
ns'k Lora=k HksyA ukxfjd viu vkdka{kk iwfrZd izfr vk'oLr HksyA eqnk jktusrk
70 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
oxZ es nkuorkd izos'k] Ny&Nn~ed chtkjksi.k] LokFkZd izknqHkkZo lkkd laxfg
Hk* xsyA yksd fujk'k] mnkl vk {kqCk Hk* xsyA ek=k vksdj eksgHkaxs Vk] gksbr,]
ra ,d ckr Ny( vIiu ns'k vk Hkk"kkd yksd }kjk lHk vukpkj gksbr nsf[kd,
vks Xykfud egkleqnz es Mwc, ykxyA QyLo:i tks'k&[kjks'kd cnyk vksdjk
dq.Bk nkc* ykxyA lkk oxZ dsa ,dVk uhd ckV vkvksj lq>yfuA vgh xeZ
yksg ij pksV djc mfpr cq>,yfuA vHkko vk csdkjhd l`tu vkjaHk d* nsyfuA
dkt d,fugkj dsa dkt ufg vk inklhu dsa f;k'khyrk ufgA ?kwl] cSekuh]
'kks"k.k f{kiz xfr,a ijkdk"Bk fn'k Hkkx* ykxyA tu&thou vkvksj cslh detksj
gksbr xsyA ,gus fonzwi O;oLFkk es eSfFkyhd uo dforkd fodkl HksyA
eSfFkyh es ,[ku ts dfork fy[ky tk jgy vfN] rdj ewy ^Loj* vk
^izo`fk* tkfg egRoiw.kZ ckr dsa js[kkafdr djSr vfN] ls fFkd tufgr fojkskh
ekU;rk vk O;oLFkkd [kaMu] tu'kfDrd izfr vkLFkk vk foKkud lq[kn] 'kqHkn
vonku la le`) Hkfo";d vk'kkA vktqd eSfFkyh dfo ts lks dfo NfFk viu
ijaijk] viu ifjos'k vk ns'k&nqfu;kad rktk&rjhu fodkl&ifjokZu la voxr
NfFkA vUgkj ?kj es lkai uba ekjS NfFk vFkok vkUgj vkaf[k,a lw;Z ns[kckd ykylk
uba djS NfFkA rsa] vktqd eSfFkyh dforkd ewy Loj vks,g fFkd] ts ,[ku ns'kd
vku dksuks le`) Hkk"kkd Loj vfNA vkUgj vkaf[k,a vFkok vUgkj es ykBh
py,ckd ykSy] ts yksdfu d* jgykg vfN eSfFkyh es cgqr xksV, ,gsu d*
jgykg vfN ls vusjs ykxy NfFkA nkslj kakk djrkg ra cslh fVdrkgA
^eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl* es tkfg fo}ku yksdfud er dky foHkktu
ij izdV Hksyfu vfN] gqudj rdZ es vksrcks laxfr uba vfN trck ,d Vk
xk; vk ,d Vk eghal dsa nw Hkkb es ckaV* dky xked iap lc j[kS NfFkA fdudgq
ftEek es vkfndky] e;dky] vkkqfud dkyd izkjaHk vk vard ysy dksuks rdZ
ufg NfuA vb es la dfork dsa NkafV d, xi djck dky fo|kifrd i'pkr~
ifgy eksM+ pUnk >kd vksr, ns[kkb iM+S vfNA vksuk Hkk"kk vk fo"k; ifjokZud
n`f"V,a eucksk lsgks viuk <axsa uohu lkfcr HksykgA eqnk tu psruk vk tu
thoud fp=k fo|kifrd i'pkr~ pUnk >kd lkfgR; es uo djkSV QsjydA
Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou*d l`tu&lalkj es bZ ifjokZu uo fn'kk idM+ydA Qsj
;k=kh] jktdey vk r[ku vkxwd dfox.kA eqnk le;&le; ij eSfFkyh dkO;
;k=kk es vks,g vdeZ.;rk vk ijthfork vcSr jgy vfN ts vke eSfFkyd
LoHkko es vfNA vFkkZr~ nw&ih<+h] pkfj ih<+hd ckn [kkunku es dsvks deklqr
tufe xsy] vfxyk fdNq larfr vksgh Vksisa thfc ySr vfNA fdNq uo djckd
vFkok viuk cysa djckd lkgl uba tqVcS NfFkA nknk dsa gkFkh Ny] nyku ij
flDdfM+ Vkaxy v,A vb es lc la yM+HkM+k,y fLFkfr jgy pUnk >k la Hkqouth
vktqd eSfFkyh dfork @ 71
gksbr ;k=kh&jktdey kfjA vb pkfj uked vykok drksd ukeh&miukeh dfo
vb varjky es eSfFkyh es HksykgA eqnk dhrZu&Hktu vk mfprh&Mgdud vykok
fdudgq ;ku lkfgfR;d xfrdrk fn'k uba xsyA lhrkjke >k] dk'khdkUr feJ
^ekqi*] ra=kukFk >k vk dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k* dsa vb vLFkkHkj la vyx d,y
t,ckd pkghA
eksVk&eksVh ta xi 'kq#g d,y tk, ra izxfr'khy ys[kd la?kd ifgy
vfkos'ku ts Hkkjr es Hksy] rdj ckn fofHkUu lkfgR;d yksd] dkO; kkjk es
vkanksyu vk ifjokZu lHkd uke nsc, yxykg( Nk;kokn] izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn]
ubZ dfork] vdfork] ledkyhu dfork vkfn&vkfn uked vuqokn gksv, ykxyA
eqnk vly xi bZ fFkd ts eSfFkyh es bZ lcVk ckr xe vfNA pUnk >k la
Hkqou gksbr ;k=kh&jktdey kfjd eSfFkyh dforkd ifjokZu&izo`fk dksuks Hkk"kkd
jpukdkj dsa pkSadk ldSr vfNA ta vkaf[k jfgrfu ra ^Lojxakkd* izdk'ku ij
ukd equfugkj miukeh dfo dsa vkcks xksar&xkscj xhfM+ d, izk;f'pr dj*d
pkfgvfuA gqudk yksdfud o'k pfyrfu ra eSfFkyh dsa vks ,[kugqa dhrZu Hktud]
lkfgR; cukSus jfgrfFkA ts&ls---
vly es pUnk >kd lkfgR; es ns'k&n'kk vk vke tuthoud ts Nfo
ns[kkb iM+SN] Hkqoud xhfr vk dfork es vks [ku Nk;kokn vk [ku izxfroknd
mijkSa> gksv, yxSr vfNA ;k=khd ^fp=kk* la ,dVk lekkuy Msx mBy vk
jktdeyd ^Lojxakk* ra ,dckbxs] cgqr&cgqr iNqvk,y eSfFkyh dfork dsa ^fp=kk*
la ts vkkqfudrk HksVy NySd] rdjk v|ru d* nsydSA vFkkZr~ ngst vk fc;kg
vk iwtk ikB ij QdM+k&Mgdu lu pht fy[kckd izo`fkd laHkouk cukSfugkj
dfo lc kkud HkqLlh tdka csjk xsykgA
Lojxakkd izdk'kud i'pkrks cgqr fnu kfj eSfFkyh dfork es jktuhfrd
le> cgqr fojy jgyA eSfFkyh es jktdeyd dfork es ra ufg,a] ;kf=k;ksd
dfork es jktuhfrd tkx:drk ufg,a tdka NyA ijofrZ;ks dkyd fdNq, dfod
fdNq, dfork es jktuhfrd psruk eq[kj HksyA ek;kuUn] xaxs'k xqatu] thodkar]
egkizdk'k vk egsUnzd vksr, jktuhfrckskd fdNq dfork HksV, ykxyA vkBe
n'kd es tkfg l'kDr ih<+hd dfo viu ifgpku cuk ldykg] gqudk la bZ
f'kdkbr ufg d,y tk ldS,A ;k=kh vk jktdeyd iz;klsa eSfFkyh dfork trck
v|ru Hk* ldy rkfg es js[kkafdr dj* tksxj bZ ;ksxnku fFkd ts bZ uohure
ih<+h fefFkykd {ks=kh; vk ikfjokfjd] lkekftd leL;kd vfrfjDr jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh;
?kVukp vk oSKkfud ;qxd vke.k rFkk vonku dsa lsgks egRo nsydA
QyLo:i eSfFkyh dfork vkb oLrq&cksk] Hkko&cksk vk Hkk"kk&cksk lHk rjgsa
v|ru vfN vk dksuks Hkk"kk dsa dnerky n* ldSr vfNA vfr iz;ksx'khy g,ckd
72 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
[krjk ,dkk jpukdkj dsa vo'; vfNA eSfFkyh dforkd ra vks fdNq uba fcxkfM+
ldfFku] gqudj vo'; fcxfM+ tsrfuA
vkb eSfFkyh es ts dfork fy[kk jgy vfN] rdj gejk cq>us dksuks ukedj.k
uba g,ckd pkghA vgh izf;k la lkfgR; es tkfrokn] oxZokn] fyaxokn vk
lewgokn vk,y vfNA dfork] dfork gksbr vfN vk lc le;d dfork viuk
le;d ledkyhu gksbr vfNA lkfgR; viuk le;d vke turkd ledkyhu
gksbr vfN] vke turkd fpko`fkd okgd gksbr vfNA ,djk viu ;qxcksk
la ifjiw.kZ ledkyhu dfork dgy t,ckd pkghA dksuks vku rjgd ukedj.k
uba d* d, eSfFkyh dsa Hkkoh [krjk la cpkvksy tk,ckd pkghA vksfguk ra dSd
[krjk f?k jgy NfFk cspkjhA
fodkld e nh?kZ Hksyk la vkdyu cM+k tfVy Hk* tkbr vfNA fpEiSath
la fodflr euq";d fodkle ij ds fo'okl djr \ eqnk lR; ra fFkd !
Hkk"kkd fodkl e dksuks vFks vb la lgt uba vfNA ^lkglh* 'kCnd iz;ksx
ywfV&ekfj d,fugkj ysy gksbr Ny] ls ds fo'okl djr \ lk<+s Nvks l; c[kZd
ijaijk es la ge dh xzg.k d,ygqa vk drsd dksu fcanq dsa fodflr d,ygqa(
Hkkr vkfd nkfy mfkv,yk la mNySr >iuk nsf[k d, jsy baftu cuk ldygqa-
--c dfBu vfN dgcA ts vfN vk tr, vfN] ls us ra 'kq) :i la ijaijk
fFkd] us 'kq) :i la iz;ksxA lHkVk iz;ksx] viu ifNyk iz;ksxd fodkl gksbr
vfNA vFkkZr~ viu iwoZorhZd miyfCk es ;ksxnku nSr vfNA esaMyhQ dsj vkokZ
rkfydk vksfg :i es Hk*, tbrfu] fcuk iwoZorhZ rkfydkd ifj.kke ns[kus] ls
dgc dfBu vfNA dforksd lacak es bZ ckr lR; vfNA lkfgR;d fodkle]
fjysjs'k fFkd ! iwoZorhZ tr, kfj e'kky igqapk nsyfu] vuqtorhZ rdj vkxw
igqapkSrkgA cslh izfrHkk gsrfu ra fdNq tYnh vk fdNq cslh nwj kfj igqapk nsrkgA
;qx ;FkkFkZ vktqd jpukdkjd jDr es jfp&ifp xsy vfNA bZ yksdfu
ekuoh; var% ihM+k dsa fo"kik;h ln`'k ihyfu vfNA ,fg var% ihM+k la mfcvk,y
euq";d dNeNh] viu leLr nqnZ'kk ij duSr vk vksdjk viu fu;fr cucSr
euq";d iqlaoghurk vFkok foo'krk] O;fDr&O;fDr dsa vyx djckd "kM~;a=k]
ekuo&ewY;d yksi vkfn lai.w kZ ifjn`';] fgudk yksdfud n`f"V Qyd la xqtjy
vfNA bZ leLr fLFkfr lekt&lR; vk ;qx&lkis{k vfNA ,djk vfrjaftr d*
d, dkYifud cu,ckd cSekuh] bZekunkj vk lewgd izfr fu"Bkoku jpukdkj
ufg d* ldykgA b,g ufg d* ldckd vknfr fgudj dfo dsa vke ikBdd
chp iS?k cucSr vfN vk jpuk dsa 'kk'or cucSr vfNA
izo`fkxr fo'ys"k.k djSr vktqd dfork la ekuod izHksn lHk ts cgjkbr
vfN] rkfg es la ,dVk oxZ vks oxZ fFkd] ts lnfr dky viu LokFkZ&lkkukd
eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izo`fk @ 73
fufek "kM~;a=k jpSr jgSr vfNA tu'kfDrd ijked vkHkkl gqudk jgSr NfuA
rsa vks O;fDrd vkfRed ln~Hkko dsa [kafMr djckd ysy d[kugqa pwd, ufg
pkgSr NfFkA
vktqd dfork vk dfo] lekt] jktuhfr vk foKku rhuw [kaM la ifjfpr
vfNA f"k] okf.kT; vk iz'kklud rarq vk raf=kdk lHk la voxr NfFkA izfrHkkd
rdZiw.kZ lnqi;ksx ysy dfo vk lektd foosd dkt djrA ,dSle 'krkCnhd
lagkjd dYiukd ts ik[kaM fdNq kui'kq vk jktuhfrd lka<+ lHk ilkjyfu vfN]
oSKkfud miknkud tkfg tksf[ke vk miyfCkd laHkkouk vfN] jktuhfrd u`'kalrk
rFkk iz'kklfud Hkz"Vkpkjd ts vksj&Nksj vfN] lkekftd i'kqrkd ts dksuks Lo:i
vfN---vktqd dfo vksfg lHk laHkkoukd izfr lpsr] foosd'khy] lqcq) vk rSukr
NfFkA vk] tsa fd dfo] rSukr NfFk] rsa vktqd dforkd vNSr] vcSr 'krkCnhd
lekt vk le;] nqeqZ[k vk nqoZfk la cpy jgr] rdj fo'okl d,y tk ldSr
vfNA
eSfFkyh dfors fd,s] eSfFkyhd laiw.kZ lkfgR;d lhek fFkd ts vks us i<+y
tkbr vfN vk us vksdj ewY;kadu gksbr vfNA lacakokn] Ldwyokn] oxZokn]
tkfrokn la eSfFkyh lkfgR; eqDr gksv, ls iz;kl d,y t,ckd pkghA
eSfFkyhd dfox.k dsa ,[ku kfj ,rsd lkgl uba HksySd vfN] ts dksuks
ikBd vFkok leh{kdd lR;opu lwfu fyv,A ta nwVk izfrfufk dfod uke
iwNy tk,] vk dfg nsy tk, ;k=kh] jktdeyA ra eSfFkyhd xqeuke dfo NVadh
yky uksu lkrq ckfUg d, iVuk LVs'ku ij Bk<+ jgrkg ts ^iVuk mrfjrs uohu
dsa Qkalh p<+k nscfuA gej uke NksfM+ d, jktdeyd uke ysyfu vfN ! dfork
cw>, vcS Nfu \*---
dgckd ysy ra cgqr fdNq jgSr NSd] Lo;a uokxarqd jgSr] viugqa la
cslh uokxarqd ysy ,dVk 'kkyhu lykg ts eSfFkyh jpukdkjd Ldwyckth la
cpfFkA fd,sd ra eSfFkyh lkfgR;d loZuk'k djck ysy iz.kc) ts Ldwy
lsUVjykbTM Ny] rdj czkap vkc dSd Bke [kqft xsy NSdA rRdky pedckd
gksbu ra vksb Ldwy lHk es nhf{kr gksfFkA eqnk ta eksu la fdNq dj, pkgSr NfFk]
ra lkfgfR;d "kM~;a=k la cpfFkA eSfFkyh es ,dj] vFkkZr~ ,fg ,M~l dsj i;kZIr
laHkkouk NSdA
74 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izofk
loZfofnr ckr vfN] ts lkfgR;d vku dksugqa fokk la csl jeuxj fokk ukVd
fFkdA n`';kRed vk JO;kRed viu nquw {kerkd dkj.kfga ,dj Js"Brk
Lohdkjy xsy vfN izk;%A oLrqr% viu vgh fo'ks"krkd dkj.ksa bZ izs{kdd ysy
vR;fkd n;xzkgh izHkkoksRiknd vk laizs"k.kh; cfu tkbr vfN ! izk;% rsa] vkpk;Z
yksdfu ,dj jE;rk dsa LohdkjSr dgus NfFk ^dkO;s"kq ukVda jE;e~*A fdar]q
ukVdd ts rhuVk vfuok;Z vax vfN oLrq] usrk] jl rkfg es oLrq] ,gsu
vkkkjHkwr rF; fFkd] ts ukVdd es#naM ekuy xsy vfNA pwafd ,r, cgqr
O;k[;k djckd lkodk'k ufg vfN] rsa eksVk&eksVh bZ ekfu d, pyckd fFkd]
ts ukVdd dFkkoLrq,] oLrq fFkdA vkkqfud eSfFkyh ukVd es dFkk&rod ekns
fdNq izo`fk ewyd fo'ys"k.kkRed xIi djck la iwoZ la{ksi es dFkkoLrqd lS)kafrd
ifjHkk"kk dsa ,d utfj nsf[k ysc vuqi;qDr ufg gSrA
dFkkoLrqd mi;ksx ukVddkj yksdfu izkjaHk la tsuk djSr v,ykg vfN]
rdjk vkpk;Z yksdfu O;qRifkd fglkcsa rhu dksfV es caVus NfFk iz[;kr] mRik|
vk fefJrA vfguk O;ogkjd n`f"Vdks.ksa lsgks lwP;] JO; vk n`'; rhu dksfV
es caVus NfFkA iqu% ,dj HksnksiHksn vfN] eqnk] ls gej vHkh"V ufgA
eSfFkyh es ekSfyd :isa ukVd&ys[ku] okZeku 'krkCnhd laxfga izkjaHk HksyA
1904 bZ- es thou >kd ^lqanj&la;ksx* izdk'k es vk,yA rfgvk la ngkbd ngkb
ukVd vcSr xsy] eqnk] ,d ra lekykspdd chp ppkZ es xuy&xwFky ukVd
jgy vk nkslj] ts tulkekU;d chp vksdj la[;k vkvksjks dfe xsyA gejk
cq>us ,dj ekSfyd dkj.k nw Vk Hksy ukV~; oLrq vk ukV~;oLrqd miLFkkiu 'kSyhA
oLrqr% dFkkoLrqd tkfg nw rjgsa HksnksiHksn mij ns[kkvksy xsy vfN] ls vkc leh{kkd
vkkkj ufg cfu ldSr vfNA izkjaHk es dksuks iz[;kr dFkk ij] ,sfrgkfld vFkok
ikSjkf.kd vk[;ku ij vFkok euksjatdrk mRiUu djck ysy dksuks eux<+ar dFkk
eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izo`fk @ 75
ij vFkok nquw dsa feykd, ukVdd dFkkoLrq rS;kj d,y tkbr NyA vksgh
es fdNq ,gsu 'kq"d vFkok v'yhy va'k ta jgSr Ny] ra rdjk fo"kdaHkd] izos'kd]
pwfydk vkfn }kjk izR;{k vFkok ijks{k :isa lwfpr d* nsy tkbr NyA eqnk]
vkc ;qxd ekax ls ufg vfNA
vkc izs{kdd thou trck O;Lr vk oSfo;iw.kZ Hk* xsy vfN] foMacukd
rsgsu&rsgsu mRd"kZ vks Hkksfx pqdy vfN] ;kruk vk leL;kd ladh.kZ lqjax la
rrsd csj vkck&tkgh d* pqdy vfN] ts yksd#fp es fo'kky ifjokZu vkfc
xsy vfN] vifjfer ifjokZuA vkc ukVd es yksd vudj dFkk ufg] viu
dFkk ns[k, pkgSr vfN] viu thou&izf;k rdSr vfN] ukVdd eapu es viuk
dsa rdSr vfN] oLrqr% vksrck dky vks ukVd ns[kSr ufg NfFk] ukVd HkksxSr
NfFkA ,fg ifjizs{; es ukVdd dFkkoLrq es uorkd vis{kk NySd] tdjk de
xksV, fpUgyfuA QyLo:i ukVddkjd :i es foiqy yksdfiz;rk de xksV,
dsa HksVyfuA thou >k vkfd ykynkld ukVdd mis{kk] rsa d,y tk jgy vfN]
ls ufgA ls ra bZ dgy tsckd pkgh] ts bZ yksdfu vksfg le; es ukVd fokk
es ts iz;ksx d,yfu] ls b,g d* ldSr Nykg] eSfFkyh ukVd dsa bZ izkjaHk vkvksj
dsvks dgka nsyfu \
oLrqr% okZeku 'krkCnhd izos'k ,dVk >a>kokrd lax HksyA ekuo thoud
ckkarj cgqr f{kiz xfr,a ifjofrZr gksv, ykxyA yksd#fpd jsl rrsd rst
xfr la Hksy] ts cgqr de le; es yksd iwtk&ikB] 'kkL=k&iqjk.k] fo'okl] :f<+
vkfn la eqfDr y* d, tu&thoud nSU;] vksdj ;krukd i`"Bkkkjd vUos"k.k
vkfn ij vkfc xsyA ,fg fLFkfr es fdNq jpukdkj viu drksd foo'krkd
dkj.ksa viu iqjku lhek la ufg cgj,ykgA mij dFkkoLrqd tkfg rhu dksfVd
iz[;kr] mRik| vk fefJr ppkZ Hksy vfN] ls vktqd dFkkoLrqd foHkktud
izf;k ufg Hk* ldSr vfNA vktqd ukVdd dFkkoLrq dsa thouewyd n`f"Vdks.k
la foHkkftr d,y tk ldSr vfNA eqnk] ls foHkktu dFkh ysy \
eSfFkyh es uhd tdka vkkqfud ukVd fy[kckd iqjtksj mRlkg dus eus
1960d i'pkrs ns[ky tkbr vfNA ,fg la iwoZ eSfFkyh ukVdd dFkkro osn]
iqjk.k] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr bfrgkl vkfn la mBkvksy tkbr Ny vk LFkkfir yhd
ij eSfFkyh;gq es ukVd fy[kk tkbr NyA vksuk ,fg dky es rhu xksV ukVddkjd
uke J)kiwoZd ysy tsckd pkfgvfu] ftudk vksgh dky es] ekuo&thou es
ukV~; oLrq HksfV xsyfuA bZ yksdfu NfFk eq'a kh j?kquUnu nkl fefFkyk ukVd]
bZ'kukFk >k phuhd yM~Mw vk xksfoUn >k clkrA ewyr% bZ dgy tk,] ts
bZ rhuw ukVddkj tkfg rjgsa dF; vk f'kYi nquw Lrj ij eSfFkyh ukVd es uohurk
Hkjyfu] rdjs vkxw foLrkj HksyA ,fg rhuw ukVdd dFkk ro ledkyhu lektd
76 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
fLFkfr&ifjfLFkfrd rkuh&Hkjuh la cquy xsyA lkekftd tkxj.k] bZ";kZ vk }s"ko'k
ekuo&gR;kd "kM~;a=k vk oSokfgd vlarqf"Vd izdj.k la mBy leL;k vkfnd
fp=k.k je.kh; <ax la ,fg ukVd lHk es vkfc ldy vfNA fgudk yksdfud
vf}rh; vonku bZgks ekuy tk,r] ts dFkk&ro dsa bZ yksdfu rrck eatyfu]
ts lgt :isa eafpr g,ckd 'kSyh es fy[k,ck la ,dj izk.kro v{kq..ks jgyA
vksuk] 1960d i'pkr~ lsgks fefFkyk foHkwfr vkfnd thoud [kaM&fo'ks"k
ij vkkkfjr dFkk ro cquy xsyA eqnk ,fg dky es cjkscfj ppkZd e es
ts ukVddkj yksdfu jgy NfFk] ls NfFk lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjh] cztfd'kksj oekZ
^ef.kin~e*] xksfoUn >k] ufpdsrk] xaxs'k xqatu] egsUnz eyafx;k] foHkwfr vkuUn]
vjfoUn vDdw] yYyu izlkn Bkdqj izHk`frA
ef.kin~ed rhu xksV ukVd ^daBgkj*] ^>qedh* vk ^rslj dfu;ka* vkfn
ppkZd e es vcSr vfNA rhuw ukVdd ys[ku vk izdk'ku dky fHkUu&fHkUu
vfNA ^daBgkj*] fo|kifrd dFkk ij vkkkfjr ukVd fFkdA vU; nquw ukVdd
dFkkrRo ukVddkj lekt la mBkSus NfFkA ef.kin~ed nsu] eSfFkyh lkfgR;d
ysy 'kk'or :isa vuqies; jgrA eqnk ukV~;f'kYid Lrj ij ef.kin~e ,fg ukVd
lHk es vlQyre ukVddkjd :i es ifjyf{kr gksbr NfFkA ga] fgudj jpukd
la[;k c<+sck dky ,fg ukVd lHk dsa xfu ysc mfprs g,rA ^rslj dfu;ka*
ngst lu ?kly&ihVy fo"k; ij fy[ky xsy ukVd fFkd] tdj dFkk&ro dsa
cquck es ef.kin~e vlkkkj.k =kqfV lHk d,us NfFkA ^>qedh*d dFkkro lsgks
rkfg nks"k la cpy ufg vfNA
oLrqr% ^dFkk&ro* ukVdd jh<+ fFkd ls ckr vlxjs dFkk&ro la
fu"ikfnr ufg Hk* tkbr vfNA ukVd dsa tk kfj ukV~;&f'kYi] pfj=k&fp=k.k]
dFkksidFku] ?kVuk ladyu] jl&ifjikd vkfn rod iw.kZ lg;ksx ufg HksVrSd]
dFkk&ro mRd"kZ ufg ikfc ldrA vk r[ku] t[ku fd ukVdd jh<+s detksj
jgr] ukVd lks> Hk* d, dksuk cSlr \ vksdjk dwcj cgj,cs djrSdA ef.kin~ed
ukVdd ,d ra dFkk&ros ttZj Nfu] rkfg ij vksdj leLr lg;ksxh ro
viuk&viuk fn'kk es tkbr NfuA rsa fgudj ukVd es lxjs dwcj cgjk,y
NfuA gjne cq>kbr jgSr vfN] tsuk ukVd es bZ va'k ukVdh;rk vku* ysy
nsy xsy vfNA
lqkka'kq 'ks[kj pkSkjhd ^HkQkbr pkgd ftuxh*] ^ysVkbr vkapj* vk ^ifgy
lka>* rhuw ukVd lkre n'kdd ckns izdk'k es vk,yA eSfFkyhd vkkqfud
ukVddkjd :i es vksb dky kfjd iw.kZ lQy ukVddkj 'ks[kj vf}rh;
ukV~;&dkS'ky d ekfyd NfFkA fgudj ukVdd izs{k.k] vuq'khyu] eSfFkyh ukV~;
ys[kud ysy pqukSrh ufg] izsj.kknk;d ksr cfu ldSr vfN] tr, ,d&,d
eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izo`fk @ 77
Vk ukV~; ro viu ekSfydrkd lax mifLFkr vfNA rhuw ukVdd dFkkro
lkekftd ifjos'k es cquy xsy vfNA csjkstxkjh] ngstd dqizHkko vk ih<+hd
varjky ij eSfFkyh;gq es vk vkugq lkfgR; es drksd jpuk Hksy vfNA
eqnk ,fg fo"k; dsa ns[kckd n`f"Vdks.k jpukdkj dsgsu j[kSr NfFk] bZ cgqr
egoiw.kZ ckr gksbr vfNA n`f"Vdks.kd b,g ekSfydrk] b,g uwrurk iqjkuks fo"k;
la foy{k.k dF; fudkfy vuSr vfNA 'ks[kj] ,fg rhuw fo"k; la fof'k"V dF;d
usuq cgkj d,us NfFkA vk vksfg dF; dsa lok'k :isa izs{kd kfj igqapk nsckd
ysy tsgsu foy{k.k dFkk x<+us NfFk] rsa fgudj vlkkkj.k izfrHkk] dF; vk f'kYid
ekSfydrkd ifjpk;d fFkdA NksV&NksV okD; foU;kld lax y?kqlaokn] lgt
'kCnkoyhd iz;ksx] lgt midFkk ,oa ?kVuk ladyu] ik=kd lgt vfHkf;k ,oa
lgt pkfjf=kd fodkl vkfnd enfr la ukVddkj ,fg ukVd lHkd dFkk&ro
dsa LoLFk vk lkeF;Zoku cukSus NfFkA dFkkd dF; ;qxkuqdwy <axsa mBkvksy xsy
vfNA l`ftr csdkjhd leL;k es lfjlks tdka filkbr ;qok ih<+hd laiw.kZ euksn'kk
dsa izrhdkRedrkd lax |ksfrr djc] ngst&yksyqi O;fDrd izfrf;koknh vfHkf;k
la mn~Hkwr nk#.k leL;k vk nw ih<+hd ekufld Lrj es gksbr ;q)] 'kkyhurkd
vkoj.k r*j O;fFkr gksbr O;fDrd euksn'kkd fp=k.k vkfn&vkfn] 'ks[kjd ukVdd
dFkkro dsa mRd"kZ nSr vfNA dFkk&rod lkS"Bo es f'kYid dsgsu ego gksbr
vfN] rdjs mkj fFkd 'ks[kjd ukVdA fgudj ukVdd dFkk&ro cj[k] nw cj[kd
thou la Nkfu d, ufg vkuy xsy vfNA oLrqr% trck dky izs{kd fgudj
ukVd dsa Hkksx,] rrcfg dkyd ?kVuk iw.kZ dkS'ky la fgudk ukVd es fpf=kr
jgSr vfN ls fgudj ukV~; f'kYi vk dFkk foU;kld vfrfjDr xq.k fFkdA
xksfoUn >kd oDrO;] ^eSfFkyh es vkkqfud ukVdd tUe---izkphu ukVd lHkd
xHkZ la ufg] cfYd vksdj lekfk ij Hksy vfN* fgudfg ukVdd ysy lok'k
es lR; gksbr vfNA 'ks[kj] vkkqfud eSfFkyh ukVdd dFkk&ro dsa loZFkk uohu
fn'kk nsus NfFk vk ,djk lHk vFks eapksi;ksxh cuk,ckd ckV iz'kLr d,us NfFkA
bZ nqHkkZX; fFkd] ts iNkfr dky es [kwc ukVd fy[kk,y] eqnk vfkdka'k ukVddkj
'ks[kjd cSfj;j kfj igqafp ufg ldy NfFkA
^clkr* ukVd fyf[k d, eSfFkyh ukVdd {ks=k es vkkqfudrkd i`"BHkwfe
rS;kj djck es ojs.; LFkku izkIr d,fugkj xksfoUn >kd ^vafre iz.kke* d vrfjDr
vkvksjks ukVd NfuA eqnk] dFkkrod n`f"V,a ,r, ^vafre iz.kke* fo'ks"k :isa
mYys[; fFkdA ukVdd dFkk xzkeh.k ifjos'kd LokFkZijd "kM~;a=k] ,dVk fuj{kj
vk cksfugkj O;fDrdsa xked izfr vkd"kZ.k vk Qsj oLrqfLFkfr la voxr Hksykd
ckn fod"kZ.kd vkkkj ij x<+y xsy vfNA ,fg NksV lu dFkk dsa ukVdd :i
es lt,ckd ysy ngst leL;k] vYi&osru Hkksxh O;fDrd leL;k] izse&izlax
78 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vkfn dsa vkuq"kafxd dFkkd :i es vkuy xsy vfNA y?kqlaokn] lgt 'kCn vkfnd
dkj.ksa ,fg ukVdd iz'kalk d,y tk ldSr vfNA eqnk ,dVk uhd ukVdd
dFkk&lajpukd ysy tkfg rjgsa lgt vk fo'oluh; midFkkd la;ksx g,ckd
pkgh] tkfg rjgsa ik=kd vorj.k g,ckd pkgh] rdj vHkko ,fg ukVd es vfNA
QyLo:i] ,dVk uhd dFkk&f'kYihd dFkk&ro nqcZy Hk* xsy NfuA vlgt
<axsa ik=kd vorj.k vk vfo'oluh; ?kVuk ed dkj.ksa ,dVk fnO;&lu dF;
viu vHkh"V kfj t,ck es mfpr mRd"kZ ufg ikfc ldy vfNA
^,d Ny jktk* ufpdsrkd csl iz'kaflr ukVd es ifjxf.kr gksbr vfNA
fgudj ,fg ukVdd dFkk rod fn'kk vku dksugqa ukVddkjd ysy loZFkk
Li'kZghu jgy vfNA oSKkfudrkd izos'k la m|ksxhdj.k c<+y vk vksEgj ljdkjh
gLr{ksi la tehankjh&izFkkd var HksyA eqnk rsa 'kks"k.k&izrkj.kd var Hk* xsy] ls
fdUugqa lR; ufgA oLrqr% vksfg lkearh izFkkd gLrkarj.k Hk* xsy vfNA bZ leL;k
lsgks gejk lektd iS?k leL;k fFkdA leL;k ek=k xke ?kj es ufg 'kgjh ifjos'k
es lsgks vfNA ufpdsrk ,fg dF; dsa vR;ar xaHkhjrk la idM+yfu vk loZFkk
uo rjgd dFkk&ro uo f'kYid laxsa eSfFkyh ukVd dsa nsyfuA eqnk] vks ls
e cukSus ufg jkf[k ldykgA
xaxs'k xqatu] eSfFkyh ukVdd {ks=k es ,dVk vn~Hkqr iz;ksxdkkZd :i es
ifjxf.kr NfFkA uqDdM+&ukVdd iz;ksx eSfFkyh es iw.kZ lQyrkd lax fgudfg
la ifgy csj laHko Hksy] ls dgck es dksuks O;okku ufg g,ckd pkghA uqDdM+
ukVd] fgUnh es [kwc fy[ky vk [ksyy tkbr vfNA eSfFkyh es ,dj loZFkk
vdky Ny] tdj iz;ksx d* d, xqatu] eSfFkyh ukVd&ys[kud uo fn'kk iz'kLr
d,yfuA lkekU;r;k uqDdM+ ukVd fofok lkekftd leL;k dsa ,d lax mBcSd
iz;kl djSr vfNA fgudj ukVd ^cqfkcfk;k* rkfg n`f"Vdks.ksa lQy ukVd
vfNA ukVdd dFkk] lkekftd ifjos'k es jktuhfrd foMacukd vkfo"dkj la
mBkvksy xsy vfNA ukVdd dFkkoLrq lektd fofok fo?kVu] lacak fofr
vkfn dsa n'kZ,ckd fufeks Vk ufg vfirq ns'kd jktuhfrd Lrj] jktuhfrKd
vkRedsafnzr n`f"Vdks.k] vksdj Nn~e] turkd izfr vksdj fujis{krk] {kh.k LokFkZd
yksyqirk es lkekU; ukxfjdd pepb izo`fk] ns'kd vFkZuhfr] varjkZ"Vh; uhfr]
fo'o Lrjd oSKkfudrkd nqo`Zfk vkfn dsa ,df=kr d* d, ik=k&lHkd laokn
x<+us NfFkA foiqy ?kVuked lewg es dsvks NksVks lu xi dfg ldck es vleFkZ
Hk* tkbr vfNA t[ku fd xqatu] NksV&lu ?kVuk&e es fo'o&ns'k&jkT;&xke&O;fDr
lHkd ckr [kq'kQSy la d* usus NfFkA dFkk&rod vHkko jfgrgqa] jktuhfrd
fparuijd laHkk"k.k jfgrgqa] ukVd drgq cksf>y ufg Hksy vfN] ls xqatud
vuqHkwfrd ifjiDork vk f'kYid ekSfydrkd |ksrd fFkdA ts dFkk ufg fFkd]
eSfFkyh ukVd % iz;ksx vk izo`fk @ 79
rdjk dFkk cuk nsc ywfjd mRd"kZ fFkdA
egsUnz eyafx;kd ukV~;&ys[kud vuq'khyu djSr] ta bZ dgy tk,] ts
'ks[kj tkfg rjgd ukV~; uwrurk eSfFkyh es vuyfu rdjk ,d fn'kk es lQyre
<axsa y* tk, oyk dsvks ,dVk ukVddkj eSfFkyh es NfFk] ra ls fFkdkg egsUnz
eyafx;k] ra dksuks vfr'k;ksfDr ufg gSrA ^y{e.k js[kk [kafMr*] ^,d dey
uksj es*] ^tqvk,y duduh*] ^vksdjk vkaxud ckjgeklk* vkfn fgudj izfl)
ukVd lHk fFkdfuA viu ukVdd dFkk&ro bZ izk;% fuEuoxhZ; leqnk;d nSfud
thou es chNSr NfFkA tr, 'ks[kjd dFkkd ifjos'k lkekU;r;k e;eoxhZ;
leqnk;d ikfjokfjd vk vkfFkZd leL;k gksbr Nyfu] vksr, egsUnz eyafx;k
fuEuoxZd pwYgk&fpuckj la ifjfpr HksykgA vksdj leLr lq[k&nq[k dsa viu
dFkk es LFkku nsyfuA ik=kd pkfjf=kd fo'ys"k.k] euksfo'ys"k.k] y?kqrj laokn]
ljy Hkk"kk] lgt 'kCnkoyh] NksV&Nhu okD;] dFkksidFkud varjaxrk vkfn la
dFkk&rod lkS"Bo dsa bZ cy nsus NfFkA ukVd lHkd dFkk lajpuk] ,rsd
fo'oluh; ?kVuk&e vk midFkk lHkd }kjk Hksy vfN] ts vks ukVdd ysy
lgtfga mR"Vd ckr Hk* tkbr vfN vk vksdj laizs"k.kh;rk es fu[kkj vuSr
vfNA ga] bZ dgy t,ckd pkgh ts egsUnz eyafx;k viu ukV~;&ys[kud fn'kk
ek=k ,deq[kh j[kyfuA fuEuoxZd yksd ij rFkkdfFkr mPpoxhZ; yksdd
vR;kpkjd dFkkd lajpuk fofok vk;ke y* d, egsUnz djSr NfFk vk rsa ukVd
es vksgh oxZd thoud vkvksjks i{k lHk mHkfj vcSr vfNA lkekftd fo"kerk]
fuEuoxZd ;kruk] vR;kpkj] Hkz"Vkpkj] dqjhfr vkfn leLr foMacukd ysy egsUnzd
dFkk] mPp oxZ rFkkdfFkr dsa nks"kh ekuSr vfN vk fuEu oxZ loZFkk funksZ"k
jgSr vfNA ts fgudj dFkk&rod yksdfiz;rk Hkufg c<+k nbu] eqnk U;k;fiz;rk
ufg dgy tsrfuA
ijorhZ ih<+h es ukVddkjd ts ,dVk lewg cuy] rdj ewy Js; fofok
{ks=kd jax'kkyk dsa nsy tk,rA ,fg dky es vkfc d, ukVdd ys[ku&izdk'ku
vk eapu ;Fks"V :isa gksv, ykxy vfNA fofHkUu Js"B dFkkdkjd] miU;kldkjd
dFkk ,oa miU;kld ukV~; :ikarj.k gksv, ykxyA drksd :ikarj.k es dFkkd
izk.k ro jfg ldy] drksd es ifjofrZr Hk*xsy] drksd es L[kfyr Hk* xsyA
,gsu des :ikarj.k Hk* ikvksy] tkfg es dFkkdkj vk :ikarjdkj nquw viu&viu
ekSfydrkd lax gksfFkA ,Egj vkfcd, :ikarj.k vFkok ekSfyd ukVd ys[ku
es layXu ukVddkj es ize[q k NfFk foHkwfr vkuUn] vjfoUn vDdw] yYyu izlkn
Bkdqj izHk`fkA foHkwfr vkuUnd ukVd ^le; ladsr* f'kf{kr ;qodd csjkstxkj
thou ij vkkkfjr ukVd fFkd] tdj dFkk vksfg ;qodd laiw.kZ ifjokjd ifjos'k
es x<+y xsy vfNA foHkwfr viu ukVdd dFkkRedrk dsa laiw.kZ euks;ksx la
80 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
foLrkj nsus NfFkA csjkstxkj thou dsa HkksxSr la?k"kZjr vksfg ;qodd kS;Z vk vksdj ,dj dFkkoLrq Js"B izHkkoksRikndrk n* ldSr NyA ^cdysy* ukVd es vfo'oluh;rk
fu;fr rFkk laiw.kZ ifjokjd vis{kkd ekSfyd <kapk ij dFkk&ro dsa mRd"kZ nsck vis{kkr cslh Bke ctjSr vfNA eqnk] nquw ukVdd dFkkro vuVPM leL;kd
ysy izklkafxd :isa vU; ikfjokfjd lanHkZd fp=k lsgks lgt vk fo'oluh; <ax vkfM+ ij cquy xsy vfN] tdjk yYyu pyrkm 'kh"kZd n* d, >q>qvku d*
la tksfM+ ldykg vfNA csjkstxkjhd leL;k ij vjfoan vDdwd ukVd ^,uk nsyfu vfNA lkr o"kZd cdysy ckyd xf.kr ij jkekuqte tdka rdZ ufg
drs fnu* lsgks vfNA ,djks dFkk ,dVk csjkstxkj ;qodd leL;k la tueSr d* ldSr vfNA Hk;kud :isa Vh-ch- xzLr yksd bVk ufg f?k ldSr vfNA
vfNA eqnk NksV lu ukVd es rrsd jkl midFkk vDdw Hkfj nsus NfFk] ts dqy feyk d* bZ ra Li"V gksbr vfN] ts vktqd ukVddkj dsa fo"k;d
ewy izHkko ean Hk* tkbr vfN vk vkus izcyA foLrkj [kwc ns[ky Nfu] eqnk vxqrkb es vks vksdj dFkkro dsa lk;kl vfo'oluh;
csjkstxkjhd leL;k ij fy[ky ^HkQkbr pkgd ftuxh*] ^le; ladsr* cuk nSr NfFk] tkfg la cpckd vis{kk vfNA
vk ^,uk drs fnu* rhu Vk ukV~; f'kYi vk dFkkRed ekSfydrkd dkj.ksa rhu
fn'kk fn'k y* tkbr vfNA 'ks[kjd csjkstxkj vkRejr Hk* d, la?k"kZ djSr Nfu]
foHkwfr d csjkstxkj viu rkRdkfyd ms'; dsa NksfM+ O;oLFkk ifjokZud dkeuk
j[kSr vfN] t[ku fd vDdwd csjkstxkj [kkSa>kg Hk* d, Hkxorhd QksVks QksM+,
yxSr NfuA ukVd es ik=kd bZ vfHkf;k] bZ euksn'kk ukVddkjd oS;fDrd
fparu'khyrkd |ksrd gksbr vfNA vDdw ,dVk fufo"V Lora=krk lsukuhd
bZekunkjh vk ifo=krkd ppkZ djSr tkfg midFkk lHkd lekos'k d,us NfFk]
rkfg es vfo'oluh;rkd iqV rkdy tk ldSr vfNA vksuk dFkkrod vku&vku
lg;ksxh ?kVdd la;kstu es vks vkSlr :isa lQy Hksykg vfNA ^vUgkj taxy*
xzkeh.k ik[kaM] :f<+xzLrrk] nkuoh;rk] nq"Vrk] cSekuh] "kM~;a=k] yksHk vkfnd vkJ;
la fy[ky xsy ukVd vfNA t[ku fd ^vkfx kkfd jgy NS*] ,dVk ikxy[kkukd
n`'; es mifLFkr crkg lHkd i`"BHkwfe ij pksV djSr vfNA ukVdd yksdfiz;rk
vk ukVdd fo'oluh;rk gejk cq>us nquw nw Lrjd ckr fFkdA dksuks ukVdd
dFkkro lektd lHk fn'kk la bZ vuSr NfFk] eqnk rdj izLrqrhdj.k es t[ku
vfo'oluh;rk y* vcSr NfFk] ra eksu f[kUu gSc LokHkkfodA oLrqr% ukVd
dsa fofok vk;ke b,g Vk eSfFkyh ls n* ldykg vfNA eqnk dFkk es vfo'oluh;rk
la cpckd vis{kk fgudk la d,y tkbr vfNA ^ikrd euqD[k*d :ikarj.k
es lsgks bZ vksgh =kqfVd ysy nks"kh NfFkA
yYyu izlkn Bkdqjd ukVd ^ykSafx;k fejpkb* vk ^cdysy* nw Vk egoiw.kZ
lkekftd foMacuk dsa dsanz es jkf[k d, fy[ky xsy vfNA le`) ifjokjd csVhd
fookg t[ku dksuks bZekunkj] deZfu"B vk f'k"V ifjokj es Hk* tkbr vfN] r[kuqd
nqrjQk leL;k ij ^ykSafx;k fejpkb* vk mPp f'k{kk izkIr iq=kd }kjk cki&Hkkbd
cfg"dkj vkfnd ?kVuk la lac) ^cdysy* ukVd iz'kaflr Hk* ldSr vfN] yksdfiz;
Hk* ldSr vfN] eqnk fo'oluh; ufgA ,dj midFkk lHk es vfo'oluh;rk
Hkfj d, ,fg ukVdd izHkkoksRikndrk dsa ckfkr d,y xsy vfNA ^ykSafx;k
fejpkb* es fdNq ?kVuked vlgt vk vle; la;kstu la cpy tbr, ra
eSfFkyh xty % Lo:i vk laHkkouk @ 81 82 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

eSfFkyh xty % Lo:i vk laHkkouk
eSfFkyh xtyd okZeku fLFkfr vk laHkkouk ij fopkj djSr] xtyd i`"BHkwfe
ij foLr`r ppkZ djc vko';dks ufg] vk ls gej vHkh"Vks ufgA r[ku] ,d
csj vksEgj gqyfd ysc] ;qfDrlaxrs cq>kbNA
ewy :i la] gscfu kfj] xty mnwZ&Qkjlhd jpukRed fokk ekuy tkbr
NyA fgUnh es nq";Ur dqekj dsa gejk cq>us xtyd firk dgy t,ckd pkfgvfuA
mnwZ&Qkjlh es ra ,rsd vfkdkj iwoZd dksuks ,d O;fDr dsa Js; n* nsc dfBu
vfNA dky fukkZj.k ij lsgks ta n`f"Vikr d,y tk,] ra mnwZ&Qkjlh es xtyd
iz'kfLr 'krkfkd o"kZ la vfN] fgUnh es ,dj izknqHkkZo okZeku 'krkCnhd ikape&NBe
n'kd es ekuy tk,r] eqnk] eSfFkyh xtyd izkjaHk thou >kd jpuk es okZeku
'krkCnhd ifgy vk nkslj n'kd es Hk* xsy NyA Li"V vfN] ts eSfFkyh xty
fgUnhd vis{kk o`) fdarq mnwZd vis{kk f'k'kq vfNA rFkkfi] mnwZ ra nwj] fgUnhvksd
xty tdka {kh.k Lokxrd fijgh ,djk ufg HksfV ivksySd vfNA vksuk bZgks ckr
;ku jk[k*d fFkd] ts fgUnh xty dsa lsgks ,[ku kfj eapsd pht cw>y tk
jgy vfN vk rgw es] tkfg xhr es dusd izseijd O;Fkk] ukf;dkd lkSan;Zd
efnjk] vkaf[kd cafde du[kh vkfnd ppkZ gks] rdjfg Vk xtyd laKk nsy
tk jgy vfNA vk] eSfFkyh es ra lgtfgaA ,fg lkfgR; es ra lHk la iS?k foMacuk
bZ vfN] ts v'kD; igyeku tdka v[kkM+k dsa udkfj nsckd izo`fk vksfg leLr
O;fDr es lek xsy Nfu] ts ,dj Js; ysck la pwfd xsykgA pwafd ,dj Js;
gqudk ufg HksfV ldyfu] rsa vks dgSr NfFk] ts bZ fdNq fFkfdgs ufgA
tr, kfj ^xty*d vFkZ ^izsfedkd vkapj* vk eSfFkyhd xty&jpuk es
rdj fp=k.kd vHkkod ckr mBSr vfN] rkfg izlax nw Vk ckr ;krO; fFkdA
ifgy] ts Hkk"kk foKkud vFkZ&ladksp vk vFkZ&foLrkj izf;k la vk lkekftd
ekU;rkd fglkc la dksugq 'kCn dsa vk'kkrhr vFkZ HksfV tkbr vfNA ,dVk 'kCn
eSfFkyh xty % Lo:i vk laHkkouk @ 83
^L;kgh* dkjh jax la ta ge yky vk gfj;j nquw jaxd jks'kukbd cksk izkIr
d* ySr Nh] r[ku fcuk izsfedkd vyd&diksy&dfV o.kZud ,fg lkfgfR;d
fokk dsa ge xty fd,sd ufg dgc \ nkslj ckr bZ] ts vkb kfjd leLr
y{k.k xzaFkd jpuk y{;&xzaFkd jpukd i'pkrs Hksy vfNA r; ckr vfN] ts
vksfg le;d jpuk&fokkud vkkkj ij xtyksd vuq'kklukoyh cukvksy xsy
gSrA Li"V bZgks vfN] ts izkjaHk es fo'kq) :i la bZ mnwZ Qkjlh ek=kd fokk izHksn
Ny vk vksuk ra gscfu kfj] eqnk izkjafHkd dky es vkvksjks cslh] bZ laiznk; ,s;k'kh]
lqjkiku] lqanjhd lkfUu; vkfnd cslh cqHkq{kq jgSr NyA vksuk ta eksVk&eksVh
dgh] ra Js;"dj gSr] ts vksfg le;d laiw.kZ lekts ,fg fn'k cslh vk"V
Ny] vk rsa vku lkfgfR;d fokkd lax&lax ,gw fokk&izHksn es kaxkfjd&fp=k.k
gksbr jgyA le; chry] lekt cnyy] ifjos'k cnyy] laLfrd ,dVk tksjxj
ifjorZu vk,yA iSny py* oyk vkneh gokb&tgkt la py, ykxy] panzek
dsa nsork dgfugkj yksdd iq=k&ikS=k panzek ij la Hkze.k d* vk,y vk bZ ifjorZu
lekt dsa cgqr jkl ojnkud laxs vkvksjks cslh vfHk'kki n* xsyA bZ n* xsy]
'kks"k.k] csjkstxkjh] dqaBk] vkReneu] leL;k] Hkw[k] vlqj{kk] lkaiznkf;d naxk]
iztkrkaf=kd ljdkj] tkrh; naxk] viuRod foxyu vkfn&vkfnA vkc ,r,
fopkj.kh; vfN] ts izR;sd xtydkj vgh ekfV ikfu es tuey&c<+y&iksly
jgSr NfFkA gqudk utfjd lks>ka es b,g leLr vfHk'kki flusekd jhy tdka
?kqeSr jgSr vfN] r[ku gqudk dksuks lqfurafcuhd dVk{k dksuk uhd ykxvks \
Hkw[kd kkg la tjSr isVd peM+h dsa] izsfedkd vkapj drsd 'khryrk nsr \ rsa
xtyd eryk
tgj dsj ?kksaV Hkfj ltuh ta ihch vgkad gkFksa ge
ra lks thfc ysc ftuxh vej Hk* vgkad gkFksa ge
ufg jkf[k d, bZ yksdfu j[kSr NfFk
gej fo"kiku la tqfu gksm izeqfnr] ge us ,lxj Nh
vgka dsj 'kku <kgr e`R;q gejs] ge us ,lxj Nh
xty dsa ek=k izsfedkd vkapjd vFkZ n* d, ,djk izse&fojgd vfHkO;fDrd
ek;e dgfugkj fo}ku yksdfu ,djk laxsa ,dVk vkvksjks vU;k; d,yfuA
vk ls bZ] ts ,dj ^QkeZ* d lax&lax ,dj o.;Z&fo"k;d lsgks fukkZj.k d* nsyfu
bZ ckr fHkUu] ts bZ fukkZj.k y{k.k xzaFkd i`"B ij mfYyf[kr ufg Hk* d,] fdNq
vkykspdd ekFks es mfYyf[kr vfNA eqnk ,r, fopkj.kh; fcanq bZ vfN] ts
ta dFkk] dfork] miU;kl] ukVd vkfn leLr fokkd o.;Z&fo"k;] lektd cnySr
ifjos'k&ifjfLFkfrd laxsa cnfy xsy] r[ku cnySr Hkk"kk&laLfr vk ifjos'kd
laxsa xtyd o.;Z&fo"k; fd,d ufg cnyvksA nkslj ckr bZgks] ts vU;kU; leLr
84 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
Hkk"kkd xty ,dj lk{kh vfN] ts izes d vfrfjDr] ns'kHkfDr] tu&n'kk vkfn lHk
fcanq dsa ,fg es lekfgr d,y xsy vfNA cgknqj'kkg ^tQ j*d xty dsj ,dVk
'ksj vfN
fgfUn;ksa esa cw jgsxh tc ryd bZeku dh
r[rs&yanu ij pysxh rsx+ fgUnqLrku dh
vksuk] ,dj vFkZ bZ ufg] ts vkc ^izse*] xty vFkok vkuks lkfgfR;d
fokk&mifokkd pht ufg jfg xsy vfNA tsa fd thous izsed izrhd fFkd] izseks]
lkfgR;d o.;Z&fo"k; Ny] vfN] vk jgrA eqnk] laxfg bZgks dgc vko';d]
ts tuthoud ,d&,d fcanq lsgks] xtyd o.;Z&fo"k; gSrA ,r, ge] fl;kjke
>k ^ljl* la iw.kZr% lger Nh] ^vktqd rhr&ehB lkfgfR;d vuqHkwfrd lQy
vfHkO;fDr gsrq ,d l'kDr ek;ed :i es xtyks fd,d us \*
gej ,dVk kkj.kk vfN] ts dksugq lkfgfR;d fr dsa ekU;rk HksVSr NSd
vkykspuk lkfgR; laA izek.k&Lo:i vusd mnkgj.k rkdy tk ldSr vfNA
xtyd lax ,dVk bZgks nqHkkZX; vcSr jgy vfNA orZeku 'krkCnhd ifgy n'kd
la eSfFkyh es xty fy[kkvksy tkbr jgy vfN] eqnk ,dj lekykspuk ij dfgvks]
dksuks fo}kud ys[kuh ufg mByfuA QyLo:i lkr n'kd kfj ,djk viu
laKk ufg HksfV ldyS vk lgkuqHkwfrd vkluh Vk icSr jgyA vkBe n'kd es
vkfc d, ,fg ij ifgy csj dye mBkSyfu rkjkuUn fo;ksxhA ^fefFkyk&fefgj*
es ,fg ij ;Fks"V izfrf;k O;Dr d,y xsyA ikNka ,dkk Vk vkvksjks fucak
vk,yA eqnk rkfg es bZ ns[ky xsy] ts vks yksdfu xtyd izfr vkxzgh NfFk]
fdarq O;fDrijd }s"k gqudk tdM+us Nfu] rsa ,fg Qsj es viu fucak es xty
ij ppZ djck la cslh 'kCn O;fDr, ysy [kpZ d,yfuA iqu% jkenso >kd
vkys[k vk,yA ,fg fucak es nw Vk vuxZy ckr bZ Hksy ts xtyd iafDr ysy]
Nan tdka ek=kk fukkZfjr dj, yxykg vk fdNq ,gsu O;fDrd uke eSfFkyh
xtydkjd lwph es tksfM+ nsyfu] ts dfgvks dksuks xty ufg fy[kyfuA ek=kk
fukkZj.k izk;% jkenso dksuks [kkl jpukdkjd [kkl xtyd ek=kk xfu d, d,us
gsrkgA eqnk gejk cq>us xtyd ysy ek=kkd dksuks caku ufg vfNA ,djk ysy
vko';d 'krZ jnhQ] dkfQ;k] eryk vk 'ksjd vfrfjDr vkvksj fdNq ufg vfNA
,dj vfrfjDr] eSfFkyh xty ij vkvksj drgq ta fdNq ppZ Hksy vfN] ra ls
fFkd ,Egj izdkf'kr ,d&nwVk xty&laxgz d Hkwfedk vFkok if=kdk es xty&loDrO;
Nkickd iz;ksxA
vksuk fgUnh&eSfFkyhd lQy xtydkj ujsUnzd vuqlkj ^xtyksa ds eqag&dku]
ukd&uD'k] dn&dkBh] pky&<ky ;k cksyh&opu ij eq>s dksbZ cgl ugha djuh
gS fd og cqdkZ Mkyrh gS ;k kksrh] guqeku pkfylk i<+rh gS ;k dyekA---cgl
eSfFkyh xty % Lo:i vk laHkkouk @ 85
eq>s dsoy mldh lkspksa ij djuh gS] yxkoksa ij djuh gS vkSj dkjxqtkfj;ksa ij
djuh gSA ;kuh] xtyksa dks vHkh Hkh] fcdk&vankt+ es 'kks"kdksa dh foykflrk
ds fy, eqtjk xkuk pkfg,A cpdkus vkSj Hkkoqd izse&izlaxksa esa izse&i=k dk dksVs'ku
cuuk pkfg,A QS'kuijLr] yaiV&O;fHkpkjksa esa f'kykthr dh xksyh cuuh pkfg,A
Hkksys&Hkkys fujhg dks dScjs&gko&Hkko vkSj okXeSFkqu }kjk chekj cukuk pkfg,A
;k turk ds chp vkdj lkekU; thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,A---;g ,d cgl
dk eqk gS---*
eqnk] ujsUnz ra ,dVk iz'us Vk Bk<+ d,yfu vfN] ge ,fg cgl es viu
Hkkxhnkjh la bZ dgc] ts fuf'pr :i la xty dsa turkd chp vkfc d, lkekU;
thou O;rhr djckd pkghA ,fg thou izf;k es ,djk izsfedkd Hkzw&foykld
izlkku x`g es lsgks tk, iM+rSd] [ksrd vkfM+ ij lsgks tk, iM+rSd] laiw.kZ lektd
Ny&Nn~e] vkpkj&fopkj] uhfr&vuhfr lHk ns[k, iM+rSd vk ,fg lHk {ks=kd
izfrfufkRo dj, iM+rSdA ,gsu izfrfufkRo fofok dky&[kaM es fofok Hkk"kkd]
fofok jukdkjd xty djSr jgy vfNA xkfyc] QSt] eksfeu] bU'kk] tqjvr]
tQj] nq";Ur dqekj] ujsUnz] egkizdk'k] egsUnz] dykuUn Hk] ljl] foHkwfr vkuUn]
khjt] uohu] fo;ksxh] jes'k izHk`fr yksdfud jpuk ,dj lk{kh vfNA
eSfFkyh es] thou >kd i'pkr~ xtydkj yksdfud uked lwph rS;kj dj*
es ifgy uke vvksrfu vkjlh izlkn flagdA xty fy[ksSr jgykg] eqnk vyx
la ,fg izdkjd jpukd ysy dksuks Vk ppZ ufg d,y xsyA vkvksj yksdfu
es la johUnzukFk Bkdqj] ekdZ.Ms; izoklh] cqf)ukFk feJ] egkizdk'k] dsnkjukFk
ykHk] egsUnz] dykuUn Hk] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] foHkwfr vkuUn] jke Hkjksl dkifM+
^Hkzej*] ujsUnz] khjt] ckck oS|ukFk >k] jes'k] nso'kadj uohu izHk`fr izeq[k NfFkA
,dj vfrfjDr fdNq ,guks uke vfN] ts iwoZd vkykspukRed fucakdkjd mfDr
dsa lR; djck ysy ,dkk Vk xty lk;kl fyf[k nsyfuA ,fg lwph es fdNq
,gsuks uke vfN] ftudj xty fo'kq) :i la izsfedkd fufc&cak fugkfj jgy
vfN] fdNq ,guks] ftudj xty tsBd jkSn es gjckgd laxsa [ksrd jsg es nkSfM+
jgy vfN] vksdj Hkw[k&I;kl vk Fkdkud vuqeku d* jgy vfN] csdkjh&Hkq[kejhd
pku r*j nkcy yksd dsa fudky*d iz;kl d* jgy vfN( vk fdNq ,guks]
ftudj jpuk ,fg leLr {ks=k es nkSM+&cjgk d* jgy vfNA ts fdNq gks] eqnk
xty fy[kk jgy vfNA vksuk ,fg es la fdNq xksV, ,guks NfFk] ts xty
fy[kck dky nw Vk vlkokkuh jk[kc jpuk&deZ tdka vfuok;Z cwf> ySr NfFkA
ifgy] ts viu Hkk"kkd 'kCn&lkS"Bo dsa fclfj tkbr NfFk vk tkfg vfHkO;fDr
ysy eSfFkyh es i;kZIr 'kCnkoyh vfN] rdjgq ysy vU; Hkk"kkd 'kCn&iz;ksx es
ikNw ufg gVSr NfFkA egsUnz vk foHkwfr vkuUn] rdj viokn fFkdkgA nkslj
86 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

uXurk]udy]izxfr'khyrk
uoacj 1981d izFke lIrkg es Vksfd;ks es ,f'k;k] vfdk vk vesfjdkd
varjkZ"Vh; ys[kd lEesyu Hksy NyA Hkkjrd izfrfufkRo izfl) dFkkdkj
dk'khukFk flag d* jgy NykgA tkikuhd izfl) ys[kd rFkk vkykspd ,oa Hkkjrd
vuU; izseh] rkfr;ks okrkuos] dk'khukFk flag dsa dgyfFku ts vks gqudk vks
pht ns[ksck gsrq y* tk jgy NfFk ts Hkkjr es nqyZHk vfNA mRlqdrko'k dk'khukFk
flag xsykgA eqnk ,gsu nqyZHk pht ns[ksck ysy gqudk ,dVk flusek ?kj es vkuy
xsyfu] tr; fcuk dgkuh] laokn vk vfHku;d n`'; ijnk ij HksVSr jgyfuA
Hkfj gkWy n'kZdA ijnk ij ukaxV tukuhd nsgA iq#"kd vksfg ij ik'kfod vR;kpkjA
ewM+hd cysa muVk d, yVdy ukaxV tukuhd laosnu'khy vax] vk xqIrkax ij
ekseckh cjdk d* Bksis&Bksis [kl,ck es vkuafnr gksbr ifjokjA---
bZ ?k`f.kr n`'; lc nsf[k dk'khukFk flagd eksu fryfeyk;y tkbr jgfuA
eqnk rkfg ij ?kh<kj djSr] rkfr;ks okrkuos iwfN nsydfu ts ta Hkkjrks es ,fguk
flusek vFkok nksdku lc es dkWQh fivcSr ukaxV] f'kf{kr NkSaM+h] lc ij utfj
iM+, ykx,] ra dsgsu lkspcS \
dk'khukFk th fpdjSr] MiVSr ek=k nw pkfj 'kCn ckft ldy Nykg gejk
ns'kd ifo=k laLfr ,fg v'yhyrk dsa cnkZ'r ufg d* ldSr vfN !
;wjksid dgkuh lqucSr okrkuos iqu% dgyf[ku ts vkkqfudhdj.kd ifj.kfr
;Sg lHk fN;SA rsa Hkkjr dsa vksrfg jg* fnvkS tr* vks NS] vU;Fkk bZ lHk ns[kck
ysy vkaf[k vk eu%fLFkfr dsa ,MtLV d* fyv*A r[ku gqudk cukjld guqeku
?kkV ij Mk- bZoku bfypd mfDr eksu iM+yfu ek=k Hkkjr ! ta ,[kugqa lalkj
dsa dksuks ns'k cpk ldSr vfN] ra vks fFkd HkkjrA ns[kckd vfN ts vkkqfudrk
,fg ij dsgsu jax p<+cSr NSA viu ,fg Hkwfedk dsa fclfj ta bZgks vksfg ns'kd
udy dsukb 'kq#g d* nsyd ra Mj gksbr vfNA
uXurk] udy] izxfr'khyrk @ 87
eqnk okrkuosd Hkfo";ksfDr vk MkW- bfypd Mj vkc Hkkjr es lkdkj gksv,
ykxy vfNA ik'pkR; laLfrd v'yhyrk] maMrk vk Hkz"Vrk la nXk fpard
yksdfu ,d fnl Hkkjrd ifo=k laLfr es vkfc d* 'khryrk izkIr dj* pkgSr
NfFk ra nkslj fnl viu ifo=krk] 'khryrk dsa ghurkd fu'kkuh cwf> Hkkjrh;
,djk R;kfx vksfg m".krk es rsth la izos'k d* jgy vfNA
ukjhd uXu 'kjhj ns[kckd #Xu ekufldrk ,rqDdk iq#"k es rsth la lek
jgy vfNA Cyw fQYed cktkj ,r* xesZ Vk ufg] vfirq [kkSfy jgy vfNA
kud cysa fukZu tukuhd bTtfr] nsg] ;kSou dhuc( ckV pySr fHk[keaxuh]
fujhg bR;kfn dsa kud izyksHku n* dsa vksdj nsgd ek=k Hkksxs Vk ufg] vfirq
dqHkksx djc] ,rqDdk iq#"kd gol Hksy py tk jgy vfNA u'kk lsou d*
d, ukjhd Hkksx es ik'kfod vR;kpkj djckd izo`fk rhoz xfr,a cf<+ jgy vfNA
bZ lHkVk ik'pkR; laLfrd udy es fQjhlku] crkg ekufldrk fFkdA
ukjhd vfLrRo dsa izkkurk nsfugkj] ifo=k laLfrd kuh] lH;rk es fo'od
vku dksugqa ns'k dsa fkDdkj nsfugkj] ,fg Hkkjr es iq#"k oxZ }kjk ukjhd ,gsu
jh izLrqrhdj.k Hk* jgy vfN] iq#"k vksfg ukjh lektd vfLrRo dsa fclfj
jgy vfN tdjk isV es vks dhVk.kq la tho cuy] viu lae.kdkyd ukS
ekl fcrkSyd] tdjk Lru dsa pwfl d* vkb ,gsu cfy"B Hk* xsy] ts vksdjfg
ij vR;kpkj d* jgy vfNA bZ lHk vkj fdNq ufg] ek=k ,rck dgSr vfN]
ts ,rqDdk uLy es iq#"kd chekj ekufldrk vkfc xsy vfNA
eqnk ,fg lHk Vk dqizo`fr dsa laj{k.k HksfV jgy NS] O;oLFkk vk cktkj }kjk
rS;kj d;y ,dVk fo'ks"k ukjh oxZ }kjkA tdjk ikNka funksZ"k ukjhd lsgks iS?k
lewg vfNA bZ ukjh lekt Lo;a viu vfLerkd izfr tckonsg ufg vfNA
vks vksgsu lH;rkd udy es cspSu vfN] tdjk la mfc;k d* MkW- bfyp Hkkjrd
laHkkfor nqnZ'kkd ckr lkspus jgfFkA Hkkjrd ukStokud bZ vkd"kZd psgjk] eLr
'kjhj] dkafr] rstfLork] pkfjf=kd ifo=krk lc Vkd ikNka jgL; vfN vksdj ^ekbd
nwkd*A iatkc f"k fo'ofo|ky; }kjk d;y xsy v;;ud vuqlkj izR;sd
ekbd nwk es O;kid :i la dhVuk'kd vkS"kfk jgSr NS] tdjk ihfc d* gejk
ns'kd cPpk LoLFk vk cfy"B gksbr Ny ! eqnk vkc ,r* ekbd nwk ihckd
lkSHkkX; ipgkfj izfr'kr cPpk dsa HksVSr NSd dgka \ ,fg lacak es yksd es Hkzked
kkj.kk bZ jgSr NS] ts lc 'kgjh ek; viu ;kSukd"kZ.k dsa dk;e jk[k*d ysy
cPpk dsa nwk ufg ihc* nsckd ,dVk QS'ku cuk ysus vfNA eqnk ckr bZ NS]
ts lkekU; fLFkfr es ta ekbd Lru es nwk jgrS ra vksdjk fcuk cPpk dsa fivvksus
ufg jgy tk ldSr NSA ,dj eq[; dkj.k NS] vksdj ykpkjhA izkjaHk es es L=khd
Msl ,rsd ygd&pgd oyk ufg NyA ^czsfl;j*d izpyu ,rsd ufg NySA
88 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
fdvks ufg ifgjSr NyA lksfo;r la?kd oSKkfudd fu.kZ;d vuqlkj gjsd izcq)
ek, dsa ,gsu psrkouh nsy xsy NS] ts vks viu csVh dsa izkjafHkd o;l es czsfl;j
ufg ifgj* nSdA djhc lrjg o"kZd o;l kfj csVhd Lru fodkleku jgSr
vfNA eqnk izk;% 12&13 o"kZd mezfg la [kwc f'kdLr ifgjckd ifjikVh ns[ky
tkbr vfNA izkjafHkd voLFkk es c<+Sr Lru dsa czsfl;j la nkfc dsa ,uk tcjnLrh
jk[kc vksgus vfN] tsuk dksuks vadqjSr ch;k dsaA ,gh dkj.k la ,dj :i fcxfM+
tkbr NSA yxHkx vkB l; Lru&iku djkc* okyh efgykd losZ{k.k la bZ Kkr
HksyS ts] ts efgyk lc cPpk dsa nwk fi;kc* es l{ke ufg vfN] vksfg es la
NCchl izfr'kr ckjg&rsjg c[kZd mez es czsfl;j ifgjc 'kq#g d* nsus NyA
flUFksfVd] iSM oyk rFkk jaxhu czsfl;jd lacak es] ,d vesfjdu ikap l; ^o{k
dSalj* jksx la xzflr efgykd tkap d* d* fu.kZ; nsyfu&ts ,fg lHkd O;ogkj
la o{kd rkieku cf<+ tkbr vfN] tkfg la dSaljd Mj jgSr vfNA eqnk udyd
ikNka crkg cuy bZ QS'kuijLr ukjh lekt bZ lHk [kwc djSr vfNA
O;kikjd fn'kk es lsgks efgyk yksdfu viu vfLrRo esVsck es ikNka ufg
NfFkA fdNq xksVk vax izn'kZud O;kikj djSr vfN] ra fdNq vax xeudA fdNq
xksVk l*[k la djSr vfN ra fdNq ykpkjh ns[kcSrA eqnk] pkgs ukjhd l*[k gks
vFkok ykpkjh] bZ lHk ukjhd viuk izfr vU;k; fN;fuA bZ dksu l*[k ts bZ
iznf'kZr dj, ts ukjh] iq#"kd HkksX; oLrqd vykos vkj fdNq ufg fFkd \ vks
dksu ykpkjh tdjk ukjh ilhuk csfp ds* ufg esVk ldSr vfN] vksdjk [kkyh
nsgs csfp d* esVk ldSr vfN \
foKkiud cktkj es ukjh mPp jkf'k izkIr d* d* viu uXu&v)ZuXu
'kjhj ns[kcSr vfNA vk bZ QksVks tukuk la enkZuk dksuks oLrq gks] vksfg ij lVSr
vfNA nfer bPNk 'kfDr oyk miHkksDrkd chekj ekufldrk izsfjr Hk* d* dhuSr
vfNA ,fg la vks ekWMfyax dj* okyh] O;oLFkk] cktkj vkfd vks ukjh bZ d[kugqa
ufg lkspSr vfN ts] ,uk dsyk la lekt es gej egRo ?kVSr vfNA yksd bZ
cqf> ySr vfN ts ukjh nsg ewjS&HkkaVk tdka fcdk, oyk oLrq fFkdA fyfifLVdd
ekWMfyax es L=khd gSc vko';d vfN] eqnk Vdd Vk;jd izpkj es v)ZuXu NkSaM+hd
Bk<+ gSc \
vkf[kj ukjh ek=k lqUufj vk lefiZrs Vk fd,d vfN \ bZ fonzksgh vk xq.korh
fd,d ufg vfN \ vkdf"kZr djck ysy ,djk lqanjrkd vykos vkjks cgqr fdNq
NSA y{ehckbZ dsa] ehjkckbZ dsa] bfUnjk xkakh dsa] lqUufj tukuhd :i es ds tuSr
NS \ eksVk&eksVh viuk ns'kd efgyk lekt viu vfLrRod vHksyk viufg d*
jgy vfNA udyd ikNka vius laLfr dsa NksfM+ vku laLfrd udZ es izos'k
d;us py tk jgy vfNA ifo=krk R;kfx v'yhyrk dsa viukSus tk jgy vfNA
uXurk] udy] izxfr'khyrk @ 89
fudV Hkfo"; es ,fg Qwty cktkj es] ukjhd ,fg vkksxfr dsa jksdc vlaHko
ykfx jgy vfNA
,Egj vkfc d* Hkkjrd cqf)thoh yksdfu ^ukjhokn*d >aMk mBkSyfu vfNA
fleksu n cqvk d iksFkh ^n lsdsaM lsDl* if<+ d* vk if'ped ^czk cfux* tqywld
lekpkj la izsj.kk y* d* ukjhoknd ukjk cqyan djc izkjaHk d;yfu vfNA ,rs
kfj ts lkfgR;ks l`tu es ukjhoknh lkfgR;d vkj{k.k izkjaHk d;yfu vfNA fgUnh
es bZ Loj dusd csfl, QS'ku la vk;y vfNA cfYd] fgUnhd ts lkfgR;dkj
vis{kkr iS?k L=khHk{kh NfFk] ls bZ Loj cslh tksj la ctSr NfFk vk fy[kSr NfFkA
gejk bZ dgck es ladksp uba gksbr vfN ts ^n lsdsaM lsDl* iksFkh la cgqrks
fnu iwoZ egknsoh oekZd iksFkh ^k`a[kyk dh dfM+;ka* yxHkx vksgh eqk ij izdkf'kr
Ny] r[ku bZ ppkZ uba gksbr NyA dkj.k r; vfN] ts Hkkjrd cqf)thoh dsa
Liwu QhfMaxd vH;kl NSd] FkksM+sd l*[k lsgksA if'peh ns'k la vk;y izkkuea=kh
jktiFk fnYyh lu lM+d ifn~euh ukf;dkd tka?k lu fpDdu&pded ij
dkj la tkbr dky dfg nsydS ts Hkkjr es xanxh cM~M vfN] ra fnYyhd lQkb
gksv; ykxyA ta vks izkkuea=kh dksuks >qXxh dkWyksuh vFkok Hkkjrd dksuks xked
vUughu&f;kghu Vksy \ ij tbrfFk ra dh dfgrfFk \
Hkkjrd jktuhfrK la fefl;ks Hkfj de ,rqDdk dfFkr lkfgR;dkj vk
cqf)thoh uba NfFk] ftudj vkpkj lafgrk es ,gsu fnXHkzfer ukjh lHk dsa lesfV
d* ckV ij vuckd ckr fy[ky gksA izxfrd vb mUeqDr ckV ij bZ cqf)thoh
yksdfu gejk ns'kd ukjh dsa vfLrRockskd ikB ra ufg i<+k ldykg] ukjhd
ckSf)d vk ekufld fodkl ra ufg d* ldykg] vksdjk yM+ckd voxfr fl[kk
d* rkyhe d* ysyfu] v)ZuXu Hk* d* ekWMfyax djckd fuyZTtrk fl[kk
ysyfuA vFkkZr~] ikfjokfjd Lusg la VwVy jgr efgyk] ra ifjokj la ?k`.kk jk[kr(
uXurkd izfr #fp'khy jgr efgyk] ra vksfg L=khHk{kh dsa csl lqvolj HksVSr
jgrfu( :i] jkf'k] izfr"Bk vFkkZr~ L=kh] ku vk iz'kfLr la ?ksjk;y iq#"k viuk
dsa xkSjo'kkyh cq>S,A ".k lu xkSjo'kkyhA lksyg l; xksih la ?ksjk;y] dkSjo
ikaMo dsa yM+cSr] keZ;q) djcSr] nksljd [kkunku dsa u"V djcSr---A vFkkZr~]
vb L=kh dsa drgq ckV uba---
90 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
ewY;kadu
vlkokuh] ts drksd xty es Nan Hkaxd ckgqY; jgSr vfNA ek=kkd lhek xty
es Hkus ufg gks eqnk ek=kk lqfuf'pr e es ra vcLls jgckd pkghA rkfg ed
fuokZg cslh jpukdkj ufg d* icSr NfFkA ,fg nquw vlkokkuhd dkj.ksa jpukd
vfLerk detksj Hk* tkbr vfNA jpukdkj dsa ,fg la cpckd pkfgvfuA vksuk
fdNq uke ,guks xukvksy tk ldSr vfN ts xty fy[kckd ykSy djSr NfFk]
cfYd jpukkfeZrs viu,ckd ykSy djSr NfFkA eSfFkyhd laiknd yksdfu fdNq
laiknd rrsd cslh mnkj NfFk] ts fgudk yksdfu dsa euokafNr ekU;rk n*
pqdy NfFkA vk bZgks dgc vko';d] ts xtydkjd lwph ,rcs la iw.kZ ufg
Hk* xsyA ftudj uke ufg xuk ldygqa] frudk la dksuks nq'euh vFkok iwokZxzg
ufg vfNA
tgka kfj xtyd ekU;rkd iz'u vfN] ge ra ,djk JO;dkO; es i|d
,dVk mifokk ekuSr NhA ,dj LFkkiukd vLohfr ysy iwoZ es ,dVk dkj.kd
ppZ ra d,y] nksljks dkj.k vfN( vk ls fFkd xty laxzgd vHkkoA izk;% vyx
la xty laxzg d* d, dkykuUn Hkd ^dkUg ij ygkl gej* foHkwfr vkuUn
d ^mBk jgy ?kks?k frfej* ljld ^'kksf.krk,y iSjd fu'kku* rkjkuUn fo;ksxhd
^viu ;q)d lk{;*] jes'kd ^ukxQsuh* vk ,dVk laikfnr xty laxzg ^yksdosn
vk ykyfdyk*d vfrfjDr dksuks xty laxzg ufg vfNA ^vokUrj* dfork laxzg
es ek;kuUnd fdNq ,fg rjgd jpuk lc Nfu] tdjk vks ^xhry* dgSr NfFkA
;|fi bZ xtys fFkdA ^xhry* ra ek;kuUns 'kq:g d,yfu vk gqudfg kfj vks
lhfer jgyA vksgw jpuk lHk dsa ge xtys ekuSr NhA ,rn~fjDr ek=k i=k&if=kdk
es izdkf'kr Hk* d, viu vlaxfBr izHkkfUofrd dkj.ksa lEgfj d, {kerk ns[kc*
es lQy ufg Hk* ldy vfNA vksuk ,r, ,dVk iz'u mBkvksy tk,r] ta ekSfyd
laxzgd vHkko es dFkk vk miU;kl dsa ekU;rk HksfV pqdy Ny] r[ku ,djk
fd,d ufg \
oLrqr% dFkk] miU;kl vk dfork lkfgR;d ekSfyd vko';drk NyA
vko';drk bZgks fFkd] eqnk nk#.k Hkw[k la vkkar O;fDr dsa ,dVk feBkb [kksvk
nh] ra gqudj Hkw[k efj tkbr Nfu vk iqu% cM+h dky kfj Hkfj eulqck la ufg
[kk gksbr NfuA lSg fLFkfr ,gw Bke xty vk y?kqdFkkd lax Hk* jgy vfNA
vksuk ,dj eryc bZ ufg] ts xtyd LFkkiuk&ewyd ckr dsa ?kksadSr&?kksadSr ge
vku fokk lHkd voekuuk d* jgy NhA r[ku ,rck voLls fo'ks"k egod
ckr fFkd] ts eSfFkyh lkfgR; es tu&thoud lax varjaxrk] vku fokkd vis{kk
xtys es 'kh?kz vk ekSfyd :isa vkfc ldyA 1920&35 bZ- fgUnh lkfgR; es
Nk;koknd dky fFkdA vgh varjky es jgL;okn dsa uka?kSr fgUnh dfork 1936&52
bZ- d chp izxfroknd {ks=k es fopj.k dsydA 1936 es okeiaFkh lkfgR;dkj
iqjku vk uo ;qxd lsrq @ 93
yksdfu }kjk izxfr'khy ys[kd la?kd LFkkiuk HksyA rkjlIrd izdkf'kr HksyA
eqnk eSfFkyh es ,fg lHk rjgd fp=k.k gkSap&ikSap <ax la 1958 kfj gksbr jgyA
vk r[ku ^Lojxakk* izdkf'kr HksyA eqnk] xty es vkkqfud okrkoj.kd fp=k
vkuck es jpukdkjd vuqHkwfr dsa ,rsd lh<+h ikj ufg dj, iM+ySdA ,Ddfg
csj viu iw.kZ rsojd laxsa vkfc xsyA bZ xtyd fo'ks"k igqap dsj ckr cw>y
t,ckd pkghA
gejk yksdfud orZeku lekt es ewy :i la ,gsu O;fDr de vfN]
ts vkfFkZd n`f"V,a le`) gksA eqnk] foMacuk bZ fFkd] ts bZ eqh Hkfj yksd] fo'kky
tu&leqnk;d 'kks"kd cuy Bk<+ vfNA oLrqr% mRiknu vk forj.k ,gh oxZd
gkFk es vfNA vikj kujkf'k lsgks vgh oxZd gkFk es vfNA vk rsa keZ] laLfr]
lkfgR; vk dkuwud fokku&fuekZrk lsgks b,g yksdfu NfFkA vLrq] bZ yksdfu
,fg rjgsa iki vk iq.;d ifjHkk"kk lqfLFkj d,yfu] tkfg la fgudj foiqy kujkf'k
ij fdudgq utfj ufg iM+,A iwathoknd bZ fo'kky ukxjkt Qsu dk<+us vla[;
yksd dsa Nkgfj nsckd Hkze n* jgy vfNA ,dVk c*M+d xkN ipkl Vk vked
xkNd txg Nsfd d, Bk<+ vfNA ,djk Nkgfj es vku dksuks yrk] o`{k ufg
cf<+ ldrA b,g ,fg le;d ;FkkFkZ fFkdA vk xty ,gh ;FkkFkZd fp=k fFkdA
,dj Lo:i vk laHkkouk nquw mTToy vfNA xtydkj dsa mi;qZDr fdNq
vlkokkuh la cp, iM+rfu vk lekykspd dsa ,fg ij ys[kuh mBkc* iM+rfuA
eqnk lHk la iS?k foMacuk ra bZ fFkd ts] ts yksdfu xtyd vkanksyu pykSyfu]
lSg lHk vkc xty la foeq[k Hk* xsykg vfNA foHkwfr] fo;ksxh] jes'k vkfn lHkd
xty ys[ku ,[ku BIi NfuA
94 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

iqjku vk uo ;qxd lsrq
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl es ifjek.kkRed vk xq.kkRed nquw n`f"V,a orZeku
'krkCnhd fo'ks"k egRo vfNA chle 'krkCnhd ifgy prqFkk'kd mkj Hkkx vk
f}rh; prqFkk'kd iwoZHkkx es eSfFkyh lkfgR;d tkfg jpukdkj yksdfud }kjk
,fg lkfgR;d nsgfj uo <axsa >kM+y&cgkjy xsy] rkfg es ra=kukFk >kd LFkku
vxzx.; NfuA ;|fi dkO;&fo"k;d vkkkj ij viu vku ledkyhu dfox.k
tdka cgqr vkkqfud ufg NfFk( eqnk iqjkus fo"k; ij viu n`f"Vdks.kd dkS'ky
la rrsd dykRed dkO; lkkuk d,us NfFk] ts fr Lor% viu ikjaifjd kkjk
la Qjkd Hk* tkbNA ;k=kh tdka bZ vkikneLrd tuoknh ufg Hk* xsykg] fdj.k
tdka nsork yksdfu dsa gqudj lkeF;Zghurkd cksk ufg djkSyfu] lqeu tdka
ikSjkf.kd fo"k; ij vkvksjks iqjku fopkjkkjk j[kSr jpuk'khy ufg jgykg( jgykg
viu lkQ vk lks> ekU;rkd lax] viu uwrurkoknh n`f"Vdks.kd lax] viu
ekSfyd fparud lax] iwokZxzgghu] loZ=k ,djl] ,djaxA fopkjd vk n`f"Vdks.kd
oS"kE; drgq fgudj jpuk es ufg vcSr vfNA
dkO; lkkukd ysy dksuks jpukdkj yx ,Vk QjhN n`f"Vdks.k g,ckd
pkghA n`f"Vdks.ksd vuqlkj dksuks ?kVuk fo'ks"kd izfr O;fDrd kkj.kk cuSr vfNA
orZeku 'krkCnhd rslj n'kd izk;% fgudj jpuk'khyrkd LFkkiuk dky jgy
gsrfuA ,fg le; es Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou* csl vkkqfud n`f"V la lkfgR; es
vorfjr Hk* pqdy NkykgA ,fg le; kfj ;|fi fefFkyk vaxzsth 'kklud varxZr
Ny] rFkkfi lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ifjos'k es vk O;fDrd ekufldrk
es ifjokZu vkfc xsy NySdA jpukdkj yksdfu lsgks viu iqjku fopkjkkjk R;kfx
vkkqfud gksv* ykxy NykgA ls] f'kYi vk dF;] nquw n`f"V,aA vftZr vuqHkwfr
dsa izHkkoksRikndrkd lax vfHkO;fDr nsy tk, ykxy] Hkkoksnzsd dsa dksuks ckUg&Nku
es ckUg*d izf;k ?kV, ykxy] uo&uo Nan foU;kl la jpuk gksv, ykxyA
iqjku vk uo ;qxd lsrq @ 95
Hkqouth rdj vxznwr HksykgA 1936 es Hkqoud dfork&laxzg ^vk"kk<+* izdkf'kr
Hksy] tdj] Hkwfedk es dfo ijaijk la eqfDrd ?kks"k.kk d,yfu vk uo <axsa dkO;
l`tu es ykfx xsykgA eSfFkyh dfork es Hkko vk f'kYi&nquw Lrj ij bZ uo&uo
iz;ksx dj, yxykgA O;fDrd var%i{k fgudk jpuk es LFkku ikc* ykxyA
eSfFkyh dfork] dhkZu&Hktu] u[k&f'k[k o.kZu] jfr&foykl vk jkt&izokld pkSdfB
la ckgj vkfc xsyA eqnk] n`f"Vdks.ks ,gus pht fFkd] tdjk dkj.ksa ;k=kh iw.kZ
lkgld lax viu jpuk&izf;kd ,dVk fn'kk fukkZfjr d,yfu] 'kCn&;kstuk]
fo"k;&oLrq vk vfHkO;fDr 'kSyh rhuw vFkZ esA lqeu ijaijkd [kqh es ckUgy
^mkjk* vk ^nkorh* fy[kSr&fy[kSr r*js&r*j ^gykjks* fyf[k ysyfuA laLr es
eSfFkyhd dfork fy[kSr jgykgA eSfFkyh dsa nq:g&la&nq:grj cucSr jgykgA
,fg lHk lqvolj] dqvoljd vNSr] ra=kukFk >k viu larqfyr fopkjkkjkd
lax n`<+ jgykgA viu p;fur ckV es vxzlj jgykgA laiw.kZ lkfgR; ,dj
izek.k fFkd] ts bZ ^eqljh >k* dFkkdkO; es trcs vkkqfud vk <ksaxd izfr O;aX;kRed
NfFk] ^".kpfjr* es lsgks vksrcsA ^dhpd ok* vFkok ^".kpfjr* es trcs
ikjaifjd NfFk] viu vkuks dfork es rrcsA bZ ufg dgy tk ldS,] ts fgudk
ij fdudgq izHkko ufg Nfu( eqnk bZ dgc vuqfpr ufg gSr] ts bZ lHkd izHkko
la eqDr NfFk] fdarq viuk n`f"Vdks.k la rky&esy cSlvksyk ij mi;qDr LFkku
la izsj.kk xzg.k vo'; djSr NfFkA fgudj vgh izHkkoeqDrrk vk izsj.kkxzkrkd
Qy fFkd] fgudj jpukd mRd"kZA b,g nwVk ckr fgudj fr dsa ikjaifjd
jfgrgq vku ikjaifjd jpuk la Qjkd djSr vfNA fgudj izeq[k jpuk
fFkd ^dhpd&ok*] ^".kpfjr*] ijk'kj egkdkO;( ^ueL;k*] ^eaxy iapkf'kdk*
dfork laxzg] ,dkadh p;fudk ,dkadh ladyuA
^dhpdok* ra=kukFk >kd vksgsu fr fFkdfu] tdj egRo lHk vFks]
lHkdky es] vusd frd cjkcj jgrA eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl es ,fg frd
egRo] fo"k; ysy de] miLFkkiu 'kSyh ysy loZnk v{kq..k jgrA egkHkkjrd
"kM~;a=k vkc gejk yksdfud ysy bfrgkl Hk* xsy vfNA eSfFkyhd vkkqfud
dkyd jpuk lHkd izkjafHkd ksr lHk fokk es iqjk.ks] egkHkkjr jgy vfNA
[kkl d* d, egkdkO;d ksr ra jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vfNA laHko vfN] ,fg
foo'krkd dkj.k egkdkO;d 'kkL=kh; vuq'kklu gksA ts ls---A eqnk] ra=kukFk >k
egkHkkjr la ikaMod vKkrokld ,dVk izlax dsa mBkd, dhpdd ok dsj dFkk
rkfg dkS'ky la dgus NfFk] ts vks 'kk'or ewY;d pht Hk* xsy vfNA ,dj
izLrqfrd dykRedrkd dkj.ksa bZ vktqd lkekftd vk jktuhfrd ekgkSy ysy
lsgks izklafxd Hk* xsy vfNA vferk{kj Nan es ra=kukFk >k] fojkV jkt es ikaMod
vKkrokl dky es Hksy dhpdokd dFkk dsa ukS lxZ es izLrqr d,yfu vfNA
96 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
^dhpd&ok* egkdkO; pfj=k&fp=k.k] vfHkO;fDr dkS'ky] miLFkkiu pkrq;Z vk
?kVuk ladyud n`f"V,a eSfFkyhd Js"B egkdkO; lkfcr gksbr vfNA ;|fi
vyadkj] jl vkfnd fu:i.k es dfo ikSjkf.kdrkd mis{kk ufg d,us NfFk] eqnk
Nand oSfo; es vn~Hkqr oSf'k"V~;] jl&vyadkj vkfnd fu:i.k es dykRed mRd"kZ]
'kCn la;kstu es ledkyhurk vkfnd dkj.ksa bZ vku egkdkO;d vis{kk cslh
lQy Hk* ikvksy vfNA dfo ,fg iqLrd es viu leUo;kRed Lo:i es larqfyr
<axsa Bk<+ NfFk vk leUo;d ,fg fcanqd p;u bZ rrsd lkokkuh la d,us NfFk]
tr, la lansgd dksuks Vk xqatkb'k ufg jfg tkbr vfNA ,d fn'k viu ik=kd
lkSsdqek;Z dsa Bksl kjkry iznku d,us NfFk ra nkslj fn'k vksdj euksfo'ys"k.kkRed
fp=k.k la fr dsa uohurk nsus NfFkA egkdkO;d ysy 'kkL=kh; leLr LFkkiukd
izfrikyu djSr egkdfo] dFkkd egkHkkjrh; e;kZnk dsa v{kq..k j[kck es lsgks
lQy NfFk vk izLrqfr es ;qxkuqdwy okrkoj.kd iqV nsck es lsgksA vFkkZr~] lw{e
o.kZu dkS'kyd izkP; ijaijk vk f'kYixr foU;kld ik'pkR; ijaijk nquw dsa
laf'y"V d* d, fr dsa mRd"kZ iznku d,yfu vfNA ekbdsy ekqlwnud
es?kuknok*d f'kYid >kadhd dkj.kfga izk;% fgudk eSfFkyhd ^ekbdsy* dgy
tkbr NfuA
^dhpdok* egkdkO;d izeq[k oSf'k"V~; fFkd dFkkoLrqd p;u es egkdfod
dkS'ky vk fr es ik=kd pkfjf=kd vaduA ukjh dsa vkfndkyfg la lwfDrokD;
es iwT;k dgy tkbr jgy vfN vk O;ogkj es vksdjk vlw;ZEi';kd] HkksX;kd
:i es ns[ky tkbr jgy vfNA dfo] ,fg iksFkh es lSjUkzh dsa e;;qxhu Hkkjrh;
ukjh tdka HkksX;k ufg] vfirq iq#"kd thou&iFk vkyksfdr dsfugkfj lgpfj.khd
:i es fpf=kr d,us NfFkA bZ fp=k.k ukjhd izfr fgudj n`f"Vdks.k fukkZfjr
djSr vfNA ukjhd izfr fgudj mnkj vk Js"B kkj.kkd lk{;] ukjh&fp=k.kd
,d&,d iafDr es HksVSr vfN] tr, lSjUkzhd vkRefo'okl] 'kkS;Z vk lkgl dsa
fpf=kr djSr fy[kSr NfFk] ^'kknwZyh dh d[kugqa ikc, =kkl@tEcwdd \ dh drgq
Tofyr vaxkj@r`.kp; ld, >kafi \ dh pEidokl@Hkzej rqPN d, ld, drgq
miHkksx \* ,fg Bke ukjhd ysy O;or ,d&,dVk fcac Li"V djSr vfN] ts
ukjhd izfr fgudj kkj.kk egku Nfu vk iq#"kd ysy rqPN fcacd iz;ksx fgudj
O;kogkfjd ;FkkFkZ cksk dsa |ksfrr djSr vfNA ,d fn'k ta ukjhd lkSan;Z] n{krk]
f;k'khyrk] ,dfu"Brk] keZ&ijk;.krk] ikfrozR;] LokfHkeku] lkgl vkfnd izfr
dfo tkxzr NfFk( ra nkslj fn'k dhpd lu nq"V iq#"kd dkeqdrk] k`"Vrk]
foosdghurk vkfnd izfr ?k`f.kr Hkko j[kSr NfFk] ra lqns".kkd n;k] lfg".kqrk]
lgkuqHkwfr vkfn ln~xq.kd lax gqudj bZ";kZ Hkkod ppkZ dj* es lsgks ufg pwdSr
NfFkA
iqjku vk uo ;qxd lsrq @ 97
dusdks Vk volj HksVyfu] ra izfr dsa cM+k tkxzr :isa mBsckd iz;kl
lsgks d,yfu vfNA ls [kkgs ^dhpdok* es jktk fojkVd tuind ppkZ djSr
dky gks] dksuks ik=kd ysy fcac mifLFkr djckdky gks] eqDrd dkO; fy[kckd
gks vFkok ^".k&pfjr* es fofok n`';&ifjn`'; mifLFkRk djckd gksA o"kkZ&_rqd
izfr ra dfo cslh mnkj Hk* tkbr NfFkA o"kkZd izfr bZ vkSnk;Z] dfod tulaf'y"Vrkd
ifjpk;d fFkdA
ra=kukFk >kd nkslj egRoiw.kZ fr fFkdfu ^".k pfjr* egkdkO;A lkfgR;
vdkneh }kjk lEekfur bZ fr] egkdfod vafre voLFkkd izfrQy fFkdA
ckjg lxZ es foHkkftr ,fg fr es eaxykpj.kd i'pkr~ xq# lanhifud vkJed
ifjos'k] O;oLFkk] vuq'kklu] f'k"Vrk vkfn la y* d, xq#dqy es ".k&cyjked
vkxeu] v;;u vk f'k{kktZu lekfIrd i'pkr~ x`gxeu kfjd dFkk dsa vR;ar
lkokkuh la xqafQr d,us NfFkA viu vusd ekSfydrk vk vusd oSf'k"V~;d
dkj.ksa ^".kpfjr* egkdkO; lsgks eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bfrgkl es uo Lo:i cuk
d, j[kus vfNA ".k ijaijk es vusd jpuk eSfFkyh lkfgR;gq es Hksy vfNA
eqnk ls cky ".k vk ;qok ".k ij cslhA fd'kksj ".k ij vis{kkr de jpuk
Hksy vfN] rsa ".k pfjrd uwrurk vk fHkUurk ikBd dsa cslh izHkkfor djSNA
[kkl d* d, egkdkO;d dFkk&foU;kl vk o.kZu dkS'ky ,djk vkvksj cslh uwru
vk vkkqfud cuk nSr vfNA ijaijk vk vkkqfudrkd dkS'kyiw.kZ leUo; egkdfo
jax vk ikfu tdka d,us NfFkA rkgw es fgudj lQyrk] fgudj rh{.k n`f"VlaiUurkd
ifjpk;d fFkdA
".kd vkus o;l [kaM tdka dS'kks;Z lsgks csl oSfo; la iw.kZ vfNA eqnk
xq#&dqyd dFkk dgckd e es vkJe es ".kd vkxeu la y* d, x`gxeu
kfjd dFkk vR;ar NksV lu dk;k es dfg nsy xsy] volj HksfVrfg ik=kd pkfjf=kd
fodkl] o"kkZ o.kZu] izfr o.kZu] uxj o.kZu--- vkfn dksugqa rRo dsa ufg NksM+y
xsy bZ dksuks izdkaM f'kYih;fg la laHko vfNA dksuks izlxa d o.kZu mBkSyfu vk
tr, trcs vko';d] rrcs dfg d* pqi Hk* xsykgA ^".k pfjr* egkdkO;
es ekSfyd :isa egkdfod ms';] ".kd f'k{k.k&dkyd fp=k.k jgyfu] eqnk
izlaxkuqdwy trsd ik=k vk,y NfFk] fdudgq fp=k.k es] dfo datwlh ufg d,us
NfFkA ts trcs dky y, dFkklw=k es vk,y NfFk] gqudk viu laiw.kZrk es ns[kkvksy
xsy vfNA pkgs vks xq#iRuh gksFkq vFkok nsodh( dqyifr gksFkq vFkok xq#iq=k dsa
rkd*d e es vk,y czk.k---lHkd pkfjf=kd fodkld lhek [kwc foLrkj
ivksyd vfNA ?kVukd foU;kl vk ik=kd vkSRlqD;d fp=k.k jlxj] lqnkek vk
".kd eS=khd o.kZu lsgks iw.kZ :isa pfpZr Hksy vfNA
yksd O;ogkj vk yksdthou la dfod laf'y"V lacakd lokZfkd vk
98 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
izHkkodkjh mnkgj.k fFkd] lkre lxZ es [ksrh&ckjh] ?kj&vkaxu] ofurk&yyukd "kM~;a=k] xzkeh.k turkd vakfo'okl vkfn&vkfn dsa vR;ar lgt <axsa fpf=kr
fojg] ikofu&frgkj] fofk&O;ogkj] vkpkj&fopkj] ozr&mikluk vkfnd o.kZu es d,yfu vfN] eqnk] ys[kdd migklkRed #f[k uqdk,y ufg jfg icSr vfN]
lok'k :isa fefFkykd ukjh;gqd vk iq#"kgqd izfrfufkRoA firj i{kd ppkZ gks vksgks vksrcs lgtrkd lax mHkjSr vfNA ,dkadhd jpuk es ys[kd lkekftd
vFkok lq[kjkrhd] ftfrvk gks vFkok Hkzkr`f}rh;k---iw.kZ :isa QfjNkd, d,us NfFkA foMacuk dsa ,dVk nksljks fn'kk nsyfu vfN] vk ls fFkd ^vkRela?k"kZ*A fgudj
euq";d euksosxd dksu iz'u] t[ku tho&tarqd euksosxd ppkZ izkjaHk djSr ,dkadh laxzg eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ifgy ,dkadh ladyud fFkdA
NfFk] ra vksrgq viu peRdkfjd LoHkko la i`Fkd ufg jgSr NfFkA ^ueL;k* es eqDrd la izcak dkO; kfj] dFkkdkO; la ,dkadh kfj---ts fdNq jpuk
lax`ghr dfork 'kh"kZd ^o"kkZ&?kks"k* ?kksj&o`f"Vd dkj.k O;kIr okrkoj.kd n`';&fp=k fgudj Nfu] rkfg es bZ] lok'k es us ra ijaijkd fojkskh NfFk vk us iks"kd]
fFkd] tr, dksu&dNsj es miksmi ikfu Hkjy vfN] es?k xjft jgy vfN] Budk vkkqfudrkd ns[kkSal es crkg ufg NfFkA eqnk ,fg la kdt*jks ufg mBSr Nfu]
Bufd jgy vfN] tuin vLr&O;Lr vfN] eqnk csax [kq'kh la g"kZukn d* jgy rsa ik[kaMd fp=k.k es gkFk ufg Da$iSr NfuA oLrqr% ts NfFk] ls larqfyr fopkjd
vfN] euq";d ijkHkod vksdjk dksuks Kku ufg] dksuks laosnuk ufgA dforkd laxA us tuoknd e'kky y* d, vius ?kj Mkfg ySr NfFk] vk us eqgwkZ nsf[k
,fg y?kqdk;k es o"kkZ] bUnz] csax] lkai] xtZu] rtZu---vkfn&vkfn leLr oLrq d, fuR; f;k es tkbr NfFkA ra=kukFk >k] ;qxhu leLr ra=k&dqra=kd ln~&vln~
izrhd vFkZ es vk,y vfNA i{kd uS ; kf;d
ra=kukFk >kd ,dVk loZizpfyr] loZiz'kaflr dfork fFkd ^eqljh >k*A NfFk---A
,fg dforkd LFkku eSfFkyh lkfgR; es gfjeksgu >kd ^dU;knku* tdka vfNA
tdjk xke?kjd gjckg&pjckg kfj eksu j[kus vfNA bZ eksu jgckd dkj.k ek=k
,fg dforkd lgtrk vk inykfyR; ufg] ,dj fo"k; lsgks fFkdA vkkqfud
dky es vkfc d, :f<+d] vakfo'okld] keZ vk ik[kaMd ts Lo:i iljy Ny]
ts fd FkksM+&cgqr ,[kuks vfN] ls uo n`f"Vdks.kd yksd dsa ufg #pySdA vk
rsa ik[kaMd inkZQk'k djSr bZ dfork yksd dsa cslh pgVxj yxySdA
viu jpuk es migklkRed n`'; vku* ysy egkdfo vU;ksfDr jhfrd
iz;ksx djSr NfFkA bZ vU;ksfDr jhfr fgudj ^o"kkZ ?kks"k*] ^eqljh >k*] ^iz;k.kkyki*
lu&lu fdNq izeq[k dfork es vk,y vfNA ;|fi fgudj x| jpuk ifjek.kkRed
:isa cM~M de vfN] eqnk ^,dkadh p;fudk* fgudj ikap xksV ,dkadhd laxzg
fFkdA bZ ,DdsVk fr viu xq.kkRedrkd dkj.ksa vku vusd frd cjkcj
vfNA fgudj ,fg leLr ,dkadhd ewy es lkekftd foMacuk viu lw{e :isa
cSly vfNA tdjk ,dkadhdkj nw fn'kk nsus NfFkA ifgy fn'kk fFkd gkL;&O;aX;(
tr, O;fDr okLrfodrk la vkaf[k ewfu d, QSaVslh es thc, pkgSr NfFk vk
,fg QSaVslhd e es viu ewy ckV fclfj tkbr NfFkA lQyrkd ysy loZizFke
pkgh ms';dkeuk vk rnqijkar rnq|ksxA eqnk ,dVk ,gsu ;qod] ts ek=k Qy
izkfIrd liuk cquSr jgSr NfFk vk QSaVslh es thcSr jgSr NfFk] frudj euksn'kk
dsa vrho lkokkuh la ys[kd viu iz'kaflr ,dkadh ^dvksystd izos'k* es xqafQr
d;us NfFkA O;aX;iw.kZ migklkRed 'kSyh] lgt 'kCnkoyh] dkWyst ifjlj es
uokxarqd Nk=kd dYiukyksdd fuekZ.k vkfn&vkfn fcanqd izLrqfr eueksgd <axas
vk,y vfNA ^miu;ud Hkkst* ,dkadh es xked HkkstuHkd yksyqirk] rnFkZ
e/kqi vk }kn'kh @ 99 100 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

ekqi vk }kn'kh
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es eqDrd&dkO; fy[kckd ijaijk fo|kifr, la rFkk izcak&dkO;
fy[kckd ijaijk euckskfg la izkjaHk Hksy vfNA dk'khdkUr feJ ^ekqi* ,fg fokk
es ,dVk uo iz;ksx d,yfuA bZ iz;ksx fFkd] dforkd ek;es dFkk dgckd
ijaijk cuk,cA vxgu 1940 bZ- es fy[ky dfork ^uokUu* fgudj ,fg
ijaijkd izk;% ifgy dfork gSrA ,gh rjgd ckjg xksV dforkd laxzg ^}kn'kh*
izdkf'kr vfNA ,fg es 1940 la 1950 kfjd dfork lax`ghr vfNA
bZ dkykofk fefFkykapyd lkekftd ifjos'k dsa vn~Hkqr <axsa izHkkfor d,us
NyA fons'kh 'kklu la =kLr tuekuld n; es fonzksgh Hkkoukd mn; la y* d,
Lora=krkd izkfIr vgh dkykofk es HksyA ekqi tuothoud ,fg izrkj.kk dsa
yxhp la ns[kyfuA vFkkZHkkod tkar es filkbr tulewgd vfLerk] vksdj
Hkkoukd ,d&,d phRdkj dsa lquyfuA lkearh izFkk la izrkfjr fuEuoxhZ;
yksdd nqnZ'kk ns[kyfuA bZ rdjk viu dforkd dF; cukSyfuA ,fg leLr
dfork es dfod fopkjkskstuk] fgudj fparu&'kSyh] fgudj ;FkkfLFkfrd vadu lHk
ij fopkj djck la iwoZ dusd vksfg vofkd lkekftd] lkfgfR;d ifjos'k ij
fparu d* ysc visf{kr cq>kbr vfNA
dksuks jpukdkjd jpukkfeZrk ;qxhu okrkoj.k vk lkekftd ifjfLFkfrd
okgd gksbr vfNA ekqi lsgks vksgh ifjos'kd voyksdu d,yfu] tkfg ifjos'kd
voyksdu vksfg le; fdj.k] lqeu] ;k=kh] Hkqou izHk`fr yksdfu d,yfuA 1949
vcSr&vcSr ;k=khd ^fp=kk*d izdk'ku HksyA fuf'pr :i la ,fg es lax`ghr
dfork 1947 la iwoZd fy[ky fFkd] ts ekqid ^}kn'kh* laxzgd dfork lHkd
ledkyhu fFkdA 1936 la Hkqoud lksyg xksV dforkd ladyu ^vk"kk<+* lsgks
izdkf'kr Hk* pqdy NyA 1943&1944 bZ- es ^fefFkyk fefgj* es Hkqoud fdNq
dfork ^dky&izokg*] ^vUrukZn*] ^;qxok.kh* bR;kfn izdkf'kr HksyA tkfg es dfo
e/kqi vk }kn'kh @ 101
lekt es O;kIr vkfFkZd fo"kerkd izfr viu izcy vkks'k dsa O;Dr d,yfu
vfN] ^eq[k es Tokyke; izxfr xku* la ^lerkd 'ka[k* Qqdckd vkku d,yfu
vfNA 1938 bZ- es fgUnh lkfgR; es jksekafVd ;qxd var lsgks dgy tkbr vfNA
iar dsj ;qxok.kh 1937 rFkk xzkE;k 1940 es oLrqoknh fp=k.k [kwc Hksy] t[ku
fd dfork cgqr mPp Js.khd ufg vfNA fujkykd ^fHk{kqd* 1921 rFkk ^rksM+rh
iRFkj* 1935 oLrqoknh fp=k.kd lax&lax Js"Brkd lsgks cksk djcSr izdkf'kr
Hk* pqdy NyA 1943 bZ- es vKs;d laikndRo es ^rkj lIrd*d izdk'ku Hk*
pqdy Ny rFkk 1951 es izdkf'kr gksv* oyk ^nwljk lIrd* es laxzg.kh;
dforkd jpuk Hk* jgy NyA caxyk lkfgR; es izfl) =kSekfld if=kdk
lqkhUnzukFk nkd ^ifjp;* 1931 ;wjksih; lkfgR; vaxzsth vk sap la caxykd
ikBd dsa ifjp; dj,ckd e es uo dforkd LFkkiuk Hk* pqdy NyA 1933
bZ- es baxySaM es ^uo dforkd ny* dfg d, ,dVk uo ny xfBr Hk* pqdy
NyA ,rsVk iS?k ifjos'k es ekqid ekufldrk LoPNan fopj.k djSr Nyfu vk
vgh okrkoj.kd fp=k.k] dfo viu ,fg laxzg es d,yfuA
,fg le;d dforkd ewy izo`fk jgy ;FkkZFkd fp=k.kA ;FkkFkZ dsa nw :isa
,fg le; es fpf=kr d,y xsy vfNA ifgy :i fFkd ts fuEuoxhZ; yksd dsa]
'kksf"kr leqnk; dsa viu nqnZ'kkd] viu 'kks"k.kd vfHkKku gksbr Nfu vk rkfg
ij vks O;fFkr Hk* d, viu nqnZ'kkd xku djSr vfN rFkk nkslj :i fFkd ts
,fg 'kksf"kr leqnk; dsa viu nqnZ'kk nsf[k d, vfLrRocksk gksbr Nfu] Luk;q es
'kfDrd vkHkkl gksbr Nfu] tkfg la gqudk 'kks"kdd <gSr vfLrRo] ttZj cq>k,
yxSr Nfu vk vks kafrd vkku djSr NfFk] viu lkeF;Zd nksgkb nSr NfFkA
lw{erk la voyksdu d,yk mkj ekqi vk Hkqou] fdj.k] ;k=khd jpuk es varj
HksVSNA t[ku ;k=kh dgSr NfFk] ^Qwfl czk&fo".kq n'k fnDiky@Qwfl Jqfr&Le`fr@
---lR; fFkd ekuo lektd fed mUufr@fed o`f)&fodkl@lR; fFkd
la?k"kZjr turkd bZ bfrgkl---* r[ku Hkqou dgSr NfFk] ^xkSjod xoZ&x<+ <kfg
nsc@ufg {kek djc] izfr'kksk ysc---dh d, ldSr vfN y?kq fucZy@ns[kr ykspu
Hkfj LokFkhZ] [ky@Bsgqu Vsdr rstks fgVyj@---] lerkd 'ka[k ge Qwfd nsc---* vk
t[ku ^ekfVd egknso* dfork es fdj.k dgSr NfFk] ^cyoku ekuod gkFkd cy
la@cSly Ng rksa ljkb ij---* r[ku ekqi dgSr NfFk] ^lfo"kkn gkl es pUnzekd@vks
?kly vBUuh ckft mBy@ge dr, tkm@voyac ikm@ds 'kj.k] ?kly tfudj
vn`f"V---* ,fg laiw.kZ dfork es mn~osfyr gksbr dfod ekDlZoknh psruk ,r,
ijkLr Hk* tkbr vfN vk vks HkkX; vn`f"V d gFkmBkb ij vkfJr Hk* tkbr
vfNA }kn'kh laxzgd izk;% lHk dfork es d#.ksd fp=k.k vfNA dforkd
lekfIr lsgks uksjfg la gksbr vfNA ,fg laxzgd ckjgks dfork es fuEuoxhZ;
102 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
pfj=kd lax dfod laosnuk bZ lkfcr djSr vfN ts dfo dsa lekt es iljy
dqjhfr] vFkZ&ladV] vHkko] leL;k vkfn fo'ks"k :isa izHkkfor d,us NfuA
tulkkkj.kd nqnZ'kkd gsrq fgudk eksu es lgkuqHkwfr NfuA eqnk fdj.k] ;k=khd
jpuk es tsuk 'kks"k.kd ijaijkd izfr foznksg Nfu] jpukd iafDr&iafDr es kafrd
vkfx mBSr Nfu] Hkkod clkr ij fonzksgd >aMk Qgjkbr Nfu rsuk ekqid jpuk
es ufgA ekqi 'kksf"kr oxZd ysy dsoy dkub NfFk] vuqu; fou; djS NfFk]
vksdkyfr djS NfFkA fgudj ltZuk] fgud fopkj nzksgkRed ufg Hk* d, gdUu
duSr ifjfLFkfr dsa ;Fkkor Lohdkfj ySr NfuA fgudj ik=k 'kks"k.kd izfrjksk es
>aMk mBkSus la?k"kZjr ufg Hk* d, leL;kd vkxka xjnfu >qdk ySr Nfu]
vkRe&leiZ.k d* nSr NfuA pkgs vks ^uokUu* d uhjl >k gksfFk vFkok ^gksjh*d
enuckcw] ^nkSfuckg*d lqduk gks vFkok ^lsokd Qy*d ftruk xksaf<+---lc
le;d nkl fFkdfuA le; la la?k"kZ djc fdudgq fu;fr ufg Hk* icSr NfuA
lc] leL;kd vkxw viu izk.kkar d* nSr NfuA uhjl >k lu izcq)] f'kf{kr ik=k
la y* d, cqpuh vk lqduk lu fuj{kj O;fDr lHkd la?k"kZ'khy psruk esVk,y
NfuA vFkkZr~ dfo ;FkkFkZd ifgy i{k ek=k dsa viuk jpuk es lkdkj d*
ldykgA ;FkkFkZd b,g fp=k.k jpuk dsa fonzksgkRed ufg cuk d, vkks'kkRed
cuk nSr vfNA vkks'k vk fonzksg es lw{e varj vfNA mn; nquwd gksbr vfN
vlarks"kfg la] eqnk ,fg vlarks"k dsa nsf[k tdj ikS#"k tkfx mBSr vfN] dksuks iqjku
LFkkfir ekU;rk vFkok fo'okl la eksg Hkax Hksyk ij tdjk vkRecksk gksbr NSd]
tdj Hkqtcy izfr'kkskd gsrq QM+fd mBSr vfN] vks fonzksgh dgcSr vfN vk ts
viu ksk dsa vksdkyfrd tkek ifgjkcSr vfN] foyki&izykid ijnk nSr vfN]
fonzksgd >aMk ufg mBk icSr vfN vks vkks'kh gksbr vfNA fonzksg ufg djc
egkdfo ekqid ik=k dsa dk#f.kd cuk nSr vfN] n;uh; cuk nSr vfN]
lgkuqHkwfr i,ck ;ksX; cuk nSr vfNA dfod ys[kuh la fpf=kr ik=kd n'kk ij
ikBd ^vkgk* dgck ysy ck; Hk* tkbr NfFkA
bZ ra Hksy egkdfod ,fg dfork laxzgd vks i{k tdjk dkj.k dfod
ekDZloknh fopkjkkjk detksj iM+Sr vfN] eqnk ,djk dkj.ksa bZ ufg lkspckd fFkd]
ts dFkkdkO;d bZ laxzg fuanuh; vfNA laxzg dSd n`f"V,a iz'kaluh; vfNA
dksugq jpukd vkykspuk es vksdj vkikneLrd vkWijs'ku gksbr vfNA
vksfg vkWijs'ku es 'kksf.krks cgjkbr vfN vk ihtks cgjkbr vfNA leqnz eaFku es
ve`rks cgkjkbr vfN vk fo"kks cgjkbr vfNA lQyre ekDlZoknh fopkjkkjkd
b,g vHkko ,fg jpuk&eaFkud ve`r ufg Hk* ldy] eqnk rsa pUnzek] ,sjkor]
y{eh] bR;kfnd vHkko ufg vfNA eSfFkyh lkfgR;d lsok es bZ viu vusd iksFkh
la eSfFkyhd HkaMkj HkjSr jgykg vfNA tkfg es la ize[q k fFkd viwoZ jlxqYyk]
e/kqi vk }kn'kh @ 103
VVdk ftysch] 'krny] f=kos.kh] rk.Mo] f=kdq'kk] dkscj xhr] jkkk fojg egkdkO;]
>adkj] fo|kifr egkdkO; bR;kfnA ,d fn'k ta kaxkj jl la vksr&izksr fgud
jpuk ikBd dsa ljkcksj d* nSr vfN ra nkslj fn'k d#.k jl la ifjiw.kZ jpuk
lHk lsgks n; es lkkkj.khdj.k d* d, vksdjk jpukd ik=kd lax ,dkRedrk
LFkkfir djck es iw.kZ lg;ksx nSr vfNA xhr&jpuk es peRdkj iw.kZ vyadkfjd
Hkk"kk&'kSyhd iz;ksx djc] fgudj izo`fk tdka cq>kbr vfNA vuqizkl vks ;ed
vyadkjd ckgqY;] ikafMR;iw.kZ 'kCn&foU;kld NVk bR;kfn mifLFkr djck fn'k
fgud fo'ks"k ;ku jgyfu vfNA vis{kkr viu vku jpukd rqyuk es }kn'kh
es cslh ljy gks,ckd ps"Vk dfo d,us NfFk] eqnk ,dne lgt Hk* xsy NfFk
ls ufgA r[ku Nanc) jpukd vis{ksa bZ cslh Li"V vfNA Li"Vrkd lHk la iS?k
dkj.k vfN jpuk es dFkkrRod lgt izokgA dFkkrRo dsa dfo ,rsd ekfeZd
vk ukVdh;rkd lax mifLFkr d,yfu vfN] ts i<+ck dky ifjfLFkfr tU; dksuks
O;okku mifLFkr Hksygqa ij ,dkxzrk Hkax gks;ckd laHkkouk ufg jgSNA vksuk ,fg
ckjgks dfork es la vfkdka'k dfork ikafMR;iw.kZ 'kCn&foU;kl vk vyadkj
ckgqY;d dkj.k nq:g tdka lkfcr gkse* yxSr vfN] eqnk rqjarfg dFkkrRo es
d#.k jld fgyksj ekjSr kkjk] foo'krkd ltho fp=k.k] nSU;&dqaBk&vkReosnuk vk
la=kkld vfody miLFkkiu ikBd dsa ?khfp d; ckV ij y* vcSr vfNA ^?kly
vBUuh* dfork es d#.kkd fp=k dfo trsd ekfeZd <axsa mifLFkr d,us NfFk]
ls Li`g.kh; vfNA ekqithd jpukd lc la cyxj i{k fFkd fgudj o.kZu 'kSyhA
viu o.kZu 'kSyhd dkj.k bZ dksugq jpuk es rrsd us ukVdh;rk y* vcSr NfFk]
ts ikBdd le{k vks ?kVuk&fp=k Li"V :isa mifLFkr Hk* tkbr vfN vk ikBd
dsa jlcksk es dksugq Vk deh ufg jfg tkbr NfuA dfork 'kh"kZd ^uokUu* es
uhjl >kd fp=k mifLFkr djSr vksdj vYi osrud c[kjk dsa ns[kcSr NfFkA ?kj
?kqjyk ij vksdj euksn'kk dsa fpf=kr djSr NfFk] ^cPpkd ekb dsa dh dfgvuq@vks
gej nq%[k dsa dh cq>rh \@pkSchl Vdk vb Nekghd@vkkk fdjkfu;sa dsa nsfy,s@vkkk
la fMIVh lkgsc dsj dSygqa iwtk---*
ladyud ckjgks dFkkdkO; ^uokUu*] ^nkSfuokg*] ^ikid ifj.kke*] ^gksjh*]
^dksuks ?kj dkuc dksuks ?kj xhr*] ^ekqj&feyu*] ^?kly vBUuh*] ^r`Ir&fiiklk*]
^lsokd Qy*] ^ykb ij ctz*] ^dkstkxjkd e[kku* rFkk ^iqjLdkj* bR;kfn d#.kk
la ifjiw.kZ vfNA var izk;% lc dforkd d#.kfg la Hksy vfN] ^r`Ir&fiiklk*d
vykosA ^r`Ir&fiiklk*d dkosjh ,[ku fefFkykapyd ?kj&?kj es vfNA dkosjhd
n; es mBSr varukZn fefFkykapyd leLr dqekfj csVhd varukZn fFkdSA dkosjhd
firk txUukFk ckcw vk 'kf'kdkUrd firk ';keuUnu ckcwd lsgks dksuks deh ufg
vfN] deh vfN ek=k 'kf'kdkar lu fonzksgh ;qodd] ftudk n; es ,gsu ckr
104 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
mBSr Nfu] ^lUrfr fo;h firkd ckr@ekucks ekuoksfpr ufg,a@i'kq tdka
euq";d gks fo;@vks tjkS jk"V ik=kd dkjh---A* vk var lsgks] ,fg dforkd
feyus la gksbr vfNA laxzgd lc la lqdksey dfork b,g vfNA
,gsu izk;% ikvksy xsy ts dfo izfr fp=k.kd cslh vkxzgh NfFk] laxzgd
vfkdka'k dfork es ra izfrd ltho fp=k vfN,] vkuks&vku Bke izfr&fp=k
f?kpck es dfo vkxw jgS NfFkA }kn'khd izk;% lHk dfork es bZ izfr dsa dksuks
us dksuks :i es vo'; mifLFkr d,yfu vfNA ^lsokd Qy*] ^?kly vBUuh*]
^nkSfuokg*] ^dksuks ?kj dkuc dksuks ?kj xhr*] ^dkstkxjkd e[kku* bR;kfn dfork
es lektd nq"pfj=krkd ukaxV fp=k mifLFkr d,y xsy vfNA 'kks"kdh; izo`fk] uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka
vLi`';rkd Hkkouk] fuEuoxhZ; yksdd izfr wjrk bR;kfnd fp=k Li"V Hksy
vfNA leLr dfork vHkko] nSU;] nq"pfj=krk] 'kks"k.k] vuhfr bR;kfnd ^'kks&ihl*
fFkdA
dksuks jpukdkjd oSjkV~; jpukd la[;k la ufg] jpukdkjd n`f"VQyd dsj foLrkj
la vkady tkbr vfNA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts eSfFkyh es ek=k rhu miU;kld
cysa ;k=kh trsd egku ys[kd NfFk] rrsd ntZu vk fd rkgw la cslh iksFkh fyf[k&Nik
d* <sfj;k nsfugkj ys[kd ufgA
;|fi dksuks miU;kld jh<+ vksdj dFkk rRos gksbr vfN] ijarq miU;kld
egRo dFkkd ?kVuk&ed mkstukRed rRo la ufg] vksdj ms'; la izfrikfnr
gksbr vfNA jpukdkj lkfgR; l`tu ^Lokar% lq[kk;* ysy vo'; djSr vfNA
eqnk vksdj lq[kd ifjdYiuk oS;fDrd lq[kd BBjh ij ufg gksbr vfNA dksuks
egku ys[kdd ^Lo* laiw.kZ lekt vk ifjos'k es O;kIr jgSr vfNA lekt&lq[k
vksdj oS;fDrd lq[k gksbr vfN] oS;fDrd ihM+k dsa vks tu&lewgd ihM+k cuk
d* ns[kSr vfN] tsuk ^ljkst Le`fr* vFkok ^prqjh pekj* fujkykd eu%yksd es
vkdkj ivksus gSrA tsuk dchjd eksu es ^lqf[k;k lc lalkj gS] nqf[k;k nkl
dchj* vFkok ^pyrh pDdh ns[k ds fn;k dchjk jks;* lu&lu Hkko mBy gSrA
;k=khd lq[k vk nq[k vgh Hkkod Ny] gqudj ^Lokar% lq[kk;* lektd tkxj.k
ysy izfrc) Hkkoukd lq[k NyA tu'kfDrd izfr vkLFkkoku ;k=khd eksu es
bZ Hkjksl Nyfu ts vkfxd yqkhd deh lekt es ufg vfN] vksfg yqkh ij iM+y
Nkmj dsa gVk;c vk vkfx dsa lquxk;c vks viu keZ cq>yfuA ,fg vkfxd
csxjrk dchjd vksr* lsgks Ny vk ijorhZ leLr izfrdkeh jpukdkjd vksr*
lsgksA vgh vkfx dsa fofok utfj,a ns[ky xsy vk dgy xsy ^gks dgha Hkh vkx]
ysfdu tyuh pkfg,*A ;k=kh bZ vkfx tjk d* vkkqfud izxfr'khy \ tdka
e'kkyckth vk ukjkckthd ukVd ufg dj* pkgSr NykgA ;k=khd vkfxd bZ
ifjdYiuk elhgk cuck ysy ufg] lekt dsa vkyksde; djckd ysy NyA vkfx

uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka @ 105 106 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

la fudyy vkyksd vk "ek ta mfpr <axsa ^yksd* kfj igqafp xsy] ra cq>w
ts vkfx lkFkZd Hk* xsyA vkfxd pdkpkSak cyk yiV vk vkfxd nkgd rki
vke ukxfjd ysy mi;qDr ufg fFkdA ls ta mi;ksxh gscks dj;] ra vks vUgkj
ilkj*] es fyIr eqh Hkfj ujfi'kkpd vkaf[k pksUgjkc* ysy vFkok vksdj iki&O;wg
tjkc* ysyA ;k=kh vgh ^lq[k* vk vgh ^vkfx*d vUos"kd oxZd iqjkskk NfFk]
iqjkskk jgykg viu jpukdeZ es lsgks vk viu thoukeZ es lsgksA
;k=khd miU;kl ij ppkZ djSr dky yksd dsa bZ ckr ;ku es jkf[k ysckd
pkgh] ts ^uorqfj;k* vk ^cypuek* 'kq) d* d* eSfFkyhd miU;kl fFkdA
fgUnh cyk ta ^ubZ ikSk* vk ^cypuek*d ppkZ djSr NfFk ra djSr jgFkqA bZ
gqudk yksdfud leL;k fFkd ts vks ,fg nquw iksFkh dsa fgUnhd jpuk izekf.kr
djck ysy dksu gFkdaMk viukcfFk] izdk'ku o"kZd vkJ; ysfFk vFkok ;k=khd
gLrfyfi es vksdj ikaMqfyfi izLrqr djfFkA ewy ckr bZ fFkd ts bZ nquw iksFkh
eSfFkyh es fy[ky xsy] fgUnh es nquwd vuqokn Niy vfNA ys[kdd gkFksa vuwfnr
lkexzh ta y{; Hkk"kkd lkfgR; Hk* tk; ra ,[ku kfj ^[kj dkdk* dsa fgUnhd
jpuk fd,d ufg ekuy xsy \ ckr vokarj ufg gks] ra ,r* bZ iwNckd mfpr
volj vfN ts gfj'kadj ijlkbd vkykok fgUnhd Lokra=;ksRrj dky es gfjeksgu
>kd le{k Bk<+ gkse; cyk O;aX;dkj d, Vk NfFk \
vksuk] lR; iwNy tk; ra gejk utfj es ;k=khd lHk Vk miU;kl eSfFkyhd
Hkus ufg gks] fefFkykapyd vo'; fFkdA bZ eSfFkyh ikBd&izdk'kd&ys[kdd nqHkkZX;
fFkd ts ;k=kh dsa viuk 'kjhjd jDr&ekal&eTtk ckgj nsc* iM+yfuA vk fgUnh
lekykspukd lkSHkkX; fFkd] ts vudj nkfy&pkmj ij Bdqjkbu cuyA dgy
t;ckd pkgh ts fefFkykapysd rhu Vk miU;kldkj ;k=kh] js.kq] jktdey fgUnhd
dFkk lkfgR; es uo vy[k txkSyfuA eqnk vb fookn es iM+c ,[ku vHkh"V
ufgA
eSfFkyh es ;k=khd ek=k rhu Vk miU;kl vfN ^ikjks* 1946] ^uorqfj;k*
1954] ^cypeuk* 1967A vksuk fgUnh es ^ubZ ikSk* 1953 vk ^cypuek*
1952 ifgus Nfi pqdy NyA eSfFkyhd leLr v;srk ifjfprs NfFk ts eSfFkyh
es izdk'kud leL;k lHk fnu la jgy vfN \
^ikjks*d izdk'ku la iwoZ ^funZ;h lklq*] ^iqufoZokg*] ^dU;knku*] ^f}jkxeu*]
^lq'khyk*] ^euq";d eksy*] ^panzxzg.k*] ^vfxygh* vkfn egRoiw.kZ miU;kld
izdk'ku Hk* pqdy NyA pUnzxzg.k 1932 d vfrfjDr izk;% lHk miU;kl
es oSokfgd leL;k] ukjh tkfrd nhurk] fookg es dkSfyd eku&e;kZnkd n[kyankth
la thou&ed lkalr b,g lHk fpf=kr gksbr jgyA fdj.k dsj miU;kl es
izk;% ifgy csj miU;kl ys[kud tfM+ uo ekfV idM+ckd uo rjgsa ps"Vk d;ydA
uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka @ 107
;k=khd ^ikjks* dsa ,fg lkekftd fLFkfrd le{k Bk<+ gks;ckd NySd tr;
iSarkyhl c[kZd o;l es yksd viu csVhd mesjd dU;k la fookg djck es
ladksp ufg djSr Ny] tr; usuius la L=khx.k dsa bZ f'k{kk nsy tkbr NSd ts
^ukaxj jgmd fd vkUgj] yqYg jgmd fd vkcSlw] ifr fFkdSd lk{kkr ijes'oj*
ikjks] i`- 38A tr; csVh dsa ekb] fcuk dksuks vijkkd] vyPN vk v'kqHk dFkk
dg;A tr, csVkd eku&lEeku jRu tdka vk csVhd eksy VYgk tdka gks] tr;
csVhd c<+Sr mez nsf[k d* ek; cw>; ts gej deZ tjy vfN] tr; dksugquk
ddjks lax csVhd fookg Hk* xsukb m)kj Hk* tk;c ekuy tk,] tr; ,d Vk
csVk tUekc*d izrh{kk es tuh tkfr dsa nl&nl Vk csVh tUekc* iM+SdlSg
Ny fefFkykA vksuk] vkc ipkl&lkfB c[kZd le; chr xsykd ckn] f'k{kk vk
ekufld lkeF;Zd FkksM+sd o`f) Hksykd ckn fLFkfr dusd cnyy vo'; vfN]
eqnk ekSfyd fparu es ,[kugqa cgqr varj ufg HksySd vfNA
ra] vgh pfj=kd fefFkyk es ^ikjks* miU;kld i`"BHkwfe rS;kj gksbr vfNA
vks le; Ny ts leo;lh ojd vkdka{kk&vfHkyk"kk lkekU; ?kjd csVh ufg djSr
NyA izrh{kk d;y tkbr Ny] utfj f[kjkvksy tkbr Ny ts dksuks ku&i'kqd
?kjuhd vdky e`R;q Hksy gksbd] dgquk gqud ku&chr lEgkj* ysy] gqudj
cky&cPpk dsa iksl* ysy] gqudj fokok ihfl vk cw<+ ek;d lsok&Vgy ysy]
gqud iS'kkfpd oklukd r`fIr ysy yksd dksugquk viu csVh dsa lsV d* fyv,A
csVh ,r; la iBkvksy ra tsrhg jkuh cfu d* jkt dj* ysy] eqnk igqafprs nsjh
vksr; Hk* tsrhg cfgfdjuh] Hkufl;k] dBiqrjh] vksNkvksu] fidnkuhvkfnA
^ikjksd* ^ikoZrh* vgh vfLrRod lax fefFkyk es ,d izdkaM iafMrd ?kj
es tUe ysyfFkA fcjtwd ihfl lu ekb NyfFku ikjks dsaA firkd nsgkolkud
i'pkr ek;d ekFk ij cks> Hk* xsfyA fcjtw lu Hkkoqd fiflvkSr Hkkb Nfu
ts ijaijkd ckUg&Nsd es vks>jk;y izxfr'khy NfFkA fopkj la fcjtwd rqyuk
es ikjks dusd csfl;s izxfr'khy] dYiuk'khy vk ifjorZud vkxzgh NfFkA eqnk
rS;ks ianzg c[kZd ikjksd ysy tkfg c*jd izfr ikjksd ek; izkFkZuk djSr Nyhg]
ls ^nqrh; oj] voLFkk iSra hle eqnk voLFkk Nyfu iSra kyhlA i<+y fy[ky
ekewyh] tehu&ttkr i;kZIrA nyku ij xksj pkfj,d c[kkjhA twfr pyS Nfu
lrekb,d] vksgh fnl la oSek=ks cfgfu ek=k rkgw cspkjksd dikj nqjkxeud
mijkars tfj xsy NyfuA lklqj es [kxrk dFkqd ufg] rb;ks ekb, yx jgS NfFkUg]
vkj fdNq ufg [kkyh rhFkZ djckd oS NfuA fFkdkg vks yksdfu xked Mhgh]
cqkokjs c?kkarA pqYgkb pkSkfj uke fFkdSUg] lksuefu pkSkfjd ckydA ekr`d
ddjkSM+] ekr`ekr`d fiy[kckM+A cfguksb NyfFkUg ls lkSjkBfgd vk lrek;
fFkdfFkUg lq[klsukdA egs'kiqj ikaft NfuA ns[k* lqu* es ls egkHkO;] [kSck&ihck
108 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
es HkksxhUnzA ,gu ?kj&oj iM+ys ikchA*
ls] ,gsu ?kj&oj ikjks dsa HksfV, xsyfuA tkfg oj dsa ijes'oj ekuckd
f'k{kk gqudk nsy tkbr jgyfu] ikjks gqudk loZFkk ujfi'kkp ekuSr jgyhgA vk
rb ujfi'kkp ysy ,dVk csVk dsa tUe n* d* ikjks ijyksd xsyhgA pqYgkb pkSkfj
nkslj dksuks ikjks dsa dhu&cslkfg d* ?kj vuck ysy] vksdjk jkuh vk fd cfgfdjuh
vk fd kkSjch cuc* ysy eqDr Hk* xsykgA ta vb miU;kl dsa vkvksj vkxw
c<+kvksy tkbr ra Qsj la dksuks ikjks vk fd lkcks vk fd yPNks dsj dFkk rS;kj
Hk* ldSr NyA
vb O;oLFkkd chp xkSjokfUor vk vb ukyh es lg&lg djSr dhV&thou
fcrc* oyk eSfFkyd ysy] ^ikjks* lthou cwVhd :i es vk;yA tr; ianzg
c[kZd kh;k ysy iSarkyhl c[kZd nqrh oj dsa dU;kd ekb ,uk efgekeafMr djfFk]
rr; ;k=kh ^ikjks* lu miU;kl fy[kckd lkgl d;yfu] bZ duh Vk ckr ufg
NyA tkfg miU;kl lekt es fcjtwd ihlk vk firkd vykok ,dks Vk iq#"k
ik=k nw&rhu la de fookg ufg d;yfu] rkfg lekt es ^ikjks* vk ^fcjtw* lu
izxfr'khy fopkjd iks"kd dsa ijaijkd vkxw foo'k ns[kk;c LokHkkfods NyA
^ikjks* la iwoZ oSokfgd leL;k ij dsafnzr trsd lkfgR; l`tu eSfFkyh es
Hksy Ny vFkok Hk* jgy Ny] ls ewyr% vksfg le;d L=kh nqnZ'kk] tkfr ikaftd
dkj.k cgqfookg] cky&fookg] lklq&iqrkSgqd vkilh O;ogkj vkfn la lacafkr
fLFkfrd ladsr ek=k NyA ^ikjks* es ifgy csj uorkd ladsr vadqfjr HksyA laiw.kZ
miU;kl euksosxd fp=k.k es lQy Hksy vfNA ?kVukd fp=k.k de vfN] ?kVuk
la mRiUu euksHkko dsa fpf=kr djck es ;k=kh cslh ;Ru dsyfu vfNA vb euksHkkod
mn;s bZ lkfcr djSr vfN] ts le; vk lekt cnfy jgy vfN] ta lekt
ufgvksa cnyy vfN] ra le;d vuqlkj lekt dsa cnfy t;ckd pkghA ikjksd
izdk'kud ikap n'kd cknks vkbZ tkfg fefFkyk es izse&fookg viu LFkk;h vk
Lohr LFkku ufg cuk ldy vfN] rkfg izse&fookgd laHkkouk fnl ;k=kh
Lora=krkd iwoZfg ladsr d;us NfFkA bLyke keZd dksuks o;%lafkd ckfydkd
eksu dsa i<+ckd iz;kl d;y tk; ra Li"V cwf> iM+rS vfN vksdj Hkko ^viu
tkfg fifrvkSr] efevkSr] eflvkSrd lax ge uaxVs ekfV es yksVk,y Nh] lr?kfj;k
vk dfu;ka&iqrjk [ksyk,y Nh] ls ckyd lHk vkc toku Hk* jgy vfN vk vks
lHk gejk es vkc viu fe=k ufg viu iRuh gks;ckd laHkkouk rkfd jgy
vfN vk ^[kqnk* la izkFkZuk d* jgy vfN ts vksdj firk dsa gejk firk la ckr
pysckd ln~cqf) gksmdA* tsa fd bZ laHkkouk fganw kekZoyacu es ufg vfN] rsa
ikjksd iqNyk ij ^Hkkb, cfgu es ta fc;kg&nku gksbrSd ra dsgsu fnc gksbrS
! dr* dgka nud vufB;k dsa ts yksd mBk d* y* vcS, ls dksu cqfk;kjh \*fcjtw
uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka @ 109
vksdjk MkafV nSr vfNA
^ikjks* t[ku izdkf'kr Hksy Ny] ra [kwc gks&gYyk epy NyA usr bZ] ts
;k=kh vuFkZ d;yfuA efe;kSr&fifl;kSr es izse lacak ns[kk d* dqdeZ d;yfuA
^lqjek lxqu fopkjS uk* dFkk ij jktdey pkSkjh ij lsgks ,gus vk{ksi NyA
eqnk vksfg le;d eSfFkyhd ikBd bZ ufg cwf> ldykg ts ^ikjks* HkkbZ&cfgfud
izse dFkk ufg fFkd] vly es bZ dFkk fFkd fefFkykd ekuoh; nkfjnz~;d] eSfFkyd
ekufld v;ksX;rkd] csVh&iksrhd mesjd dqekfj lax fc;kg djckd jk{klh o`fkd]
vb fc;kgd nykyh [kk d* ekSt&eLrh d;fugkj ?kVdjktd uh;rdA
Hkkb&cfgud izse ra ,fg miU;kl esa izlaxo'k vk;y vfNA vksuk rkgw ij ta
lkspy tk;] ra fopkj.kh; ckr bZ fFkd ts ta dksuks O;fDrd ekb] fifrvkbu]
cfgu] Hkkmt] Hkkogqdksuks rjgd ;kSu&lacakd ijgst okyh L=kh vFkok ijnk
jk[k* okyh L=kh lax drgq vR;kpkj Hk* xsy gks] L=kh vksr* ukaxV vk csgks'k iM+y
gks] ra dh vks O;fDr ,fg lkekftd f'k"Vkpkjd fopkj dj* yxrkg ts Hkkogqd
'kjhj es Li'kZ ufg djc] vk fd ekb&cfgu dsa ukaxV ufg ns[kc] vksdj Li'kZ
ufg djc] vksdj ;kSukax Nqvk tk;r \ eSfFkyhd ikBd dsa Hkkx eusckd pkgh]
ts tkfg ik[kaMd le; es ;k=khd leo;lh vk ledkyhu ys[kdx.k t[ku eSfFkyh
es dhrZu&Hktu vk jfr&lekxed dfork&dFkk fy[kSr Nykg] rkfg fodjky
le; es ;k=kh ^ikjks* fy[kckd lkgl d;yfuA ^fdj.k* vksfg le;d viokn
jgfFk] rdj izek.k ^panzxzg.k* 1932 miU;kld fo"k; vk f'kYi vfNA
vly es ^ikjks* eSfFky lekt es fookg folaxfr vk csVhd izfr vekuqf"kd
O;ogkj esVsckd ysy rFkk jktuhfrd f'kfFkyrk rksM+* ysy ,dVk izHkkoh Loj
fFkdA ;|fi jktuhfrd xfrfofkd dksuks ldkjkRed izfrQy drgq ufg
ns[kkvksy xsy vfNA eqnk uo ih<+h vksfg fn'k lf; vfN] iqjku ih<+h ,fg
xfrfofk dsa ^gq ys ys ys* dfg d* ,djk izfr viekutud kkj.kk izdV djSr
vfNA eqnk vku nw i{k i;kZIr Li"Vrkd lax vk viu ifj.kked lax lks>ka
vcSr vfNA laiw.kZ miU;kl if<+ xsykd ckn fcjtw dsa Mjiksd dgy tk;]
izxfr'khy dgy tk; vk fd ik[akMh dgy tk; ls r; djc dfBu Hk*vks
ldSr NyA eqnk ;k=khd rhuw miU;kl ikjks] uorqfj;k] cypuekd fo"k;
foLrkjd izf;k ij ;ku nsyk la r; Hk* tkbr vfN] ts ;k=khd ^fcjtw* ,dne
la ^;k=kh*, tdka iVq vk izoh.k vfNA fcjtw dsa ,rck cksk NSd ts ,[ku yksg
uhd tdka xjek;y ufg vfN] ,[ku ,djk ihVc O;FkZ tk;rA rsa t[ku&t[ku
miU;kl es :f<+oknh xi mBy vfN] fcjtw ek=k vksdj 'kkyhu izfrdkj d;yd
vfNA ihfl t[ku ikjks dsa MkaV&MiV djSr NfFk] ikjks dsa vHkkxfy vk vkvksj
dh&dh us dgSr NfFk] ikSrh&ifFk;k cquckd ywfjokyh ckfydkd iz'kalk djSr
110 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vkkqfud le;d ;qorhd fuank djSr NfFk] ra fcjtw gqudk 'kkyhurkd lax lHk
ckrd tokc nSr vfNA ?kVukd fojksk rkeld lax drgq ufg djSr vfNA
vksuk ta lexzrk es ns[kh ra ;k=khd dksuks ik=k Hkk"k.k vk vkpj.k la relkbr
ufg ns[kkbr vfNA tfguk ;k=khd laiw.kZ rkel fgudj Hkk"kkd O;aX; es <fj
tkbr vfN] rfguk ;k=khd ik=k dsj rkel lsgks vksdj dwVuhfr es cnfy tkbr
vfN vk dk;Zflf)d ckn vksdj vlfj lks>ka vcSr vfNA fcjtw laiw.kZ dFkk
es cslh Bka ukjkts jgSr vfNA eqnk lHk Bka ifjfLFkfr foijhr jgykd dkj.ksa fudfy
t;ckd ckV rkfd ySr vfNA ;krO; fFkd ts ikjksd oj t[ku jkfr es ikjks
lax lekxe ysy tcjnLrh djSr NfFk vk ikjks ygw&yqgku Hk* d* iM+k tkbr
vfN] oj rS;ks ikjksd tku NksM+ck ysy rS;kj ufg NfFk] fulHksj uhu la tkxy
fcjtw t[ku ,fg n`'; la ifjfpr gksbr vfN] r[ku pkSkfj dsa ifCydyh QT>fr
djckd cnyk gqudk kksfi d* fonk djSr vfN vk ikjks dsa 'kkar Hk* d* le>kc*
yxSr vfNA
bZ lHk Vk ifjfLFkfr ;k=khd nh?kZ j.kuhfrd ladsr fFkdA dgy t;ckd
pkgh ts le;kuqdwy fodkld izf;k es lektd fodkleku ifjfLFkfr ij ;k=khd
rhuw miU;kl] rhu Vk vyx&vyx miU;kl ufg fFkd] cfYd rhu [kaM esa fy[ky
fodkl&ijaijkd bfrgkl fFkdA fefFkykd fodkl o`{kd Fkfj ckUgy fr fFkd
^ikjks*A ,r, la i`"BHkwfe cuk d* ;k=kh vkxw c<+y NfFkA
nkslj n`f"V,a fopkj djh ra fefFkykd leLr tuind yksdkpkj le`)
vk lekn`r Hkk"kk es ,r* izHkkoh <ax la fpf=kr Hksy vfNA ^ikjks* jtLoyk Hk*
xsyhg vfN bZ ckr [kksfy d* dgckd dksuks foo'krk ;k=kh dsa ufg HksyfuA
ikjks dgSr Nfu ts rsjges es iaanzged Hk* xsy Nh vk ihfl dgydfu ts [khjkd
ch;k cf<+Eek NySd rS;ks fd, ufg tueySA vk] bZ ladsr i;kZIr Hk* xsyA
cykRdkjd lwpuk nsck ysy ikjks 'kksf.kr la Hkhty uwvk Nqvk nsydfu] ?kVuk
laizsf"kr Hk* xsyA etnwj oxZd ts efgyk fcjtw dsa usuiu es csVk tdka lacksfkr
djSr Nyfu] ls lHk nhvj tdka O;ogkj djSr Nfu( i<+* fy[k* ykxy fcjtw
ra xked Hkkmt lHk vkc fijgh ij cSlk d* xi dj* ykxyfuAvb lHk
n`"Vkard lax ^ikjks* eSfFky tuind thou&izf;kd dksykt fFkd] tr; pwfYg&fpuckj]
v;;u&v;kiu] [ksrh&ckM+h] i'kq&ikyu O;oLFkk] ?kVdSrh] fookg uhfr] lkekftd
izes &?k`.kk] jkx&}s"k] fookg& f}jkxeud fofk&O;ogkj] jkt&dktd fLFkfr] dksV&dpgjh]
uksdj&pkdj] lkSfr;k Mkg] ^Vksy&iM+ksld gLr{ksi la ikfjokfjd >a>fVd fucVkjk]
d*j&dqVqed lg;ksx lHkVk viu&viu ewY;okk vk viu&viu oSf'k"V~;d lax
,fg miU;kl es mifLFkr vfNA ikjks xrZxkeh eSfFky tuind ysy ,d Vk yydkj
fFkd] ts lHk dsa lh<+h ns[kk d* ij v;ckd izsj.kk nSr vfNA
uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka @ 111
efe;kSr&fiflvkSrd izse&lacak ij ,rs ra vcLls dgy t;ckd pkgh] ts
^nksuksa rjQ yxh gS vkx cjkcj&cjkcj*A eqnk fcjtw dsa bZ Li"Vr% iznf'kZr vFkok
ladsfrr djckd lkgl ufg gksbr NSd] fcjtw drgq ifjyf{kr ufg gkse; nSr
vfNA eqnk ikjksd fph dsa vla[; csj i<+S,A euksoSKkfud fp=k.kd lgkjk la
bZ ckr ;k=kh Li"V d* ldykg vfNA eqnk fcjtwd izsed mRd"kZ drsd vykSfdd
vfN] ts vks ikjksd thoud lq[ke;&lqje; ekgkSyd bartke es O;Lr jgSr vfNA
nkslj fnl ikjksd izse es lkgl vfNA tr; fcjtw ijaijk dsa vkgr ufg djckd
usrsa lHk vkpj.k djSr vfN] vksrfg ikjksd izfrc)rk thou&ewY; la tqM+y vfN]
ijaijk ta thoud lq[k&lkSjHk] vkdka{kk&vfHkyk"kk] ftuxhd lgtrk dsa vkgr
dj,*] ra vksfg ijaijk dsa vkgr djck es ikjks dsa dksuks 'kkL=kh; erd lqj{kk ekU;
ufgA vksgquk] Lor% izekf.kr vfN ts tksf[ke mBsckd nqLlkgl gejk vksr; L=kh
dsa trsd vfN rrsd iq#"k dsa ufgA
lok'kr% ^ikjks* bZ r; djSr vfN ts fookg lacakd ms'; t[ku izses fFkd]
vk izse&izlax es fu"kskkKk vk otZukd xqatkb'k ufg vfN] r[ku bZ 'kkL=kh; fokku
thoud lgtrk ysy dksuk xzkA ,dVk for vk ?k`.kkLin ijaijkd lekukarj
efe;kSr&fifl;kSrd bZ izse&izlax jkf[k d* miU;kldkj ikBdd foosd dsa mn~cq)
djckd iz;kl d;yfuA vgw Fkki la tsa fd eSfFky tuind vkaf[k ufg [kqty
rsa ^uorqfj;k* vk;yA
^ikjks*d izdk'kud i'pkr ns'k Lora=k HksyA eqnk fefFkyk es O;kir csesy
fookg] csVh cspckd izFkk] lkfB c[kZd cw<+ lax Vkdkd yksHksa vk dkSfyd Js"Brkd
yksHksa ianzg c[kZd csVh@Hkrhth@iksrh@ukfru dsa fc;kfg nsckd gjDdfr cUu ufg
HksyA Lokra=;ks=kj dky es ns'k dsj vku&vku Hkk"kk lHk es tr; lkekftd&lkaLfrd&
jktuhfrd mRFkkud rduhdh izf;k] 'kks"k.k&mRihM+u vk lkear'kkgh rFkk csdkjh&
csjkstxkjh] vFkkZHkko&vUukHkkod dqfVy uhfr ij fopkj gksv, ykxy Ny]
jktuhfrd tkxj.kd ckr gksbr Ny] rr, fefFkykd yksd csVh cspckd kakk es
fokZ NyA ,gsu fodjky le; es vksfg csVhd ekb vk ^;k=kh* nqud w O;Fkkd
dYiuk d;y tk ldSr vfNA ;k=khd LFkku ij ta dksuks 'kkVZ&VsEiMZ vdckyh
lkekftd dk;ZdkkZ jfgrfFk ra vks fefFkykd ,gsu dqfVy dhV lHk dsa ukaxV Hk*
d* xfjvfcrfFk vFkok dksuks vaxzst flikgh tdka xksyh la nkfx fnrfFkA eqnk
;k=kh ra ls ufg NykgA vks ra uhfriw.kZ <ax la lekt dsa cny* pkgSr NykgA
^uorqfj;k* eSfFkyh es fy[ky fgudj nkslj miU;kl fFkdA vgw miU;kld
dsanzh; dFkk oSokfgds leL;k fFkdA eqnk vb miU;kld uk;d dksuks ,d Vk
;qod ufg] iwjk ;qok'kfDr fFkdA tr; ^ikjks* es leL;k rkfd d* vksfg ij vaxqjh
jkf[k nsc* kfj ;k=kh lhfer jgykg vksrfg ^uorqfj;k* es leL;kd fodYi kfj
112 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
igqapykgA [kks[kk iafMr lu fufo"V yksd ts] c l*[k la viu ukfrud uke
^fo'os'ojh* j[kyfu] mPpkj.k es ,fg uke dsa fd;ks BsaB djSr ^fclsljh* dg;
ra vksfg ij dqf<+ mBfFkA ls [kks[kk iafMr] laLr vk O;kdj.kd fufo"V fo}ku
[kks[kk iafMr] tehu ij vufkr dCtk dj* es] xkjk&xkjh dj* es] LokFkZ&flf)d
ysy viu cky&cPpk] csVk&csVh] ukfr&ukfrud xjnfu dkV* es dfu;ks ufg
yt,ykgA miU;kldkj {kqCk NfFkA ,fg pfj=kd fo'ys"k.k rrsd 'kkunkj <axsa
miU;kl es Hksy vfN ts ikBd Nxqark es jgrkg ts ta [kks[kk iafMr fo}ku] ra
dqfVy&dlkbd dh ifjHkk"kk \ tkfg ukfrud uked mPPkkj.kd izfr [kks[kk iafMr
,rsd lpsr NfFk] rkfg fo'os'ojhd thoud izfr vks ,rsd nkuoh; vkpj.k
dksuk djSr NfFk] ts pkSng c[kZd ukfrud fookg ipiu c[kZd cw<+ prqjk pkSkfj
lax r; djSr NfFk] ts ikap&ikap fookg iwoZfg d* pqdy NfFk !
^ceikVhZ* vk ,fg ikVhZd usrk fnxEcj efYyd vk ,fg ;qokoxZd vku
lnL; egs'oj >k] xksumM+k] gsgqvk] cyHknz feJ] okpLifrfgudk lHkd
'kkyhurk] izxfr'khyrk] mxzrk] fgudk lHkd fonzksgh Loj] vukpkjd izfr fgudk
lHkd fojkskbZ lHkVk fp=k ,fg miU;kl es Hkdjkj Hk* d* lks>ka vk;y vfNA
vb le; kfj fgUnh es fguds miU;kl ^jfrukFk dh pkph*] ^ckck cVsljukFk*]
^cypuek* vkfn vkfc pqdy NyAHkkjrd c`gr~ ifjn`'; es thoud ,fg izkphu
dqjhfr lHk dsa fclfj d* yksd iS?k&iS?k folaxfr lHk ij fopkj dj* ykxy Ny]
Lokkhurkd Nvks&lkr c[kZ fcrykd cknks Hkkjr es Lokkhurk lu dksuks ckr
cq>kbr ufg NyA
vly es euq"; oS;fDrdrk la eqDr Hksus fcuk O;kid lkekftd lanHkZ la
tqfM+ ufg icSr vfNA rsa vkRefgrkFkZ euq"; lkekftd vuq'kklu Lohdkj djSr
vfNA eqnk t[ku ifjfLFkfr vksdjk foo'k d* nSr NSd] fo{kqCk&dqafBr&viekfur
vk lekt misf{kr d* nSr NSd] r[ku vks fonzksg djSr vfNA Lokkhurk laxzke
la iwoZ Hkkjrd ukxfjd ts lHk liuk ns[kus Ny] eqfDr dkeukd trsd iS?k egy
cukSus Ny] rdj iwfrZ Lokra=;kskj Hkkjr es ufg Hk* ldyA vkfFkZd oS"kE;] csdkjh]
vjktdrk] vuSfrdrk] vekuoh;rk] lu for n`'; lks>ka vkc* yxySdA bZ
leLr fLFkfr Hkfo";d izfr yksd dsa vk'oLr ufg d* ldyA iwjk ns'k iqu% vksfg
fLFkfr es py xsy] tr; ,d fnl ldy lkeF;Z la ifjiw.kZ vfkal[; turk
O;oLFkktU; lqfokk la oafpr Ny] vksrfg eqh Hkfj vfkdkj izkIr O;fDr viu
lq[k lqfokk tqVc* es fyIr NyA Lokkhurk izkfIrd cknd miU;kld oLrq]
fo"k; vk uk;d b,g ifjfLFkfr] ,gus ?kVuk vk ,gus O;fDr Hk* jgy NyA
bZ leLr fLFkfr fefFkyks es fo|eku Ny] eqnk vksr* vksgw la iwoZd leL;k vksgw
la fodjky eqag ckSus NyA ;k=khd fLFkfr ra bZ Nyfu ts ifgus iksu ij QkVy
uorqfj, vkcvks vkxka @ 113
kksrh es psQM+h yxk d* >airkg] r[ku us vaxuk es VkV yxc* fnl fokZ gsrkgA
uorqfj;k miU;kl vb fodjky fLFkfr;ks es ledkyhu vku fo"k; kfj
dsfa nzr ufg Hk* icSr vfN ls cgqr xksVs dgrA eqnk ;k=kh O;wg es ck>y vk
?ksjk;y vfHkeU;q tdka ,d lax drsd yM+kb yfM+ jgy NfFk rdj ladrs ^ikjks*
es lsgks nsy xsy vfN] ^uorqfj;k* es lsgks vk ^cypeuk* es ra lgtfgaA
^uorqfj;kd* fo"k; iqjku vo'; vfN] eqnk uo'kfDr ij ;k=khd vkLFkk ,d Vk
uo fuekZ.kd ladsr fFkdA fo'os'ojhd izLrkfor o*j prqjk pkSkfj dsa ?kqjk d*]
fookg jksfd iqu% dU;kd vuqdwy oj okpLifr la fookg djkSfugkj ^ce ikVhZ*d
usrk vk vksdj lnL; lHkd uSfrd mRd"kZ dsa ,ds lax dSdVk vksj&Nksj ns[kkSus
NfFkA ^ikjks* es tr; lHk Vk vuSfrd fLFkfr dsa tsuk&rsuk lsfn ekfj d* pyckd
vkxzg ns[kkvksy xsy] iSarkfyl c[kZd vkcslw lax ianzg c[kZd ikjks fuR; izfr
cyRrk gksb y, pys xsy] ikjks larkuorh Hksy] eqnk Lo;a ufg jgybZ lHkVk
v?kV ?kVy] miU;kld uk;d vFkok miU;kldkj fdNq ufg d* ldykgA eqnk
^uorqfj;k* es vks lHk fdNq d* ldykg] ts vks dj* pkgSr Nykg vFkok ts gqudk
djckd pkgh NyA
[kks[kk iafMr] ?kVdjkt] prqjk pkSkfj] eqf[k;klHk dsa ;k=khd uorqfj;k
ikfu fivk nsydfu] lHk dsa ukd es dkSM+h ckfUg nsydfu] lkekftd vk oSkkfud
nquw rjgsa fgudj r#.k oxZ dqfVy iqjku ih<+h dsa ijkftr&viekfur vk lpsr
d;ydfu vfNA eqf[k;kd cSekuh ij izgkj Hksy] ?kVdjktd f?kukSu R; ij
izgkj Hksy] iafMrthd dqdeZd rkark VwVy] prqjk pkSkfj fcu fc;kgs ?kqjykg vk
fo'os'ojhd fookg lektokn es fu"Bk j[kfugkj ;qod okpLifr la HksyA
r#.k ih<+hd bZ fot; vk izlxa o'k vk;y vusd ?kVuk] mi?kVuk] ;qok'kfDrd
la?kVu bZ lHkVk] miU;kldkjd Hkkoh ladrs dsa |ksfrr djSr vfN vk gqud
izxfrdkeh psruk dsa iq"V djSr vfNA tr; ^ikjks* es ln~&vln~ nquw rjgd ik=k
viu&viu ekU;rk es lkQ Ny] ddjks eksu es dksuks }a} ufg NySd] vksrfg
^uorqfj;k* es vkfc d* ifjfLFkfr ,d kki vkxw j[kydA ,r; uorqfj;k
,dne la'k;eqDr vk lkglh Hk* xsyA laxfg o`) vk vjktd ih<+h }a}xzLr
gkse; ykxy vfNA eqf[k;k] iafMr] ?kVdjkt vk prqjk pkSkfj pk: var}}xzLr
lsgks NfFkA fgudk yksdfu dsa eksu es vkc la'k; izos'k dj* ykxy NfuA Hk[kjSr
ijke dsa lesVckd m|e es O;Dr Hkus ufg gksfFk] eqnk eksu es la'k; gksbr
NfuA
nkslj fnl ;k=khd uorqfj;k vkc iwjk iwjh lektd deku viuk gkFk es
y* usus NfuA vks vkc ikfjokfjd vk oS;fDrd 'kks"k.k la y* d* jk"Vh; jktuhfr
kfjd izfr] oS;fDrd varnZeu la y* d* lkekftd vukpkjd izfr] vfkdkj
114 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
gj.k la dRrZO; cksk kfjd izfr] lpsr jgSr NfuA rsa vkc ^cypuek* lu
^idBksl* jktuhfrd Loj oyk ik=kd vorj.k fefFkyk es vuxZy ufg gSrA vkc
vku dksugq rjgd iqjku vk :f<+xzLr leL;k gks ra vksdjk uorqfj;k nsf[k ysrA
^cypuek* vkxw c<+,
^cypuek* d izdk'ku eSfFkyh es 1967 es HksyA fgUnh esa 1952 es bZ Nfi
pqdy NyA lu~ 1967 kfj ra ns'kd fLFkfr dh la dh Hk* xsy NyA eqnk
dkyt;h frd le; dfg;ks lekIr ufg gksbr NSdA MkW- f=kHkqou flag
;FkkFkZoknh lkfgR;d ifjHkk"kk fuf'pr djSr cypuek dsa ;FkkFkZoknh miU;kl
?kksf"kr d;us NfFk% ^;FkkFkZoknh lkfgR;d lHk la iS?k fo'ks"krk b,g gksbr vfN
ts vks lektd ewy es lf; kafrdkjh 'kfDr lHk dsa phfUg d* vksdjk }kjk
c<+kvksy vkanksyud mYys[k djSr iawthoknd uk'k vk fuEu oxZd fot; es iw.kZ
vkLFkk O;Dr dj;] tkfg la fujk'kk rFkk thoud nk gkjy fuEu Lrjd yksd esa
vk'kkd lapkj gks vk vks yksdfu viuk dsa vksfg ;ksX; cuk ldfFk] ts lektd
fo"ke ifjLFkfr lHk la ohjrkd lax la?k"kZ d* ldfFk fgUnh miU;kl vkSj
;FkkFkZokn] i`- 33A* vb vFkZ es cypuek lqPpk ;FkkFkZoknh miU;kl fFkdA
gsck ysy vb miU;kl es lkearh oxZd efgyk] efydkbud wjrkd
fp=k.k( eqf[k;kd vizkfrd eSFkqud gjDdfr] nfyr oxZd nSU;] lkear oxZd
dqdeZ] lektd lkekU; jgu&lgu lHk fLFkfrd fp=k.k Hksy vfNA eqnk ewy
:i la bZ miU;kl cypuekd thou&dFkkd cgUus eSfFkyh ikBd dsa lkeF;Z
nsckd dSIlwy] fn'kk ns[ksckd e'kky vk lax j[kckd ysy gfFk;kj fFkdA
Lokra=;kskj Hkkjrd ts n'kk Ny] fuEu oxZd yksdd ts fLFkfr Ny] rdj fp=k.k
,fg miU;kld 'kjhj fFkd] eqnk vkRek fFkd vksb nSU; es lquxSr yqkh] ts
cypuekd n; es lquxSr vfNA Hkkjrd xjhc] 'kksf"kr vk ihfM+r turkd Loj
fFkd cypuekA rkd; pkgh ra ,r; ;FkkFkZokn] vkapfydrk] euq";okn] f"k
vkanksyu] nfyr vkanksyu] lkearh 'kfDrd ijkHko] lkekftd oS"kE;d lekfIrd
m|e lHk HksfV tk;rA ,fg miU;kl es Je'khy lektd izfr vkLFkk O;Dr
d;y xsy vfNA ys[kd Jed izfr vkLFkk j[kfugkj lektd fuekZ.k gsrq vkxzgh
NfFkA fgudj fu.kZ; Nfu] ts fdNq Hk* tkmd] deklqrs Vk [kk;rA vk] vb ysy
fdlku&etnwj dsa laxfBr vk la?k"kZ'khy gks;ckd vkg~oku d;y xsy vfNA
tehankj la MfV d* jgckd vk ,fg la?k"kZ es tqVy jgckd fLFkfrd fuekZ.k
izkjaHkfg la ys[kd d;us NfFkA
rqyuk djck ysy yksd ^cypuekd* rqyuk ^xksnkud* gksjh la djSr dg*
yxSr vfN ts cuypek gksjh tdka ifjfLFkfrd nkl ufg gksbr vfN] kkfeZd
vakfo'okl vk ikjaifjd :f<+ es ck>y ufg jgSr vfN] viu ckafg ij Hkjksl
n`f"Vdks.k vk dkO; oLrqd lhek @ 115
j[kSr vfN vk la?k"kZd cysa viu vfkdkj gLrxr dj* pkgSr vfN] vFkkZr
cypuek gksjh la vkxw vfNA gejk cq>us yksd dusd =kqfV d* jgy vfNA vly
es cypuek] gksjh la uba] xkscj la vkxwd pfj=k fFkdA xkscjd pfj=k fodkl es
gksjh }kjk ts&ts ckkk igqapy NySd] rdj xqatkb'k ;k=kh ifgufg lekir d* nSr
NfFk] cypuekd firk izkjaHkfg es lalkj NksfM+ nsus jgSr vfNA rfguk cypuekd
ekb vkkqfud Hkkjrh; ukjhd izrhd ^kfu;k*d fodkl ed :i es lks>ka vcSr
vfNA vk r[ku rqyukRed <axs cypuek dsa ^xkscjd lekfk ijd vadqjh* dgy
tk;c mfpr fFkdA
efydkbu] Qwy ckcw] eqf[k;k] NksVdh] efydkbu] xquearh] lqf[k;k uksdjuh]
lcwjh eaMy] nkeks Bkdqj] NksVs ekfyd] gehnk] lknqYyk [kka] caHkksyk >k] ekb] nknh]
jscuh] jke[ksykou vkfn ik=kd enfr,a ^cypuek*d dFkk es fodkl vk;y
vfNA Je] f"k] bZekunkjh] fu"Bk uSfrdrk] foosd] ekuqf"kdrk] ekuo&ewY;d
Js"Brk] ekuoh; laca kd mRd"kZ lHk Vk ,fg miU;kl es uk;d vk lg;ksxh
pfj=kd pfj=kkadu es O;Dr Hksy vfNA vksdj leLr thou&p;kZ] nSfud
f;kfnd laxsa rrsd euksje <axsa bZ lc rRo O;Dr vfN ts lHk ,ds lax fodkl
vk izxfr'khyrkd izfr miU;kldkjd vkxzg] fefFkykd lkekftd izxfr]
lektd cnySr eu%fLFkfr] fefFkykd tuin es cly yksdkpkj] lHkd ifjp;
nSr vfNA pfj=k fp=k.k es ;k=khd ys[kuh dsa egkjr izkIr Nfu] vks ra t[ku
dforks es] tr; ,dkk iafDr la cslhd xqatkb'k ufg jgSr vfN] rrgq viu
uk;dd pfj=k ?khfp nSr NfFk] r[ku miU;kld dksu dFkkA [kkgs cypuek gks
vFkok vksdj ekb] nknh] ekfydkbu] tehankj dsvks gksm] lHkd pkfjf=kd mRd"kZ
vk {kqnzrk thoar Hk* mBSr vfNA
^ikjks* vk ^uorqfj;k*d rqyuk es ^cypuekd* fo"k; fHkUu vfN] rsa
LoHkkor% dFkk vk pfj=kd lax VhVesaV lsgks fHkUu vfNA eqnk tsuk fd ;k=khd
LoHkkod ewy fn'kk Je] uSfrdrk vk euq";rkd i{kkjrk fn'k tkbr vfN] rsa
vgw es ls Li"V vfNA usuius la cypuek fu}} vk viu pfj=k ,oa lakku fnl
m|r jgSr vfNA f"k] i'kqikyu] Je vk lkekftd O;oLFkkd izfr vkLFkk]
;k=khd Hkk"kk es VidSr jgSr vfNA ^ikjks* la izkjaHk Hksy ;k=khd miU;kl&;k=kk gy
^cypues* ij fd,d vVfd xsy ,fg iz'ud tokc eSfFkyhd ikBd] izdk'kd
vk dfFkr egar&eBkkh'ks n* ldSNA
vksuk] ,rck vo'; Hksy] ts ;k=kh viu ijorhZ miU;kl ys[kdd ysy ckV
cukSyfu vk rsa lHk rjgd fo"k; ij miU;kl fy[ky tk; ykxyA uorqfj;k la
vks tkfg rjgd vis{kk d;us Nykg] ls gqudj uorqfj;k ns[kk nsydfu] eqnk
iqjudk rwj ,[kugqa gkfj eku* ysy rS;kj ufg vfNA ns[kk pkgh
116 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

nf"Vdks.k vk dkO; oLrqd lhek
1911 bZ- es oS|ukFk feJ ^;k=kh* vk vkjlh izlkn flagd tUe HksyA fofp=k
lkE; vfN] ts nquw xksV, fgUnh vk eSfFkyh nquw Hkk"kk es l`tu'khy jgykg( nquw
xksV, vis{kkr eSfFkyh es ifjek.kkRed Lrj ij de fy[kyfu( dkyes nquw
xksV, eSfFkyh es lkfgR; vdkneh la iqjLr Hksykg( eqnk] ;k=kh tdka] vkjlh
izlkn us ra nquw Hkk"kkd fofok fokk es jpuk'khy jgykg] us fgUnh es ;k=kh tdka
tfe ldykgA ;k=kh tdka vkkqfudks gSc fgudk la laHko ufg Hk* ldyfu] us
Hkk"kkd Lrj ij vk us fo"k;d Lrj ijA izk;% b,g dkj.k fFkd] ts ijorhZ ih<+h
es viu dkO; fn'kkd dksuks izHkko&ksr bZ ufg NksfM+ ldykgA
vkjlh izlknd ifgy izdkf'kr jpuk fFkd ^'ksQkfydk*] ts ^Hkkjrh*
if=kdkd lkre vad es 1937 bZ- es izdkf'kr HksyA bZ le; ns'kd ukxfjd ysy
ijra=krk izrkj.kkd le; NyA eqnk] vkjlh izlkn vgw fodjky le; es Nan]
'kCnkMacj] kaxkj] okd~tky vkfnd lax eSfFkyh lkfgR; es izos'k d,yfuA
lkfgR; vke turkd ysy thou&lakku&iFk es fdj.kekykd dkt djSr
vfN vk lkfgR;dkj vksdj iFk izn'kZd gksbr NfFkA vFkok ,uk dgh] ts
lkfgR;dkj tu lkekU;d n`f"V gksbr NfFk] lektd ltx izgjh gksbr NfFkA bZ
rF; 'kk'or lR; fFkd vk vkjlh izlkn ,fg ckr la uhd tdka ifjfpr jgy
gsrkgA fgUnh es 1938 bZ- es fgudj fr ^dykih* vk,yA fgUnh;gq es 1936
bZ- es eqYdkjkt vkuUn vk lTtkn tghjd m|ksx la izsepUnd v;{krk es
izxfr'khy ys[kd la?kd vfkos'ku HksyA Nk;koknd xHkZ la uohu lkekftd
psrukd fuLlj.k HksyA izxfr'khy fopkj kkjkd dkO;l`tu izkjaHk Hk* pqdy
NyA fdarq ckV iz'kLr Hk* xsykd vNSrks] vkjlh viu HkfDr&Hkkouk] dhkZu&Hktu]
izse&ifjdYiuk es ykxy jgykgA
1958 es fgudj dfork eSfFkyh es ladfyr Hk* d, vk,y ^ekfVd nhi*A
n`f"Vdks.k vk dkO; oLrqd lhek @ 117
rkkfj fgUnh es ikap&Nvks xksV iksFkh vkfc xsy NyfuA 1958 kfj fgUnh es
rhljk lIrd* izdkf'kr Hk* pqdy NyA fgUnh dfork Nk;kokn] izxfrokn vkfnd
pkSdfB ukaf?k d, iz;ksxoknd vkaxu es fopj.k djSr NyA 1949 es ^fp=kk*
vk 1958 es ^Lojxakk*d izdk'ku eSfFkyh dfork dsa fgUnhd lekukarj pyckd
lkeF;Z n* pqdy NySd] eqnk vkjlh izlkn viu izkphu vklu ij cSly jgykgA
^ekfVd nhi*] fgudj vksfg ekU;rk la vkxw ufg lljyA 1967 bZ- es fgudj
nkslj fr vk,y ^iwtkd Qwy*A 1960 la 1967 kfjd rhl xksV dforkd
laxzg es vfkdka'k dfork 1967 bZ- d fFkdA ,fg laxzgd izk;% rhu&pkfjVk
dfork ,gsu gSr] tkfg es ns'kd izfr leiZ.k vk HkfDrHkko iznf'kZr vfN] ,dkk
Vk thouksins'k la lac) lsgks] vU;Fkk leLr dfork es vks,g dhkZu&Hktu vk
fojg&izse vkfn vfNA lu~ lkfBd i'pkr~ fgUnh vk eSfFkyh nquw lkfgR;d dfork
es vkvksjks uork vk,yA fgUnh es ubZ dfork vk eSfFkyh es uo dforkd ;qx
f{kiz xfr,a izkjaHk HksyA jktdey] uo <axsa dforkd ifjHkk"kk nsyfu] ^dfork
vkc ufg vfN ukf;dk Hksn] u[k&f'k[k] flaxkj@dfork ufg vfN jfr foijhrd
myVy xzhokgkj@dfork fFkd tuthoud vfXuizk.k t;?kks"k*A eqnk dfo vkjlh
izlkn vksrfg vofLFkr jgykgA jksth&jksVh y, Hkksfrvkbr tu&thoud var%i{k
dsa ufg i<+yfuA Lora=krk izkfIrd iwoZd tuthoud vfHkyk"kkd izfr viu
jpuk es laosnu'khy ufg Hksykg vk us Lokra=;kskj tuthoud 'kks"k.k&mRihM+ud
izfr lkdka{ks HksykgA eqnk---
eqnk] nkslj n`f"V,a vkjlh izlkn flagd ekns bZ ufg dgy tk ldS,] ts
bZ euq";d laosnuk la loZFkk fujis{k jgykgA oLrqr% ekuo thoud O;Fkk dsa ek=k
vksdj leL;s Vk la ufg vkady tk ldS,A ,fg leLr ifjfLFkfrd vNSrks
ekuoh; laosnuk la izserRo dsa ufg dkVy tk ldSr vfNA jktdey pkSkjh]
tkfg ekuoh; varjaxrk] vksdj vkReneu] vksdj vkRekaxkj vkfnd ppkZ d,us
NfFk] rkfg es izserRod egRo U;wu ufg vfNA vkjlh izlkn viu jpuk&lalkj
es ,fg izse&ro dsa izPNUu :isa ns[kus NfFkA ;|fi fgUnh lkfgR; es izse ekxZ
vk HkfDr ekxZ HkkjrsUnq iwoZ vk eSfFkyh es eucksk la iwoZd pht fFkdA eqnk vkjlh
izlkn ,fg nquw ro dsa viuk lkfgR; es uo n`f"Vdks.ksa fpf=kr d,us NfFkA
fgudj jpuk es ^izse* viu foLr`r vk;ked lax vk,y vfN vk vgh
izse la fgudj HkfDr Hkkouk] kaxkj o.kZu vk izfr fp=k.k fuLlfjr Hksy vfNA
,fg rhuw fn'kk es izLQqfVr fgudj mn~xkj iw.kZ vkSnk;Zd lax dkseydkar Hkkoukd
ljy&lgt&ljl vfHkO;fDr ivksyd vfNA ,fg leLr fp=k.k es dfo viu
varl~ dsa vfHkO;Dr djck es tkfg rjgsa lQy Hksy NfFk] ls fgudj dyk vk
lkfgR;d izfr leiZ.k( Nan'kkL=kh;] vyadkj'kkL=kh; Kkud mRd"kZ( dYiuk'khyrkd
118 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
pkrq;Z vk jpuk'khyrk ifjiDorkd |ksrd fFkdA
vkjlh izlkn] oLrqr% ns'kn'kk vk lekt lkis{krk dsa fdNq gn kfj viu
l`tu&lalkj es vuyfu vfNA ^vfHk;ku*] ^Lons'k&oUnuk*] ^ckft xsy j.kMad*
vkfn fdNq ,gsu dfork vfN] tkfg es ns'kd izfr dfod leiZ.k Hkko viu
lqPpk Lo:i es of.kZr Hksy vfN] ^vkdk'k&nhid*] ^vkkqfud* vkfn fdNq ,gsu
dfork vfN] tkfg es lektlkis{k f;k&vfHkf;k dsa fpf=kr d,y xsy vfNA
uohu xhfre;rk vk ekuoh; izse Hkkoukd fp=k.k fgudj dforkd fo'ks"krk
fFkdA
fgudj HkfDr&jpuk dsa nw dksfV es ckaVy tk ldSr vfNA ifgy dksfV es
vks jpuk lHk vcSr vfN] tr, dfo fufyZIr Hkkosa viuk dsa fujhg] v'kD; vk
'kj.kkxr cuk d, viu mikL;d izcy lkeF;Zd] f;k&dykid] iwoZ 'kkS;ZxkFkkd
lax tkxfrd leL;k] viu foo'krk] nSU; vkfnd ppkZ djSr NfFkA fgudj ,fg
dksfVd jpuk es ^eaxykpj.k*] ^xksgkfj*] ^'kj.kkFkhZ*] ^vJqekspu* vkfn dfork lHk
vcSr vfN( tr, dfo viu vuk'kDr leiZ.k] mRdV vkLFkk vfnd lax vksgh
nsork dsa leLr l`f"Vd dkj.k ekuSr] gqudfg 'kj.k es jr jg, pkgSr NfFkA bZ
leiZ.k] fo"k;d n`f"V,a ;|fi fgudj vakfo'okl] HkXu f;k'khyrk vkfnd
|ksrd gSr] eqnk] dforkd lajpukRedrk dsa viu leiZ.kd mn~osx es vkap ufg
ykx, nsyfu vfNA laLr cgqy 'kCn okD;&foU;kld vNSrks dforkd Jqfr
ekkq;Z] v{kq..k vfNA HkfDrijd fgudj nkslj dksfVd jpuk] ^oh.kk okfnuh*
dforkd dksfVd jpuk fFkdA tr, dfo vfr'k; mnkj Hk* tkbr NfFk vk ^Lo*
la lef"V es izos'k djSr ns'kd fufek izkFkZuk djSr NfFkA izdkjkarj la fgudj
,fg dksfVd jpuk es Nk;koknd laLdkj rkdy tk ldSr vfNA HkfDrijd
fgudj nquw dksfVd jpuk es dfo mikld vk mikL;d vHks| lacak LFkkfir
djck es lQy Hksy NfFkA HkfDr es iw.kZ okRlY;d lekos'k djck es l{ke Hksy
NfFkA
izseijd jpuk es dfod vfHkO;fDrd ljkguk] drcks d,yk ij U;wu
gSrA ;|fi ,fg dksfVd cgqr jkl jpuk es dfo 'kCn&foU;kl es laLrkuqjkxh
Hk* xsy NfFk] Hkkoksnzsdd vuqeki rkfg rjgsa vlhe Hk* mBy vfN] ts fgudj bZ
vuqjkx] jllaizs"k.k es ckkd ufg cuSr vfNA lE;d~ :isa dfo vkjlh izlkn
flagd jpukd voyksdu la bZ rF; lks>ka vcSr vfN] ts fgudj dfork es
HkkoukRed izse tSo :i es lHkBke fo|eku jgSr vfN] vk dfod dkO;dkS'kyd
Li'kZ la lc Bke viu ekSfyd Lo:i es thoar Hk* mBSr vfNA ,d fn'k viu
fdNq dfork es foHkko] vuqHkko dsa mifLFkr d* d, rR{k.k izseHkko vadqfjr
djcSr NfFk] ra nkslj fn'k iwoZ lafpr izse es fo;ksxd fLFkfr mRiUu d* d,
n`f"Vdks.k vk dkO; oLrqd lhek @ 119
dkenXkk ukf;dkd varjsPNk dsa mRd"kZ nSr NfFkA izseijd dforkd ,fg
oxhZdj.kd ifgy dksfV es fgudj dfork ^xhr*] ^izrh{kk* vkfn vcSr vfNA
,fg nquw dfork es jkfr la Hkksj gksbr vfNA nquwd ukf;dk jkfr dsa viuk&viuk
n`f"Vdks.ksa ns[kSr NfFkA ,d dsa la;ksx Nfu] nkslj dsa fo;ksxA dfo] nquwd euksHkko
dsa viu okd~pkrq;Zd cy ij iw.kZ thoarrk iznku d,yfu vfNA ^izrh{kk*d
ukf;dkd ^ekud ekyh jgy euksjFk ckx mtM+Sr jkfr Hkfj*] vk ^xhr*d
ukf;dkd ^ywVy euflt pksj js ru] eu] ku] eku* nquw Hkkouk dfod
dkO;&dkS'ky la vuqizkf.kr Hk* mBy vfNA fgudj nkslj dksfVd izseijd ts
dfork lHk vfN] rkfg es eq[; vfN ^dksuk jfg ldS Nh*] ^?kVk nsf[k dkjh*]
^,dVk izse&ikr* vkfnA dfooj vkjlh izlknd ,fg dksfVd dforkd laizs"k.kh;rk
vlhe vfNA dfo ,fg dfork lHk es fojfg.kh ukf;dkd nXk n;d dksu la
mBy mn~osx dsa vrho eeZLi'khZ cukSus NfFkA
dfod ,fg dksfVd dfork dsa fo'ysf"kr djck dky mnkk izse vk
O;oLFkktU; vHkko nquw dsa ;ku es jkf[k d, py, iM+rA ts iz'u vkkqfud
dforkd izs{k.k es eksu es csj&csj mBSr jgSr vfN] rdj lkdkj Lo:i fgudk dfork
es mifLFkr vfNA vk bZ iz'u fFkd] ts dh O;oLFkktU; fonzwirk] 'kks"k.k] vukpkj
iziap] vHkko] csdkjh---,fg leLr oLrqfu"Brkd dkj.ksa vktqd ekuo&thou la
izse vyksfir Hk* xsy \ ---ta ls ufg] ra vktqd dfork es izserRod ysy
izlaxkuqdwyks txg fd,d ufg \ t[ku fd vktqd lkfgR; ledkyhu ekuo&thoud
vuqfr fFkdA dfo vkjlh izlknd ,fg dfork lHkd ukf;dk dsa foiUurk la
cslh nq%[k fojg nSr NfuA fgudk ysy ^fiz;* d vHkko lHk la iS?k foiUurk
fFkdfuA dfod ,fg rjgd fp=k.k euq";d jkxkRed lacakd mRd"kZ dsa vkvksjks
cslh mapkb nSr vfNA ukf;dkd ,dkdhiud nnZ dsa fpf=kr djck dky dfod
mieku lHk vn~Hkqr fp=k mifLFkr djSr vfN ^yrfj xsy ikuks@QqVy vfN
e[kkuks@lksguxj yxS vfN xk;d cFkkuks@iksly N*y iM+ok] ls Hk* xsy tksM+k@gefg
,lxj] vkc pfy vkm vius*A ukjh lqyHk ykylk fFkd vksdj ekr`Ro] fi;kd
lax vksdj okl... vk rdjk dfo l|% izlwrk xk; vk tksM+k iM+ckd mieku la
|ksfrr d,us NfFkA iM+okd tksM+hd izse vfr izxk<+ gksbr vfN] ts izk;% dksugqa
ifjfLFkfr es laxfg jg, pkgSr vfN vk xk;d ekRl;Z izk;% lHk izk.kh la cslh
Hkkoqd gksbr vfNA ,fg rjgd fcac mifLFkr djckd dkS'ky] dfod vxkk
lkkukd |ksrd fFkdA ls] bZ ukf;dk vgh iM+ok tdka lHk fdNq cnkZ'r d* ysrhg]
^---exj] ta vgka] ra] QkVyks iVacj@djc ge xqtj---*A izsed ,fg mRd"kZ dsa dfo
viu vkuks dfork es O;Dr d,us NfFk] tr, ukf;dkd eksu izk.k dsa eUeFk
vkgr d,us NfFku vk izoklh fi;kd gsrq izyki es ykxy NfFkA vksfg osnuke;
120 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
Hkkoukd ,d&,d {k.k igkM+ cq>kbr NfuA ^vgka lax jgcS vksuk ra gtkjks@vHkkod NS] ikdy tkequ jax dsj@pedS NS fctqjh fctqou es] lqfk u jgS NS vax dsj@Nus
vUgfj;k fcgqafl [ksfi nscS* lu iafDr es ukf;dkd ts leiZ.k ns[kkbr vfN] rdj btksr vUgkj Nus es] cqf> us lka> fd Hkksj js---*
lai.w kZ fodkl vfxyk iafDr lHk es gksbr vfN ^iz.k; ta izy; kfj ijh{kk dj; ,fg leLr fp=k.kd vykos dfo FkksM+ cgqr ^xty* lsgks fy[kus NfFk] eqnk
ra@ijh{kk vuy es lnk nfg ldS Nh@eqnk ta ?kVk iFk&fotu es u eku;@dgw] ls l'kafdrs HkkosaA xtyd ts kkjk ,[ku eSfFkyh es pfy iM+y vfN] rkfg la
ekSu&eu ge dksuk jfg ldS Nh \* fHkUuA fgudj fr ^lw;Zeq[kh* dsa lkfgR; vdknehd iqjLdkj lsgks nsy xsyA
,dj vykos dfod fdNq dfork O;fDr ijd Nfu] tkfg es dfoRod
vkok es iw.kZ :isa Hkkouk ikfd ufg ldy vfNA eqnk 'kCn&foU;kl la vFkksZRd"kZ
nsckd izo`fk dsa dfo vksrgq uqdk d* ufg j[kyfuA ^yfyr&Le`fr*] ^lkURouk*
vkfn ,gus dfork lHkd izfrfufkRo djSr vfNA vksuk ^vkdk'k nhid*]
^vkkqfudk*] ^eSfFkyh* lu&lu dfork dsa lsgks O;fDrijd ekuy tk ldS,] eqnk
,fg dfork lc es dfod vuqHkwfr rrsd mRd"kZ izkIr d* ysydfu vfN] ts bZ
dfork lHk vkc O;fDroknh ufg Hk* d, oxZoknh Hk* xsy NfuA xzkeh.k ifjos'kd
dksuks gjtkfg ckykd pfj=k fu:i.k] vkkqfudrkd jaxhuh dsa vaxhdkj dj* es
vk rTtU; ukVdh;rk vku* es viu ekSfydrk fclfj tk, okyh vkkqfudkd
izo`fk] fefFkykd yyukd lkSan;Z] xkaHkh;Z vkfnd fp=k.k ,fg dksfVd dforkd
ewy Hkko vfNA ^iz'u&mkj* vk ^fo|kifr oUnuk* lsgks O;fDrijds dfork fFkd(
eqnk egkiq#"kd izfr HkfDr Hkkouk vk rkfg laxsa Lons'k xfjekd fp=k.k ,gw
dfork lHk dsa 'kk'orrk iznku djSr vfNA
izfr&izse] dfod gkfnZd mn~xkj dsa lokZfkd izHkkfor d,us vfNA b,g
dkj.k fFkd] ts izfr ijd dforkd jpukdky es dfo vis{kkr cslh eq[kj
Hk* tkbr NfFkA ^es?k iM+S NS* vk ^ikol&izlax* dfork fgudj loZ izfl) dfork
fFkdfu] tdjk lHk oxZd yksd] yksd xhr tdka daB es j[kus vfNA fuf'pr :i
la dforkd ,fg lQyrk vk iz'kfLrd dkj.k] dfod thoukuqHkwfrd izfr
ifjiDo n`f"Vdks.k vk dYiuk'khyrkd Js"Bre dkS'ky fFkdA fgudj ,fg
dksfVd dfork lHk es la fdNq ize[q k vfN ^iqfjck clkr*] ^'kkjnh;k*] ^o"kkZxe*]
^ekq;kfeuh*] ^olUr vkku*] ^Qkxqu* vkfnA iqu% bZgks dgc vko';d izrhr
gksbr vfN] ts izsed izfr fgudj mnkj Hkkoukd xgurk vlhe vfNA b,g
dkj.k fFkd] ts izfr fp=k.k djck dky lsgks bZ uSlfxZds izse es cUgk,y jgSr
NfFkA kaxkj vksrgq fgudj iNksM+ ufg NksM+Sr NfuA vk] rsa eqDr :isa bZ izfrd
lax ufg jfg icSr NfFkA izfr;gq dsa fgudk izsed mhiud :i es ysc, iM+Sr
NfuA vksfg izfrd NVkd chp dksuks izse jlflDr ukf;dkd n;ksn~xkj dsa
fpf=kr dj* yxSr NfFk vFkok vksgw es fgudk fojfguhd vkaf[k] dkekskstd iou]
eufltksnzsd la cslEgkj Hksy eksu] eUeFkd ck.k la {kr&fo{kr Hksy ukf;dk HksVSr
NfuA dfod ,fg Hkkouk lHkd ,dkk Vk fp=k ,uk vfN ^dkjh&dkjh ?kVk mBS
fo/kkRed rksM+QksM+d dFkk @ 121 122 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

fokkRed rksMQ
+ ksMd
+ dFkk
;qx ifjorZud ifgy pksV ekuo thou ij eq[;r;k nw fn'kk la iM+Sr vfNA
ifgy ra bZ] ts ns'kd jktuhfrd fLFkfr cnfy tkbr vfN vk nkslj] ts lkekftd
ifjos'k mksly py tkbr vfNA vb mkslckd e es rrsd O;kdqyrk jgSr
NSd ts yksd vkkqfudrkd pdkpkSak es viu tehu fclfj tkbr vfN] cspSuh
es drksd uo&uo i)frd vuqlj.k d* ySr vfNA vb cspSuh es cslh dky
b,g gksbr vfN ts euq";d viu Fkkrh gsjk tkbr NSd] nkslj tehu ij dyeh
xkN tdka iy*c<+* yxSr vfN] tsuk uo kuk<~;d ckyduh es xeykd ekfV
es xqykcd Mkfj c<+Sr vfN] Qqykbr vfNA vgh e es la;ksxo'k fdNq viugqa
fojklr vksdjk lax jfg tkbr NSd] eqnk ls la;ksxo'k] lk;kl ufgA vb
la;ksxo'krk vk iz;Ru'khyrkd izfrQyu euq"; dsa tkfg izdkjd thou nSr NSd]
ls ,dVk [khapk&rkuh oyk thou gksbr NSdA xeykd thoud ladqpu t[ku&r[ku
euq"; dsa cslh vklku cq>kbr NSdA fefFkykapy es izk;% b,g gksbr jgy vfNA
;qx ifjorZu la fefFkykd ekuo thou ij b,g f}eq[k pksV iM+y vk
,dj vuq"kax vkuks dSd rjgd muV&Qsj HksyA vgh muV Qsjd fLFkfr es viu
tehu rdSr vk xeykd lq[k fn'k vkdf"kZr gksbr ekufld }a}d kjkry ij
xksfoUn >kd jpuk lalkj cly vfNA lalkjd dksuks Hkk"kkd jpuk fd,d us
gks] vksdj ewy ms'; vkb b,g fFkd ts lkekU; tuthou dsa vksdj nqnZ'kkd
nk#.; vks ns[kk fnv,] vksdjk vksdj 'kfDrd cksk djk fnv,A fot;nso ukjk;.k
lkghd izfl) O;k[;ku ^lkfgR; vk lkfgR;dkjd nkfR;o* es vb fo"k; ij
QSy la fopkj d,y xsy vfNA Hkkjrd fofHkUu Hkk"kk dsa lesVSr viu ,dVk
oDrO; es ;w-vkj- vuarewfrZ dgSr NfFk ts Hkkjr ns'kd lkfgR; ckbl Hkk"kk
es ,ds ckr dfg jgy vfNA rfey miU;kldkj lq- leqfkje dsj ^,d ?ksjs
ls ckgj* ns[kh vFkok yfyrd ^i`Fohiq=k* viu ms'; es bZ drgq vyx ufg
fo/kkRed rksM+QksM+d dFkk @ 123
vfNA tsuk fd mij ppkZ Hksy vfN] lkekU; tuthoud lokxhu Qyd
lektuhfr vk jktuhfr vgh nquw la izHkkfor] izrkfM+r vk fu;af=kr gksbr jgSr
vfNA nsfjnk vk gkojekld ppkZ djSr Hkkjrd fofHkUu Hkk"kkd lkfgR; es
mkj lajpukokn vk mkjvkkqfudrk ij fopkj gksv, ykxy vfNA eSfFkyh lekt
es ,[ku kfj Bhd la vkkqfudrks ufg vkfc ldy vfNA lkekftd thoud
vkpkj lafgrkd fuekZrkx.k ,[ku kfj eSfFky dsa ,dVk lqyHk vk euksuqdwy
thou thc, nsc* ysy rS;kj ufg NfFkA vks oxZ ts lekt dsa viuk fu;a=k.k
la pyc* pkgSr vfN] okLrfod vFkZ es vks fu;a=k.k izrkM+uk fFkdA ,guk es
eSfFky lekt ij mkjvkkqfud n`f"Vd dksu dFkk] vkkqfud n`f"V la fopkj djc
lsgks ,[ku vijkk fFkdA dgck ysy fefFkyk es vk eSfFky es cgqrks ifjorZu
vk,y vfNA eqnk ls ifjorZud Hkze fFkdA ,guk es eSfFkyh lkfgR; trsd
vkkqfud Hk* ldy vfN] ls eSfFkyhd jpukdkjd rh{.k izfrHkk] iz[kj thoun`f"V
vk izxfr'khyrkd izfr] thoud xfrdrkd izfr vnE; lkgld Qy fFkdA
xksfoUn >k viu o;ld vkBe n'kd es vkfc;ks d, rrck izxfrdkeh vk
vkkqfud NfFk trck vktqd dksuks ;qok jpukdkj NfFkA
dksuks jpukdkjd nkf;Ro pkfj Lrj ij cuSr vfN lkekftd psruk]
ikfjokfjd psruk] ekuoh; psruk] czkaMO;kih psrukA xksfoUn >kd l`tu'khyrkd]
nkf;Ro vb pk: Lrj ij csl lko/kku NfuA iwoZ es tkfg lektuhfr vk jktuhfr
dsj ppkZ d,y vfN] rkfg izlax es bZ Li"V d* nsc vko';d vfN ts dsanzhHkwr
Hk* d, fgudj jpuk lalkj es jktuhfrd ltxrk ufg NfuA eqnk ts Nfu]
vFkkZr~ lektuhfrd ltxrk] ls vksgh jktuhfrd nckod vuq"kax fFkd vFkok
vksdj izfrQy fFkdA fcgkjd orZeku jktuhfrd fLFkfrd lwr idM+us xksfoUn
>kd ckY;dkyd jktuhfrd fLFkfr kfj py tkm] ra Li"V Hk* tk,r ts ns'kd
vb misf{kr Hkw[kaM fefFkykd lkekftd ifjos'k dh Ny vk ,[ku dh vfN--
-A
xksfoUn >kd ifgy dFkk lu~ 1947 es izdkf'kr HksyA ta izdk'ku o"kZd
vkkkj ij x.kuk d,y tk, ra mupkl o"kZd l`tu&;k=kk es fgudj miyfCk
ij ;ku nsc* iM+rA eSfFkyh dfork kkjk es fgUnhd rtZ ij vFkok viu ekSfyd
n`f"V la izxfrokn] iz;ksxokn] uo dfork vkfn vkanksyu vk,yA eqnk eSfFkyh
dFkk lkfgR; es vb rjgd dksuks vkanksyud ppkZ uba vfNA fgUnhd ^ubZ dgkuh*
tdka eSfFkyh es dksuks ^uodFkk* vFkok ^uwru dFkk* vkfn incakd izpkj&izlkj
ufg HksyA ukeoj flag viu iqLrd ^dgkuh] ubZ dgkuh* es fy[kSr NfFk] ^:i
vk f'kYid uohurk lkekU;r% yksdd ;ku lc la ifgus vk"V djSr vfN
---f'kYi dsa y* d, uo iz;ksx djckd izo`fk vktqd dfo, tdka dFkkdkjks es
124 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vfN vk dfork tdka fdNq dFkks ek=k iz;ksxd ysy fy[ky xsyA--- 'kSyhd
vfrfjDr dFkkd vkarfjd :iks es cgqr ifjorZu Hksy vfNA vb chp dFkkd
:i ,rsd foLr`r Hk* xsy vfN ts cgqr jkl fucak] Ldsp vk fjiksrkZtks dFkkd
lhek es vkfc xsy vfNA dkS[ku vb lkfgR;&:id lhek ,d&nksljkd Hkhrj
,rs nwj kfj pfy tkbr vfN ts vksdjk vyxk,c dfBu Hk* tkbr vfNA ,Dds
jpuk d[kugqa Ldsp fFkd vk d[kugqa fucakA ---ts NksV&lu ckr iqjku dFkkdkj
ysy vi;kZIr Ny] vksdjs uo dFkkdkj dFkkd ysy i;kZIr ekfu ysyfu vfN
vk Qsj vksdjk Hkhrj la vks yksdfu dFkkd ysy dFkkudd fofHkUu fn'kkd fodkl
d,yfu vfNA*
eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR; es lkfgR;&:id bZ lhek gfjeksgus >k rksfM+ nsus NykgA
gqudj x| ys[ku ij ta ;ku nsy tk, ra vb lw{e iBud n'kZu Hk* ldSr
vfNA gqudj vusd fucak vfN tdjk dFkk dgck es dksuks HkkaxB ufgA vfguk
gqudj dFkksd izlax dgy tk ldSr vfNA rkRi;Z bZ] ts ta fgUnh tdka eSfFkyh;gq
es dFkk&vkanksyu rkdy tk, ra f'kYid Lrj ij vk fo"k;d Lrj ij ^ubZ dgkuh*
d rtZd dFkk gfjeksgu >kd jpuk lalkj es HksfV tk,rA eqnk tsa fd eSfFkyh
es vb lHk izdkjd vkykspuk uba fy[ky xsy vFkok eSfFkyhd dFkkdkj ys[ku
dk;Zd lax&lax >aMk y* y* d, tqywl uba cgkj d,yfu] rsa eSfFkyh dFkk]
ek=k eSfFkyh dFkk jfg xsyA cgqr Hksy ra drgq&drgq ^vkkqfud eSfFkyh dFkk*
fy[kk xsyA
lhekd bZ vfre.k vk fokkd bZ rksM+&QksM+ xksfoUn >kd x| ys[ku es
csl tdka ns[kkbr vfNA vkb lHk Hkk"kk es ,gsu jpukdkjd deh ufg vfN
ts fujarj viu iksFkhd la[;k c<+c* es vke&rsrfjd dksu dFkk] xwyfj&dBtkequd
dFkk fyf[k&fyf[k <sfj yxk jgy NfFkA iksFkhd vb rjgsa c<+Sr dadksjfc;ku nsf[k
d, ,dVk fo}ku dgus NfFk ifgus yksd ,xkjg xksV iksFkh if<+ d, ,d xksV
iksFkh fy[kSr Ny vk vkb yksd ,d xksV iksFkh if<+ d, ,xkjg xksV iksFkh fy[kSr
vfNA vksuk lR; ra bZ vfN ts vkc vksgks ,d xksV iksFkh i<+ckd vko';drk
yksd uba cq>Sr NfFkA ,d xksV iksFkh nsf[k d, ,dSl xksV iksFkh fy[k, cSfl
tkbr vfNA xksfoUn >k eSfFkyh ys[kud vksgsu jpukdkj es la NfFk ts vla[;
iksFkh i<+ykd ckn ,d xksV iksFkh fy[k, lkspSr NfFkA laLr] eSfFkyh] fgUnh]
vaxzsth Hkk"kk ij leku vfkdkj j[kfugkj jpukdkj xksfoUn >kd n[ky vkuks&vku
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk lkfgR; vk fyfi ij NfuA mupkl o"kZd l`tu lakku es ek=k
nw xksV dFkk laxzg lkekd ikSrh] u[kniZ.k] rhu xksV ukVd clkr] #fDe.kh
gj.k] vafre iz.kke] ,d xksV thouh mes'k feJ] ,d xksV miU;kl fo|kifrd
vkRedFkk rFkk ,d xksV eSfFkyh&vaxzsth 'kCndks'k izdkf'kr NfuA vb es la
fo/kkRed rksM+QksM+d dFkk @ 125
dSdVk iksFkh vFkok iksFkhd va'k fHkUu&fHkUu Hkk"kk es vuwfnrks NfuA vksuk fy[kck
ysy bZ <sjh jkl dfork lsgks fy[kyfuA eqnk tsa fd dfork izdkf'kr uba djkSyfu]
dfod :i es uba tkuy xsykgA cgqr de fyf[k d, ekU;rkd vb f'k[kj
ij igqafp tk,c] xksfoUn >kd jpukkfeZrkd Lrj dsa js[kkafdr djSr vfNA
fo"k;d Lrj ij iwoZgq dgy tk pqdy vfN ts fgudj jpuk lalkj cslh
dky lekt] ifjokj vk O;fDrd pk: dkr ?kqeSr jgSr vfNA jktuhfrd ifjos'k
ij fgudj ys[kuh ufg, tdka pyy vfNA ta drgq pyyks vfN ra uo kuk<~;d
Qksad vgadkj vk vksfg oxZd lkaLfrd fofr dsa m?kkj dj* ysy la{ksi es
vksdj dq:irk] vksdj ohHkRlrk mtkxj d* nsus NfFkA bZ dgc vko';d gks,r
ts ,fg dk;Z es fgudk i;kZIr lQyrk HksVyfu vfN vk rdj ewy Js; fgudj
dFkk f'kYi dsa tkbr vfNA fgudj dFkk ys[kud cslh fo"k; fefFkykd lkaLfrd
kl] ekuo ewY;d yksi] vekuoh; okrkoj.kd fujarj o`f) ij dsafnzr vfNA
vb e es fgudk cslh dky bfrgkl] iqjk.kd uk;d eksu iM+Sr jgSr NfuA
viu vfr izkphu ijaijk vk ledkyhu thoud fofr dsa feykd, dFkkdkj
xksfoUn >k ,dVk bZekunkj vUos"kd tdka fofrd izsj.kknk;h lw=k rdSr jgSr
NfFkA fgudj vfkdka'k dFkkd vfHkO;fDr f'kYi] dFkkokpud f'kYi es vfN
tkfg es okpd viu vuqHko lqucSr jgSr vfNA bZ f'kYi] ,Dds lax dFkkd
dF; vk f'kYi nquw ij fopkj dj* ysy ck; djSr vfNA fgudj dFkkd dFkkokpd
vkvksj fd;ks ufg] dFkkdkj Lo;a NfFk] ts izFke iq#"k ,d opu es ckr dgSr
jgSr vfNA dFkk es viu vuqHkwr ?kVukd fooj.k lqucSr dFkkdkj lrr viuk
dsa vke turkd fLFkfr es isUV djSr cq>kbr jgSr NfFkA xksfoUn >kd djhc&djhc
leLr dFkk fgudj fe=k] dqVqac vkfnd lax ?kVy fgudj ?kVuk tdka vfNA
,gsu dFkk des vfN] tkfg es Lo;a dFkkdkjd mifLFkfr ufg gksA tkfg dFkk
es fgudj viu mifLFkfr jgSr Nfu] rkfg es bZ viuk dsa lrr vdpdk,y]
{kqCk] misf{kr] fiNM+y] vkkqfudrkd \ Nwfr la nwj] fofrd lae.k la ckapy]
vR;kkqfud vk lqfokklaiUu ufg jfg i,ckd viu fLFkfr ij fdafpr {kqCk
eqnk larq"V] frfyLeh <axsa O;oLFkkd ;kaf=kdrk es izos'k ikfc ysfugkj dqVqackfnd
pkrq;Z ij Nxqafrr eqnk Lo;a rsgsu ufg Hk* i,ckd dusdks eyky ufg] ,fg
peRdkjd lax lqfokk laiUu Hksy dqVqackfnd vkaf[k ij p<+Sr pchZ vk vksdj
cnySr eksu ij O;fFkr] vb lqfokk laiUu yksd }kjk vlgk; O;fDrd mM+kvksy
tk, oyk e[kkSy ij nzfor---izLrqr d,us NfFkA dFkk es fgudj ,fg rjgsa futh
mifLFkfr dFkkdkjd thou n`f"Vd fp=k.kd vykok vkvksj fdNq ufg fFkdA
vfHkizk; bZ ufg ts bZ vkkqfudrkd izfr dksuks mis{kkHkko vk ijaijk rFkk ik[kaMd
izfr vis{kkHkko j[kSr NfFkA vly es vkkqfudrkd izfr csl >qdko fgudj l`tu
126 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vk thou es cq>kbr vfNA eqnk vkkqfudrkd fofrd ikNw csrgk'kk nkSM+ck
es viL;kar ufg jgSr NfFk] vksdj for vk fonzwi vkpj.k vFkok ,izksp la
ijgst j[kSr NfFkA rfguk ikjaifjd :f<+] ik[kaM] kekkrk la lsgks vlafer
jg, pkgSr NfFkA fdarq fgudj ,guks ,izksp HksVSr vfN tkfg la Li"V Hk* tkbr
vfN ts bZ loZFkk ijaijkd izfr udkj cksk la vkkar ufg NfFkA ijaijk es ,[kugqa
,gsu cgqr fdNq Hkjy vfN] ts cgqr mi;ksxh vk vktqd thou dsa lgt cu,ck
es vR;ko';d lkfcr Hk* ldSr vfNA
xksfoUn >kd dFkk ys[kud Qyd foLrkj gfjeksgu >k la jes'k kfjd
dFkk ys[ku es rkdy tk ldSr vfNA dF; vk f'kYid leLr lhekcak dsa
rksM+Sr vk fokkRed cUgst dsa QkuSr fgudj dFkk lalkj bfrgkl] iqjk.k] xhrk
la y* d, ce] fiLrkSy] reapkd mi;ksx kfj iljy vfNA tknw&Vksuk] >kM+&Qwd]
ih<+hd la?k"kZ] ;qok ih<+hd izxfrdkeukd izfr ln;rk] ekuorkd leFkZu]
vekuoh;rkd izfr ?k`.kk] kkfeZd ik[kaMd [kaMu] vlgk; oxZd izfr lnk'k;rk]
lkaLfrd Fkkrh dsa lqjf{kr jkf[k ldckd iz;kl fgudk dFkk es viu laiw.kZ
'kfDrd lax mifLFkr jgSr vfNA lHk la iS?k ckr ts xksfoUn >kd dFkk ys[ku
,dVk ldkjkRed ,izkspd dFkk lalkj fFkd tr, vfkdka'k dFkkd ifj.kfr
,dVk lq[kn fu.kZ; ij gksbr vfNA laiw.kZ foijhr ifjfLFkfrd vNSr dFkkd
var ,dVk fu.kZ; la gksbr vfN vk vksfg fu.kZ;d ,dVk rkfdZd vkkkj gksbr
vfNA vks fu.kZ; pkgs vkkqfudrkoknh ;qokoxZd i{k es gks vFkok ijaijkoknh
cqtqxZd i{k es] vksdj rkfdZd vkkkj loZFkk ekuoh; ljksdkj vk ekuokfkdkj
la izsfjr jgSr vfNA ,r, ,fg ekuokfkdkj 'kCnd vFkZxzg.k dksuks jktuhfrd
lw=k la ufg d,y t,ckd pkghA
ppkZ Hk* pqdy vfN ts xksfoUn >k ,dVk lQy dFkkdkjd lax&lax ,dVk
lQy Hkk"kkfon~ lsgks NfFkA vk rdj mnkgj.k fgudj dFkkd Hkk"kk f'kYi Hk*
ldSr vfNA dFkkd f'kYi fuekZ.k es xksfoUn >k drsd fparu d,yfu ls ra
vks,g dgrkg eqnk dFkk Lo;a ts Li"V djSr vfN rkfg es 'kCn iz;ksxd Lrj
ij ra bZ lkQ ns[kkbr vfN ts cgqHkk"kkfon~ g,ckd dkj.ksa drksd Bke laLr]
vaxzsth vFkok fgUnhd 'kCn vkfc Vidy vfNA eqnk 'kCnkuq'kklu rrsd lkky
Nfu ts vksdj iz;qfDr dksuks Bke voSk vFkok vuqi;qDr ufg cq>kbr vfNA
dSdVk dFkkd izrhdkRedrk fgudj x| dsa dkO;e; cucSr vfN] ts vksdjk
csj&csj i<+ckd ysy ck; djSr vfNA lLisUl ^,d nqyZHk tarqd [kkst* lu
vkvksjks dSdVk dFkk] fujarj ftKklk c<+cSr jgckd dyk] la;ksxo'krkd frjLdkj]
fp=k.kd dkO;kRedrk] laoknd ukVdh;rk bZ lc fefy d, dFkk dsa jkspd]
izHkkoksRiknd vk vkd"kZd cucSr vfNA dgy tk pqdy vfN] ts tkfg fo"k;
ttZj vrhr la eqfDrd dFkk @ 127
ij drksd jpukdkj fucak fy[k* yxrkg vksfg fo"k; ij xksfoUn >k csl vkd"kZd
vk euyXxw dFkk fyf[k d, izLrqr d* ldSr NfFkA
Hkk"kkd Lrj ij fgudj dFkk lHk es viwoZ vkd"kZ.k NfuA vksuk dgck
ysy fdNq iwokZxzgh ,guks HksfV tkbr NfFk ts dgSr NfFk ^xksfoUn >kd dFkkd
fo"k;s dh jgSr Nfu ts vksdjk i<+y tk,*A vksgsu ikBdd ysy b,g dgy
t,ckd pkgh ts gqudk viu lksp fodflr djckd pkghA vkkqfudrk ek=k
vkxw nkSfM+ d, py tk,c ufg fFkdA nkSM+Sr dky eksu jk[k*d pkgh ts ge
tkfg tehu ij nkSfM+ jgy Nh] ls tehu drsd Bksl vfNA xksfoUn >k lrr~
viu tehud fuLlurk eksu j[kSr NfFk vk fujarj vkxw ysy Msx mBkSus jgSr
NfFkA vb e es viu vkaf[kvks [kksyus jgSr NfFk ts vfxyk Msx tr, jk[kc
vksrqDdk tehu drsd Bksl vfNA vksfg iwokZxzgh dsa bZ ekfu d* py*d pkgh
ts xksfoUn >k ysfLc;u ,VhP;wM ij vkfd vkkqfudre lH;rk es iRuh cnyckd
izo`fk ij ra dFkk ufg fy[krkgA tkfg lalkj la gqudk us ra dksuks ljksdkj
Nfu vk us jk[k, pkgSr NfFk] rkfg ij vks jpuk fd,d djFkq \ ledkyhu
le; es cgqrjkl o;lkgq yksd ,gsu NfFk ts fd'kksj o;ld izseh tdka izxfr'khyrk
vk vkkqfudrkd dgfj;k cuy fQjSr NfFkA ,d jkfr ysy iRuh cnfy d,
Lokn cnyckd izo`fk vFkok ,gsus cgqrjkl vkkqfud for izo`fk dsa vksgks
iflu uba djrkgA eSfFkyhd orZeku ys[ku es xksfoUn >k lHk la tsB ih<+hd
jpukdkj NfFkA ifj"r ijaijkd j{kk vk mi;ksxh vkkqfudrkd vuqxeud vkxzgh
jpukdkj xksfoUn >k vb ckrd leFkZd NfFk ts vks laiw.kZ vkkqfudrk vk laiw.kZ
ijaijk f'kjkskk;Z g,ckd pkgh ts ,dVk LoLFk lektd fuekZ.k dj, vk vkc*
oyk ih<+h dsa ,dVk ikjn'khZ rFkk ifo=k laLdkjd lh[k fnv,A bZ ckr drgq
fgudj oDrO; es ufg vfN] bZ fgudj jpukd uouhr fFkdA
vkc vkfc d, xksfoUn >kd mupkl&ipkl o"kZd ys[ku ij ppkZ d,y
tk jgy vfN eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bZ foMacus fFkdA ,gsu foMacukd eSfFkyh es
deh ufg vfNA dkaphukFk >k ^fdj.k* d izlax lsgks b,g dgy tk ldSr vfNA
frdM+e ra=k es ta bZgks lqjsUnz >k ^lqeu* tdka iVq jfgrfFk ra vkb kfj fgudks
drksd iksFkh Niy jfgr, vk drksd iqjLdkj yqVus jfgrfFkA eSfFkyh es fcuk
ladfyr iqLrd v,us ppkZ ufg gksbr vfN vk ls v,yfu cgqr ckn esA
QyLo:i rhl c[kZ iqjku jpuk ij yksd vkkqfud ;a=k la fopkj djc 'kq#g
d,ydA vksuk eSfFkyh es fopkjs dgka gksbr vfN \ nkslj] ts fxjksgokn gkoh
jgy] xksfoUn >k dfgvks fxjksg cukSyfu ufg---A
viu ifjokj] fe=k] dqVqacd lax fcrk,y thoud ,d&,d rarq es xksfoUn
>kd vksr, dFkkd [ktkuk lax`ghr vfNA vk rdjk laxfg fgudj iz[kj Hkk"kk
128 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
f'kYi] Js"B jpuk&dkS'ky lsgks vfNA ukVdh; izLrqfr dFkkdkjd vfHkO;fDr
dsa vn~Hkqr :isa l'kDr vk izHkkoksRiknd cukSus vfNA 'kSfYid Lrj ij fokkRed
rksM+&QksM+ fgudj l`tu lalkjd vk;ke dsa trsd foLrkj nsus vfN] ls lgt
:isa ddjgq ysy vkd"kZ.kd fo"k; Hk* ldSr vfNA fefFkykapyd loZoxhZ;]
loZnyh; vk loZtkrh; tu leqnk; es ;qx ifjorZud fofr] lqfr tkfg&tkfg
fofk,a viu izHkko NksM+yd] vkkqfudrkd fofrd pksV tr,&tr, iM+y vk
lqfrd Qwy tr,&tr, Qqyk,y] ijaijk vk vkkqfudrkd [khapk rkuh es ts&ts
ul trsd ruk,y] uSfrdrkd tkfg lhek kfj guu Hksy] izxfrd uke ij
vk uo&uo ;kstukd uke ij ifNyk mupkl o"kZd Lokkhu Hkkjr es trsd
cdokliw.kZ dk;Z Hksy] ekuoh; laosnukd kl vk ekuoh; lacakd foxyu tkfg
rjgd {kqnz rFkk rkRdkfyd LokFkZd ysy Hksy ls lcVk foy{k.k Hkk"kk&f'kYi es
xksfoUn >kd dFkk&lalkj es lafpr vfNA fgudj dFkk vuqHkwr lR;d lgt
laoknd isVkjk fFkd] tr, us ra Qksad dYiukd drgq xqatkb'k ns[kkbr vfN
vk us la;ksxolkr dksuks ?kVukd vorj.kA pkal mRiUu d* d, dFkk es pdkpkSak
vuckd izo`fk fgudk vksr, drgq ufg ns[kkbNA vke tu&thou la dFkkdkjd
ljksdkj dsa fpfr djSr xksfoUn >kd dFkk] lrr dFkk tdka vkxwd dFkk tkfu
ysckd ftKklk c<+cSr jgSr vfN] dfork tdka Qsj&Qsj i<+ckd rxsnk djSr
jgSr vfNA
ttZj vrhr la eqfDrd dFkk @ 129
ttZj vrhr la eqfDrd dFkk
dFkkdkj yfyr dsj laiw.kZ dFkk lalkj cfgjax es ekDlZoknd LFkwy ekalyrk]
varjax es k;Md lw{erk vk y{; es mifu"knh; ve`r&iq=k g,ckd vkkkjHkwr
lajpuk ij Bk<+ vfNA dgck ysy ra yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUnd uke ,d
lax dfg d, eSfFkyh es dkt pfy jgy vfNA Lo;a yfyr lsgks vb rhu
es ,d uke vkSj tksMy + fu mxzkuUnA eqnk fgudk lc xksV, es ekSfyd fHkUurk
vfNA yfyr&jktdey&ek;kuUn dfu,a vkxw ikNwd lax ,d le; es jpuk'khy
Nykg ls fHkUu ckr] eqnk rhuw dsa drgq ,d vkfj&[ksr uba NfuA jktdey
vk yfyr dsa ra ,dnEes ubaA ,ds ?kVuk dsa rhuw] rhu utfj,a ns[kyfuA dFkk
ik=kd thoud lkSfo; ysy ts dksuks lkekftd ekU;rk jktdeyd vksr, ckkd
gksbr vfN] jktdey vksdjk rksfM+ rkfM+ d, vkxw cf<+ tkbr NfFk] ekU;rk
jg, rk[k ij] eqnk yfyrd fLFkfr ls uba NyfuA gqudk var var kfj lekt
ij FkksM+sd fo'okl Nyfu] ;|fi fgudks vksr, lektd f?kukSu :i cgqr vfN]
eqnk fgudk rS;ks lektd lR;&f'ko&lqanj :id vko';drk NfuA viu ik=kd
thoud lkSfo;d ckV vk lektd fdNq Js"B vokkj.kk fgudk vksr, lekukUrj
pySr vfNA jktdey tdka bZ ,ds udkj cyk fLFkfr es uba NfFkA vb e
es dgh ra ek;kuUn fgudj cslh yxhp NfuA vksuk ek;kuUnd ik=k lc Msjcqd
cM~M gksbr Nfu] lekt Hk; fgudk vksr, cM~M jgSr NfuA ,Dds Vk izlax]
^i`Foh iq=k* miU;kl es fctyh vk dYiukFkd nsg laca kd ysy tk, ta bZ izlxa
ek;kuUnd vksr, jfgrfu] ra nquw [kwc xqyNjkZ mM+fcr,] vk ddjks HkkQks uba
yfxrb( jktdeyd vksr, jfgrfu] ra vks nquwd fcvkg djk nsus jfgrfFku]
lBe~&lkB~;e lekpjsr] vFkkZr~ rksa lekt Hk* d, gej lq[k&lqfokkd ;ku uba
j[kcsa] ra ge O;fDr Hk* d, vIiu fu;e&dsnk viuk yscA eqnk yfyr ,gsu
LosPNkpkjh uba Hksykg] vks lekt dsa lektd Bke jg* nsyf[kUg vk lkekftd
130 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
ekU;rk la brj dkt d,fugkj viu dFkk ik=k dsa viuk BkeA fgudj jpuk es
O;fDr&lqfokk trsd QSy la LFkku vk ekU;rk ikSus vfN] vk ls fcuk dksuks
gks&gYyk epkSus] ls yxSr vfN dFkkdjd vn~Hkqr kS;Z] bPNk'kfDr vk lkgl
rFkk y{; izkfIrd vkLFkkd ifjpk;d fFkdA lkxj tdka 'kkar&/khj vkpj.k] unh
tdka izogeku&lfyy Hkk"kk] vtqZud rhj tdka ,dy{; lakku] fur uo fo"k;d
vuqla kku bZ lc fefyd, yfyrd dFkk lalkj dsa ,dVk vkd"kZd Qyd nSr
vfN] vk lRrs fgudj dFkk lc ekaly] lw{e vk mifu"knh; ver&iq=k cfu
iM+y vfNA
ls yfyr t[ku cknd le; es fy[kc can d* nsyfu] ra rdj dkj.k
iqNyk ij dgSr NfFk] ^v|kofk gejk eSfFkyhd nycanh dksuks LFkku uba nsydA
lkfgR; vdknehd laxzg es gej dFkk uba] vU; Hkk"kk es vuwfnr gksc*oyk xzaFk
es gej jpuk dsa dksuks LFkku ubafd,s fy[kw \ ikbd iz;kstu uba] thfodkd
lkku ubaA r[ku izksij IyslesaV] rkgw la vkmVdkLV \ dh vb ne?kksaVw ca;k
fLFkfr es vgka fy[kc pkyw jkf[k ldSr Nh* foHkwfr vkuUn dsa baVjO;w es nsy
oDrO;A bZ oDrO; if<+ d, uba yxSr vfN] ts eSfFkyhd vb ppkZdkj vk
ladyd lHkd ifr;k&izk;f'pr lkr tue kfj xksar&xkscj fxfj;ks d* uba NqVrS \
vjs cki js] gR;kjk fFkdfFk bZ lcA t[ku yfyrd gR;k d* nS tkb xsyf[kUg]
r[ku vkvksj fdudj uba djrkg \ [kSj
yfyr oLrqr% ,dVk dFkkdkj uba] eSfFkyh dFkk vkanksyud iqjkskk NfFkA
eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku dsa izkS<+ cu,ckd ifgy iz;kl yfyrsd vksr, Hksy vfNA
fcvkg&nku] fnvj&Hkkmt vk mfprh&Mgdu la eqfDr yfyrsd vksr, eSfFkyh
dFkk dsa HksVySdA vke tuthou] fuEuoxhZ;&fuEutkrh; tuthou] thou&;kiud
foLr`r o`rkar] ijaijk la oftZr thouka'k vkfnd izos'k ifgy csj fgudfg dFkk
es Hksy] jktdey dsa ?khfp d, eSfFkyh es vuckd Js; fgudfg Nfu] ek;kuUn
dsa ^Hkkaxd yksVk* la foeq[k d* d, lgh fn'kk fn'k izsfjr djckd Js; fguds NfuA
yfyrd dFkkys[ku oLrqr% ,dVk peRdkj ns[k,ckd dFkk fFkdA dksuks
nSoh vk fd tknwxjhd peRdkj ubaA ek=k bZ ts dFkk vgka dsa lEeksfgr d,us
usus py tk jgy vfN] pyy tk jgy vfN] vgak eksus eksu lksfp jgy Nh]
xqfukqfu es Nh vkc dh gsrS \ vk fd vpkud czsd] tk%] dFkk [kreA ^izrh{kk*
dFkk i<+c 'kq: d: vk ns[k fyv*] izrh{kk Vk fd,s izfrfufk] jetkuh] LoIu
Hkax vk fd ^i`Foh iq=k* miU;kls fd,sd us gkslHkd lekfIr LFky ikBd dsa
,d Vk uo izkjaHkd lus'k nsyd vfNA
ts ckr jkteksgu >k viu fucak ^yfyr vFkkZr* es dfg pqdy NfFk]
rdjfg Qsj la nksgj,ckd iz;kstud uba NyA eqnk vksgh la nkslj fu"ifk fudySr
ttZj vrhr la eqfDrd dFkk @ 131
vfN] rsa ckr vksrfg la izkjaHk dj, iM+rA yfyrd dFkk Hkwfe fojkV Nfu] vR;fkd
mnkj NfuA fguds ledkyhu jktdey vk ek;kuUnd fo"k;&lalkj trsd ?kuhHkwr
vfN] rrsd fgudj ubaA fgudj fo"k;&lalkj foLr`r NfuA fgudj dksuks dFkk
vkil es ,d nksljk la dksuks rjgsa lac) uba jgSr vfNA lc dFkk ,d nkslj
la vyx] vk fHkUu Hkwfe ij Bk<+ vfNA eSfFkyh dFkk es ifgy csj fguds vksr,
vo.kZ tkfrd vk fuEu oxZd dFkkuk;dd izos'k Hksy] vk ls izos'k ,rsd oSjkV~;d
lax] ,rsd foLr`r thou&Qydd lax] vk rkgw es lo.kZ&laHkzkar oxZd ik=k dsa
dkr&djV yxkSus bZ yfyrd 'kSyh vk ys[ku n`f"Vd mRd"ksZ fFkd] ts vb iz;ksxd
LFkkiuk Hk* xsyA yfyrd ys[ku dky 1950&1964 kfjd vofk fFkdA Hkkjr
Lora=k ra Hk* xsy Ny] eqnk fefFkykd tuin es ys[kud fo"k; ysy vgw le;
kfj iqjkus vk tfM+vk,ys leL;k lc izcy NySdA rkfg le; es ;kSu vr`fIr]
;kSu dqaBk] vartkZrh; ;kSu lacak] ljdkjh ra=kd vjktdrk] lkear fojkskh ckr
vkfnd ppkZ lkekU;ks okrkZyki es loZLohr uba Ny] lkfgR; es rdjk izeq[krk
nsc] iS?k lkgld dkt NyA bZ lkgl yfyr d,yfu] vk tsuk fd vksfg le;d
fofHkUu ys[kdd laLej.kkRed ys[k lHk la Li"V gksbr vfN] yfyr viuk lax
,dVk tksjxj vk lglxj ih<+hd fuekZ.k lsgks d* ysyfuA bZ nhxj ckr fFkd
ts fdNq ^[k[kM+h* Qksafdy vk ik[kaMh lHk lsgks fgudk le; es fdNq tuksUeq[k
dFkk x<+, ykxy Ny] ftudj pfj=k ckn es vkfc d, Li"V HksyfuA eqnk]
jktdey] ek;kuUn] lksenso] khjsUnz] mxzkuUn izHk`frd lax fgudj ih<+h] eSfFkyh
dFkk dsa csl tdka v|ru d,ydfuA
rb ih<+h es ta jktdey vk ek;kuUnd jpukd HkkoHkwfe l?ku vk yfyrd
foLr`r Nfu] ra rdj ewy dkj.k ys[kdd futh thou&n`f"V vk vkRecksks fFkdA
jktdey] ek;kuUn tr, lsDVj fo'ks"k dsa idfM+ d, vksdj loZi{kh; fp=k
?khfp ysc, pkgSr NykgA vksrfg yfyr de le; es uegj nwjh ukfi ysckd
vxqrkgfV es eqnk gM+cM+h es uba vk dksuks vk[kMw uba viu {ks=k dsa i;kZIr
foLr`r d,yfuA vksuk vb ih<+hd lax iS?k nqHkkZX; ra jgy] ts jktdey jgcs
uba dsykg] yfyr jfgvksd* uba jgykg] vk ek;uUnd dFkk ys[ku fojy Hk*
xsy] eqnk] ,[kugqa bZ ckr dgy tk ldSr vfN] ts yfyrd jpuk lalkj trsd
foLr`r vfN] rdj voyksdu vkcgq yksd dsa dj*d pkfgvfuA dFkk gks fd
miU;kl] yfyrd jpukd vkdkj cM+ NksV gksbr Nfu] ,dne mfpr fFkd] jpuk
NksVs g,ckd pkgh] ea=k 'kSyh es] ea=k NksV gksbr vfN] lw=k NksV gksbr vfN]
dqath NksV gksbr vfN] vksdj izHkko fojkV gksbr vfN] vksdj O;k[;k foLr`r
gksbr vfN] vks izdk'k vk Kkud ,dVk fo'kky ckV dsj rkyk [kksySr vfNA
jpukd NksV g,ckd dkj.ksa gkyfg es jktsUnz ;kno viu ,dVk ys[k es ckck
132 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
;k=kh ij QCrh dlyfu vfN] eqnk gejk tuSr] tkfg jpukdkj dsa ikBdd lacak
es vU;Fkk kkj.kk Hkjy jgSr Nfu] ts ikBd dsa cwfM+ cq>Sr NfFk] ls dh ra jpuk
dsa eksV djck ysy okd~tky c<+cSr NfFk vFkok viu ms';d O;k[;k es vusjs
i`"B [kpZ djSr NfFkA eSfFkyh es ,gsu jpukdkj uba NfFkA eSfFkyhd jpukdkj
viu ikBdd Kku {ks=k ij i;kZIr vkLFkkoku jgSr NfFkA
yfyrd leLr jpuk ea=k 'kSyh es vfN] vk fgudj jpuk lalkj dFkk
l`tud uohu Hkwfed ik;yV losZ{k.k fFkd] vk ,dVk ladsrks fFkd % ^vkxwd
le;d jpukdkj yksdfu ! ns[kSr tkm] dr,&dr, dFkk vfN \* vk vb ea=kd
mi;ksx vkxwd dSdVk jpukdkjd l`tu es Hksy vfNA jekuUn js.kq] izHkkl dqekj
pkSkjh] kwedsrq] lqHkk"kpUnz ;kno] foHkwfr vkuUn] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh vkfn dFkkdkjd
vksr, vksb ea=k] lw=kd O;k[;k ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
HkkoHkwfed foLr`fr rkd* ysy fgudj dFkk ys[ku dsa dSd n`f"V,a ns[kckd
iz;kstu vfNA ,dne <yku ij cgSr y{; dsafnzr tykkjk lu cgSr vk iljSr
Hkk"kk ckf<+d mke izokg lu uba] ts ckVd lcVk ekfV [kaxgkfj d, y* tkbr
vfN] tuinh; 'kCn lewgd p;u] 'kq) iapdks'khd HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k] lekt
la misf{kr&frjLr vk vLohr O;fDr vk rdj thou&;kiu ij dsafnzr fo"k;]
rnuqdwy o`fk&okrkoj.k] rnuqdwy pfj=k vk ?kVukd la?kVulHk vFks rdSr
fgudj jpukd foLr`fr ns[kSr cuSr vfNA Lo;a dFkkdkj dgus NfFk ts fgudj
dFkk es ^izse vfN yM+kb ij] nqnZE; wjrk es euq";rk vfN taxy vks jLrk]
nqnkr nL;qd jDrfyIr eu&izk.k es dksuks izs;lhd Lusg Hkjy vfN LoIu Hkax]
dFkkd ekfeZdrk dsa cw>* ysy ikBd Lora=k vfNA* lks] yfyrd dFkkd
vk;ke fgudj fHkUu&fHkUu dFkkd fo"k; vk pfjr&uk;dd izLrqfrd vkkkj
ij xuy tk ldSr vfNA
cslh ra drsd xuy tk,] i`Fohiq=k d ^fctyh* vk lkjafx;kd ^csyk*
dsa vFkok ^izrh{kk* vk ^eqfDr*d iRuh dsa utfj ij y* d, ns[kh ra L=kh tkfr
}kjk ,rsd lw{e] lkFkZd vk rkfdZd fooj.k izLrqr djc dfu, Vk ckr uba
fFkdA ^fctyh* fookfgr vfN] eqnk dYiw felj lax vksdj nSfgd lacak trsd
lkglh] fufyZIr] fu}} vk bZekunkj izcy bPNk 'kfDr vk vkReh; Lohdkj
'kfDrd vFkZ es vfN] rdj jgL;&yksd dsa vuqHko d,y tk ldS,] ,dj O;k[;k
vlaHko vfNA csyk u`R;kaxuk fFkd] gfjpj.k vksdjk lax ^laxr* djSr vfN]
eqnk tkfg izfrc)rk] fopkjkkjk vk Xykfuckskd lax] nqfu;kd eqag ij Fkwd Qsfd
d, vks ejy] rdj O;k[;k dksu 'kCn es gks \ ^eqfDr* dFkk es iRuh tkfg gkyr
es #X.k vk v'kD; ifr la eqDr gksbr vfN vk ^izrh{kk* es tkfg rjgsa Lo;a
#Xu vk v'kD; iRuh] ifr dsa eqDr djSr vfNvb nk'kZfud fo"k; dsa dksuk]
euksoSKkfud lR;d dFkk @ 133
vk ds O;k[;kf;r d* ldr \ vlaHko vfN
ps[kc dsa m)`r djSr jktdey pkSkjh ,d Bke fy[kus NfFk] ts mRre
dksfVd dFkk viu lekfIr Fky la 'kq#g gksbr vfNA yfyrd leLr dFkk
vly es lekIr Hksykd ckns 'kq#g gksbr vfNA dkj.k] tk kfj dFkk pySr vfN]
rk kfj ra yfyrd ?kVuke] Hkk"kk vk 'kSyh ikBd dsa ,rck voljs uba nSr
NSd ts vks fdNq lksfp ld,A ?kksM+k vk lokjd lacak viuk ikBdd laxs bZ
cukSus jgSr NfFkA tk /kfj dFkk pySr jgr] dFkkdkj lokj jgrkg] ikBd fgy
uba ldSr NfFk] vk t[ku dFkk lekIr g,r] ra dFkkdkj yxke idM+us jgrkg]
vgka lkspSr jgw] tsuk&tsuk dFkk vgkad Hkhrj HkhtSr tk,r] vgka lkspSr jgwA
vk] bZ fparu'khyrk ek=k L=kh ik=kd oSfp=;s Vkd ysy uba] iq#[k ik=kd foo'krkd
ysy lsgks pkyw jgrA loZ'kfDr&laiUu dYiw feljd laLdkj lkearh Nfu] fctyhd
lax ^;wt ,aM Fkzks* oyk Qjewyk yxk ldSr Nyk] dksuks Lotkrh; L=kh dsa fc;kfg
d, vkfu ldSr Nykg] vk fd fctyh, dsa fc;kfg d, ?kj clk ldSr Nykg...A
xtc ckr vfN] ts yfyrd dFkkd pfjr uk;d vFkok ukf;dk es leLr {kqnzrkd
vNSr ,dVk laiw.kZ ekuork thcSr jgSr vfNA vFkkZr lektd ;FkkFkZ la mn~Hkwr
{kqnzrk lR; fFkd] vb fodjky fLFkfr es uSfrdrk vk ekuorkd voxkgu lqanj
fFkdA vk tsa fd lR; vk lqna j nquw fo|eku vfN] rsa bZ lcVk dFkk ^f'ko*
dY;k.k dsj lus'k lsgks nSr vfNA laiw.kZ vjktdrkd vNSr ,dVk la'kksfkr
laLdj.kd lektd LFkkiuk fgudj dFkk es HksVSr jgSr vfNA ^i`Foh iq=k* es
fcls[kh] xsukyky] l:i] Nkj] taxcgknqj] csuh vkfn pfj=k tkfg rjgsa yfyr
vafdr d,us NfFk] {kqnzrk] mnkjrk] Lohfr] ekU;rk] foo'krk vkfnd mipkj
tkfg <axsa Hksy vfN] Hkkmtd lax l:id fc;kg] fctyh vk csuhd okd~la?k"kZ(
iap leqnk;] [ksrh&ckM+h] pkS;Z deZd O;k[;k] iqfyfl;k o`fkd lw{erkiw.kZ v;;u
tkfg rjgsa izLrqr d,us NfFk] rdj O;k[;k dksuks n'kZu 'kkL=kd O;k[;kd laxsa
laHko vfNA ^i`Fohiq=k* miU;kls Vk uba] yfyrd leLr dFkkfrd ewY;kadu]
ta jk"Vh; f{kfrtd dksugqa Hkk"kk lkfgR;d rqyuk es d,y tk,] ra jpuk viu
euksfo'ys"k.kd izkkurk vk lekt'kkL=kh; n`f"Vkds.kd vkkkj ij vfxyk ikar
es Bk<+ gks,rA Hkkjrh; lkfgR;d dksuks Hkk"kk es ,gsu jpuk de vfNA
lu~ lrgRrfjd vke pqukod ckn t;izdk'k vkanksyud ifj.kfrd
dkfj[k&pwu ykxy eqag nsf[k Hkkjrd ;qokoxZ dsa tkfg eksgHkaxd lkeuk dj,
iM+y NySd] yfyrd dFkk&l`tu es rdj ladsr NBes n'kd es Hk* xsy NyA
^mM+ku* dFkkd dFkkokpd vk fxjkj Hkkbd ek;es tkfg fopkjkkjk vk tkfg
deZkkjkd xi Hksy vfN ls vb ckrd izek.k fFkdA eksu es kafrd vkfx
vb ik=k lc dsa NSd] eqnk vHkko vk csdkjh dksu rjgsa vksdjk yksdfu dsa rksM+Sr
134 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vfN ls nsf[k {kqCk gksv, iM+rS vfNA ik=kd ifrriu vk ifrriukd chp vfNA eqnk rkfg la dh] eSfFkyhd eBkkh'k bZ eku* ysy rS;kj dgka NfFk \
es ^dey* tdka Qqykbr ,dVk laHkkouk] euq";rk vk uSfrdrkd ,dVk fdfj.k
dksuk fcgqfa l mBSr vfN bZ yfyrs d* ldSr NykgA dgc vuqfpr uba gks,r]
ts izHkkl dqekj pkSkjhd vksr, ts lkear oxZ ukaxfj lqVdk ysyfu vfN vk
kwedsrqd vksr, ts ifrr oxZ dsa ikou g,ckd xfjek HksfV xsy vfN] ls yfyrsd
dFkk fparud foLrkj vk vksb fpuxh la mBy kkjk fFkdA
fgudj ^jetkuh* dFkk es ^fdlku ;qx* la ^e'khu ;qx* es izos'k rkdy
xsyA lR; ra bZ fFkd] ts bZ ^e'khu ;qx*d vkokgu uba] O;kikj fn'k >qdkod
vkokgu Ny] tr, ikjaifjd ksr ij vkfJr f"kdeZ vk jktk&nSoh; vkiknkd
dkj.ksa O;kIr vfo'oluh;rk la ijkHkwr ekuo viu vk viu i'kq fe=kd Je
ij fo'okl d,ydA ta vku dksuks le`) lkfgR;d vkykspuk deZ tdka eSfFkyhd
vkykspuk deZ le`) jfgr,] ra Lokra=;kskj dky es fodflr leLr vkykspukRed
VwYl dsj mi;ksx] yfyrd dFkk lalkjd ewY;kadu ysy d,y tk ldSr NyA
lekt'kkL=kh; vkykspuk i)fr la ta yfyr dsj dFkk frd ewY;kadu gks] ra
r; gks,r] ts wj vk fu"V lkekftd i)fr la cngky Hksy ekuo dksuk&dksuk
nqoZfk fn'k mUeq[k gksbr vfN] vksb nqoZfk es vks drsd bZekunkjh la vk drsd&wjrk
la izksQs'kuy cuy jgSr vfN] vk vksfg izksQs'kufyTed vNSr vks dksuk viu
ekuork dsa cpkSus jgSr vfN] vk lc la ij] ts ,gsu Hk;kogrkd vNSr jpukdkj
dksu m|ksx la ,d uofuekZ.kd tksxkM+ fQV djSr jgSr vfN ! ^izfrfufk* dFkk
es euq";d nkuork] liZo`fk vkfn dksu rjgsa mxSr vfN vk vksgh nkuorkd
chp ^usdh dj nfj;k es Qsd* dksuk viu izcyrk v{kq..k j[kSr vfN !
yfyrd dFkk deZ es ppkZ [kkgs f"kdeZd gks vFkok nq"deZd] viu fooj.k
vk n`"Vkar es dFkkdkj ,dne v|ru vk iw.kZ :isa lkokku rFkk O;k[;kRed
jgSr NfFkA iVqvkd [ksrh gks vFkok pkS;Z&o`fRr gks] ikdsVekjh gks vk fd vkus
dksuks ?kVuk] lkSals jpukd ikBd i'pkr yxSr jgSr vfN] ts dFkkdkj vb deZd
lw{ere tkudkjh j[kSr NfFkA ,fg lw{erkiw.kZ fp=k.kd ifj.kke bZ gksbr vfN]
ts dFkk viu tehu idM+us jgSr vfNA viu okrkoj.k vk viu tehu la
m[kfM+ xsykd ckn] euq"; vk fopkjkkjk nquw Mxexk tkbr vfNA yfyr] viu
dksuks jpuk vk jpukd ik=k dsa vb nq?kZVukd f'kdkj uba gksv, nsyfu vfNA
vkb t[ku yfyr uba NfFk] r[kugqa gqudj frdeZ gejk yksdfud lks>ka
jk[ky vfNA gqud ewY;kadu vb leLr vkkkj ij d,y tk,ckd pkghA ,[ku
kfj ta yfyr ij de fy[ky xsy] ra ls ,dVk xksySlhd izek.k fFkdA vb
xksySlh la ckgj vkfc d, gqudj ewY;kadu g,ckd pkghA gejk ra ^i`Fohiq=k*
miU;kl kfj es laiw.kZ ^fojpukokn* vk laiw.kZ mRrj vkkqfudrkokn ns[kkb iM+Sr
euksoSKkfud lR;d dFkk @ 135 136 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';

euksoK
S kfudlR;ddFkk
Lora=krk izkfIrd le; kfj jktdey pkSkjh ianzg&lksyg c[kZd Hk* xsy NykgA
bZ mez ,dVk r#.kd mez fFkdA e.khUnz ukjk;.k pkSkjh vFkkZr~ jktdey pkSkjh
uked r#.k es vgh o;l es vlkkkj.krk] laosnu'khyrk ifjyf{kr NyA mis{kk]
'kks"k.k] frjLdkj] vlarks"k] vkks'k---bR;kfn lHk >kaV&fcgkfM+ la Vdjkbr( lHk
vfre.k dsa HkksxSr] ,dVk kafriw.kZ fetktd ys[kdd vorj.k Hksy] lSg
NfFk jktdey pkSkjhA
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d vkfndky la vkb kfjd bfrgkl es fofok 'krkCnhd
fofok n'kdd fofok lkfgR;dkjd lkfgR; es dkO;kkjk dSd csj viu djkSV
Qsjyd vfN] eqnk jktdey pkSkjhd jpukkfeZrk es lkfgR; djkSV ufg Qsfjd,
,Ddfg csj] lqjQqjk d, mfB xsy] kafrd Loj vk fonzksgd ukjkd lax lfpoky;d
fdjkuh e.khUnz pkSkjh] jktdey pkSkjh cfu xsykgA ts viuk dsa dk;kZy;d
yydk lkyqd es ckUgy Qkby la loZFkk eqDr j[kckd vkxzgh NykgA bZ jktdey
pkSkjh viu vle;d ckSf)drkd dkj.ksa ns'kn'kk la voxr NykgA Lora=krk
izkfIrd i'pkr~ ns'k dsgsu gks rdj ,dVk eksVk&eksVh :ijs[kk vkus turk tdka
fgudgq es NyfugsaA vlkkkj.k O;fDrRod yksd] fgudj fparu fdNq vtwck
<axd jgy gsrfuA b,g fparu ikjaifjd laLdkjd bukj la fudkfy d, fgudk
mUeqDr okrkoj.kd iks"kd jktdey pkSkjhd :i nsydA Lora=krk izkfIrd i'pkr~
iwoZ jpy LoIu egy dsa <gSr ns[kyfu] euq";d varLry es ts ,dVk uo <axd
mRlkg Ny] 'kks"k.k la eqfDr i,ckd ,dVk dYiuk Ny( ,fg lc rjgd kkj.kkd
{k; Hk* xsyA ifgus lekt ij vR;kpkj fons'kh djSr Ny vk ikNka Lons'kh dj,
ykxyA lkekftd tu&thoud ,fg voewY;u dsa jktdey yxhp la fpUgyfuA
ns'k es ek=k Vksih cnfy d, jfg xsy] ,dj vykos vkvksj dksuks uo ckr ufg
HksySdA bZ lHk fLFkfr r#.k jktdeyd eksu dsa O;fFkr d* d, jkf[k nsydfuA
euksoSKkfud lR;d dFkk @ 137
vk fgudj vlkkkj.k izfrHkk viu r#.kkb, es ,fg lHk fLFkfr ij xaHkhj fparu
dj; ykxy] ,fg lHk fLFkfrd ekfeZd i{k dsa ns[k, ykxyA Lora=krk uked
dksuks fpfM+;k] ts lektd fdNq [kkl oxZd pht Ny vk lektd vfr U;wu
la[;kd yksdd gsrq vkuy xsy Ny] jktdey dsa iflu ufg iM+yfuA lkekftd
izk.kh eksu es vks,g fujk'kk] vks,g dqaBk] vks,g vlarks"k nsf[k bZ O;fFkr Hk* mBykgA
vk ,djk bZ Lora=krk izkfIr ufg dfg d, Vksihd cnyko vFkok lkkd gLrkarj.k
cq>yfuA euq"; es O;kIr ,fg vlarks"kd fuokj.k rkd* yxykgA ,fg pquko
ra=k] ,fg vQlj'kkgh dsa cnyck ysy vko';d Ny tu&tkxj.k] turk es]
turkd fopkjkkjk es vkewy&pwy ifjorZu( oLrqewY;] vFkZewY;] uhfr&ewY;]
opu&ewY; es vlkkkj.k ifjorZuA pwafd ifjorZu ,[ku rqjar Hksys Ny pkgs
dsguks gks vk rkgw la iS?k ckr ts] usrk] vQlj] iqfyl] f'k{kd] deZpkjh] i=kdkj]
lHk viu dkZO; la foeq[k Hk* d, lkk i{kd yYyks&pIiks es yfx xsy Ny]
tkfg la lektd iFk&funsZ'kd ro] uhfr fukkZjd ro ukaxj Hk* xsy NyA
,fg ifjfLFkfr es vko';d NySd ts lekt dsa dsvks funsZ'kd HksVSdA vkc bZ
Hkkj lEgkj* tksxj ek=k lkfgR;dkjs Vk ckapy Nykg ts tu&thou dsa mfpr
funsZ'k n* d, mfpr ckV ij pyck ysy izsfjr d* ldSr NykgA ,dVk lkfgR;dkj]
lSdM+ks flikghd dkt djSr vfNA dksuks lkfgfR;d laosnuk] fparu vk jpukkfeZrk
la laiUu O;fDr jkbQy y* d, ;q) es mrfj tk, vFkok e'kky y* d, tqywl
es py tk, ra vks ek=k ,d O;fDrd dkt d* ldr] eqnk ta bZ O;fDr dye
y* d, lkfgR; es mrfj tkfFk ra vxf.kr ^ykBh* rS;kj djck es fgudk dksugq
ijs'kkuhd lkeuk ufg dj* iM+rfuA jktdey pkSkjh es jpukkfeZrk jgfu]
laosnu'khyrk jgfu vk ,fg oLrqfLFkfrd fo'ys"k.k dj* ;ksX; {kerks jgfu] rsa
bZ lHk dkt NksfM+ d, ys[kuh idM+yfu vk turkd var%ihM+k] vksdj eksg&Hkax]
vksdj vkarfjd osnuk] vksdj vlarks"kd dkj.k] vksdj nq%fLFkfrd fp=k dsa vafdr
dj* ysy turkd lehi py v,ykg] tr, la bZ oLrqfLFkfrd ekfeZd fp=k.k
djck es viwoZ lQyrk izkIr d,yfuA bZ lQyrk] fgudj mnkjoknh fopkj]
laiw.kZ tu&ekul es ^Lo* dsj fp=k rdckd izo`fk] lektd lokxhu nq%fLFkfr
dsa viuk lax tksfM+ d,] vksdjk Hkksfx d, fpf=kr djckd ifjpk;d fFkdA
laiw.kZ lektd ,fg fofr dsa nsf[k d,] jktdey lu fonzksgh jpukdkjd fp=k.k
dsgsu Hk* ldSr Ny] ls rkfg le; es dYiuk djck ;ksX; xi jgy gks,r]
eqnk vkb ns[kck ;ksX; xi fFkdA lektd ,d&,d rarq jksx la ttZj Hk* xsy
NyA O;oLFkk dq a B kxz L r Hk* xs y A prq f nZ d 'kks " k.k&iz i a p &vukLFkk&
dqO;oLFkk&vfo'okl&vlarks"kd nqxk iljy tkbr NyA eqnk lkekftd izk.kh
fuf'par Ny] fufoZdkj Ny] vksdjk ysy bZ dksuks vugksuh xi ufg Ny] Bhd
138 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
vksfguk] tsuk ikbfj;k jksx la xzflr euqD[k dsa viu eqagd nqxk viuk ufg
yxSr NSdA jktdey vgh nqxk dsa] vgh jksx dsa izdk'k es vku*d iz;kl lrr
djSr jgykgA lwry tuekul dsa vksdj nqnZ'kk la ifjfpr djcSr jgykgA
jktuhfrKd n`f"Vcksk ,rck cqf> xsy Ny] ts vkc turk dsa ek=k iziapfg Vk
la [kq'k d,y tk ldS, vk vb iziap la ifjp; djkd, tuekuld vkaf[k
[kksyc bZ viu dkZO; cq>yfuA vk ,dVk lQy ltZud BsB es lktZu :i
es gejkyksdfud lektd rarq&rarq dsa phfM+ d, vksdj Hkhrjh&jksxd MkbXuksfll
izLrqr d,yfuA
tuekul dsa n`f"Vcksk nsck ysy ,rcs ;Fks"V vfN] ts vks viu jksx tkfu
tk, vk jksxd ewy tkfu tk,A lektd tkxj.k&iFkd ifgy lh<+h b,g fFkdA
jktdey viuk ftuxh es b,g djSr jgykgA ijaijk la vcSr lkfgR;&kkjk
;qxhu nq%fLFkfr] 'kks"k.k] dqO;oLFkk] vukpkj] LokFkZ&uhfr] ekuoh; voewY;ud
fp=k.k ufg d* icSr NyA bZ Hkkjh cks> mBkc* es izkphu dkO;kkjk uaxjk, ykxy
NyA rsa jktdey ,fg okgd dsa gVkd,] ,djk dikj ij la ,fg cks> dsa mrkfj
d, uo dkO;kkjkd LFkkiuk d,yfu] ts ,fg xaHkhj fparud Hkko&cksk dsa mf?k
ldck es leFkZ NyA fojksk vusd rjgsa Hksy] eqnk tsgsu gqudj izcy bPNk'kfDr
Ny] rsgus gqudj LFkkfir lkfgR;kkjk---dksuks fojksk] dksuks fuankd fcuk ijokfg
d,us c<+Sr jgy---c<+Sr jgy---cf<+ xsyA
vksuk ra jktdeyd leLr lkfgfR;d fokk es b,g eksg&Hkax] b,g n`f"V
cksk] b,g vkRen'kZu] b,g ftuxhd dVq lR; O;Dr Hksy vfN] eqnk] eSfFkyh
lkfgR; es [kkl d* d, lokZfkd lQy fokk dFkk&lkfgR; jgy vfNA dgck
y, ra vusd vkykspd yksdfu fgudk cslh lQy dfo :i es ekuSr NfFk]
eqnk gejk n`f"Vdks.ksa fgudj dFkk vk dfork nquw mijkS> a d* jgy vfNA
Hkkjrh; vU;kU; lkfgR; tdka eSfFkyh lkfgR; dsa lsgks] dFkk fokk fojklr
es laLrfg la HksVySd vfNA eqnk] jktdeyd dFkk&lkfgR; laLr la izkIr
ejkSlh f[kLlk ek=k ufg] cfYd nh?kZdkyhu dFkkRedrkd fodkl ijaijk] ik'pkR;
dFkk&lkfgR;d izHkko vk gqudj viu vlyh thou&n'kZu rFkk ifd;k vuqHkwfrd
fp=k.kd f=kos.kh fFkdA viu dksuks dFkk fy[kck la iwoZ jktdey ftuxhd
tfVyre&xgure [kksg es ek=k gqydh ekjSr ufg izrhr gksbr NfFk] cfYd vksdj
okLrfod fLFkfrd HkksDrk yxSr NfFkA ekuoh; laosnukd ,d&,d rhr&ehB dsa
pkf[k d, jktdey viu izR;sd dFkk izLrqr djSr cq>kbr NfFkA
Fkkrhd :i es laLr lkfgR; la izkIr dFkk&lkfgR; izkjaHkfg la thoud
,dVk fo'ks"k vaxd :i es Lohdkjy tkbr jgy vfNA izR;sd cPpk viu
ekb&cki&cfgu la dksuk rUe;rkiwoZd dFkk lquSr vfN] lSg dFkkd xq.k dsa iznf'kZr
euksoSKkfud lR;d dFkk @ 139
djSr vfNA lquck dky] dFkkd izkjaHk gksbrfg vks lc fdNq fclfj] viu ;ku
dsa dFkkd ?kVuk ij dsafnzr d* ySr vfNA viuk dsa dFkkd ?kVukd izfr vfr
lpsr jk[kSr vfNA eksus&eksu ,gsu kkj.kk cuk ySr vfN ts] dFkkd bZ ?kVuk
izk;% vksdjk lks>fga es ?kfV jgy gksA dFkk lquykd ckn vksdjk ts gkfnZd izlUurk
jgSr vfN] ls vksdj iwoZd euksfodkjd 'keu d* nSr vfNA xYi] vk[;kf;dk]
fdaok NksV&NksV dFkk fy[kckd izFkk izkphu dkyfg la py vkfc jgy vfNA
,fg dFkud iqf"V keZ&xzaFk es orZeku vk[;kf;dk la gksbr vfNA dk;k&dYi
la NksV jfgrgq vks izklafxd dFkk lHk mPp dksfVd vfNA egkHkkjr] mifu"kn
lHk es bZ tuf'k{kkd ysy mi;qDr lkku cq>y xsy vfNA Kku vk rod ,fg
ckr dsa ,rsd lgt :i es cq>k nsckd ms';fg la izk;% izkphu _f"k ,fg ek;e
dsa viukSus gsrkgA vks ,fg n`"Vkar }kjk ek=k vk;kfRed vk uSfrd ro&fu:i.k
djSr NykgA vfHkizk; euksjatus Vk ufg jgSr NyfuA
,Egj vkfc d, vk[;kf;dkd vFkZ cgqr O;kid Hk* xsyA izse&dgkuh]
Hkze.k&o`kkar] vn~Hkqr ?kVuk] ,rs kfj ts fe=kd chp Hksy xi&li dsa lsgks
vk[;kf;dkd ek;es dgy tk, ykxyA tr, izkphu vk[;kf;dk dqrwgy&izkku
gksbr Ny] v;kRe fo"k;d gksbr Ny vksr, okZeku vk[;kf;dk euksoSKkfud
fo'ys"k.k vk thoud ;FkkFkZ rFkk LokHkkfod fp=k.k dsa viu ;s; cq>ydA vksfg
es dYiukd deh vk vuqHkwfrd ckgqY; jgSr vfNA ,rcs ufg] oLrqr% vuqHkwfr,
jpuk'khy Hkkouk la vuqjaftr Hk* d, dFkk cfu tkbr vfNA
vuqHkwfrd vkkkj ij ;FkkFkZ Hkksfxd, vksdjk jpuk'khy Hkkouk la vuqjaftr
d,fugkj es jktdey vxzx.k NykgA fgudj dFkk es dYiuk dsa txg i,ckd
xqatkb'k ufg jgSr NySdA fgudj ekU;rk Nyfu] ts dYiuk d* d, dksuks ?kVukd
okLrfod vk ekfeZd fp=k.k ufg d,y tk ldS,A vksuk ra orZekuks dky es
lkfgR;d izR;sd fokkd jpuk es dksuks&us&dksuks rjgsa euksjatud mi;ksfxrk jfgrs
vfN] laxfg&lax bZ thoud xgu tfVyrkd vax lsgks cfu xsy vfNA lkfgR;
es thoud izR;{k n'kZu mifLFkr djc [kkl d* d, jktdeyd ys[kuhd
LokHkkfod keZ NyfuA fgudj dFkk es euksjatud ro la cslh fo'oluh;rkd
vkxzg ns[ky tkbr vfNA fgudj dFkk es euksjatdrkd ms';as lektd dfYir
fdaok lrgh fp=k&pfj=k ufg miLFkkfir d,y xsy vfN] vfirq fo'oluh;rkd
kjkry ij lektd uXu vk dqfRlr fp=k dsa nkfpk Hk* d, izLrqr d,y
xsy vfNA viu dFkkd ek;es bZ ikBdd vkxka lektd orZeku ifjfLFkfrd
fp=k dsa rrsd izHkkoksRiknd <ax la izLrqr dsyfu ts ikBdd eksu fryfeyk
tkbr vfNA eSfFkyh es viu ifgy izdkf'kr dFkk ^vijkftrk*d 'kh"kZd la
dFkkoLrqd varjax rknkRE; mifLFkr d,us NfFkA vijkftrkd laKkkkjh vlyh
140 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
ro ,gsu dh vfN tdj xq.k uke dsa lkFkZd djSr vfN--- \---,fg iz'ud
xaHkhj rFkk [kkstiw.kZ mkj ^vijkftrk* es HksVSr vfNA dks'kh vk okxerhd rkaMo
es Hk;kkar turkd fLFkfrd fp=k.k] lgtfga ikBdd lks>ka es v"kk<+&lkvksud
ckf<+d n`'; mifLFkr d* nSr vfNA osn es unh dsa euqD[kd lsfodk] euqD[kd
iRuh dgy xsy vfNA rdjk ij fojkskkHkkl izLrqr djSr jktdey O;aX; dlSr
NfFk ^cgqvks Hk* d* dks'kh vk okxerh vijkftrk vfN---* ckf<+d d"V la xzflr]
vkksxfr lgSr turk] vk turk ij iqfyld ykyQhrk'kkghd izgkjd fp=k
mifLFkr dsus NfFkA iqfyld vukpkjd miLFkkiu es dgSr NfFk ^Qsj iqfyl
vkfc&vkfc d, gejk lHk dsa rax dj* ykxyA tdjk lax ikb&dkSMh+ NySd
ls ikb&dkSM+h n* dsa iqfyld Bksdj la cpy jgyA jkfr[ku d* ;qorh lHk xkM+hd
fMCck la fcyk, ykxfyA*
eSfFkyh es rhu ntZu la cslh dFkk jktdeyd izdkf'kr Nfu] tkfg es
euq";d ck; la cslh varjaxd o.kZu vfNA dFkk pkgs ^yydk ikx*gks fd ^lka>d
xkN*( ^uufn Hkkmt* gks fd ^oS".ko*( ^Qqyijklokyh*] gks fd ^vkokxeu* lHk
Bke uk;dd euksosx vk euksHkko dsa i<+ckd ps"Vk jktdeyd dFkk es vfNA
euq";d ,d&,d Vk vfHkf;k vksdj euksosxfg la funsZf'kr gksbr vfNA vFkkZr~]
,d&,d Vk gjDdfr la euq";d vksfg dkyd eu%;k=kk dsa O;k[;kf;r d,y
tk ldS,A euksfo'ys"k.ks fgudj f'kYi dsa uwrurk nsydfu vfN ls dgc izk;%
vuxZy uba gks,rA ^[kjhn&fch* dFkk gks vk fd ^lqjek lxqu fopkjS uk* vk
fd vkus dksuks dFkk gks] fgudj uk;dd ekuflds ;k=kk pySr jgSr NfuA vly
es eSfFkyh es vb lR; dsa ifgy csj jktdeys pkSkjh fpUgyfu] ts mke dksfVd
dFkk euksfo'ys"k.ksd kjkry ij fy[ky tk ldS,A ^,dVk pEikdyh % ,dVk fo"kkj*
dFkkd pEikdyh Hkfj dFkk es ekuflds }a} la ijs'kku jgSr vfNA fgudj dksuks
dFkkd ikB dky dFkkd ik=kd O;Lrrk nsf[k d, Lo;a ikBd ijs'kku Hk* tkbr
NfFkA ,dfg laxsa] ik=k dsa efLr"d es viu vlyh ms'; ij utfj jk[k,
iM+Sr Nfu] rnuqdwy ?kVukd ek;kyksd x<+, iM+Sr Nfu] ts f'kdkj dgha gej
y{; dsa cwf> uba tk,] f'kdkjks viuk eksus viu y{; r; d,us jgSr vfNA
rnuqdwy gjDdfrd ukVd djSr jgSr vfNA f'kdkj vk f'kdkjhd bZ ekufld
}a}d fp=k.k tkfg oSf'k"V~;d lax fgudk vksr, mifLFkr vfN] rdj fofkor
O;k[;k ra uab Hk* ldy] eqnk ijorhZ eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku es vks izfofk izLQqfVr
HksyA vk ls xaxs'k xqatu] jkteksgu] izHkkl vk rdj cknksd dFkkdkjd jpuk
lalkj es O;Dr Hksy vfNA
^lkfgR; dk ms';* i`"B&44 es izsepUn dgus NfFk] ^dFkk kzqind vks ?kVuk la] 'kf'k ckcwd fnekx es mBSr iz'u gqudk efFk d, jkf[k nSr NfuA
rku fFkd tkfg es xk;d egfQy 'kq: gks;ck la iwoZfg viu laiw.kZ izfrHkk ns[kk
ijaijk la izxfr /kfjd vuq'khyu @ 141
nSr vfNA ,d {k.k es fpk dsa ,rsd ekkq;Z la ifjiwfjr d* nSr vfN trsd
jkfr Hkfj xhr lquyk la ufg Hk* ldSr vfNA* jktdeyd dFkk es vks {kerk
jgSr vfN ts de la de le; yxkd, ikBd cslh la cslh vkuUn izkIr d*
ySr vfNA dksugq dFkkdkjd NksV la NksV dFkk viu {kh.k dk;k la ikBd dsa
larqf"V r[kufga n* ldSr vfN ta vks jpukdkj viuk jpuk es dYiukd frjLdkj
dsus gksfFk vk fo'oluh;rkd izfr vkxzg ns[kvksus gksfFkA dFkkdkj dsa lektd
i;Zo{s kdd lax&lax Lo;a HkksDrk lsgks gks,ckd pkgh jktdey ,fg es fo'okl
djSr NykgA vks drgq ln;rk ok Hkkoqdrko'k viu ik=kd lax lgkuqHkwfrd
o"kkZ ufg d;yfuA viu vkarfjd osnuk dsa ekfeZd <ax la mifLFkr djSr jgykgA
lrr~ viu ik=kd dNeNh vk vkSukgkfV dsa viu n;xr Hkko la lac) d;yfuA
izR;sd lkfgR;dkj ifgus lektd bdkb gksbr vfNA lektd izfrfcac dksuks
us dksuks :i es gqudk thou es jfgrs Vk vfNA is'kk vk lkekftd Lrj nquw
la ,d jfgrgqa ^fdjrfu;ka* es pUujnkld dkeqdh utfj fdjrfu;ka ij vVdy
jgSr vfNA vk iz;kl djSr vfN ts dfgvk fdjrfu;kad ukuh efj tk,]
fdjrfu;kad ,lxj Hk* tk,] ts ge vksdj 'kh'kk lu nsgd Hkksx djc 'kq:
d* nhA 'kh'kk lu >ydSr nsg okyh fdjrfu;kad nsg Hkh[k ekaxSr dky ckVd
mM+Sr xnkZ la eyhu Hk* tkbr NSd] eqnk vksdj ukuhd ygkl yx n;koku yksd
}kjk Qsdy jStdh dsa xfu d, nwuwd tkfg :id f;k&dyki gksbr vfN rdj
euksfo'ys"k.k djSr fy[kSr NfFk] ^,g ! rhu Vkdk es r* ge nquw vkB fnu rkM+h
ih yscA* NksV&la&NksV dk;k es ,rsd xaHkhj ckr dfg nsukb fgudj LokHkkfod
keZ Hk* xsy NyfuA
jktdeyd izk;% lHk dFkk euksoSKkfud lR; ij vkkkfjr vfNA dFkk
^,dVk paikdyh ,dVk fo"kkj* es Vkdkd dkj.k n'kjFk >k }kjk viu dqekfj
csVh paikd rk#.; dsa vkBe&lkre n'kd es iSj j[kfugkj 'kf'k ckcwd gkFk
es lkSaickd kkj.kk cuk,c] paikdyh lu viu paikd fookgd izLrko 'kf'k
ckcwd lks>ka jkf[k n'kjFkd L=kh t[ku 'kf'k ckcwd vkxka Bk<+ jgSr NfFk] r[ku
'kf'k ckcw dsa n'kjFk >kd L=kh es dksuks Hk;kog fo"kkjd cksk gSc---bZ lHk
euksoSKkfud lR; fFkd] isVd gsrq nsg cspc] dkeqdrko'k vlgk; vcykd
'khygj.k djc bZ lHk lkekftd ;FkkFkZ vk euksoK S kfud lR; fFkdA iyax ij
cSly 'kf'k ckcw yx paik }kjk pkgd I;kyh vkuc vk vksfg dkyd gqudk
paikd fLFkfrd vkHkkl gSc drsd euksfo'ys"k.kkRed vfN] ^paikd gkFk FkjFkjk
jgy Nfu---paikd vax&vax dkafi jgy NfuA lkSals dikj ?kke la Hkhty---* ,fg
iyax ij vksaxBy 'kf'k ckcwd lks>ka es uhpka ih<+h ij cSly n'kjFk >kd
142 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
fugksjk&feurh djc] paik dsa c v[kjSr NSdA vks lkspSr vfN] ^---ckcwth iyax
ij fd,d ufg cSly NfFkA---dksu LokFkZd dkj.ksa ,[ku 'kf'k ckcwd ysy pkg
cukvksy tkbr vfN \* dFkk ^uufn&Hkkmt* es Vgfy&cwfy d, ?kqjy] fpafrr
inqek dsa nsf[k jkexatckyhd fnekx es bZ iz'u mBc ts vkb caxV ufg HksVy
gsrfu] Hkfjld nquw uufn&Hkkmt dsa vkc Hkq[kys jg; iM+r] liZna'k la eqby caxVd
lax jfr&izlxa d,yk la inqekd vkrafdr gSc bZ lHkVk euksfo'ys"k.kkRed n`';
fFkdA dFkk ^oS".ko* es pkfj c[kZ la viu fokok iqrkSgqd lax thou O;rhr
d,fugkj Jhear ckcwd pfj=kd miLFkkiu tsgu QjhN d* d, jktdey izLrqr
d;us NfFk ls viwoZ NfuA iqrkSgq }kjk ijlSr dky Fkkjh es ekN py v;ckd ijaijk la izxfr kfjd vuq'khyu
dkj.k ftuxhd gjsd {ks=k es ekU;rk izkIr :Vhu dsa rksfM+ nsfugkj JheUr ckcw
fcxfM+ mBSr NfFk] eqnk pkfj cj[k la lwry Tokykeq[kh ,dfg csj txft;kj
Hk* d, QqVSr vfNA vks deyiqjokyh viu llqjd lHk dqdeZd cf[kvk m?kkjSr
fy[kck dky] ys[kd dsa ts fdNq gkFk ykfx tk,] vks lcVk lkFkZds uba gksbr
NfFkA bZ lHk n`'; viu&viu xfjekd lax fofok Bke mifLFkr Hksy vfNA
vfN] Bhd rfguk] ts fdNq NwfV tk,] vks lcVk fujFkZds uba gksbr vfNA
^ckcw lkgscd Vhd* es ckcw lkgscd thoar pfj=k&fp=k.k Hksy vfNA 'kgjh
,sfrgkfld fodkl] oSKkfud izxfr vk lkekftd ifjorZud e es fojkskh
pVd&eVd la jaxy ;qorh gksLihVyd ulZ cjek dsa nsf[kd, vksdj 'kjhjd Hkksx
'kfDrd ikjLifjd la?k"kZ la ftuxhd uoy&uwru vk;ke ifjyf{kr gksbr jgSr
djckd ikNka] vksdjk lax fc;kg djckd ikNka viu iSr`d laLdkj fclfj tkbr
vfNA le; ifjokZud vb kkjk es cgqr jkl ,gsu lkekftd varfoZjksk lc
NfFkA e`x&ejhfpdk es iM+y ckcwlkgsc vksfg NkSaM+hd dgyk ij viu Vhd dVkcSr
mBSr vfN] ts ;krO; gksbr vfN] O;k[;s; gksbr vfNA Lokkhurkd rRdky
NfFk] iqu% t[ku dkeqdrkd [kqekjh VqVSr Nfu ra vks dVygk Vhdd xsBjh ?kkV
cknd ts le; Ny] vFkkZr NBe n'kdd izkjaHk] ls eSfFkyh dFkkd fofp=krkd
ij rkd, nkSM+Sr NfFkA vkfFkZd ttZjrk es VwVy ifjfLFkfrd ukjhd Hkksx vktqd
le; NyA eSfFkyhd laiw.kZ dFkk kkjk] gkL;&d#.k jld lfjrk esa Mwcy Ny]
iq#"k dksu rjgsa djSr NfFk] vksdj ykpkjhd Qk;nk bZ dqdehZ lektd rFkkdfFkr
fefFkykd oSokfgd ik[kaM es vks>jk,y NyA vgh le; es yfyr&jktdey&ek;kuUn
laHkzkar yksd dksuk ySr NfFk] rkfg oLrqd ltho fp=k.k rhu pkfj okD; es
lu lcy dFkkdkjd Vhe eSfFkyh es izxV HksyA vk] eSfFkyh dFkk viu :<+
^[kjhn&fch* es 'kj.kkFkhZd eqag la djkd, o.kZu 'kSyhd mR"Vrk ns[kkSus NfFkA
Hk* xsy ifjkku la ckgj vkfc xsyA viuk le;d folaxfr dsa lw{erk la ta
,fguk fgud lHk dFkk es lektd dksuks us dksuks ;FkkFkZd mn~?kkVu gksbr NfuA
dFkkdkj rkfd fyv,] ra lSg vksdj lkFkZdrk fFkdA bZ Vhe] ls rkfd ysydA
fgudj lHk dFkk ;FkkFkZd iks"kd] n`"Vkard j{kd vk vfHkO;fDrd lqanjrkd gsrq
fujFkZd vk misf{kr lkfcr Hksy fo"k; vk O;fDr] vb dFkkdkjd Vhe ysy lkFkZd
egRoiw.kZ vfNA dFkk es fp=kkadu la uo :isa euksfo'ys"k.kd izHkko ns[kcSr NfFkA
vk visf{kr Hk* xsyA yfyr] tr, lkekftd :isa viSr Hksy O;fDrd euksHkko
thoud vko';drkd izfr fu"Bk] leL;kd lekkku ok rdj iz;ksxd izfr vkxzgh
dsa phUg, cw>, yxykg] vksdj ghuo`fkd i`"BHkwfe rkd, yxykg] jktdey
jktdey lxjs jgykg vfNA
vb leLr ghuo`fkd mRl rkfd vksdj HkRlZuk dj, yxykg vk nksljd ekFk
ekDlZ] ,aftYl vk k;M fpardd fp=k.k la izHkkfor jktdey viu
ij cksjfl jkf[k d, ?kwj rifugkj dsa ukaxV dj, yxykg] vksrfg ek;kuUn]
lHk dFkk es lR;d uXu fp=k izLrqr djSr jgykg ,fg rhu fpardd Hkkoukd
lkekftd vk ikfjokfjd lacakd ruko] ik[kaM] folaxfr vkfn dsa m?kkj dj,
Li"V fp=k viu dFkk es izLrqr dsyfFkA fgud dFkk 'kh"kZd ^yydk ikx* dsa
yxykgA vb f=kiqaMd rhuw 'kk[kk rhu fn'kkd vuqlakku d* d, viuk&viuk
lokZfkd yksdfiz;rk HksVySdA ts fdNq gks] thoud ;FkkFkZ ewY;d fp=k.k dj*
xfr,a fn'kk ladsr nsc, yxykgA bZ dgc vko';d gks,r] ts Hkk"kkd izokg]
es] dkZO;ckskd izfr lkdka{k jg* es vkRekuqfparu es ok uXu o.kZud i{kikr
f'kYid uwrurk vk fo"k;d peRdkjiw.kZ vuqlakkud vNSr vfHkO;fDrd vkarfjd
es] fgudj dFkk lHkd fo'ks"k egRo vfNA de la de 'kCnd iz;ksx d* d,
/kkjk es ek;kuUn ij gfjeksgu >k] eueksgu >k vk caxykd 'kjnpUnzd vlj
cslh la cslh ckr dfg nsck es bZ ekfgj NykgA fgudk es 'kCnczkd xq.k NyfuA
ijaijk la izxfr /kfjd vuq'khyu @ 143 144 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
NySUgsaA eqnk] ls dksuks nks"k uba fFkdA fgudj ifgy dFkk laxzg ^Hkkaxd yksVk*
1951 ra gkL;s dFkkd ladyu NyA fdarq vksb gkL;gq es le;d ;FkkFkZ vk
thou&;kiud folaxfr Bke&Bke viu xoksZUur ekFk mBkSus vfN] foo'k tdka
uba] tks'k vk gks'k vk lkgl laA ts&ls
^vkfx] ekse vk ikFkj* 1960 nkslj dFkk laxzg fFkd vk ^pUnzfcUnq*
1983 rsljA lu~ 1960 esa ^fcgkfj] ikr ikFkj* vk lu~ 1965 esa ^[kksark vk
fpM+S* miU;kl lsgks vk,yA lu~ 1959&60 d fy[ky fgudj dfork lHkd
,dVk ladyu ^fn'kkarj* 1965 es izdkf'kr HksyA vb ladyud ifjf'k"V es
fdNq xhrks vfNA lu~ 1988 es fgudj xhr&xtyd laxzg ^vokUrj* izdk'k
es vk,yA ^ekVh ds yksx lksus dh uS;k*] ^izFkea 'kSy iq=kh p*] ^ea=kiq=k* rFkk
^iqjksfgr* pkfj Vk fgUnh miU;kl jktdey izdk'ku la vk,yA ifgy fgUnh
miU;kld i`"BHkwfe xzkekapy fFkd vk 'ks"k rhuwd ekuo lH;rkd fodkl la
izkjaHk Hksy ka[kykA ^ea=kiq=k* fgUnh la iwoZfg eSfFkyh es izdkf'kr Hk* xsy Ny
vk vb ij lkfgR; vdkneh lEeku lsgks nsy xsyA eqnk] iqLrdd fxurh djk,c
ek;kuUn feJd ewY;kadu uba fFkdA fgudj vly ewY;kadu fFkd ^chtkjksi.k*A
T;ksfrjh'oj la y* d, ,[ku kfjd eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ijaijk lqn`<+ fLFkfr es
pySr jgy vfN] lc Hkk"kkd lkfgR;d n`f"V&laiUu bfrgkl fy[kkbr jgyA
eSfFkyh es ,[ku kfj dksuks rkfdZd n`f"Vd bfrgkl uba fy[ky xsyA [kkl d*
d, dky foHkktud ra dksuks n`f"V, uba ns[kk,yA ek;kuUn feJ vksb ifgy
O;fDrd uke fFkd] ts dky foHkktu ij lqfu;ksftr n`f"V,a lkspyfuA ,fg
la cslh rkfdZd vk lqfpafrr dky fukkZj.k ,[ku kfj vku uba d* ldy NfFk
! vkxw dh g,r] ls ds dgr ! eSfFkyh es xhfr dkO;d izkphu ijaijk vfNA
fo|kifr, la izkjaHk Hksy bZ ijaijk chp&chp es fojy vk fd l?ku :isa pySr
jgy vfNA eqnk fo|kifrd xhr es yksd&thoud eksud dksey vk lqdqekj
Hkkoukd mR"V izLQqVu tkfg rjgsa Hk* jgy Ny] ls fcpyk nkSj esa yqIr tdka
Hk* xsy Ny] rdj uokjaHk Qsj la ek;kuUnsd vksr, laHko Hk* ldy ^uHk vkaxu
es ioud jFk ij dkjh dkjh ckny vk,y*A ek;kuUnd xhr 'kSyh eSfFkyh es
rrsd yksdfiz; Hksy] ts fgUnhd laxhrdkj 'kSysUnz rd dsa izHkkfor gksv,
iM+yfuAtkfg le; es fgUnh esa izxfrokn] iz;ksxoknd i'pkr ubZ dfork]
vdforkukuk rjgd dkO;kanksyu pfy iM+y Ny] eSfFkyh es lksenso ^lgxrckn*
dsa LFkkfir d,* es ykxy Nkykg] rkfg le; es ek;kuUn eSfFkyh dkO; es
vfHkO;atukoknd O;k[;k d* jgy NykgA fgudk laiknu es cgjkbr if=kdk
^vfHkO;tuk* es vb izdkjd dfork izdkf'kr d,y tkbr NyA fgudj ekU;rk
Nyfu ts vb izdkjd dforkd LoHkkos Vk uohu uba] vksdj vfHkO;atuk iz.kkyh
ijaijk la izxfr /kfjd vuq'khyu @ 145
lsgks] loZFkk uohu] vkdfLed vk vkd"kZd gksbr vfNA vkxw vkfc d, viu
laxzg ^fn'kkarj* d Hkwfedk es ledkyhu dforkd O;k[;k tkfg peRdkjiw.kZ
'kSfy,a d,yfu ls vksfg le;d vk izk;% ,[kuqdks ikBdd ysy uo dfork
dsa cw>*d gsrq tknqbZ NM+h fFkdA jktdeyd ^Lojxakk* 1959 d izdk'kud
i'pkr dhkZu&Hktu vk jfr&lekxe ij dfork fy[kfugkj dfo yksdfu vksdj
fuank d,yfu] eqnk t[ku vkxw vkfc d, ek;kuUnd ^fn'kkarj* vk lksensod
^dkyofu* ns[kyfu] r[ku gqudk fojksk djckd viu {kerk ij lansg gksv,
yxyfuA ^fn'kkarj* ladyud dfork lc trsd egRoiw.kZ vfN] vksb le;d
dkO;kkjkd lw=k idM+* ysy vksdj Hkwfedk rkgw la cslh egRoiw.kZA eapd ek;es
eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd vfLerkd ysy tkfg rjgd vkanksyukRed #f[k ek;kuUn Bk<+
d,yfu lsgks iz'kalkd ckr fFkdA eSfFkyhd miyCk ljdkjh lalkkud miHkksx
es ,[ku eSfFkyhd dkkZ kkkZ tr, fnYyhd lkfgR; vdkneh la y* d, iVukd
eSfFkyh vdkneh vk psruk lfefr es ekqekNh tdka yqkdy vfN] vksr, ek;kuUn
gkygq es t[ku fdNq Hkk"kk dsa lafokkud vkBe vuqlwph es tksM+ckd ppkZ lquyfu
ra kkab la fnYyh igqapykg vk lcVk jktusrk lc dsa eSfFkyhd vfLerk vk lafokku
es ,djk tksM+ckd vkSfpR; la lger d* xsykgA ,gsu Hkk"kkuqjkxh] ,gsu xhrdkj]
eSfFkyhd ,gsu flikgh] bfrgkln`f"V vk dkO;n`f"V ,gsu la laiUu ek;kuUn]
t[ku ^Hkkaxd yksVkd* izdk'kud ckn viu dFkk l`tud ckV rkfd ysyfu]
r[ku tkfg dFkkn`f"Vd dFkk lc vk,y] ls eSfFkyh dFkk lkfgR;d ik;ksfu;j
lakku lkfcr HksyA
ek;kuUnd dFkk lalkj dqy feyk d, e;for ifjokjd vkfFkZd&ekufld
ruko vk ih<+hd }a} ij dsafnzr jgy vfNA vksuk] dgc vko';d vfN] ts
vkBe n'kdd var vcSr&vcSr fgudj dFkkn`f"V ,d csj Qsj vaxsBh&eksM+ ysyd]
vFkkZr jktuhfrd lw{erk vk jktuhfrd tksM+&rksM+d xq.klw=k ,r, O;k[;kf;r
gksv, ykxyA eqnk vksfg la iwoZd fgudj dFkk nkaiR; thoud dVq&ekqd Le`fr
vk iqjku ih<+hd vrhr Lej.kd O;k[;k fFkdA
^pUnzfcUnq* dFkkd iafMr y{ehdkar >k viu nquw iq=k jekdkar vk fuf'kdkar
dsa mPp f'k{kk n* d, mPp inLFk d* nsyfu] ns'k&nqfu;ka cnfy xsy] yksdd
thou e cnfy xsy] eqnk y{ehdkUr [kqh xkM+us viu iqjku vk tM+ ekU;rkd
lax thcSr jfg xsykgA ih<+hd b,g la?k"kZ ^mkjpfjr* dFkk es lsgks O;kIr vfNA
kj.khkj >k viu ckylaxh dk'khdkard lax cSfl d, t[ku okrkZyki djSr
NfFk] nquw viu&viu csVk&iqrgq }kjk d,y xsy lsok&cjnkfld iz'kalk es iqy
cUgSr vfN] eqnk Hkhrjs&Hkhrj viuk dsa HkkX;ghu dgSr vfNA ,d] nksljd Qwfl
dsa lR; cq>Sr vfN vk nquw viu&viu lR; dsa Qwfl cuk d, vfHkO;Dr
146 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
djSr vfNA pfdr dj* tksxj ckr bZ fFkd ts vb ih<+hd varjkyd ,gsu
ekfeZd O;k[;k eksu dsa fgyk nsck es] vk nquw ih<+hd ikBd dsa uo <axsa izf'kf{kr
djck es lQy Hksy vfNA nw es la dksuks ih<+hd cnek'kh drgq uba ns[kkbr
vfNA uo ih<+h dsa iqjku ih<+hd izfr i;kZIr vknj NSd] iqjku ih<+h dsa uo
ih<+hd izfr i;kZIr izse NSd] eqnk nquw viuk&viuk le;d ekU;rkd laxsa thc,
pkgSr vfNA uo ih<+h ik[kaM R;kfx jgy vfN] eqnk iqjku ih<+h #f<+ dsa idM+us
vfN] tdjk vks viu ijaijk vk keZ ekuSr vfNA uo ih<+h iqjkud lax ;Fkklk;
le>kSrk d* d, viu ekU;rkd laxsa vkxw tk, pkgSr vfN] eqnk iqjku viu
iqjku fitM+k es ?kwfj tk, pkgSr vfNA ,sfrgkfld fodkld e es b,g varfoZjksk
euq";d thou&;kiu es uo&uo vk;ked n'kZu djcSr vfN vk ek;kuUn vb
varl?k"kZd O;k[;k es lkFkZd vk lQy ;ksxnku nsus NfFkA
fgudj nkslj dkksfVd dFkk fFkd tkfg es nkaiR; thoud ruko js[kkafdr
gksbr vfNA eqnk bZ fgUnhd ubZ dgkuhd nkaiR; ruko uba fFkdA bZ ruko 'kq)
eSfFkyhd vk 'kq) fefFkykd fFkd] tr, fpuckj ij jk[ky Msdph xksy isud
dkj.ksa dusd Bksdj ykfx d, fgySr vfN vk nl csj fgy d, viufg fLFkj
Hk* tkbr vfNA vFkkZHkko] euksjFkd vfHkO;fDr] JetU; Fkdku] NksV&NksV
ykylkd viwfrZ] lkM+h] pIiy] xguk vkfnd Bksdj la nkaiR; thoud bZ Msdph
fgudj dFkk es fgy mBSr vfN vk Lo;eso fFkj Hk* tkbr vfNA nkaiR; thoud
bZ o`k dksuks vFks jgL;kRed uba vfNA ta ,r, dksuks jgL; vfN;ks] ra vks
jgL; ^vksisu Vq vkWy* vfN] ifr&iRuh dasa thou thckd ykylk NSd] nquw dsa
izse yqV,ckd ykylk NSd] deZ djckd ykylk NSd] vfkdkj ysy ukjk yx,ckd
us iz;kstu NSd] us ykylkA vkb ukjhoknd uke ij Hkkjro"kZ es [kwc ukjsckth
Hk* jgy vfN] ts ,rqDdk ikfjokfjd thou dsa rgl&ugl d* nsyd] vb fodjky
fLFkfr es ta fefFkykd ikfjokfjd lacak vk ekuoh;rk cpy jgr] ra ek;kuUnd
vb dksfVd dFkkd dkj.ksa] kal la mBy fleksu n* cqvkd ukjk la izHkkfor
dksuks Nn~e ukjhoknh L=kh&iq#"kd dkj.k ubaA ^galhd ctV*] ^dky jsr*] ^xkM+hd
ifg;k* vkfn vgh dksfVd dFkk fFkd] tr, vYi osruHkksxh ifjokjd laiw.kZ
ykylk dsa ?kksdjh yxc, iM+Sr NSdA Hkfj ekl eksu caVus jgSr vfN] eqnk ekld
var gksbrs t[ku vksN Hksy rkSuh tdka vks viu ykylk dsa ,aM+h la pksVh kfj
uba >kafi icS, r[ku] vks Bsgqu eksfM+ d, viu yackb ?kVk yS,A vFkZra=kd vb
pkd ij nkaiR; thoud FkqEgk vkdkj xzg.k djSr vfNA lkSals dFkk es iRuhd
NksV&NksV euksjFk vk ifrd iS?k foo'krk yVk&iVh djSr jgSr vfN] rfguk
ifr&iRuhd yVkiVh lsgks pySr jgSr vfN vk var es nquw ikVh ,d nksljkd
lq[k&'kkafr ysy] ,d nksljkd r`fIr ysy] ,d nksljkd iw.kZrk ysy lekxejr
dal la Msjk, xsygqa cyjke @ 147
tksM+h tdka ,dkdkj Hk* tkbr vfNA
fgudj rslj dksfVd dFkk 'kq) ekuork vk lacakd fuokZg es R;kxd
egRod O;k[;k fFkdA ^VqVSr dhyd tkar*] ^,dVk lq[kh yksdd Mk;jh* vgh
dksfV es vcSr vfNA vksuk lw{erk la ns[ky tk,] ra nquw ,ds dFkkd nw [kaM
fFkdA ifgy es tr, dsanzh; 'kfDrd vuqifLFkfr;ks es tkar fuds uk viu nkf;Ro
fuokZg djSr tk jgy vfN] vksrfg nkslj dFkk es ,dljs dhy nwjLFk ?kqeSr tkar
dsa 'kfDr n* jgy vfNA oS;fDrd ykylk] yksHk] fyIlk] ,s'k&vkjke dsa frykatfy
nSr vb nquw dFkkd dsanzh; vk ifjkh; ik=k viu&viu nkf;Ro fuokZg es ,dVk
nqkZ"kZ la?k"kZ es tqVy vfNA laiw.kZ vHkko vk fyIlkfoghu thou thfc ysckd
vb lQyrk es bZ dFkk lc mRdV ekuoh; izo`fkd lus'k NksM+Sr vfNA ^lrnsod
dFkk* vk ^VkUlQj* izkphu ifjikVhd f'kYi es fy[ky dFkk fFkd] tkfg es lusl
ra foy{k.k nsy xsy vfN] eqnk ,dj f'kYi rrsd O;k[;kRed vk ,d lhek
kfj mckm vfN] ts ,dj izHkkokfUofr kfj igqapSr&igqapSr Fkdkud vuqHko gksv,
yxSr vfNA viaxrk vk xjhch vk vf'k{kkd dkj.ksa usuiu la misf{kr O;fDr
dksu lhek kfj vD[kM+] vgadkjh vk ckn es izse dsfugkjd izfr ?k`.kk Hkko dsa
ikslSr vfN vk varr% vknj HksVyk ij vkRegR;k djSr vfN] rdjs fooj.k
^lrnsod dFkk* es vk ifjJe] izse] fu"Bk] O;kikj] izfr"Bk] ljdkjh folaxfr
vkfnd la;qDr izHkko la mRiUu for fLFkfrd fp=k.k ^VkUlQj* dFkk es Hksy
vfNA
^jax mM+y eq#r* ;qx ifjorZud izfrfufkRo dj*oyk dFkk fFkdA feykd,
ns[kh ra yfyrd ^jetkuh* la ,dj rqyuk d,y tk ldS,A eqnk ,rck ra laiw.kZ
rqyuk la Li"Vs vfN] ts tr, yfyrd uk;dd laiw.kZ eaMy vkkqfudrk vk
izxfrd vkxzgh Nfu vksrfg ek;kuand iqjku ih<+h viu :f<+ ij vM+y jgSr
NfuA eqnk Lo;a ek;kuUnd >qdko uoih<+h fn'k ns[ky tkbr NfuA ;|fi vb
dFkk es ta dFkkdkj rVLFk jfgrfFk] vFkkZr~ t[ku vtqZu iafMr IykfLVdd [ksykSuk
lc dsa bukj es Qsfd vk,y] vksrfg dFkkd var d* fnrfFk] ra bZ dFkk ifjokZu
la?k"kZ dsa cslh fu[kkfj lfdr,A iykfLVdd [ksykSuk ta izxfrd ifjpk;d fFkd]
ra ekfVd eq#r ikjaifjd dykdA ikjaifjd dykd lqj{kk lsgks lkfgR;lsfo,
yksdfud nkf;Ro fFkdfuA laiw.kZ dFkk es ek;kuUn lkaLFkkfud f'k{kkd nk#.k
vHkkod vNSrks yksddyk dsa tkfg rjgsa oa'kkuqxr fodflr d,yfu vfN] ls
dFkkd var vcSr vcSr ,d jrh >wl Hk* tkbr NfuA
vkBe n'kd Hkkjrd jktuhfr es mFky iqFkyd n'kd NyA ek;kuUn viuk
Vhed ,gsu jpukdkj es la NfFk] ts x|&i| nquw es jpuk d,yfu( fgudj
jpuk dky lc la uegj jgy vk rsa bZ le;d vuqlkj viu thou&n`f"V vk
148 @ vkkqfud lkfgR;d ifjn`';
le; cksk dsa lnfr dky pks[kxj djSr jgykgA bZ ckr vyx la dgckd iz;kstu
uba vfN] ts jktuhfrd cksk lfj Hk* d, ifgy csj eSfFkyh dfork vk dFkk
es lsgks] ek;kuUnsd vksr, vk,yA vkBe n'kdd jktuhfrd gypyd nq"izHkko
fefFkykd ;qod dsa Mjiksd vk Hkfo";d izfr fujk'k rFkk 'kafdr cuk nsyd]
izkS<+ ih<+h dsa cSeku vk cqtqxZ ih<+h dsa 'kqkpk;Z dqR;d Kkunkrk cuk nsydA
bZ fLFkfr] ek;kuUnd dFkk ^Hk; izxV ikyk*ekfVikfu] fnlacj&1984] ^nhu
n;kyk* ekfVikfu] tuojh&1985] ^dkS'kY;k fgrdkjh*] ^ek;e*] ^HkSjo* jpuk]
vxLr&1984] ^gjsZ yxs u fQVfdjh* clkr] fnlacj&1985] ^ftathj* fefFkyk
fefgj] dFkkvad] flracj&1987 vkfn dFkk lc es ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA eSfFkyh
dFkk lkfgR;d ysy bZ nq[kn izlax fFkd ts ,gsu izxfrdkeh] fodkleq[kh vk
vgw o;l es viuk dsa cnfy ldckd fg j[kfugkj dFkkdkj ek;kuUnd ys[ku
vkc dfe xsyfu vfNA fguds ih<+hd dFkkdkj cyjke Nfu] vku ckrd ysy
ta rqyuk ufgvksa gksv,] ra cyjke tdka ys[ku fojy djck ysy eSfFkyh ikBd
fgudk nks"kh ekuSr jgrfuA
xfr'khy Hkk"kk] tuind 'kCnkoyh vk fooj.kkRed f'kYid dkj.ksa eap
la lkfgR; kfj] lkekftd okrkZyki la v;kiu kfj iz'kaflr gksbr jgykgA
eqnk dFkk es bZ drksd Bke vfr fooj.kkRed Hk* xsy NfFkA dFkkd okrkoj.k
dsa vuwfnr djck dky rrsd yhu Hk* xsy NfFk] ts vksdj ^fMVsYl* dusd cslh
dgk xsy NfuA ^lrnsod dFkk* vk ^VkUlQj*d ta ppkZ djh] ra dSd Bka cq>kk,r
ts dFkkd y{; fn'k tkbr&tkbr dFkkdkj fdNq vokarjks dfg nsckd yksHk laoj.k
uba d* ldykg vfNA eqnk fgudj Hkk"kk gfjeksgu >k tdka lapj.k es vR;ar
rjy vk eqyk;e] xqnxqnh yxcS cyk vk izHkko es vR;ar uksNjkg Nfu] rdjs
ifj.kke fFkd ts vksfg vokarjks ckr lc dsa ikBd dFkkd Hkjlgk ekfu ySr
vfNA
ek;kuUn feJd lkfgR;d ewY;kadu uba Hksy vfN] ls lR; ckr fFkd]
eqnk eSfFkyh es ewY;kadu Hksys fdudj vfN \ ,rck dgy tk ldSr vfN ts
cgqeq[kh izfrHkk vk dSd UV ij ,ds lax f;k'khy jgykd dkj.ksa eSfFkyhd
jfrxkeh eBkkh'k] fgudj trsd mis{kk dj, pkgSr Nykg] rrsd d* uba HksyfuA
vkb] t[ku ^fo'o&'kkafrd nzkSinh dsj phj@f[kapus tk jgy vfN@vkUgjd larku*
vk ^dkSjoh&fyIlk fujarj vkb c<+ys tk jgy@fnu&jkfr* vk ^o`) lHk vkpk;Z
dsj izKk xsyfu gsjk;*] r[ku] vb fodjky fLFkfr es ek;kuUnd f{kiz vk rh{.k
ys[kud vko';drk eSfFkyh lkfgR; dsa NSd vk ,fg vko';drkd iwfrZ
ek;kuUnd dsa djckd pkfgvfuA
dal la Msjk, xsygqa cyjke @ 149
dal la Msjk, xsygqacyjke \
Lokra=;kskj dkyd eSfFkyh dFkkys[ku es csl izfrHkkoku ys[kd lHk tqVy NykgA
yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] khjsUnz] lksenso] jkensod uke y*vks d, vb ih<+hd
iw.kZrk fcuk cyjked uke usus uba Hk* ldSr vfNA vxLr 1955 es fgudj
ifgy dFkk ^n`f"Vnks"k* oSnsgh es izdkf'kr HksyA ,[ku kfjd lwpukd vuqlkj
djhc rhu ntZu fgudj dFkk izdkf'kr Hksy vfNA ^lanHkZ*] ekpZ 1986 es
izdkf'kr dFkk ^dkxps"Vk*d ckn fgudj dksuks dFkk ns[kck es uba vk,yA eSfFkyh
vdkneh vk lkfgR; vdkneh la izdkf'kr izfrfufk dFkk ladyu lc es fgudj
^vkSuih*] ^iqjku Mhg ijd U;ksa* vk ^>qu>quk* ladfyr d,y xsyA dFkkijd ys[k
ts fdvks fy[k, yxykg] ls fgudj uke vk dFkk ij ppksZ d,yfuA eqnk bZ ckr
pfdr djSr vfN] ts lc fdNqd vNbr cyjke dFkk ys[ku es yxkrkj lf;
fd,sd uba NfFkA vksuk bZ lR; ckr fFkd] ts ,Egj vkfc d, fgudj ppkZ&cpkZ
de Hk* xsy vk vyx la fgudk ij ppkZ dfgvks uba HksyA eqnk bZ ra eSfFkyh
vkykspdd izo`fk fFkdA eSfFkyhd vkykspd ,fg Kku la vifjfpr NfFk] ts
mis{kk vk vppkZ] dksuks izfrHkkoku ys[kdd gR;ks d* ldSr vfNA LoLFk
lekykspuk dksuks leFkZ jpukdkj dsa vkvksj cslh lkeF;Z'kkyh cucSr vfN] ls
Kku tkfg lkfgR;d vkykspd dsa uba gks] rdj oDrO; vk rdj ys[kud
dkfXutsUl ysc dksuks vFks mfpr uba fFkdA vksgquk] cyjke viufg ih<+hd
dFkkdkjd gkyr nsf[k ysfFk] fdudk ij dh ppkZ Hksy vfN \ yfyr vk
jktdey ij fdNq Hk*vks ldy] ra ls dfgvk] dksu fLFkfr es] vk fdudk }kjk \
rsa] ta cyjked dFkk&ys[ku lqLr vfN] ra ,dj lokZfkd ftEesnkjh Lo;a
cyjked fFkdfuA
is'kk la laLr fo'ofo|ky;d vfkdkjh] #fp la lkfgR;dkj] LoHkko la
bZekunkj vFkkZr~ gfj'pUnzd xq# vk r[kugqa ta pkgc] ts ppkZ es jgh] ls dksuk
gks,r \ eSfFkyhd vkykspdd eqag la jksVhd VqdM+h Bfd d, [k,ck ysy ys[kd
150
dsa uf<+@ ;vkkq
k cucfud vko';d
lkfgR;d NSifjn`
dA';Hkus vks dkjdkSvk gksfFk] gqudj iz'kalk dfjvuq]
gqudj cfu d, jgw vk dfgvkS vkgk gk---vgkad xk;u ts foy{k.k vfN ! ,d
Vk xkfc d, lqukm ! r[ku vks xkSrkg] jksVhd VqdM+h [kfl iM+yfu rdj dksuks

dFkkf'kYidfo'odekZ
chle 'krkCnhd lkre n'kd eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ysy vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[kSr
vfNA fdNq egRoiw.kZ ckr es la ifgy bZ fFkd ts vgh n'kd es ^fefFkyk fefgj*
lu if=kdkd iqujkjaHk HksyA Qyr% vb n'kdd izfrHkk'kkyh jpukdkj lHk dsa
viu ckr vke ukxfjdd lks>ka j[kckd i;kZIr volj HksVyfu vk rsa vb n'kd
es eSfFkyh es rh{.k vk lw{e n`f"Vd dFkkdkjd ,dVk >eVxj ih<+h rS;kj HksyA
jkteksgu >k vgh ih<+hd Js"B dFkkdkj NfFk] ts viu fof'k"V thou&n`f"V]
foy{k.k fo"k; cksk] vk izHkko'kkyh dFku 'kSyhd dkj.ksa viu laiw.kZ ih<+h es csNi
NfFk vk viuk rjgd ,lxj dFkkdkj NfFkA eSfFkyh es ta fgUnh vFkok dksuks
vku Hkk"kk lkfgR; tdka rVLFk vkykspdd ijaijk jfgr,] ra eSfFkyh dFkk
ys[kud vb dky dsa dksuks us dksuks uke n* d, vkxw c<+kvksy tbr,] eSfFkyhd
^uo dFkk* vFkok vkus dksuks dFkk dfg nsy tbr,A vksuk uhds Hksy ts ls lc
ukedj.k uba Hksy vk vkb kfjd eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku fcuk ukesd pyy vkfc
jgy vfNA ^dFkk* dFkk gksbr vfN] vks us uo gksbr vfN] us iqjku gksbr vfNA
vksuk] bZ foMacus fFkd] ts tkfg le;d xi bZ Hk* jgy vfN] vksfg le;
es eSfFkyh es vkykspukd uke ij FkksM+sd izk;kid oxZ lc fdNq&fdNq ppZ&cpZ
drgq&drgq djSr Nykg] tkfg es la xuy&xwFky nw&pkfj xksV, dsa NksfM+ d, izk;%
fdudgq es lkfgfR;d cksk fodflr uba Nyfu] vgadkj cksk ijeku p<+y
Nyfu vk viuk dsa vks yksdfu l`tudkkZd HkkX;fokkrk cq>Sr NykgA us ra ,uk
dksuk gksbrSd ts yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn] khjsUnz] lksenso] galjkt] cyjked
ih<+h Lokra=;kskj dkyd tkfg ek;kyksd] ik[kaM vk Qjsc la lkokku d,yd(
jkteksgu] izHkkl] xqatu] js.kq vkfnd ih<+h eSfFkyh dFkkys[ku es uo&uo vk;ke
rdyd] Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd vkarfjd vfLFkjrk vk ckgjh vke.k la izHkkfor
tuthou ij iM+y tkfg nq"ifj.kke la ifjfpr Hksy] rdjk O;k[;kf;r djckd
iy[kfr leh{kd yksdfu dsa uba HksVyfu \
eSfFkyh lkfgR;d bZ foMacus fFkd] ts ,r, vkykspuk lkfgR;d dksuks
vko';drk uba cw>y tkbr vfNA vkykspukd x.kuk ta d,y tk,] ra ch- ,.]
,e- ,- d d{kk es izk;kid }kjk fy[kkvksy iz'ukskj vFkok dksuks uo iksFkh
v,yk ij ;k ra vksfg iksFkhd Hkwfedk] laikndh;] vk'khoZpu vkfn vFkok dksuks
if=kdk es vksb iksFkhd ljaxksfy;k leh{kk] vFkok ta dksuks ys[kd efj xsykg vk
dksuks laiknd dksuks rjgsa gqudj ljksdkjh Hksyf[ku] vk vks fo'ks"kkad fudky,
yxykg] ra vksb es fo#nkoyh] vksrgq jpukd lekykspuk uba b,g ijaijk vfNA
,Egj vkfc d, xksfk;kaoknh ijaijkd LFkkiuk Hksy vfN] rdjk rRokokku es fdNq
iku&ijlkn vkykspukd uke ij ns[kkbr vfNA
jkteksgu >k eSfFkyh es vb lc iku ijlkn la oafpr jgykgA gejk eksu
iM+Sr vfN] ts ,e-,-d d{kk es ,dVk eSfFkyhd izk;kid jkteksgu >kd
ladyu ^,d vkfn % ,d var*d ifgy dFkk ^TokjHkkVk*d foospu djSr ckty
Nykg ,dVk dU;wTM ys[kd }kjk fy[ky dU;wTM uk;dd dFkk fFkd
^TokjHkkVk*A ge ,[kugqa Nxqark es Nh] vksgw le; es NygqaA eqnk vksfg le; ls
gejk vk gqudk es ^rqe Dykl* vk ^vki Dykl*d varj Ny] rsa cgqr lkFkZd
fojksk uba d* ldy jghA tkfg eSfFkyh es ,gsu bZ";kZyq vk izfrHkkghu f'k{kdd
cgkyh gksbr vfN] rkfg eSfFkyhd v;srk drsd dU;wTM Hk* ldSr NfFk]
lgtg dYiukd fo"k; fFkdA
eSfFkyh es ppkZ&cpkZd ijaijk pqYgk&fpuckj kfj dusd csfl, vfNA
euq"; dsj oS;fDrd leL;k vk pkfjf=kd Nfo dsa mckjckd vk Mqc,ckd Bhdk
dksuks ,dVk lewg y* ysrkg vk vksfg Nfod dlkSVh ij gqudj lkfgR;d ijh{k.k
djrkgA lsgks ijh{k.k drgq&drgq ekSf[kds d* ysrkgA jkteksgud dFkk ys[kud
ppkZ djSr fdNq xksV, dgrkg ts ^fgudj dFkk eSfFkyh Hkk"kk es vo'; fy[ky
vfN] eqnk bZ eSfFkyhd dFkk uba fFkdA* ...dkj.k jkspd vfN ^fgudj dFkkd
cSdxzkmaM ts fFkd] ls fefFkykd uba fFkdA* vkc vb efrfNIiw oDrO;ohj
yksdfu dsa ds cq>,rfu] ts egk'osrk nsohd laiw.kZ l`tu&lalkj NksVkukxiqjd
vkfnoklhd thou ij dsafnzr vfN] eqnk vks caxykd lkfgR; fFkd] cksfklRo
eS=ks;d miU;kl ^>qfudsj isks eqDrks* nf{k.k Hkkjrd leqnzh thou ij fy[ky
vfN] eqnk vks caxykd miU;kl fFkd] ^vkokjk elhgk* 'kjrpUnzd thou ij
vfN] eqnk vks fgUnhd miU;kl fFkd---A ts eSfFkyh es ,[ku kfj] vkykspuk n`f"V
vk vkykspukd izfreku vadfq jr ufg gsckd eq[; dkj.k fFkd vb o`fk es
layXu O;fDr es bZekunkjh vk rVLFkrkd nkfjnz~;] v;;u'khyrkd nqfHkZ{k] :f<+
vk ik[kaMd xqyke gsckd izo`fkA vksuk] izfrHkkd vHkko ra ewy dkj.k fFkdgsA
eqnk] drksd csj vH;kl vk Je la lsgks izfrHkk fodflr gksbr vfNA eSfFkyhd
vkykspuk vk bfrgkl ys[ku fn'k m|r gsck es vk LoLFk vkykspukd izfreku
LFkkfir djck es eSfFkyh es b,g ckkd rRo lc vfNA
vkf[kj dh dkj.k fFkd] ts pkfj n'kd kfj nkfpk Hk* d, eSfFkyhd lsok
es tqVy jgfugkj dFkkdkj jkteksgu >kd fxurh ,[kugqa vkykspd lc ek=k
iafr;kuh es ySr NfFkA ^,d vkfn % ,d var* 1965] ^>wB&lkap* 1972]
^,dVk rslj* 1984] ^vkb dkfYg ijlw* 1993] ^vuqyXu* 1996 ikap xksV iz;kl vgh ekU;rkd lax d,us NfFkA viuk ij jgL;e;rkd vkjksi dsa Li"V
dFkk laxzg vk ^xYrhukek* 1983] ^Hkufg fo|kifr* 1992 ^fVIi.khR;kfn*
1992 rhuVk fucak&leh{kkfnd iqLrd izdkf'kr Hksykd ckn jkteksgu >k ij
vyx la ppkZ djckd Qqjlfr eSfFkyh lkfgR; es uba fudkyy tk jgy vfN !
lkfgR; vk ekuoh;rk dsa loZLo lefiZr d,fugkj jkteksgud dFkkd
ifjos'k ,d [kkl Lokn&xak vk rsojd vfNA vb ih<+hd leLr dFkkdkjd izk;%
bZ fo'ks"krk fFkdfu] yxSr vfN] tsuk ea=kky; tdka lc xksVs viu&viu
iksVZQksfy;ks ckafV usus gksfFk vk fdudgq vfkdkj {ks=k es vku fd;ks n[ky uba
nSr gksfFkA
jkteksgu >kd fucaks ys[ku la ta ckr 'kq#g d,y tk,] ts gqudj bZ eq[;
fokk uba fNvfu] ra ,dVk fLFkfr lkQ&lkQ lks>ka vcSr vfN] ts ,dne
lkQ&lkQ] 'kq)&'kq)] nks"keqDr] fu"dyq"k lektd vk ifjokjd dYiuk fgudk
efLr"d es cSly vfNA dusdks Vk =kqfV] nkx] ik[kaM] cSekuh] vgadkj] uhprk
O;kIr vfN] ra pqk la vksdjk mBkd, ckgj d* nsrkgA lkfgR; vk lkfgR;dkjsd
nkx fudky, yxykg] ra ns[k fyv*] rhuw Vk fucak laxzg lks>ka vfNA
vb LoHkkod jkteksgu] dFkk ys[ku dsa viu eq[; kkjkd :i es viukSyfuA
;|fi izkjaHk es fdNq dforks fy[kus NfFk vk Lo;a ,d fnu lkekU; ckrphr es
dgus NfFk] ts ^gejk ysy vuqHkwfrd vfHkO;fDr ysy dFkk loZ'kDr ek;e
fFkdA dfork es cgqr jkl jkW eSVsfj;y jfg t,ckd xqatkb'k jgSr vfNA t[ku
fd dFkk es ,dj vodk'k uba gksbr NSdA* bZ rF; vku rjgsa vyx la fopkj.kh;
fFkd] eqnk ,r, bZ ckr drsd egRoiw.kZ vfN ts vkb kfjd viu jpuk&lalkj
es jkteksgu e;oxhZ; lektd cspSuh] ;q;qRlk vk eksud O;kdqyrk dsa js[kkafdr
djck es layXu jgykg vk fujarj dFkkd dFku ,oa dFku&'kSyh dsa dqEgkjd ?kSy
tdka Bksfd&ctk d, nq#Lr&ranq#Lr djSr jgykgA nks"keqDr lekt vk nks"keqDr
O;fDrd ifjdYiuk es jkteksgud jpuk lalkjd vksj&Nksj lrr vUos"kh cq>kbr
jgyA izekf.kr lR; fFkd ts ,d euq"; vb kjrh ij vkRecqHkq{kk] ;kSu fiiklk
vk vkRelqj{kk b,g rhuVk izof` k y* d* vcSr vfNA euq";d vku rjgd
iznw"k.k ra lekt es gksbr vfNA yksHk] eksg] fyIlk] vgadkj] Hk;] }s"k] vjktdrk
vkfn lc ,rfg fl[kSr vfNA vFkkZr~ euq"; vcSr ra vfN ,dVk fu"dyad vk
fu"dyq"k thod :i es] eqnk ,r, vks rjg&rjg dsj voxq.k la ;qDr Hk* tkbr
vfNA ekuo thoud leLr =kklnhd ewy dkj.k b,g iznw"k.k fFkdA ^,d vkfn %
,d var* dFkk ladyu la y* d* ^vuqyXu* kfjd leLr dFkk es jkteksgu
ekuo thoud vk rdj vkReLFkkiud lw{ere rarq lc dsa idM+ckd lQy
djSr jkteksgu Lo;a dgus NfFk] ^---viu nq[k ok ihM+k dsa ddjks vkxka O;Dr
djckd dksuks iz;kstu ok lkFkZdrk ge ufg cq>Sr v;ygqa vfNA---,dVk lkekU;
lq[kh ikfjokfjd thou fcr;ckd volj Hksy jgSr] ra bZ jgL;e;rkd iz'u ufg
mBSr---A* ek=k bZ nw ikarh] jkteksgud jpuk lalkjd izk;% ,d&,dVk jgL; dsa
dsjkod fNEefM+ tdka [kksabpk vyxk d* jkf[k nSr vfNA dksuks l`tu dsj czk]
viu l`tu es ek=k vks,g d* icSr vfN] ts vksdj laiw.kZ vuqHko yksd vk
eu%yksd es vftZr jgSr NSdA jkteksgu] ,dVk O;ofLFkr ikfjokfjd thou uba
fcrk ldykg] bZ fLFkfr gqudk efLr"d es ^ifjokj* vk ^?kj*d ,dVk foLr`r
Lo:i vafdr d,ydfu vk fgudj dFkk rsa euq";d ^thou*] ^?kj* vk ^lacak*
dsa izeq[krk la Li"V djSr vfNA thoud izfr vklfDr] nkaiR; thoud =kklnh
vk laca kd fc[kjko b,g rhu Vk fgudj dFkkd ewy Loj fFkdA
dkS[ku ppkZ gksbr jgSr vfN] ts jkteksgu t[ku d[kugqa lacakd fc[kjkod
xi djSr NfFk] ra viu dFkkd L=kh ik=k dsa loZFkk nks"kh BgjcSr NfFkA bZ oDrO;
gM+cM+h es nsy xsy oDrO; fFkdA vly es] jkteksgu viuk ih<+hd loZFkk csNi
dFkkdkj NfFkA ukfUg Vk dF; dsa rrsd lw{erk vk lkokkuhd lax] rrsd
mR"V 'kSyh es bZ fpf=kr djSr NfFk] ts izs{kd dsa drksd ckr idM+kbr uba NfuA
dksuks lacakd fc[kjkod fLFkfr fgudj dFkk es ek=k nw dkj.ksa mifLFkr gksbr
vfN feF;k vkMacj vk fujFkZd vgadkjd dkj.ksAa viu ekSfydrk la dVckd
izo`fk] eksus&eksu xqM+&pkmj [kkbr jgckd izo`fk] mnkj vk bZekunkj n`f"V la ,d
nksljkd le{k viuk dsa uba [kksyckd vk ,d nksljk ij fo'okl uba djckd
izo`fkA vb fc[kjkod tM+hHkwr dkj.k gksbr vfNA bZ izo`fk lc eSfFkyd ekSfyd
izo`fk fFkd vk jkteksgud dFkkd ik=k gjne vgh voxq.kd f'kdkj Hksyfu
vfNA NksV&NksV ukle>h la fgudj ik=k lHk loZnk ?kksj =kklnh es iM+Sr jgy
vfN] v'kD; eksaN dsa Bk<+ djckd Qsjh es laiw.kZ thou dsa =kkln cucSr jgy
vfNA vFkkZr~ jkteksgud dFkk vb ckrd izek.k fFkd] ts Lokra=;kskj dkyd
eSfFky dks;yk galksFkSd Qsjh es ghjk xecSr jgy vfNA eSfFkyh es jkteksgud
dFkk viuk rjg ,lxj lalkj cucSr vfN] tr, dFkk&rRo de vk fooj.k&rRo
cslh vfNA lR; iwNh ra] dFkkd 'kSyh es jktdey trsd rjgd lw=k NksfM+ xsykg]
rkfg es ,dVk lw=kd lexz O;k[;k fgudfg vksr, Hk* ldy vk bZ fcuk
?kVuked foLrkj d,us] fLFkfrd ^fMVsYl* dsa mtkxj djck es layXu jgykgA
,rfg la eSfFkyhd vkkqfud dFkk&'kSyhd nkslj Msx mBy vfNA ifgy Msx
jktdeyd vksr, mBy NyA
ek=k 'kSyhd cy ij laiw.kZ jpuk dsa dFkkd iw.kZrk nsckd bZ O;ogkj Hkkjrd
vkuks vku Hkk"kkd lkfgR; es de Bke HksVSr vfNA NBe n'kdd eksg Hkaxd
i'pkr~] foKku vk HkkSfrdrkd vke.k la fefFkykd turk tkfg rjgsa ewyksfNUu
Hksy] rdjs fooj.k vk vksfg ewyksfNUurkd dkj.kd vUos"k.k fFkd jkteksgud
dFkkA vb e es euq";d vkpkj&fopkj] jgu&lgu] vkgkj&O;ogkj] jhfr&jsokt
fodflr gsckd cnyk iznwf"kr Hk* xsyA Li"V vfN] ts iznw"k.k dksuks fLFkfr dsa
lok'k es vkgr djSr vfN rsa ^TokjHkkVk*] rsa ^na'k*] rsa ^Hkkstu*] ^?kj*] ^vuxZy*]
^ifgy e`R;q* vkfn dFkkd fLFkfr cuSr vfNA bZ iznw"k.k lekt vk thou dsa vb
rjgsa izHkkfor d,us vfN] ts drgq vk dksuks rjgsa euq"; viuk dsa lqjf{kr vuqHko
uba djSr vfNA vlqj{kkHkko] vkradcksk] Hk;cksk gjne euq"; es O;kIr jgSr
vfN] vk l,g jkteksgud dFkk es eq[kfjr gksbr jgy vfNA
jkteksgud dFkk lkekU;r;k izFke iq#"kd oDrO; es HksVr] tsuk dFkk
okpdd laLej.k gksA ^Hkkstu*] ^?kj* vkfd ^lkai NqNqUufj* lu dksuks dFkk mBk
fyv*] ra bZ ckr Li"V Hk* tk,rA ^Hkkstu* ,dVk naifkd nSfud thoud
fnup;kZ O;Dr djSr] foijhr fopkj/kkjk vk foijhreq[kh osoysaXFkd fparu&fp=k
O;Dr djSr vfNA tfM+ la m[kM+y orZeku ek=k dsa dsanz cq>fugkfj iRuh }kjk]
ifrd Hkkoqdrk vk vksdj Js"B fparu'khyrk mis{kkd dFkk O;Dr djSr vfNA
ifr viu iRuh eerkd mxzrk vk ewyksfPNUurk la ifjpr jgSr vksdjk viu
lc vuqHkwfr vR;ar lksfp&xqfu d, dgSr vfNA eqnk iRuhd maM vYgM+iu
funksZ"k vYgM+iu ra xq.ks gksbr vfN vksdj mis{kk d* tkbNA bZ dFkk vk/kqfud
lekt es ifjokfjd lq[kkuqHkwfrd ?ksaV ij ukjhoknd r#vkfjd fofrd vlfj
|ksfrr djSr vfNA ^lkai&NqNqUufj* ta ,dVk iS| inkf/kdkjhd }S/k pfj=kd
vkReiz'kalh izo`fkd O;k[;k fFkd] ra ^?kj* ,dVk ;k=khd ;k=kk es Hkksxy ekufld
O;FkkA nquw dFkk fFkd ra NksV lu ?kVukd O;kid O;k[;k] eqnk lgh vFkZ es bZ
nquw dFkk HkksDrkd ekufld pfj=k fp=k.k fFkdA euksfo'ys"k.k] nks"keqDr ifjos'kd
dYiuk vk vkSfpR;iw.kZ f'k"Vkpkj] jkteksgud dFkkd ewy y{; gksbr vfN vk
vb xfr la fgudj leLr dFkkd forku vkxw c<+Sr jgy vfNA
fgudj dksuks dFkk vktqd vfrkafrdkjh uk;dd dFkk tdka dwfFk d,
uba fpdjSr vfNA dFkkdkjd fLFkfrcksk] lacakcksk vk lektckskd bZ mRd"kZ
fFkd] ts leLr foijhr ifjfLFkfrd vNSr fgudj ik=k fpdjk&Hkksdjh] ykBh&Qjlk]
mBk&iVd uba djSr vfNA dFkkd uk;d dsa] vFkkZr~ dFkkdkj dsa ,rck cksk Nfu]
ts lkfgR; la lektd fuekZ.k gksbr vfN] rsa LoLFk lektd fuekZ.k gsrq vb
ifjfLFkfr lHkd nq"ifj.kke ns[kk,c i;kZIr gks,rA vFkkZr~ ukukfofk leL;k dsa
lgSr] lektd fgr es tsuk jkteksgu viuk thou es xqEeh ykus NfFk] viu
O;Fkkd izpkj uba djSr NfFk] rfguk fgudj ik=k leLr =kklnh Hkksxykd cknks
f'k"V vk khj jgSr vfNA lekt fgr es pqi jgSr vfNA eqnk dFkk ra cgqr fdNq
dfg, nSr vfNA vk] izk;% b,g dkj.k fFkd] ts jkteksgud laiw.kZ jpuk&lalkj
ikBd dsa fgyk d, jkf[k nSr vfNA dFkk lekfIrd i'pkr~ ikBd ksfkr uba
gksbr vfN] O;fFkr gksbr vfNA mR"V lekt&n`f"V vk jpuk&n`f"Vd izcq)
dFkkdkjd bZ vonku fopkj.kh; vfNA dksuks [kkl dFkk vFkok fdNq dFkkd uke
xuk,c vko';d ufg vfNA dksuks dFkk mBk fyv* u[kfyLrku] ;q)&;q)&;q)]
,dVk rslj] dsapqvk] HkhM+ eagd ,dlj ;k=kh] dk;j] nnZ] pO;wg] vknad] fpark
vk fpark] [kkst---tdjs 'kq: djh] bZ Lo:i vksrfg HksVrA jkteksgu dsj 'kCn
iz;ksx ij FkksM+sd vkjksi yxkvksy tkbr NfuA ge vb ckr la lger NhA
'kq)rkoknhd Nfo izLrqr d,fugkj jkteksgu dsa 'kCn&iz;ksxd lacak es lsgks
lkokku jgckd pkghA drksd Bke fgudk ys[ku es eSfFkyh la vyx vksgsu
'kCnd iz;ksx gksbr vfN] tdjk ysy eSfFkyh es csl mi;qDr 'kCn vfNA eqnk
yxSr vfN] bZgks iznw"k.ksd Qy fFkdA ts&ls] jkteksgud jpuk&lalkj O;kid
lekykspukd vfkdkjh vfNA dfg ufg] eSfFkyh es dfgvk gks,r !
 xqatud jpukRed ;k=kk dqy pkyhl o"kZd vfNA lu~ 1961 es fgudj
ifgy jpuk izdkf'kr Hksy NyfuA Li"V vfN] ts vH;kl rkgw la fdNq iwoZ
la djSr gsrkgA vkb kfj eSfFkyh vk fgUnh nquw es yxHkx ,xkjg xksV iksFkh
izdkf'kr NfuA eSfFkyh es nwVk dFkk laxzg] ,dVk uqDdM+ ukVd vk ,dVk fgUnh
es dfork laxzg izdkf'kr NfuA czt fd'kksj oekZ ef.kin~e dsj miU;kl ^uSdk
cfutkjk*d fgUnh vuqokn vk ^fefFkykapy dh yksd dFkk,a*d laiknu lsgks d,us
NfFkA eqnk xaxs'k xqatud egRo tku* ysy gqudj iqLrdd la[;k egRoiw.kZ uba
vfN] egRoiw.kZ vfN vksfg iqLrdd xq.kokkA
ijaijkd j{kd eqnk uokjaHkd vkxzgh ^tkbr dky fdNq ufg d* xsykg firk gejk uke] ?kj us [ksr&[kfjgkuA
dfg xsykg % ckV pySr dky lrr~ pfyg* cke] rdj jf[kg* ;kuA* tkfg
jpukdkj dsa fojklr es bZ lus'k HksVSr gks] ts jpukdkj LoHkko la eqyk;e vk
ekU;rk es vD[kM+ gks] frudj jpuk lalkjd vk;ke lsgks fu.kkZ;dd ysy ,gus
Qjojh 1967 es jktdey pkSkjhd v;{krk es lqikSy es r; Hksy Ny] ts jke".k
Jelk; gks,rA ;k=kh vk jktdeyd i'pkr~ eSfFkyh es ts ih<+h f;k'khy Hksy]
>k ^fdlqu*d laiknu es eSfFkyh uo dforkd ,dVk izfrfufk ladyu izdkf'kr
rkfg es xaxs'k xqatu vR;ar egRoiw.kZ jpukdkj NfFkA fgUnh es uo Hkkockskd
gksA eqnk bZ izdkf'kr Hksy lu~ 1971 es] vFkkZr~ jktdey vk fdlqu nquw xksVds
dfork t[ku fy[ky tk, ykxy ra vksrfg la nw tkfrd dforkd fodkl Hksy]
volkud i'pkr~A fgUnh es lIrd rkj] nwljk] rhljk tfguk izek.k&i=k nk=kh
,dVk tkfr Ny vKs;d dforkd vk nkslj tkfr Ny eqfDrckskd dforkdA
iqLrd ekuy xsy] rfguk ta ^eSfFkyhd uo dfork* dsa ekuy tk,] ra dksuks
eSfFkyh es lu~ 1949 fp=kkd izdk'ku vk lu~ 1959 ^Lojxakk*d izdk'kud
vuqfpr uba gks,rA vksuk izdk'kud ts nqnZ'kk eSfFkyh es vkb kfj jgy vfN]
i'pkr~ ,gsu dksuks nw tkfrd dfork mYys[kuh; uba jgyA ;|fi tkfr nw vo';
rdjk dkj.ksa eSfFkyh lkfgR;d dky fukkZj.k vFkok dksuks frd ,sfrgkfldrk
Ny ,dVk tkfr Ny] ;k=kh] jktdeyd dforkd( ts viu vk ijorhZ ih<+h
izekf.kr djc dfBu vfNA rFkkfi---
dsa fn'kk ladsr nSr Ny vk vksdj la?k"kZ dsa leFkZu nSr Ny vk nkslj tkfr
vb ladyu es tkfg lksyg xksV dfo yksdfud jpuk ladfyr vfN]
Ny] lqeu] vejd dforkd( ts dhrZu] Hktu] jfr kaxkjd fo"k; ij rqdcanh
rkfg es la ,dVk izeq[k dfo NfFk xaxs'k xqatuA xaxs'k xqatu] xhr] xty] dfork]
d* d, eap ij FkiM+h yqVSr NyA vksb dfork lc dsa ns'k&nqfu;ka] yksd&osn
dFkk] miU;kl] ukVd] ,dkadh] uqDdM+ ukVd vk fdNq ys[k vkfn---lc fy[kus
la dksuks eryc uba NySdA LoHkkor% lqeu] vej dsa vuq;k;h uba HksVyfuA
NfFk] eqnk tsa fd eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ekfQ;k lc dsa lkkckd voxfr uba Nfu
eqnk ;k=kh] jktdeyd dforkd fpuxh vfxyk ih<+h es csl tdka izTofyr vk
vFkok eSfFkyhd ^uVojyky*] ^lq[kjke* vkfnd pksfj&pikVh es leFkZu nsckd
izLQqfVr HksyA xaxs'k xqatu vgh ih<+hd dfo NfFk] dFkkdkj NfFk] fgudk fgUnh
uSfrdrk \ uba Nyfu] rsa dksuks [ksek es pfpZr uba HksykgA dksuks midkjh
lkfgR;d vksj&Nksj lsgks ns[ky NfuA vk dgckd pkgh] ts fgudj jpuk&lalkj
in ij uksdjh djSr gksb] inLFkkiuk vksr, gksv, tr, /kfj igqapc eSfFkyhd
es] x|&i| nquw es] ,dfg lax vKs;d dykokn vk eqfDrckskd oLrqokn nquw
ys[kd&vkykspd ysy lgt vk [kpZeqDr gks] usr&/kje dsa rk[k ij jkf[k gqudk
mifLFkr vfNA
yksdfu dsa ykHkkfUor d* ldckd ldjrk gksv,---vFkkZr~] dksuks cScsa vgka fgudk
vksuk jpukd foospu ysy O;fDrRod foospu vko';d uba gksbr vfN]
yksdfu ysy mi;ksxh oLrq gksbvfu] ra bZ vgka dsa izfrHkkoku vk vgkad jpuk
eqnk ta tkudkjh jg,] vk O;fDrRod vkyksd es jpukd ppkZ lsgks Hk* ld,]
dsa Lrjh; ekurkgA tsa fd xqatu es] us ra vfuok;Z ;ksX;rk Nyfu] us okaNuh;]
ra vuqfpr uba gksA xaxs'k xqatu lnfr dky] nkslj dsa egRo vk lEeku nsckd
rsa eSfFkyhd vkykspd vk ys[kdd utfj es uba cfl ldykgA ^deZ d:]
ysy rRij jgykg vfN] viu gkfu;ks d* d, nkslj dsa izfr"Bk nsck es #fp'khy
ifj.kked fpark tqfu d:---* oyk izo`fk jkf[k d, eSfFkyhd vkykspd yksdfud
jgykg vfNA eqnk dksuks nq"deZ] dksuks vfu"V] vU;k; dsa lgckd {kerk fgudk
ysy bZ egRoiw.kZ jpukdkj fd,d gsrkg \
uba jgyfu vfNA jkspd bZ vfN] ts vb nw izo`fk es la dksuks fgudk R;kT;
ubaA vb izo`fkd vlfj fgudj jpuk ij lsgks iM+yfu vfNA vkfx mxyc]
eqnk vksfg vkfx la fdudgq vfu"V uba gks] lsgks ;ku jk[kc b,g izof` k xqt
a ud
jpuk lalkjd jgy vfN] [kkgs vks i| gks vkfd x|A bZ fLFkfr izk;% vR;ar
ekuorkoknh jgykd dkj.ksa eSfFkyhd yksd dsa iflu uba iM+yfuA xqatu chle
'krkCnhd lkre n'kd es viu egRo lkfcr ra d* ysyfu] eqnk ;FkkfLFkfroknh
ih<+hd opZLo vk lacakoknh [ksekd "kM~;a=kd dkj.ksa vpfpZr jfg xsykgA
bZ rF;] lc dsa Lohdkfj ysckd pkgh ts] eSfFkyh es nh?kZ dfork ge ,dVk
feF;k ifjp; vk uqDdM+ ukVd cqfkcfk;k d laHkkouk loZizFke fguds ik=k dsa kskkfXu uba NSdA ls ra NSds] eqnk rkfg gsrq lHk la ifgus vks viu
vuqlakku fFkdfuA ^uoxhr* ,dVk fokkd :i es fgUnh es uhd tdka fodflr
HksyA dsnkjukFk flag lu egRoiw.kZ dfod ys[kuh la lsgks bZ fokk fu%l`r Hksy
vfNA eSfFkyh es bZ ijaijk rkdy tk, ra xqatu la iwoZgq ek;kuUn] Hkqou vk
rkgw la iwoZ HksfV ldSr vfN] eqnk xqatu vgw pfj=kd i| es i;kZIr ;ksxnku
nsus NfFkA ^nq[kd nqigfj;k* xqatud fdNq xhr&xtyd ladyu gkyfg es izdkf'kr
Hksy vfNA vgw fucak es xqatud laiw.kZ lkfgR; ij foLrkj la ppkZ Hk* ldr]
rdj xqaktb'k uba vfNA ek=k gqudj izo`fk ewyd fdNq ckr jk[ky tk jgy
vfN] tdj O;k[;k vkxw Hk* ldSr vfNA
bZ dgc vizklafxd uba gks,r ts fgUnh vk eSfFkyh es vckk xfr la jpukjr
vk izdk'kujr xqatu ta ijorhZ dky es fgUnh es izdk'ku de d* nsyfu ra
ls ekr`Hkk"kkd izfr mRdV vuqjkxs NyA o`fk la lnfr dky vkdk'kok.kh la
lac) jgykg vfNA jpuk es ofud egRo ij lkokku jgckd fgudj izo`fk euq";d vkfne izo`fk vk ledkyhu foo'krkd laf'y"V lw=k rdSr vfN vk
laHkor% fgudj o`fkxr izHkkod Qy fFkdA fgudj ^mfproDrk* dFkk laxzg
dsa] o"kZ 1994 d ysy lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj nsy xsy] bZ vksrsd egRoiw.kZ
ckr uba fFkdA dkj.k] vkb Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkd dksuks lkfgR; es iqjLdkjd ts jktuhfr
pfy jgy vfN] rkfg es iqjLdkj dksuks jpukd egRo lkfcr uba d* ldSr
vfNA
oLrqr% dksuks jpukdkj dksuks fokkd xqyke uba gksbr vfNA vly ckr
gksbr vfN ts mDr fokk es jpukdkjd ?kuRo] tulacak dsa dksu Lrj rd izekf.kr
d* ldy vfNA xqatu okLrfod vFkZ es ;qxhu tu&thoud tfVy thou i)fr
la mity dqfVyrk] =kklnh vk foMacukd lks>jk,y dFkk f'kYih NfFk] ftudj
x|ks es ,dVk y;kRedrk vk i|ks es ,dVk dFkkRedrk vuqxqafQr jgSr vfNA
vksuk ra vkb laiw.kZ lkfgR;s O;oLFkkd fojksk djSr vfN vk Jfed oxZd
i{kikr djSr vfNA vktqd lkfgR; ta bZekunkj vfN;ks] ra rdj dkj.k b,g
fFkdA rkfg es O;oLFkkd fo#) <k<+ Hksy xqatu iS?k fMMhj dsa esVk d, NksV
djckd Qsj es dfgvks uba jgykg] NksV fMMhj dsa iS?k djckd xqatkb'k rdSr
jgykg vfNA fgudj lkfgR; esgurh oxZd nksgb nSr vfN] vksdj vfLrRod
vuqlakku djSr vfN vk vksdj vfLerk cu,ckd U;ksa iq[rk djSr vfNA fgudj
lHk ik=k viu 'kfDrd leh{kk djSr vfNA O;oLFkkd ;kaf=kdrk es rky BksdSr
lksafl&udkj la xqatud ik=k Msjkbr ufg vfNA ,dkar es cSfld, cukoVh uksjks
uba cgcSr vfN] ,rs kfj ts lheku ij Bk<+ Hksy dqdwj tdka vks Hkwfdrks uba
vfN] vks bRehuku la viu thou izf;k es ykxy jgSr vfNA vksdjk viu
'kfDr vk viu dk;Z i)fr ij iw.kZ vkLFkk jgSr NSdA vfHkizk; bZ ufg ts xqatud
vkyL; la la?k"kZ djSr vfNA bZ dgSr] ,r, ta dchj eksu iM+Sr NfFk] ra cstk,
dksu \ dchj thou i;Zar vksfg jDrHkksth leqnk;d frjLdkj d,yfu vk viu
;q) es] viu lakku es] viu ekU;rkd lax vxzlj jgykgA fo"k;d Lrj ij
xqatud lkfgR; ta ,d fn'k dchjd Lej.k fnvcSr vfN] ra Hkk"kk f'kYid Lrj
ij vKs;dA
fgudj fr es [kkgs vks i| gks vFkok x| vFkok ukVd] lHkBke xgu
thou&n`f"V ifjyf{kr vfNA ckjg xksV dFkkd ladyu ^mfproDrk* es vb
'kh"kZdd ,dksVk dFkk uba vfN] eqnk vb uked lkFkZdrk vksb leLr dFkk vk
jpukdkjd rh{.k n`f"V es vfN] ts csfijhr iM+kbr euq";d iru] jktuhfrd
yksyqirk vk lae.kd dhM+k tdka iljSr gSokuhd ikNw vkdf"kZr yksd lHk dsa
xaHkhjrk la ns[kSr&xquSr vfNA ^laxh* lu dFkk] tdj dsanzh; ljksdkj izse la vfN]
^viu lekax* lu dFkk ;qxhu vUgj&fcgkfM+ es lq[kk,y ikr tdka QM+QM+kbr
ekuoh; lacakd [kafMr vfLerk dsa fpUgSr vfNA bZ egRoiw.kZ ckr fFkd ts
xqatu viu jpukRedrk ysy vku dksuks pht la cslh vko';d ^euq";* dsa
ekuSr NfFkA ^euq";] ts vkb;ks fdNq rkfd jgy vfN] vksfg euq";d ifjp;
ge Lo;a rkfd jgy Nh...A* fgudj laiw.kZ jpuk&lalkj vgh euq"; vk vgh
euq";d ifjp; rdSr vfNA ^ge ,dVk feF;k ifjp;* oSg rdSr vfN] ^viu
lekax* oSg rdSr vfN] ^euqD[k vk xkscj* oSg rdSr vfN vk vkuks vku jpuk
oSg rdSr vfNA
vksuk ra izdk'k] lR;rk] ;FkkFkZ] [kq'kgkyh bR;kfn g"kkZrqj miknku vke
tuthou es des HksVSr vfNA xqatud dfork es vUgkj] feF;k] ifjp;] LoIu]
ne?kksaVw okrkoj.k] ihM+k] ckSd&cghj yksd] izrh{kkjr yksd] vieku] fujk'kk] rki]
jkSn vkfn 'kCnd O;ogkj vfkd Bke gksbr vfNA jpukdkj viu pk: dkr
fNfM+vk,y tkfg lw=k la viu jpukd fo"k; ySr vfN] vksgh es viu O;fDrRoks
x<+Sr vfN vk vksgh es viu n`f"V dsa ekatSr vfN vk vksgh ifjos'k es viu
dkO;iq#"kd Nfo fufeZr djSr vfNA ,guk fLFkfr es bZ vdkj.k uba Hksy vfN]
ts fgudj lkfgR; es ,gsu fcac vk izrhd iz;qDr Hksy vfN vk bZ iz;qfDr viu
LFkku foLrkj la cucSr vfNA ta lanHkZiwoZd vb iz;qfDrd O;k[;k d,y tk,
ra Li"V gks,r bZ lc 'kCn fgudj jpuk es viu fojkV~ 'kfDrd lax mifLFkr
vfNA xqatud jpuk la viuSrh djSr vksfg n`"Vkar vk lanHkZ la ifjfpr g,c
vko';d vfN] vU;Fkk gM+cM+h es eSfFkyhd ikBd dsa fu.kZ; nsck es nsjh uba
gksbr Nfu] ts xaxs'k xqatud jpuk es vFkksZRd"kZ tfVy vfNA vly es xaxs'k
xqatud vuqHko lalkj ,dVk uo f{kfrt ij cuy vfNA Li"V vfN ts fdNq
iqjkruoknh yksd dsa bZ lalkj izsf"kr ufg HksyfuA vb laizs"k.k foeq[k fLFkfrd dFkk lalkj es dFkkdkjd thouh
nkf;Ro vks yksdfu viu vKku dsa dksuk nsrkg \ ra dfg nsc vklku Hk* xsyfu
ts xqatud jpukd laizs"k.k ckfkr vfNA
var es bZ dgc vko';d vfN] ts xqatu viu O;ogkj es ,d fn'k viu
izk;% ns[ky tkbr jgy vfN] ts ys[kd vO;ofLFkr tkfrd yksd gksbr vfNA
ikjaifjd kjksgfjd j{kd izrhr gksbr NfFk ra nkslj fn'k ekuoh; laosnukd ckr
bZ vO;oLFkk gqudj thou&;kiu la y* d, ys[ku kfj es O;kIr jgSr Nfu vk
mByk ij loZFkk ,dVk uo kjkry ij uo ijaijkd U;ksa j[kSr ns[kkbr NfFkA
,fg vO;oLFkkd nq"ifj.kke vksfg ys[kdd ifjokj] lekt rFkk gqudj ewY;kadudkkZ
vk uokjaHkd vkxzgh bZ vgw vFkZ es ns[kkbr NfFk ts fgudj dkO; iq#"k lc
kfj dsa Hkksx, iM+Sr NfuA eqnk izHkkl dqekj pkSkjh ,dVk ,gsu dFkkdkjd uke
Bke viu ttZj :f<+ dsa R;kfx d, viu thoud lq[ke; ckV ysy uo lalkjd
fFkdfu ts O;oLFkkd vuqikyu es loZnk&loZFkk mRd"kZ ij jgykgA O;oLFkkd
[kkst d* ySr vfN vk uo ckV idfM+ ySr vfNA bZ dkt ^vkb Hkksj*d uk;d
vFkkZfUofr ,r, vfHkkk es vfNA Hkkjrh; dksuks Hkk"kkd jpukdkjd thou vk
lsgks djSr vfN] ^ifgy yksd*d uk;d lsgks vk ,d lhek kfj ^viu lekax*
ys[kud ewY;kadu d,y tk, ra bZ ckr lks>ka vkvksr ts] ts ys[kd viu jpuk'khy
vk ^cqfkcfk;k*d uk;d lsgksA
thou es lQy vk ;'kLoh NfFk] ts lkekU;r;k viu ukSdjh&is'kk es nkf;Roghu
ts&ls] xqatud lkfgR; vgh uo kjkryd [kkst es ,dVk uo izdk'kd
vk vlQy O;fDr lkfcr gksbr NfFkA eqnk izHkkl chek daiuhd ukSdjh djSr
dkt djSr vfNA
,gsu loZlQy izcaku vfkdkjh lkfcr Hksykg] ftudk la gqudj leLr v/
khuLFk vf/kdkjh izsj.kk ySr NykgA Bhd rfguk ys[ku&thou es lsgks fgudj
Nfo jgyfu vk viu leLr vuqorhZ ih<+hd jpukdkj dsa izHkkfor d,yfuA
izHkkl ek=k ,dVk pht es vlQy jgykg] vk ls vlQyrk fFkd ts bZ viu
mnkjrk la eSfFkyhd ,dksVk jpukdkj dsa izHkkfor uba d* ldykg] dkj.k ts
jgy gksA
lu~ 1956&57 es oSnsgh es izdkf'kr dFkk ^kjrh dqgfj mBy* vk ^izrh{kk*
rFkk lu~ 1961 es fefFkyk fefgj es izdkf'kr dFkk ^ckgj btksr % Hkhrj kqvka*
la izHkkld dFkk ys[kud lekkuy lakku 'kq: gksbr vfNA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd
ifjn`'; ysy bZ le; fofp=k rjgd le; NyA fgUnhd jpukdkj lc viu
jpukdeZ es vb fcanq ij pkSdl Nykg] fgUnh dfork es ^lkBkskjh* 'kCnd
vkfoHkkZod Hkwfedk cfu jgy NyA rhljk lIrdd izdk'ku Hk* pqdy NyA
dgkuhd {ks=k es uo ifjn`';d fuekZ.k Hk* pqdy NyA izHkkld v;;u'khyrkd
vk;ke vk ys[ku n`f"V fojkV NyfuA vks ns'k&n'kkd lc rjgsa voyksdu djSr
vk vku&vku lkfgR; la ifjp; j[kSr cgqr {kerkoku jpukdkjd :i es viu
mifLFkfr ntZ d,us NfFkA Li"V vfN ts phuh x.kjkT;d kks[kk] ikfdLrkud
lhek la?k"kZ] ns'k es jktuhfrd }a} vkfnd O;kfIrd i'pkr~ jktuhfrijd dFkkd
jpuk gksbr,A eqnk fefFkykd ls n'kk r[ku kfj ufg NyA ,gw le; kfj fefFkyk
izkphu :f<+ la] fukZurk] fuj{kjrk] vdky] ckf<+ vkfn izrkj.kk la] vkfFkZd vk
'kSf{kd ijra=krk la] FkksM+sd lkearh LoHkkod nq"ifj.kke la] vuqnkj vk fo"ke
lkekftd ifjos'k la mcfj uba ldy NyA ,gsu ckr uba Ny ts fefFkyk jk"VO;kih
jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd&lkfgfR;d leL;k la izHkkfor uba NyA vly es t[ku
LFkkuh; leL;k fodjky jgSr vfN] r[ku jk"Vh; leL;k fn'k yksdd ;ku
de tkbr vfNA vksgquk ?kj cgkjykd ckns fdvks vaxuk vk nyku cgkjckd
ps"Vk djSr vfNA dFkkdkj izHkkld izos'k&dky ,gsu nk#.k Ny !
vb fodjky le; es izHkkld dFkk&ys[ku izkjaHk HksyA bZ le;] eSfFkyh
dFkkdkj ysy ,d fn'k vb rjgsa pqukSrhiw.kZ Ny ra nkslj fn'k lq[kdj bZ Ny
ts vgh le; es fefFkyk fefgjd iquizZdk'ku izkjaHk HksyA Qyr% i;kZIr
tks'k&[kjks'kd lax ,dVk l'kDr ih<+h dFkk ys[ku es tqVyA
izHkkld ifgy dFkk laxzg ^uo ?kj mB; % iqjku ?kj [kl;* 1964 es izdkf'kr
HksyA ,xkjg xksV dFkkd bZ laxzg eSfFkyh ikBdd chp [kwc lekn`r HksyA ,dj
ckn ikapVk miU;kl ^vfHk'kIr* 1970] ^;qxiq#"k* 1971] ^gejk yx jgc*
1977] ^uokjaHk* 1979 rFkk ^jktk iks[kfj es drsd eNjh* 1981 izdkf'kr
HksyA vk drksd c[kZd ckn 1988 es fgudj 28 xksV dFkkd ladyu ^dFkk&izHkkl*
izdkf'kr Hksy] tkfg es n'kdokj viu jpukdeZd MkVk dFkkdkj Lo;a izLrqr
d,us NfFkA Qsj ,dVk csl xrxj ladyu ^izHkkld dFkk* izdkf'kr HksyA ifgus
dgy tk pqdy vfN] ts izHkkld izca ku thou] o`fk vk ys[ku rhuw es drsd
mR"V Ny] rdj izek.k ^dFkk&izHkkl*d ys[kdh; oDrO; fFkdA ts dksuks
ewY;kadudkkZ fgudj jpuk lalkj ij dkt djc 'kq#g djrkg] frudj pkfj
vuk leL;k izHkkl lo;a gy d* nsus NfFkUgA
fo|kifr] ;k=kh vk jktdeyd ckn izHkkls ,dVk ,gsu jpukdkj NfFk]
ts Hkk"kkarj es lsgks [;kr NfFkA xaxs'k xqatu lsgks Hkk"kkarj es [;kr NfFkA vksuk
vuqoknd ek;es vkc ra drksd jpukdkj vku&vku Hkk"kk es igqafp pqdykg
vfNA eqnk izkjafHkd le; es izHkkl] xqatu vk jkteksgu] fgUnh es ewyks ys[ku
djSr NykgA ts&ls---
izHkkld dFkkd ewy dsanz e;eoxhZ; eSfFky lekt fFkdA thoud vfkdka'k
Hkkx uxj&egkuxj es fcr,ykd cknks fgudj eksu gjne xke] ?kjd Vksy&Vkij]
Mhg&Mkcj] lj&dqVqe] firk] ckch] ukuh] ekSlhd chp ?kqeSr jgyfuA bZ ckr fo'ks"k
:i la m)j.kh; fFkd] ts vku dksuks Hkk"kk lkfgfR;d jpukdkj t[ku izoklh
Hk* tkbr NfFk ra gqudk ys[ku es xke&?kj ukWLVsfYt;k tdka mifLFkr gksbr NfuA
eqnk izHkkld vksr, xke&?kj] lekt&ifjokj viu laiw.kZ {kerkd lax thfor
jgSr vfNA lgt pfj=k] vkd"kZd dFku 'kSyh] tuinh; pfj=kd Hkk"kk f'kYid
vkJ; la lkekU; tu&thoud bPNk&vkdka{kk] l*[k&euksjFk] thou&la?k"kZ dsa
fpf=kr djckdky izHkkl ,dVk 'kkL=kh; xk;d tdka lkokku jgSr NfFkA
vuq"BkuiwoZd vk pSu la dFkk dgckd i)fr izHkkld jgyfu vfN] ts ,dVk
fo'kky ikBd oxZ vftZr djck es lQy Hksy vfNA izHkkl izk;% vb xw<+ rF;
la voxr Nykg ts ek=k ?kVuk lwfpr d* nsc us ra ikBd dsa larq"Vs djr vk
us tuinh; folaxfr esV,ck ysy vksdjk m}sfyrs djrA rsa] vks ?kVuke vk
ik=kd ^fMVsYl* dsa xaHkhjrk iwoZd js[kkafdr d,yfuA le;&lhek vk i`"B lhekd
vuq'kklu la dFkk ;k ra fodykax Hk* tk,r] ywYg&viax Hk* tk,r vFkok xksaxA
dFkk ta ctark uba jg,] gFkxj&xksM+xj uba jg,] ra rdj iz;kstu dh \ izHkkld
leLr dFkk vk miU;kl ctark vfN] gFkxj vfN] xksM+xj vfNA
viu jpuk lalkj es dSd Bke izHkkl QSaVslh izseh vk thou&ewY;d Lrj
ij fp=k.k es vlgtrkckskd n`';d fprsjk cq>k, yxS NfFkA ^,dkyki* dFkk
vk ^uokjaHk* miU;kld ,dkk izlax dsa vb dFkud iqf"V gsrq ns[ky tk ldSr
vfNA eqnk] ewy dFkkd vfUofrd mRd"kZ gsrq rFkk ekuoh; liuk] dYiuk vkfnd
fp=k.k gsrq izHkkld ysy dksuksVk i)fr R;kT; uba jgyfu vfNA vly es] bZ
fLFkfr ts izHkkld dFkk f'kYi es vk,y vfN] rdj ewy dkj.k fFkd fefFkykapyd
yksd&laLfr vk yksd&laosnuk la fgudj vkfRed yxkoA fgudj ,d&,dVk
dFkk&frd LoHkko bZ Li"V djSr vfN ts ukuh] ckchd dFkk&figkuh lquckd
vknfr la vk rdjfg izsj.kk la fgudj dFkkdkjd tUe Hksy vfNA yksd dFkk]
yksdksfDr vk eqgkojk fgudj dFkk&laons ukd lksbjh&?kj fFkdA fuEuoxhZ; dFkk&ik=kd
izfr fgudj >qdko lsgks vgh xq.klw=kd ifj.kke fFkdA ^izrh{kk* 1957 la
^ifrcjrk* vk ^v"Vkod 'ks"kdFkk* 1997 kfj es izHkkld fy[ky yxkfr
,d l; dFkk eSfFkyh dsa HksVySd] tdj oLrq vk f'kYid vk;ke cgqr foLr`r
vfNA ^Dykar*] ^lqHknzk&gj.k*] ^lw;kZLr*] ^kedh*] ^firk*] ^ckch*] ^<si*] ^eykgd
Vksy*] ^Hk;kkar*] ^;q) fojke*] ^mkj dk.M*] ^,dkyki*] ^bUnzkuq"k*] ^LFkkukarj.k*]
^ctarkd iksrk*] ^fodykax*] ^ckf<+*] ^ifrcjrk*] ^,dVk nqjkpkjd dFkk*] ^txck
dky*] ^VqLlk vk cka>h*] ^x; fc<+uh % rksgj Mad*] ^,d f=kHkqt % pkfj dks.k*
vkfn dFkk lc fgudj dFkk l`tud fofok i{k dsa |ksfrr djSr vfN vk viuk
viuk le; es csl pfpZr jgy vfNA
 izlaxo'k ,dVk ?kVuk eksu iM+S,] ,dVk bUVjO;w es eSfFkyhd ,dVk
[;kfruke foHkkxk;{k iz'u d,us Nykg ^jktdeyks lsDl ij fy[kS Ny vk
izHkklks lsDl ij fy[kS,] nquwd lsDl&vkd"kZ.k es dh varj \* iz'u vfguk] ,u&esu
vfguk viekutud f;kin es iwNy xsy NyA vksfg le; es ra ge ks/
ksa vkfx mxy* ykxy jgh] eqnk vkb] t[ku fd us ra vks iz'udkkZ thfor NfFk
vk us bZ nquw ys[kd] r[ku vksb iz'u dsa eksu ikM+Sr iz'udkkZd n`f"Vdks.k ij
n;k vcSr vfN] vgwa lHk dsa n;k vcSr gks,r ! vksuk izHkkl dsa i<+Sr dky
jktdeys Vk fd,s] yfyr] eaVks] pqxrkbZ] 'kjr~] eksiklka] xksdhZ lc Lej.k vcSr
jgSr NfFkA
izHkkl eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ,dVk ,gsu rq"V&nq#Lr&len'khZ vk m|eh dFkkdkj
NfFk] ts dksuks rjgd dqaBk] mis{kk] vieku vkfnd vkgkj Lo;a uba jgykg]
yksHk&ykyp dfgvks uba nkcydfu] jpukdeZd cysa ku ykHk ;k ;'k ykHk dsj
frdM+e uba jpyfu bZ nhxj ckr Fkhd ts jpukd cysa fgudk cM+ cslh ;'k
HksVyfu] eqnk rsa vku fdudgq dqaBk] mis{kk vkfd viekud lgu lsgks uba
d,yfuA miyfCk vk Kkud tkfg f'k[kj ij igqafp xsy Nykg] rdj ,dUuh
kfj ,[ku ts O;fDr lc uba igqapykg vfN] lsgks vgadkj es lka<+ tdka fMdjS
NfFkA izHkkld izHkwr iz'kald NfFk] eqnk frdM+eckth] {kqnz fopkj vk csSekuh vk
vgadkj es ^njHkaxk Ldwy*d izkpk;Z gsckd ;ksX;rk j[kSr NfFkA O;fDrRo es nwjks
njkt la izHkkld O;fDrRod clkr uba ykxy NfuA ts gks---
rb izHkkld dFkk&lalkjd t[ku fo'ys"k.k gks] ra vksdj vkkkj 'kkL=kh;
cuk, d, uba pyckd pkghA izHkkld dFkkd fo'ys"k.kd nqb, Vk vkkkj Hk*
ldSr vfN lekt'kkL=kh; v;;u vk ekuoh; thou&;kiu ijd v;;uA
vku dksugq y{k.k xzaFkd lgkjk la vFkok jtkuhfrd izfrc)rkijd ukjkckth
la izHkkld dFkk uba tapk ldSr vfNA drksd ckr fgudj dFkk es lw{erk
la vcSr vfN] tdj uksfVl ysck dky lkokku jgckd fLFkfr vcSr vfNA
izHkkld drksd ,gsu dFkk vfN tkfg es fuEutkrh; vFkok fuEuoxhZ; L=kh
iq#"kd ;kSu 'kks"k.k vk Je 'kks"k.k lkearoxZ }kjk ns[kkvksy xsy vfNA eksV utfj
es vks lkear oxZd vR;kpkj vo'; ns[kkbr vfN] eqnk bZ izHkklsd dFkk fFkd]
tr, vks lkear lHk Msjk,y dqdwj tdka ukaxfj lqVkdkSus] eqnk >qdSr ns[kk,rA
bZ izHkklsd dFkk fFkd tb es lkear oxZd vb Mj dsa 'kksf"kr oxZ uksV d* ySr
vfN vk r[ku vksdjk viu 'kfDr ij Hkjksl gksbr vfNA izHkkld dFkk viu
eqDrdkeh 'kksf"kr dFkkuk;d dsa bZ f'k{kk n* nSr vfN] ts ^HksfM+;k xqjkZrk gS@rqe
e'kky tykvks@ml esa vkSj rqeesa @;gh cqfu;knh QdZ gS@HksfM+;k e'kky ugha tyk
ldrk losZ'oj n;ky lDlsukA* rsa dksuks ^ifrcjrk* lu L=kh] dksuks ^ctarkd
iksrk*lu iq#"k vkfd vku drksd ik=k fgudj dFkk lalkj es Bk<+ Hksy vfNA
dFkk gks vFkok miU;kl] izHkkld l`tu&nsorkd ts lHk la iS?k fo'ks"krk
fFkd vks bZ] ts fgudj uk;d la?k"kZ&iFk ij fgyS uba NfuA thou laxzke es
csj&csj iNkM+ [kkbr Nfu] lkekftd&ikfjokfjd dqp es csj&csj vks>jk d, kks[kk
[kkbr Nfu] kka; HkVdk [klSr Nfu] eqnk rRdky mfB d, Bk<+ gksbr NfuA
viu uk;d dsa vFkfdr tkZ ksr nsckd fgudk lu lQy vk y{; izkfIrd
fufek viu uk;d dsa vkLFkkoku cu,ck es fuiq.k de dFkkdkj ns[kkbr NfFkA
mi;ksxh ijaijkd j{kk vk vuqi;qDr :f<+d R;kx fgudj thou vk
ys[ku nqud w fo'ks"krk jgy vfNA deZdkaMd vkMacj] kkfeZd ik[kaM] ikjaifjd
yksdkpkjd folaxfr vkfn ij fgudj dFkk rh{.k O;aX; djSr vfNA 'kksf"kr]
lhfnr oxZd izfr vkReh;rk vk izHkq oxZ dsa psrkSuh] fgudj dFkk&l`tu es eq[kj
Hk* d, vk,y vfNA ,dj vykok] izse rRo] ts Lokra=;kskj dkyd eSfFkyhd
izxfr'khy jpuk la i`Fkd tdka gksv, ykxy Ny( ek=k la?k"kZ] Hkksx] vkrad] ijke]
lhnu] }s"k] ?k`.kk] Hk; vkfn O;kIr Hksy py tkbr Ny( rkgw {ks=k es izHkkld
dFkk lekkuy gLr{ksi d,yd vfNA ikfjokfjd vk lkekftd lacakd vkJ;
la lsgks] eS=khd vkJ; la lsgks vk L=kh&iq#"kd laca kd vkJ; la lsgks izes rRo
fgudj dFkk es iquLFkkZfir Hk* ldyA eqnk] bZ izse 'kkjhfjd mUekn vk {kf.kd
mPNokl /kfj lhfer uba vfNA vfHkizk; bZ ufg] ts fgudk la iwoZ eSfFkyh es
^izse* yqIr Hk* xsy Ny] cfYd bZ] ts fgudj jpuk es ^izse rRo* viu vk;r
dsa foLrkj nsydA
Hkk"kk es izrhdkRedrkd mi;ksx d* d, lsgks bZ csl tdka izHkko tekSyfu
vfNA ^ckf<+* lu drksd dFkk rdj izek.k fFkdA trs rjgd fo"k; tU; oSfo;
izHkkld jpuk&lalkj es vfN] rdj ,rsd mR"V izHkkokfUofrd ewy dkj.k fgudj
dFku&'kSyh] Hkk"kk&f'kYi rFkk ?kVuk&ed lax dFkkdkjd Hkk"kkxr gjDdfr fFkdA
dgy tk pqdy vfN ts yksd&'kSyhd fgudj f[klDdjh peRdkfjd vfN vk
b,g ckr fgudj Hkk"kk es tknw HkjSr vfNA
izHkkl viu vkRedFkk uba fy[kyfuA eqnk ,[ku ta fdvks lkokkuh la
izHkkld jpuk lalkj ij dkt djfFk] ra cM+ vklku vfN izHkkld thouh fy[kcA
1957&1997 kfjd vofk fgudj jpukdky fFkdA vb vofk es fy[ky viu
leLr dFkk vk miU;kl es izHkkl viu thou&;k=kkd leLr uksVscqy IokbaV
n* xsykg vfNA fgudj lc dFkk fdNq us fdNq fgudj thouhd va'k fFkdA
eqnk fparkd fo"k; fFkd ts izHkkl viuk la lac) lc O;fDrd thouh ra fyf[k
xsykg] vkc gqudj thouh ds fy[kr \
 Qsj NiyA Nvks ekld ckn v'kksd }kjk laikfnr if=kdk ^lakkud* izos'kkad
vk;y ra vksfg es eksgu Hkkj}kt Qsj la viu fucak es vksdj rduhdh fcanq
ij fopkj d;yfuA bZgks ckr lR; fFkd ts ,uk foLrkj la ek=k ,dVk dFkk
ij ppkZ eSfFkyhd ifgy ?kVuk fFkdA eqnk] ls kwedsrqd ysy dksuks rkj.k&cksju
oyk ckr lsgks ufg NyA
gej vfHkizk; bZ ufg] ts bZ ys[k fyf[k d* gegha rkj.k&cksjud egku
dk;Z d* jgy NhA eqnk lexzrk es bZ fpark vo'; vfN] ts eSfFkyh es vkb
kfj dksuks lkfgR;dkj dsa gqudj mfpr c[kjk ufg HksVyfu vfN] fdudgq c[kjk
ifrruk;ddikou dFkkdkj la cgqr cslh] fdudgq c[kjk la cgqr de! chp&chp es fdudgq ta larks"ktud
c[kjk HksfV xsyfu vfN] ra rdj dkj.k gqudj Lrjh; ys[ku de vk gqudj
vU;Fkk lkeF;Z cslhA vFkkZr~ eSfFkyhd th.kZ ih<+hd vkykspd vk ekU;rknkrk]
ys[kd dsa ekU;rk nSr Nyf[kUg lacakokn ij vk e>ksyk ih<+hd vkykspd vk
^t[ku&t[ku O;fDr vk vksdj dfjDdk Nk;k] rky Bksfd d* vkeus&lkeus Bk<+
ekU;rknkrk] ekU;rk nSr NfFkUg xksfk;kaokn] oa'kokn vk laHkkfor midkjokn
Hk* tkbr vfN t[ku&t[ku >wB] lR; dsa cykr~ >kai; yxSr NSd ra gej f[kLlkd
ijA eSfFkyhd jpukdkj bZ ckr cw>Sr NfFk] ts vkc eSfFkyh dsa ikBd NSd ufgA
f'kjksn; gksbr NSdA* bZ dFku fFkfd;fu eSfFkyh lkfgR;d iz[kj dFkkdkj
rhu l; iksFkh jpukdkj Nik d* fcyfg nSr NfFk] drgq la ,dVk igqapukek
kwedsrqdA kwedsrq vkc lfjigqa kwedsrq Hk* xsykg vfN] viuk uke dsa kU;
ufg vcSr Nfu] ikBd fnl la ekU;rk HksVr ufg] rsa vks ^vkykspda 'kj.ka xPNkfe*
d* xsykg vfNA Mk- HkheukFk >k fy[kSr NfFk] ^kwedsrq ,dVk T;ksfr&js[kk] ,dVk
Hk* tkbr NfFkA kwedsrq us ra vb izHkq&laiznk;d dqVqe Nykg] us psyk Hk* ldykg
'kfDr'kkyh ped] ts vkdk'k&i`"B ij n`<+rkiwoZd lkQ&lkQ vkmV ykbu d*
vk midkjd fLFkfr es ra ufg,a Nykg] rsa mfpr c[kjk ufg HksVyfu] ra dksuks
d* f{kfrt dsa cskSr ikrky&izos'k d* tkbN] ,dVk vkraddkjh pdpksUgh ts
cstk; ufg---A
{k.k es foyhu Hk* xsyks ij cM+h dky kfj yksd dsa viu vuqHkwfr djcSr jgSNA
kwedsrq dFkk] dfork vk miU;kl rhuw fokk es ys[ku d;yfuA de
vkkqfud eSfFkyh lkfgR; es lsgks ,u&esu ,gus ,dVk jf'eiqt
a kwedsrq fNVdyS
fy[kyfu] eqnk xq.kokk es fy[kyfuA lwpukuqlkj fgudj rhu Vk miU;kl
vk dFkk dforkd uhpka eksV lu ykbu [khapSr cf<+ xsySA*
vizdkf'kr vfN ^jus&cus* vk ^ge vgka* ,fg nquw miU;kld lwpuk ys[kd
kwedsrq lu jpukdkjd thou vk ys[ku vk ej.k tkfg fLFkfr es Hksy
Lo;a viuk ifjp;&ikr es ^eSfFkyhd uo dfork* es nsus NfFkA rslj miU;kl
ls eSfFkyh lkfgR;d vdckyh jpukdkj yksdfud ysy] ts lkfgR; vdknseh
^eksM+ ij* ,gh n'kd es fy[ky xsy vfNA vksuk ,[kugqa kwedsrqd jpuk lalkjd
lesr vU; ljdkjh&xSjljdkjh vuqnkud vk ij rLdjh d* jgy NfFk] vk
ewY;kadu viw.ksZ jgr] dkj.k dSd Vk gqudj dFkks ,[ku kfj vizdkf'krs vfNA
lkekU; thou O;rhr d;fugkj deZfu"B jpukdkj ysy lsgks] pq: Hkfj ikfu
rS;ks izdkf'kr jpukd voyksdu la kwedsrqd ts Nfo Li"V gksbr vfN] ls dFkk
es Mwfc ejckd fLFkfr fFkdA HkksykukFk >k] vFkkZr~ kwedsrqd ikafr ^Hkh[k&nq[k
vk dfork] nquw es ,d Vk ^ifrr ikou*d vFkok dgh ra vdknk#.k ckf<+ es
ekafx d* i<+ykSa vk tudiqj es pkdjh djSr Nh* gejk yksdfud f'kyk&keZ dsa
HkklSr tuin ysy ,d Vk etxqr [kkEgd] tdjk cysa fdvks viu dfFkr uhprk
dksugquk izHkkfor ufg djrA vksuk izHkkfor bZgks ckr dgka d* ldy] ts vkb
dsa ifo=k d* icS, vFkok tdjk la xjktksM+h d* d* Mwc* la cfp ldS,A
kfjd dFkkijd vk dforkijd ys[k es kwedsrqd ukvksa Vk xukbr jgy vfN!
^vxqjoku* ,[ku kfj kwedsrqd ppkZ dj* ysy lHk leh{kd dsa lgkjk
ekpZ 1996 es jkteksgu >kd eksu es ,d Vk uo iz;ksx vadqfjr Hksyfu ra kwedsrqd
nSr jg* oyk dFkk fFkd vk csl pfpZr dFkk lsgksA rsa ckr ,rfg la 'kq: djSr
dFkk ^NfB ijesljh*d iqueZqnz.k ^vkjaHk* if=kdk es d;yfu vk laxfg gjs".k
NhA kwedsrq dsa ^ifrr ikou* izekf.kr djck es ^vxqjoku*d dsanzh; ik=k csl
>kd ,d Vk leh{kk lsgksA gjs".k ,fg dFkk ij foLrkj la ppkZ d;yfuA
lgk;d gksbr vfNA ^vxqjoku* 'kCn eSfFkyh es ^vxq.koku* la mn~Hkwr vfN]
^vkjaHkd* vfxyk vad es ,fg dFkk vk leh{kk dsa dsafnzr d* d* rhu Vk ys[k
vFkkZr~ tdjk es dksuks xq.k uab gksA kwedsrqd vxqjoku lkls nqfu;kd utfj
es egku ikrdh] pksj] cnek'k] mpDdk] fir`fuand lHk vfN] eqnk kwedsrqd
Hkk"kkd fooj.k ikfc d* vks m)`r Hk* tkbr vfN] vksdj m)kj Hk* tkbr vfNA
lektd vkpkj lafgrk es vxqjoku ?kksf"kr O;fDr es ekuoh; ewY; dksu rjgsa
rkdy tk ldSr vfN] rdj izek.k kwedsrqd vfkdka'k dFkk n* ldSr vfNA
vfLrRo vk vfLerkd dksu&dksu ,fg dFkk es kwedsrq Li"V d* nsus NfFkA
laiw.kZ fefFkyk vk eSfFky laLfr ,fg dFkkd iafDr&iafDr es VukVu ckft jgy
vfNA vxqjoku NkSaM+kd LokfHkeku vk fonzksgh rsoj] viax&vikfgt iafMr dYyj
feJ vFkkZr~ vxqjoku NkSaM+kd ckid ftthfo"kk] thgd rqf"V ysy iRuhd tka?k
vnuk iq#[k yx m?kkj gks;ckd izfr mis{kkHkko] vFkkZr~ fefFkykapy tdjk bTtfr
dgSr vfN] cgq&csVhd nsg&;f"V] ls bTtfr uba fFkd] lHk la iS?k bTtfr fFkd
isV] lkls ifjokjd isV Hkj* ysy] ifjokjd L=khd isV vku iq#"k la Hkkjh Hk*
tk;] dksuks fpark ufgA vksNkvksu ij vikfgt tdka iM+y iafMr viu ifjp;kZ
kfj es vleFkZ NfFk] eqnk csfV;ks la NksV o;ld toku iRuh gqudk lax lgokl
ysy uba tkbr tfFku] rdj iq#"kksfpr vgadkj vk vkks'k] iafMrkbud ngdSr
tokuh] xUgkbr nkfjnz~;] lrcsVkd otZuk vk ifr }kjk nsg csfp d* lqHkkstu
tqV;ckd vuqefr] vkRelEeku] lkekftd ekU;rk] O;kogkfjd foo'krk---,fg
leLr tky es vks>jk d* iafMrkbu viL;kar NfFk vk varr% xHkZorh Hk* tkbr
NfFk] Qyr% lrcsVk dksnkfj la dkfV nSr NfuA ekV~lSc] lHk ckr cq>Sr NfFk]
eqnk Fkksl FkkEg yxc* ysy gjne vxqjoku NkM+k dsa ijckskS NfFkA vks NkSaM+k vb
nqfu;k es ek=k ,d xksVsd ckr dsa ekstj nSr vfN] ekV~lScd ckr dsa] eqnk t[ku
ekV~lSc dusdks MaMh& iklax ekj; yxSr uhfro'k NfFk] vks ckr dkfV d* py
tkbr vfNA---bZ dFkkd lkjka'k ufg] tuinh; thoud vfLrRo j{kk vk vfLerkd
fuekZ.k dsj lw{erj xq.klq=k fFkd] tdjk kwedsrq] vb pkfj Vk ik=kd vkJ;
la thoar d;yfu vfNA dksuks ifrr es ikou rRod lekos'k dksuk jgSr vfN]
rdjk rdckd vkaf[k vb dFkk es dFkkdkj nsyfu vfNA vxqjokud pksj&mpDdk
gks;c] yqPpk&cnek'k gks;c ,d Vk lkekftd gjDdfr fFkd] tdjk dFkkdkj
iafMrkbu vk iafMrd nSfgd mnkjrk la tksM+Sr NfFkA vxqjokud 'kCn es ^ekV~lSc]
,djk ysy ge dh us dsyk\ pksj cuyk] thou xkrZ d* ysykA eqnk bZ jafM;k
rS;ks Hkfl xsyA*
dksuks ,dVk dFkk es lektd ,rsd fcanq dsa mBk d* ,rsd NksV dFkk
es lQyrk izkIr d* ysc lkkkj.k ckr uba fFkdA Hkkjrd leLr vkkqfud Hkk"kkd
dFkk forku ysy bZ";kZd ckr Hk* ldSr vfNA
eqnk] bZ VsDLV fFkd lkre n'kdd] vk fefFkykdA vkb] t[ku ge uo
lglzkfCn es izos'k djck ysy mrkgqy Nh vk fefFkykd dksuks xke HkweaMyhdj.kd
fofr la vizHkkfor ufg jfg xsy vfN] r[ku ta ,fg dFkkd ik=k lHkd foospu
d;y tk;r] ra fu"ifk es FkksM+sd varj Hk* ldSr vfNA laHko vfN ts vktqd
fLFkfr es kwedsrq iafMrkbu dsa viu nsg rqf"V ysy mnkj cuk fnrfFku] gqudk
ij lrcsVkd otZuk vFkok iafMrd LokFkZijd izsj.kk ufg jfgr;] iafMrkbu
Lo;a viu nSfgd vko';drk la dksuks iq#"k dsa vaxhdkj dfjrfFk] Hk* ldS,
vks iq#"k gqudj lrcsVs gksbr;] Hk* ldS, r[ku Lo;a ckis&csVk es la?k"kZ gksbr;]
Hk* ldS, ---fdNq Hk* ldS,] fdNq Hk* ldSr Ny---eqnk dksuks xHkZorh L=khd gR;k
ek=k iq#"kd Nn~e izfr"Bk vk Qksafdy ikS#"kd dkj.k ufg gksbr;A
ckr ,guks uba vfN ts kwedsrq rrsd cslh izfrf;koknh vFkok e;kZnkoknh
Nykg ts ,gsu viSr&dqiSr \ ckr lksfp ufg ldSr NykgA ^fcM+jks* dFkk
rdj izek.k fFkdA dFkkd ukf;dkd euksosx dsa fpf=kr djckdky dFkkdkj drsd
rYyhu NfFk] ls dFkkd ijk;.kd ckns fdvks cwf> ldSr NfFkA dSd csj ra ,fg
ukf;dk dsa ikBd ^ikjks* ;k=kh vk ^lqjek lxqu fcpkjS uk* jktdeyd ukf;dk
la vkxw cq>* yxSr NfFkA dksuks Vk L=khRo okyh L=kh vk ikS#"kiw.kZ iq#"kd chp
,dkar efLr"d ,gsu ckr lksp* es fuf'pr :i la ufg kks[kk;rA vkpkj lafgrk
ra lekt dsa f'k"V djck ysy O;fDr }kjk cukvksy tkbr vfN vk lef"V }kjk
kkj.k d;y tkbr vfNA vkxw pfy d* oSg keZ Hk* tkbr vfNA eqnk ,fg
vkkqfud vkfd mkj&vkkqfud ;qx es vkc euq";d efLr"d ij lektd dCtk
ufg vfNA lksp* ysy vks eqDr vfNA rsa ^fcM+jks* dFkkd ukf;dk viu ikS#"k;qDr
Hkkbd lqiq"V vk iqj[kkg nsg nsf[k d* ta eksfgr gksbr NfFk vk vUgkj rFkk xqekj
es lqry&lqry viu Hkkb lax eksus&eksu iz.k;&dYiuk fnl m|r gksbr NfFk]
ra bZ LokHkkfod fFkdA dksugq rjgd {kqkk vk dkeukd vr`fIr vkpkj lafgrkd
fuokZg ufg djSr vfN] de la de fparu es ra ufg,aA bZ fparu Hkus vksdjk
dqafBr d* fnv;] eqnk lksp* ysy ra fdvks ufg,a jksfd ldSr vfNA kwedsrq
vgw dFkk es iFkHkz"V fparu djSr dFkk ukf;dkd euksosx dsa ltho d* nsus NfFkA
bZ dFkk v;uk tdka ukf;dkd ekufld ;k=kk dsa Li"V djSr vfNA
dFkk pkgs ^fVfVEgk* gks fd ^fcykfM+*] ^dqyVk*] ^yNeu* vk fd ^,d
Vk ewY;ghu dFkk* vk fd ^nsg* dksuks gks lHk Bke kwedsrd q oSg ifrr ikou
,VhP;wM ns[kkb iM+Sr vfNA lkls lektd utfj es ts fu"V vfN] rkfg O;fDrd
vb fu"Vrkd vkkkj rRo vksgh lekt dsa ns[kcSr vksdj vlyh :i lks>ka
jkf[k nsrkgA vkc vgha r; d:] ts dqyVk ds vfN] yNeu lu vkfd vxqjoku
lu pksj ds vfN] felst [kUuk fcykfM+ fd,s NfFk] fVfVEgkd HkS;k dksuk cnyykg
vk HkkSthd ekFk dksuk 'kkar Hksyfu] ^lacak&cak* es lacakd dh gky gksbr vfN \
fo"k;d Lrj ij kwedsrqd laiw.kZ ys[ku vR;ar vkkqfud vk fparud Lrj ij
ra cfYd dSd csj viuk le; la vkxw yxSr vfNA eqnk bZ viu dSd Vk jpuk
es viufg f'kYid rqyuk es iNfM+ xsy NfFkA ^vxqjoku*] ^fcM+jks*] ^lacak&cak*]
^fVfVEgk* vk ^NfB ijesljh*d dFkk f'kYi dsa vkn'kZ ekfu d* pyy t;ckd
pkghA ls fgudfg Vk jpuk lalkj ysy ufg] vkuks uo&iqjku jpukdkj ysy ,fg
dFkk lHkd f'kYi vuqdj.kh; vfNA eqnk ^dqyVk* dFkkd dF; trsd 'kkunkj
Nfu] f'kYi rrcs ikjaifjd vk vizHkkohA fdNq dFkk es ra ikBdd izos'k lsgks
FkksM+s dkyd ysy ^gMy jsl* Hk* tkbr vfNA ;|fi Hkk"kk ,dne iksNy&ikNy]
'kCn ,dne la uhiy fpuckj ij ltkvksy Qwy lu] rFkkfi ta nw rhu vorj.k
kfj ikBd dsa dFkk es vkReh; izos'k ufg HksV;] ra rdj ewy dkj.k vksfg dFkk
ij jpukdkjd fo}rkd vke.k Hk* ldSr vfNA efLr"d es fopkjd fcgkfM+]
lHkVk dsa mxfy nsckd NViVkgfV] mxfy ufg ldckd cspSuh vk foo'krk]
fy[ky jpuk dksuks mi;qDr if=kdk dsa iB;ck ysy Mkd O;; kfjd vHkko]
fyf[k d* NksfM+ nsykd i'pkr vksdj vuqi;qDrrkd i'pkrki] ?kj&ifjokjd
[ksok&[kpkZd fpark---,fg leLr fparkd tsy es ts ys[kd ck>y gks] ts ?kj&ifjokj&lekt&
lkfgR; lHk ysy viu nkf;Ro dsa fpUgSr gks rdj cspuS hd dYiuk djck ;ksX;
ufg Hk* ldSr vfNA kwedsrq vgw cspSuh es fdNq fyf[k ldykg] ra rdj eq[;
dkj.k HkksykukFk >k es izfo"V ,d Vk egku ys[kd kwedsrqd izfrHks fFkdA
vks>jkgfVd bZ tky vk nkf;Ro ckskd bZ mRd"kZ dksuks O;fDr dsa dU;wTM
djck ysy] fdadkZO;foew<+ djck ysy i;kZIr gksbr vfNA eqnk kwedsrq dfg;ks
viu dFkkuk;ds lHk tdka dU;wTM ufg HksykgA ga] fgud fHkUu&fHkUu dFkkd
uk;dd pfj=kkadu la ,rck cq>kbr vfN ts viuk thoud dksuks Msx mB;ck
es lHk fnu lery ufg jgykgA bZ vdkj.k ufg vfN] ts dksugqa dFkkd fgudj
uk;d&ukf;dk xkakhoknh cfu tkbr vfN] drgq k;Moknh] fd;ks Hkksxoknh] fd;ks
izfrf;koknh] fd;ks 'kksf"kr] fd;ks ijkftr] fd;ks i'pkrki dj; yxSr vfN]
fd;ks ,e-,y-oknh vkfn cfu tkbr vfNA eqnk ,rck r; vfN] ts bZ leLr
ik=k gejk lekts la ysy xsy vfN vk ,djk lHk dsa kwedsrq thou nSr dky
,dne bZekunkj vk rVLFk jgykg vfNA tkfg O;fDr dsa LFkku&dky&thou ,rs
rjgd rckgh nsus gks] frudj thou es ,drkurk dksuk vkvksr \ viu laiw.kZ
ys[ku es eqby&VqVy yksd ysy viu lgkuqHkwfr bZ cpk j[kyfuA
^NfB ijesljh* dFkk ^vxqjoku* lu izfl) Hkus ufg Hksy gks] eqnk ppkZ
,fg ij vksdjk la cslh vo'; Hksy vfNA keZ] ftthfo"kk] dwVuhfr vkfn drksd
n`f"V,a vb dFkk ij fopkj d;y xsy vfNA ,d Vk fo}ku dsa iwNy xsyfu
ts vgkad lHk la iS?k leL;k dh fFkd\ vks tokc nsyf[ku L=kh vk bZ'ojA
,gw dFkkd lHk la iS?k leL;k ;Sg nquw vfNA /;krO; fFkd ts ,r; ^L=kh* dsa
leL;k ufg dgy xsy vfN] ^bZ'ojks* dsa ufgA cfYd leLr leL;kd dkj.kA
^L=kh* ;k ra csVh gksbr vfN ;k ekb] cfgu] iRuh] nknh] lkfj] lklq vkfnA vFkkZr~
L=kh bTtfr gksbr vfNA bTtfr eryc ku] oSHko] le`f)] izes ] izfr"Bk] ,s'o;Z-
--A ddjks bTtfr ij dCtk d* fyv*] lHk fdNq ij dCtk Hk* xsyA vk vf'kf{krk
ij dCtk djc vklku vfN] rsa L=kh dsa vf'kf{kr jk[kwA vf'kf{kr L=kh ij keZd
vkJ; la dCtk djc lHk la vklku vfNA orZeku le; es jkekuan lkxj
vk ch-vkj- pksiM+k Nki lhfj;y MkbjsDVjd ckf<+ vlgt ufg vfNA ^NfB
ijesljh* vgh foe'kZd mnkgj.k fFkdA vb dFkk es keZHkh# fefFkyk vk volj
v;yk ij HkfDr vk fu"Bkd lax ywi&ykbu fudkyc] ckbikl rkfd ysck es
n{k eSfFkyd izo`fk dsa izrhdkRed :i es fpf=kr d;y xsy vfNA eqnk ,fg
dFkkd cqukofV] ,dj f'kYi trsd etxqr vfN] rrsd 'kkunkj ,dj fo"k;s ufg
vfNA nksdku la ?kqjy xksihukFkd trsd lekkuy fp=k.k ,fg dFkk es d;y
xsy vfN] vksdj leL;s rrsd egRoiw.kZ ufg vfNA keZ vk iwtk fefFkykd
lHk la iS?k ladV vo'; fFkdA ,fg uke ij vikj viO;; fefFkyk es gksbr
vfNA eqnk iwtk&ikB vk ikofu& frgkjd y?kqke mik; lsgks izpfyr NSdA ga]
tksr[kh thd frdM+e vk uhp gjDdfr rFkk xksihukFk nquw csdrhd n; ifjorZu]
bZ'oj ij n;k dj* ysy ikBd dsa vo'; foo'k djSr vfNA bZ dFkk xksihukFkd
vHkkod dFkk ufg fFkd vk ,fg dFkkd vuqlkj fefFkyk keZHkh# ufg vfN]
keZHkh#rkd ukVd djS, bZ nquw ckr izekf.kr vfNA fefFkyk es ^NfB ijesljh*
dsa cM+ VksVekg nsork ekuy tkbr jgy vfNA eqnk rkfg nsork dsa p<+kvksy
dsjk] ikap ikb izfr fNEefM+ deh'ku ij cspfugkj ckys] xksihukFkd HkfDr la
pkSy d;fugkj tksr[kh vk egktu rFkk ikbd dkj.ksa viu dcqyk cnyfugkj
xksihukFk ,fg ckrd mnkgj.k fFkd] ts keZ ,dVk ukVd fFkd] tdj laokn
lqfokkuqlkj yksd d[kugqa cnfy ldS,A bZ dFkk fefFkyk es fgySr kkfeZd vkLFkkd
dFkk fFkdA vksuk gjs".k >k] eksgu Hkkj}kt vk v'kksd ,fg ij I;kZIr fparu
d* pqdykg vfNA
,dVk ckr kwedsrqd jpuk ij fopkj djSr vyx la dgckd fFkd] ts
vFkZra=kd O;wg vk ;kSu fyIlkd vkfx fgudj dFkk lHk es fu.kkZ;d fLFkfr
es jgSr vk;y vfNA ;Sg nquw rRo fgudj jpuk&lalkjd ukxj&ukxfj dsa lapkfyr
djSr vfN] vksdjk kkfeZd] vkkfeZd] ikih] iq.;kRek] pfj=kghu vk pfj=koku
cucSr vfNA ,djfg dkj.k fdvks pksj cuSr vfN vk fdvks fNukfj vFkok
fNukjA vFkkZr~ vkkqfud le;d lw{e fparukkjk kwedsrqd dsanzh; fo"k; jgy
vfNA dfork es lsgks kwedsrqd utfj viuk lektd folaxfr ij Nfu] eqnk
vfHkO;fDrd rjhdk nkslj NfuA ;|fi dfork des izdkf'kr NfuA rFkkfi ts
Nfu rkfg es ikSjkf.kd fcac vk feFkdh; izrhdd lax lektd ttZj fLFkfr
dsa fpf=kr d;us NfFkA ;kSukpkj vk vkfFkZd vjktdrkd ikSjkf.kd :f<+d lax
^eqfDr*] ^lk;qT;*] ^lekfkLFk* vkfn dfork es O;Dr fp=k pfdr djSr vfNA
tr; O;kld ysy kwedsrq dgSr NfFk%
tUes gqud cksk fFkdfu
tUe ySr nsjh Hk* tkbr NfFk
ghupsrk ekalHk{kh ikjk'kj fx)d lekt la ckgj
vksuk oh;Z&nkud egRo vks cq>Sr NfFkuA
vksr* gqudk Bhds cq>;yfu ts% vfHkeU;qd,dkyki
pkySu ysus viL;kar Nh
eqnk vkc bZ vkfx fe>k,r\
tj, fnvkSd vkc vb ctkj es
t[ku&t[ku f'k"V tud dkO; iafMr yksdfu }kjk cUgk d, fu'ps"V vk ladqfpr
dhuS tksdjd phts uS NSdA
Hk* tk,r r[ku&r[ku vksdjk ltho vk psru izlkj ns'kd lkekU; turkd
vk rsa fcuk fdNq fduus kwedsrq py xsykg] eqnk cgqr fdNq n* xsykgA cgqr
chp LoPNan :i la cgSr izkfrd Hkkokkjk la thourRo xzg.k d,yk la izkIr
jkl btksr] cgqr jkl ckV] cgqr jkl vkaf[k---A iz;kstu vfN ts ge lHk ,fg
gks,r ,gsu ekU;rk vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDyd NfuA vb ^lkekU; turk* 'kCn
ctkj dsa cnfy nhA
ij tksj nSr dsnkjukFk flag ekuSr NfFk ts eqnz.k dykd fodkld QyLo:i
dkO;d izR;{k Jksrk ijks{k ikBd es cnfy xsy Ny vk dfork viu vuqHkwfr
,oa vfHkO;fDr izk.kkyh] nquw es fo'ks"khdj.k fn'k c<+y tk jgy Ny] vkpk;Z
'kqDy }kjk dforkd fodkld lanHkZ es ^lkekU; turk* 'kCnd iz;ksx vk vksdj
LoPNan cgSr Hkkokkjk la thourRo xzg.k djckd ckr egRoiw.kZ fFkdA vkpk;Z
'kqDy dsj ,fg ekU;rk la vtqdks uo jpukdkj dksuks us dksuks :i es viuk
dsa lac) eglwl d* ldSr vfNA
orZeku 'krkCnhd lkre n'kd /kfj ^fp=kk*] ^Lojxa/kk*] ^vkReusin*]
^fn'kkarj*] ^dkyofu*] ^varr%*] ^lhekar*] ^ge ,d feF;k ifjp;* vkfn egRoiw.kZ
dfork ladyud izdk'ku Hk* xsy NyA fgUnh lkfgR;d ifjn`'; ij ppkZ djck
dky ukeoj flag vk fo'oukFk f=kikBh vb ckr ij lger gksbr NfFk ts 1964
es usg: ;qxd var HksyA Hkkjr&phu lhek la?k"kZ vksfg le;d vR;ar egku
?kVuk NyA fdNq xksV, usg:d e`R;qd dkj.k ,djfg ekuyfuA vgh le; es
eksgHkaxd fLFkfr mRiUu HksyA lhek la?k"kZd i'pkr~ Hkkjrd dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ifgus
nw Hkkx es caVy] Qsj rhu Hkkx HksyA dE;qfuLV ikVhZ la vyx Hksy ,d va'k
vkxw vkfc d, gR;kd jktuhfr pyvksyd] tdjk uDly foIyod :i es Lej.k
d,y tkbr vfNA vgh varjky es ikfdLrkud lax Hkkjrd ;q) HksyA jktuhfr
es xSj&dkaxzsloknd gok pyyA lkk es dkaxzsld ,dkfkdkj lekIr HksyA vusd
izkar es vYidkfyd lafon ljdkj cuyA ,d vFks bZ jktuhfrd vfLFkjrkd
;qx NyA vb okrkoj.k la lkfgR;d vizHkkfor jgc vlaHko NyA
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es lsgks fgUnhd vis{kk dksuks ifjfLFkfrtU; Hksn ufg NyA
vusd dkj.k la leL;kd Qyd vk fo"k; oLrq foLr`r Hk* pqdy NyA furkar
ikfjokfjd fLFfr] vkapfyd lekt] futh vk ek=k {ks=kh; laLfr] jgu&lgu]
jhfr&jsokt vkfn la cf<+ d, jpukdkjd n`f"V fo'o ?kVuk&p fn'k cf<+ pqdy
NyA ^fp=kk* vk ^Lojxakk*d izdk'ku ,dVk uo ckV iz'kLr d* pqdy NyA
rsa mi;qZDr leLr fLFkfr eSfFkyh lkfgR;d ysy lsgks cgqr xaHkhj :i la izHkkoh
HksyA vb varjkyd lkfgR; es ts vusd rjgd udkjoknh rFkk mPNa[ky izo`fk
ns[kkbN vksdj ksr fuf'pr :i la drgq&us&drgq vb jktuhfrd okrkoj.kks
es vfNA ;k=kh] jktdey] fdlqu] lksenso] ek;kuUn] khjsUnz] xqatu] kwedsrq]
dqykuUn] js.kq] thodkar] egkizdk'k izHk`frd dfork es vb jktuhfrd gM+dai]
lkekftd [kafMr vkLFkk] ekuoh; voewY;u] lkewfgd vlarks"k vkfn Li"V :isa
ifjyf{kr gksbr vfNA vb rF; la izk;% fdvks vlger ufg gsrkg ts vb
lHk ifjfLFkfr la lkfgR;d Hkk"kk es vikj ifjokZu HksyA ,rcs ufg] Hkk"kk /
kfj cksy&pkyd Hkk"kk Hk* xsy] iafMrkm ufg jgy] cfYd Hkk"kk es ,dVk [kkl
izdkjd [kkSa>] pksV] izgkj vkfn vkfc xsyA vksuk vb lHkd chtkjksi.k ;k=kh
ifgufg d* pqdy Nykg ^vxjkgh ykxm] c# ctz [klm---*A
eSfFkyh lkfgR; es [kkaVh jktuhfr fdNq misf{kr Hk* xsy Ny] rdj
xaHkhjrkiwoZd iquizZos'kd dky lsgks b,g fFkdA
fgUnh dfork ij ppkZ djSr ukeoj flagd dgc Nfu] ^vb chp ,dVk
xi bgks Hksy ts dforkd nqfu;k es iz;ksxokn] izxfrokn] u;h dfork] vdfork
vkfnd lhek&ljgn ,dne VwfV xsy vk vb izdkjd leLr yscqy fujFkZd lkfcr
HksyA ifj.kke bZ Hksy ts vktqd dfork ij dksuks yscy q lkVc laHko uba vfN us
fopkjkkjkd] us dkO;&f'kYidA* eSfFkyhd lanHkZ es ;qok vk ;qorj dfox.k es
vb ckrd mnkgj.k rkdy tk, ykx, ra dg, iM+r ts fdNq dfod dkS'ky
es pfdr dj* oyk laHkkouk fo|eku vfNA mnkgj.kd ysy ^ledkyhu Hkkjrh;
lkfgR;*d 48e vad es vk,y eSfFkyh dfork ij jk"Vh; Lrjd fVIi.kh mYys[kuh;
vfNA eSfFkyhd vb uO;re ih<+h dsa ta lekt la vuqHkwfrd volj] futh izfrHkk
la thoun`f"V fodflr djckd vkkkj HksVySd vfN] ra vb es dksuks Vk }Sk
ufg] ts vb ih<+h dsa viu vxztd jpuk'khyrk la cgqrjkl lks>jkvksy ckV
lsgks HksVySd vfNA gjs".k] fo;ksxh] ukjk;.kth] lkjax dqekj] fo|kuUn] ".k
eksgu >k izHk`fr dsj dfork es pfdr dj*oyk ,gus rRo HksVSr vfNA
lkekU; turkd chp LoPNan cgSr izkfrd Hkkokkjk lkfgR;d ysy cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gksbr vfNA izk;% lHk lkfgR;d lHk ih<+hd lax b,g fLFkfr gksbr
vfNA dhfrZukjk;.k feJ tUe 17&7&1936 eSfFkyh lkfgR; es csl izfrf"Br
uke vfNA bZ izk;% dfors Vk fy[kyfuA 1967 bZ- es ^lhekar* dkO; ladyu
izdkf'kr HksyfuA ^oLr gksbr 'kkafrLrwi*d vkPNkni i`"B ij fy[ky xsy vfN]
^l`f"V la iwoZ fooal djc dhfkZukjk;.k feJd lkekftd jktuhfrd psrukd
laxfg dkO;&psrukd vfHkUu vax cfu xsy vfNA ^lhekar* la ^oLr gksbr
'kkafr Lrwi* rdd dkO;&;k=kk csj&csj dfo }kjk viu dforkd izfreku dsa rksM+Sr
vk ltZukd ysy mikns; dkO;&rRod vUos"k.kd ;k=kk fFkdA vksfg ra=k vk ea=kd
fu"ksk fFkd fgudj dfork] ts ekuo dsa ukxQkal es fujarj cUgSr vfN vk
varr% viu pkdj vk pkVqdkj cuk ySr vfNA* lektd lokZfkd laosnu'khy
izk.kh dfo gksbr vfNA Lora=krk iwoZd fLFkfr lkekU; tuthou es ,dVk LofIuy
okrkoj.kd ykylk Hkfj nsus Ny ts Lokra=;kskj dky es ufg HksyA vusd o"kZ
kfj Lora=k Hkkjrd ukxfjd Hk*vks d, Hkkjrh; euq"; viuk dsa Hkkjrh; vR;kpkjhd
[ksykSuk cw>Sr jgyA lkfBd n'kdd vkxw&ikNw vkvksjks vusd lkekftd jktuhfrd
mFky&iqFky Hksy vk tuekul ij ,dj fuLlu pksV iM+yA vusd rjgd
uhd&cstk; vfHkkkj.kkd tUe HksyA vb leLr ifjfLFkfr la dfo dsa lk{kkRdkj
HksyfuA LokHkkfod :i la l`tukehZ yksdfu {kqCk] O;fFkr vk grizHk HksykgA
eksu es vkks'k mByfu] fonzksgh HksykgA vHkko] voljokfnrk] pkVqdkfjrk vkfn
nSfud tu&thoud vko';d vax Hk* xsy] tdjk cnkZ'r djc dfod ysy laHko
ufg jgyA vk rsa eksg Hkaxd fLFkfr es leLr fu"kskkRed ckUg&NkUg dsa rksfM+&rkfM+
d, dfo yksdfu fonzksgh Hk* xsykgA vb rwjd dfo yksdfud ppkZ djSr jke".k
>k ^fdlqu* fy[kSr NfFk] ^lkfgR;d eSnku es ts cgqr fnu la 'kkfe;kuk rkuy
vfN] rdj vkc Mksj lc lfM+ xsy vfN] ?kquyXxw Hk* xsy vfN] vksfg es ykxy
>kM+&Quwl lc >fj&>[kfj xsy vfNA ta ,[kuks fdNq O;fDr vksfg fpjh&fpkh
Hksy 'kkfe;kuk dsa cM+s ;Ru la lhckd] psQM+h ij psQM+h yx,ckd vlQy iz;kl
es O;Lr NfFk ra uodfo yksdfu dsa ,gsu egkuqHkko ij n;k gksbr NfuA*
vb ifjfLFkfr es uodfo yksdfu ek=k n;k Vk d* d, ufg jfg xsykgA
viu Hkksxy ;FkkFkZd vuqHkwfr dsa uohu 'kCnkoyh vk uwru vFkZokk lax izLrqr
dj* yxykgA LokHkkfod Ny ts ikjaifjd fopkjd yksd pkSadykgA dyg xsy
vfN ts dhfrZukjk;.kd ^lhekar* d ek;es eSfFkyh es ifgys&ifgy vdforkd
ppkZ HksyA dfork lquckd vFkok i<+ckd vH;Lr ikBdd pkSadc vLokHkkfod
ufg NyA eqnk ikBdd pkSadc dhfkZukjk;.kd dkO; l`tu es dksuks O;fre
mifLFkr ufg d* ldyA dkj.k Li"V vfN ts vb ih<+h dsa eksgHkaxd ijkdk"Bk
la lk{kkRdkj Hk* xsy NyA nkslj ckr ts lkfB la iwoZfg ^Lojxakk* izdkf'kr
Hk* d, fojkskd vfkdka'k vUgj&fcgkfM+ >sfy pqdy NyA vk dhfkZukjk;.k
viu fopkjkkjk] viu thoun`f"V ,oa viu thoukuqHkwfrd lax dkO;&l`tu
djSr jgykgA
lkfgR;d lekt'kkL=kh; fpard eSustj ikaMs;d dgc Nfu] ^dfork es
thou&txrd ;FkkFkZ vk vuqHkod vfHkO;fDr dsoy izkfrfufkd :ifg Vk es
ufg gksbr vfN] izrhdkRedks <ax la gksbr vfNA lR; ra bZ vfN ts miU;kl
es izkfrfufkd i)frd izkkurk HksVSr vfN rsa dfork es O;atukd i)fr izk;%
izrhdkReds cslh gksbr vfNA dfork es ;FkkFkZ vk vuqHkod lk{kkr~ vfHkO;fDr
ufg gksbr vfNA vksfg es iqujZfpr ;FkkFkZ vk vuqHkod vfHkO;fDr gksbr vfN]
rsa dfork ;FkkFkZ] thoud ;FkkFkZ la fHkUu gksbr vfN] d[kugqa vksfg la fdNq
cslh d[kugqa vksfg la fdNq deA* izk;% b,g dkj.k fFkd ts dforkd lekt'kkL=kh;
rarq lekt'kkL=kh yksdfud idM+ es ufg vcSr NfuA
,fg lHk fcanq dsa ;ku es j[kSr dfork es pk:Hkj iljy foMacuk Li"V
gksbr vfN vk dfod mij iM+Sr vfrfjDr nckod Lrj r; gksbr vfNA ,fg
rjgsa ifjos'k es O;kIr for vk ?k`.kkLin fLFkfr ns[kckd vk lgckd] vb fLFkfr
es thcSr tu&leqnk;d fu'ps"Vrk vk viu vfLerkd izfr mis{kk Hkko vuqHko
djckd rFkk vU; of.kZr tfVyrk vkfn leLr ihM+k dsa HkksxSr dfod vkSukgfVd
dYiuk d,y tk ldSr vfNA
,guk fLFkfr es ta dhfkZukjk;.k l`tu la ifgus fooald fLFkfr eksu
es j[kSr NfFk vk fgudj dfork rkfg fn'kkd ckr djSr vfN] ra bZ dksuks vk;kfrr
izlax ufg fFkdA ^lhekar* 1967] ^ge Lrou ufg fy[kc* 1979 vk ^oLr cgqrjkl dfork f'kYid Lrj ij vk ,d lhek kfj oLrqfu"Brkd Lrj ij lsgks
gksbr 'kkfUr Lrwi* 1991 viu rhuw dkO; ladyu es dfo fujarj viu
thou&n`f"V la lekt vk O;oLFkkd tkap&iM+rky djSr jgykg vfNA tsuk fd
dfo Lo;a dgSr NfFk] ^ijaijkd v;;u Kku dsa le`) djSr NSd] eqnk ijaijkd
izfr fo'ks"k O;keksg la dYiuk'khyrk ,oa jpuk 'kfDrd kl gksbr NSdA rsa ijaijk
dsj vksrc; va'k gejk Lohdkj vfN] ts furkar thoar ,oa vfuok;Z gks 'ks"k
gejk ysy egRoghu] O;FkZ ! ijaijk la fonzksg ,oa vksdj vLohfr gejk ysy
QS'ku ufgA* ijaijkd izfr ifj"dkjoknh bZ n`f"Vdks.k dhfkZukjk;.kd dfork la
dusd vkvksj Li"V gksbr vfNA fgudj dfork es ijaijkd ppkZ fdNq rsgsu
[kkSa> vk O;aX;ksfDr lax gksbr vfN ts lkQ&lkQ Li"V Hk* tkbr vfN ts dfo
dsa dksuks le; es ijaijk vk ikjaifjd ekU;rk ij vfrfjDr vkLFkk Nyfu] vksfg
la cgqr cslh vis{kk Nyfu] eqnk ls Qfyr ufg Hk* jgy vfNA tsuk fd iwoZfg
dgy tk pqdy vfN] dksuks egku 'kfDr vFkok ekU;rk vFkok vokkj.kk la
tgu vkLFkk VqVSr vfN] ra vkRecksk vk eksgHkax gksbr vfN rFkk vksfg leLr
ekU;rk la fu"kskkRed #[k rRdky 'kq#g gksbr vfNA lkre n'kd eSfFkyh
lkfgR;d ysy vgw dkj.ksa cslh egRoiw.kZ vfNA t[ku leLr jk"Vh;] varjkZ"Vh;]
jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky] lhek&la?k"kZ ?kVukfnd fLFkfr ra NySds( mij la ,fg leLr
fLFkfrd izHkko la fefFkykapyd yksd] yksd&laLfr vk yksd&ekU;rk mi;qZDr
gypyd izHkko la ,dVk fofp=k lu dkWdVsy cu, ykxy NyA dhfkZukjk;.kd
dkO; l`tu vgh fLFkfr es izkjaHk HksyA
lu~ 1967 es vdforkoknd LFkkiuk Hksy vk fo'ys"k.k d,fugkj lHk
1979 vcSr&vcSr uodforkd xq.kxku dj, yxykg vk uodfork kfj v,ckd
,dVk dM+hd :i es vdfork dsa LohdkjyfuA ,fg rjgsa eSfFkyh dfork es uo
f{kfrtd fuekZ.k izf;k ysy vxzlj gksbr dfod vfHkf;k bZ ekuy tk ldSr
vfNA
jpukdkjd nkf;Ro dsa js[kkafdr djSr dhfkZukjk;.k dgSr NfFk] ^tkfg
O;oLFkk es ge thfc jgy Nh] vks voewY;u] dqaBk] dkiq#"krk] la=kkl vk vkks'kd
tUe n* ldSr vfNA ;fn ge vksdjk Lohdkj ufg djSr Nh ra ge viu le;d
lax] viu ifjos'kd lax] viu fLFkfrd lax bekunkj ufg NhA*
dhfkZukjk;.kd dforkd ijh{k.k vgh ifjfLFkfr lHkd vkyksd es vk dfod
thou&n`f"Vd ifjizs{; es djSr bZ r; gksbr vfN ts dfo dsa ikjaifjd ik[kaM]
O;oLFkkd fonzwirk] jktuhfrd dyq"krk vk lekt es leL;k mRiUu dj*okyh
lkkd for Lo:i O;fFkr djSr jgSr NfuA ^oLr gksbr 'kkafr Lrwi* laxzgd
fdNq dfork dhfrZukjk;.kd vgh rh{.k O;Fkkd izfrQyu fFkdA vb laxzgd
dfod dn dsa NksV djSr vfNA dfod vokkj.kk dsa vk dfod vuqHkwfr dsa
izHkkokRed vfHkO;fDr nsck es f'kYid Lrj ij fdNq dfork viu ;s; kfj
ufg igqapcSr vfNA nkslj fnl fcac ;kstuk vk izrhd p;u es fdNq dfork
<hy Hk* xsy vfNA [kkl d* d, jktuhfrijd dfork es t[ku dfo viu
fu"kskkRed ,VhP;wM mifLFkr djSr NfFk ra vksr, izrhd vk fcac txexk ufg
icSr vfNA dfo vksr, ikjaifjd vyadkj ;kstuk la dkt fudkySr NfFk] ts
dforkd izHkkoksRikndrk dsa de djSr vfN vk ,d lhek kfj vksdj kkj dqan
djSr vfNA
dhfkZukjk;.k LohdkjSr NfFk ts gqudj ckY;dky ;k ;qokoLFkk nquw ^jsr*
d lfUu; es fcryfu vfN vk rsa gqudj jpuk&izf;k jsr ij gLrk{kj djc
fFkdA bZ LohdkjksfDr tkfg dksuks kukRed vfHkks;kRedrk dsa |ksfrr djSr gks]
eqnk gejk tuSr ta bZ lR;] ra dfo Lo;a viu ekU;rk viu vfHkf;k es
}Sk mifLFkr djSr NfFkA dkj.k] dhfrZukjk;.k Lo;a thoud tfVyre ;FkkFkZ
la lk{kkRdkj djSr vke turkd vkaf[k es vaxqjh d* d, vksdj ifjp; fnv,ck
es rRij jgykg vfN] ts gqudj dfork la lsgks Li"V gksbr vfNA gYyqd ckV
viu,ckd vk vLFkk;h izHkko NksM+ckd mie dhfkZukjk;.k dfgvks ufg
d,yfuA r[ku fgudj vaxqjh ckyq ta jsrd vFkZ ckyq fFkd ra lu gYyqd
lrg ij gLrk{kj dksuk djr vk ckyq ijd gLrk{kj lu vLFkk;h dkt dksuk
djr \ ts&ls---
dhfkZukjk;.kd dfork es izk;% lacakd voewY;u] fofr vk ,d lhek
kfj gR;kd Lo:i mifLFkr gksbr jgSr vfNA viu drsdks dfork dfo okkkZyki
'kSyh es izkjaHk djSr NfFk vk lacksfkr O;fDrd lax lacakd varjaxrk ij vaxqjh
mBcSr vksdj for Lo:i dsa Vkafx nSr NfFkA ^oLr gksbr 'kkfUr Lrwi*]
^;kruk&f'kfoj*] ^dh vgha Nygqa*] ^fdlqu th*] ^tknwd [ksy*] vkfn dfork fgudj
vgh mied mnkgj.k fFkdA ^iatkcd fph*] ^tkxy vfN*] ^fdlqu th*]
^bgkxPN bgfr"B* vkfn dfork es f'kYi vk izLrqfrd vkuks vku miknku es
dfo ij egkdfo ;k=khd izHkko Li"V ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
^iatkcd fph*] ^tkxy vfN*] ^dh vgha Nygqa*] ^dkSvk&1*] ^dkSvk&2* vkfn
dSd Vk dfork es dfod xgu thoukuqHkwfrd ifjp; HksVSr vfNA vksuk ra
vkkqfud lkfgfR;d ewy Loj lexzrk la O;oLFkkd fojksk] izpfyr ekU;rkd
fu"ksk lSg fFkdA bZ O;oLFkk jk"Vh;] varjkZ"Vh;] izkarh;] xzkeh.k] lkekftd]
ikfjokfjd] oS;fDrd] jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vk varr% vb leLr dkj.k la
euksoSKkfud fLFkfr la lac) jgSr vfNA eqnk dhfkZukjk;.k t[ku jktuhfrd
gej eryc vfN [kkaVh jktuhfrd fo"k; dsa NwcSr NfFk ra vksdjk vks mi;qDr
kkj ufg n* icSr NfFkA eqnk lektd O;oLFkk vk iz'kklfud nkuork la mn~Hkwr
lkekU; tuthoud tfVyre ckV dsa dfo NwcSr NfFk ra vks pefd mBSr vfNA
^iatkcd fph* dfod ,gsu dfork fFkd tdjk vusd lanHkZd n`"Vkar Lo:i
izLrqr d,y tk ldSr vfNA ^fe=kd i=k* ;|fi viu laiw.kZ ihM+k ufg ofur
d* ldy eqnk ,dj vykok vkuks cgqr ,gsu dfork vfN] ts dfod ekufld
m}sx dsa Li"V djSr vfNA r; ckr vfN ts vktqd foMacuk&p] foKkud
ukbVkstu&p vFkok egkHkkjrd O;wgp la cslh vHks| vfNA vb pd lw=k ekfV&ikfu la vyx jgckd ihM+k dksu rjgsa dfo dsa efFk jgy Nfu] viuk
dsa rksM+c ,rsd dfBu vfN] ts viu leLr l*[k&euksjFk] lsgark] ekU;rk]
fopkjkkjk dsa rk[k ij jkf[k ySr vfN( viu thou] viu vax&izR;ax] ,rs kfj
ts thckd egRoiw.kZ gfFk;kj vkaf[k] gkFk] iSj] LokLF; vkfn la [ksykSM+ d* ySr
vfN( gkFk&iSj dVk ySr vfN] thck ysy lHk fdNq d* ySr vfN] eksu ekfj
ySr vfNA vb ifjfLFkfr es dhfkZukjk;.kd dfork ,d Msx vkxwd ckr dgSr
vfNA ^iatkcd fph*d i=k ys[kd dsa ,rsd Hksykd i'pkrgq ,djk miyfCk
ekuSr vfN] ts vksdj vkaf[k Qwft xsySd vk vkc vks nqfu;k dsa uo vkaf[k,a
nsf[k ldr] uo O;oLFkk vkfu ldrA tsuk fd dhfkZukjk;.k fy[kSr NfFk fy[k*
ysy ftvc] ftv*d ysy jksVh] jksVhd ysy pkdjh] pkdjh es cuy jg*d ysy
pkSchlks ?kaVkd nkf;Ro&ogu vk nkf;Ro&ogud ysy izcakdd :i es vks lHk
dkt djc vFkok djk,c vFkok vksdj l=k&lapkyu&funs'ku djc tdj ge
n; la fojkskh Nh] ts gej fl)kard foijhr vfN bZ pkdkj foMacuk gej
ys[ku dsa xhfM+ jgy vfN vk ge viufg vkaf[k la viu uk'k&yhyk nsf[k jgy
NhA
bZ vkRedFkkRed fVIi.kh dfod ekufld [kSapkrkuh vk vkSukgfV dsa dksu
izosx nsus vfN] rdj dYiuk d,y tk ldSr vfNA dgc vklku vfN ts
euq"; dsa fojksk djckd pkghA eqnk gejk tuSr vkthfodkd mis{kk d* d,
dfork fy[k* es ykfx tk,c vksgus kafr gks,r tsuk fcuk vkfxd e'kky yslc
gksbr vfNA vb rjgd izf;k viuk,c leqnz es lykb la vkfx yxk,c gks,rA
thfodksiktZud mis{kk] ifjokjd mis{kk djc gksbr vfN] bZ vdkV~; lR; fFkdA
vk ts O;fDr ikfjokfjd ufg gksv, vksdj lkekftd O;fDr g,ckd izo`fk
ij uhd tdka lansg d,y tk ldSr vfNA dhfkZukjk;.k vb ifjfLFkfrd pjeksRd"kZ
la ifjfpr NfFk] viu oDrO;ks es vk dforks esA dfod mDr LohdkjksfDr;fgd
n`"Vkar fFkd ^iatkcd fph* vk ^fe=kd i=k*A ,gsu fodV pkdkj foMacuk
es vFkok O;wg es t[ku O;fDr dsa fugRFk d* d, NksfM+ nsy tk,] ra vksdj
leLr vkks'k vk fonzksg ,dkyki es cnfy tkbr vfNA vb ifjfLFkfr dsa
HkksxSr vktqd leLr izk.kh ^vfHkeU;q* fFkdA dhfkZukjk;.kd dfork vktqd
vfHkeU;qd ,dkyki fFkdA vksfg vfHkeU;qd ,dkyki ts [kSad Hkfj lkal kfj
yM+Sr jgy eqnk vksdj varl~ dsj vkfx ufg fe>sySA ijkt;d leLr miknkud
laHkkoukd vNbrks dhfkZukjk;.k vk dhfkZukjk;.kd dkO;iq#"k ijkLr ufg gksbr
vfNA foKku] ;q)] fooald ;a=k] 'kL=kkL=k vkfn la mRiUu foHkhf"kdk] jktusrkd
?kfj;kyh uksj vk gkL;kLin oDrO; ,oa f;k( fefFkykapyd LFkkuh; leL;k
vkfn dfod dfork es izeq[krk la jgSr vfNA thfodksiktZud foo'krk es viu
vapy es viu lkaLfrd Fkkrh] ekU;rk] yksdkpkj vkfnd lax gksbr ;qxhu
vfre.k dksu rjgsa dfo dsa O;xz vk m}sfyr d,us Nfu] bZ fLFkfr ^Hkk"kkuqjkx*]
^fdlqu th*] ^iatkcd fph*] ^pUnzHkkxk vk fefFkyk*] ^fe=kd i=k* vkfn dfork
es ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
lkjka'kr% dhfkZukjk;.kd dkO; lalkj ftthfo"kkd miknku ij fo'o Hkfj
es ilkjy vHks| tky es ck>y vfHkeU;qd ,dkyki fFkd] ts viu vafre
lkal kfj viu tks'k dsa vur j[kSr vfNA

i{kh vk fitjkd la?k"kZd dfork

^ifjos'k es] ,dVk f'kdatk es dly euqD[k] thckd ysy vk eqfDrd ysy NViVkbr
euqD[k] t[ku viu lkFkZdrk rdSr ,dVk v;uk dsa VdVdh yxk d* fugkjSr
vfN vk vksfg :i dsa LQqV&vLQqV :i es cUgckd ps"Vk djSr vfN] ls fFkd
dforkA* thodkard dfork ij xi djck dky gqudj vb oDrO; dsa ;ku
es jk[kc mfpr gks,rA eSfFkyh es 1964 bZ- la thodkard ys[kud vkjaHk Hksy
vfNA ;|fi fgUnh es 1953 la fy[kSr NykgA fgUnh es ^rhljk lIrd* d
izdk'ku 1959 es Hk* pqdy Ny] t[ku iz;ksxkehZ yksdfud oDrO; lanHkZ gksv,
ykxy NyA 1943 es ftudj ,izksp es laHkkouk rkdy tkbr Ny] ls nw n'kdd
mijkar miyfCk lkfcr gksv* yxykgA eSfFkyh dfork eucksk] pUnk >k vk
Hkqous'oj flag ^Hkqou*d l`tukfeZrk la vkxw cf<+d, ;k=kh] jktdeyd ys[kuhd
laLi'kZ ikfc pqdy NyA ^fp=kk* vk ^Lojxakk*d izdk'ku ijorhZ eSfFkyh dfo
dsa csl lu vonku n* pqdy NyA viu dkO; l`tu izkjaHk djck la iwoZ bZ
leLr miyfCk thodkard lks>ka es NyfuA eqnk laxfg bZgks Ny ts fgudj
leo;Ld vusd dfo yksdfu LFkkfir Hk* pqdy NykgA ,guk fLFkfr es eSfFkyh
dkO; ys[ku es thodkard vorj.k [kwc idBksl mez es Hksyfu vfNA dforkd
vfrfjDr thodkar dFkk] miU;kl vk lekykspuk lsgks fy[kus NfFk] fy[kSr NfFk(
eqnk ^eSfFkyhd uo dfork* ladyu es fgudk ewyr% dfo ekuy xsy vfNA
okLrfodrk bZ vfN ts l`tukRed ys[kud vfrfjDr] thodkar tfguk dksuks
oLrqfu"B oDrO; fn'k c<+Sr NfFk fd gqudj }Sk vFkok vfu.kZ; lkQ&lkQ
>yd* yxSr vfNA iqf"V ysy vxzt oxZ ;k=kh] ekqi] lqeu vk vuqt oxZd
{kerk ij nsy xsy fgudj vkifktud fVIi.kh eSfFkyh uodfork@jekuUn >k
^je.k*@i`-&159 es m)`r vk vgh oxZd miyfCk ij vU;=k nsy xsy vkLFkkoku
oDrO; fyf[kr@ekSf[kd ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA ts&ls---thodkard dfork vk
dkO; izfrHkk ij xi djc vHkh"V vfNA
uo dfork ij ppkZ djSr bZ vko';d ekuy tk,r ts dkO; ;k=kkd bZ
eksM+ vcSr&vcSr ek=k dforkd ck Lo:is ufg cnyy] cfYd uo&uo fcac]
izrhd] uo&uo 'kCnkoyhd vuqlakku Hksy vk xgure Lrj ij dkO;kuqHkwfrd
lajpuk es varj vk,yA viu dkO; l`tud ekns jktdey oDrO; nsyfu]
^gej dfork gejk vkarfjd thou vk gejk vfLrRod jgL;] ;FkkFkZ vk;kstuk
lc dsa vfHkO;Dr ,oa vafdr djSr vfNA ;fn gej dfork gejk eqDr ufg
djSr vfN] ra ge vksdjk ,d oDrO; ek=k ekuSr Nh( dfork ufgA* vk rnuq:i
viu dfork es vks lsgks ns[kkbr NykgA thodkar lsgks vgh izf;k es viu
dkO; l`tu es oDrO;d vuqdwy mrfj xsykgA uo dforkd dkO;kuqHkwfrd tkfg
varLlajpuk es ifjorZu vkfc xsy Ny] uo dfork tkfg rjgsa euq";d eksu
vk ekuoh; f;k vfHkf;kd ekufld i`"BHkwfe es uo&uo fcac izrhdd lax
gqyd* ykxy] thodkard dfork vksfg leLr fn'kk la mn~cksfkr gksbr jgyA
thodkard ys[kukjaHkd dky izk;% uo rjgsa ,dVk vU; eksgHkaxd dky fFkdA
fgUnhd ^lkBkskjh dfork*d izkjafHkd pj.k lsgks b,g fFkdA lkfBd ckn fy[ky
tk, oyk dforkd ekns dsnkj ukFk flagd er Nfu] ^---lkfBd ckn fy[ky
tk, oyk dfork okLrfod vFkZ es ledkyhu midj.k lHkd }kjk ledkyhu
dfod fn'k la ledkyhu ikBdd izfr lacksfkr dfork fFkd] vks viuk le;d
dksuks izkS<+ ,oa laiw.kZ O;oLFkk Hkus ufg n* icSr gks] eqnk vksdjk izfr ,dVk
lks> vk lqPpk ekuoh; izfrf;kd vfoO;fDr vo'; djSr vfNA b,g vksdj
miyfCk fFkd vk ,dVk ,gsu le; es] t[ku lR; ckr dgc tksf[ked dkt
gks] ,rck de ufg fFkd---A*
vKs;d izeq[k dkO; ladyu ^vkaxu ds ikj }kj* dsa lkfgR; vdkneh
iqjLdkj la 1964 bZ- es lEekfur d,y xsyA caxyk es vgh o"kZ lqHkk"k
eq[kksik;k;d dkO; laxzg ^;rks nqjsb tkb* caxyk es lsgks iqjLr HksyA tkfg
Hkkocksk dsa n'kkfkd o"kZ la yxkrkj la?k"kZ dj* iM+ySd rkfg Hkko&ckskd dfork
ladyu dsa jktdh; lEeku la iqjLr d,y xsy bZ fuf'pr :isa ,dVk uo
Lohfrd izfr vk'ofLr NyA 1962 bZ- d jk"Vh; ladV lkfgR; vk jktuhfr nquw
es ,dfg lax cgqr jkl vkMacj] eksgd vkn'kZ vk Qksafdy dkO;kfHkO;fDrd
izfr fo'kky vukLFkk mRiUu dsydA ---bZ leLr ijh{k.k thodkard utfjd lks>ka
NyfuA vFkkZr~ eSfFkyh dkO; l`tu es mrjck dky thodkar dsa ,rsd gfFk;kj
vFkok ,rsd ;qxcksk izkIr NyfuA thodkard dfork vgh fodjky ifjfLFkfr
la izkjaHk HksyA ^ukpw gs i`Foh* 1971 vk ^kkj ufg gksbN eqDr* 1991 viu
nquw dfork laxzg es thodkar uo dforkd leLr ekunaMd lax mifLFkr NfFkA
t[ku dfo bZ cwf> jgy NfFk ts gqudj l`tu us ra gqudk dksuks oSf'k"V~; n*
jgy Nfu vk us gqudj ifjos'k es O;kIr rdZghu fLFkfr dsa dksuks ;qfDr;qDrrk
n* jgy vfN( dfod ysy Lo;a l`tu'khyrs ,dVk Hk;kog fLFkfr Bk<+ djSr
vfNA vk bZ Hk;okgrk ,dVk uo rjgsa eksgHkax mRiUu djSr vfNA bZ eksgHkax
LokHkkfod :i la dfo ijaijkxr ekU;rk dsa [kafMr djSr vfNA thodkar vgh
[kafMr ekU;rkd dfod NfFk ts ifjos'kd fLFkfr nsf[kd, us ra fujis{k Hksy
Bk<+ jfg ldSr NfFk vk us vksfg ;kaf=kdrk es lek ldSr NfFkA ga] n`f"Vcksk
Nfu] vkaf[k Nfu rsa oLrq fLFkfr dsa nsf[k ldSr NfFk] phfUg ldSr NfFkA vb
ns[kckd vk phUgckd ysy trsd tksf[ke Hk* ldSr vfN] ls mBc* ysy uo
dforkd dfo rS;kj HksykgA eqfDrkckskd ,dVk iafDr vfN ^eSua s mls uaxs ns[k
fy;k@bldk eq>s n.M feysxk*A ns[kckd vk fpUgckd vb leLr ifj.kfr la
fuf'par Hksy uo dfod vksr, ^Lo* ge 'kSyh es vfkdka'k xi gksv, ykxyA
thodkard ^dfork ,d oLrqd vLohdkj fFkd vk nksljd LohdkjA eqnk] rkgw
la iS?k vksdj miyfCk NSd ts vks vkReLohfr dUQs'ku fFkdA ---ge lkfgR;
dsa thou la izfrc) cq>Sr NhA vkkqfud thoud folaxfr] vlqfokk] ihM+k vk
;kaf=kdrk dsa vfHkO;fDr nsc ,fg dforkd y{; vfNA rsa ,fg dfork es {k.k&{k.k
es Hkksxy tkbr thoud izfr dVqrk vk vkks'k] ?k`.kk vk HkRlZuk] mnklhurk
vk fuosZn vfHkO;Dr Hk* jgy vfN---A*
thodkard dfork thoud izfr vgh dVqrkd ijh{k.k&jiV fFkdA dfo
viu ekSfyd n`f"Vckskd dkj.ksa O;oLFkk dsa uaxVs ns[kyfu] fpUgyfu vk vb
phfUg ysckd ifj.kfr la cpckd iz;kl ufg dsyfuA ,d oLrqd vLohfr
vk nksljd Lohfr vFkkZr~ vkReLohfr fgudj dfork es Li"V :isa vcSr vfNA
tsuk fd Lo;a thodkar dgSr NfFk] ^dfork es uorkd fo'ks"k.k vksdj n`f"Vcksk
fFkdSdA izR;sd rdZlaxr oLrq dsa] [kkgs vks drcks uohu gks] [kkgs vks ifgyqdk
dsguks egRoiw.kZ c)ewy kkj.kkd Hkatu djSr gks] viu ;qfDr;qDrrkd cyd
dkj.ksa xzg.k djc uohurk fFkdA* vks viu l`tu es lsgks vb uohurkd i{kkj
jgSr NfFkA LokuqHkwfr fgudj dfork es Li"V :i la vcSr vfNA
izfrcakd foo'krk vk mUeqDrrkd ykylk thodkard dfork es ek=k
fo"k;&oLrq,d Lrj ij ufg] fgudj izrhd ;kstuk es lsgks cgqyrk ls fu[kjSr
jgSr vfNA thodkard laiw.kZ l`tu'khyrk izk;% vgh miknku la ;qDr jgSr vfNA
unh] i{kh] ukjh] xkN&o`{k] es?k vk cj[kk cqUuhd izfr vfrfjDr vkxzg fgudj
vb n`f"V dsa iq"V djSr vfNA ^L=khx.k fFkdhg fpM+S@vuar vkdk'k es mM+ckd
ysy gqud ikaf[k tueSr ra vfN@eqnk nksljs Nu vks VwfV tkbN@vk vks vkdk'kpkjh
fpM+S kekek d*@ekfV ij [kfl iM+SN@fitM+kd Qwty QkVd@fpM+S dsa cgkjs Vk
ufg djSr NSd@vksdjk fitM+k es ?kqjk d* cUuks d* nSNA*
ijra=krk vk fiatjc)rkd izfr bZ lkE; rkd* es tr, thodkard n`f"V
chle 'krkCnhd vafre pj.k es thou&;kiu djSr ukxfjd vk ,dSle 'krkCnh
es xjnfu;ka n* d, Bsy* okyh O;oLFkkd foMacuk rdyd vfN vksrfg vb
O;oLFkk es viu vkksxfr ysy foo'k ukjhd lw{erj dkj.k lsgks eqnk 'kSf{kd
rFkk vkfFkZd ijra=krkd dkj.ksa ukjhd VwVy ikaf[k ij xsy thodkard n`f"V dksuks
uo ckV ufg rdSr Nfu vk dfo ,rck dfg fuf'par Hk* tk, pkgSr NfFk
ts ^cgqr jkl fpM+S vkdk'k ysy ufg tueSr vfN@cgqr jkl fpM+S ekfV ij xqM+dck
ysy tUe ySr vfN@vk] cgqrks jkl fpM+S [kqk vk Mksjh dsa@lkFkZd djck ysy
ysn >kM+rS vfN*A
L=khx.k vk fpM+S dsa vb rjgsa ,Dds iyM+k ij rkSySr dky thodkard n`f"Vd
lw{erk r[ku vkvksj csl foosd'khy cq>kbr vfN t[ku vks,g i{kh thookph
ufg Hk* d, tkfrokph gksbr vfNA fx) vk cktd :i es vk,y i{kh thodkard
laiw.kZ lekt n`f"V] thou n`f"V vk oLrqcksk dsa mtkxj djSr vfNA ^---ddjks
xyrh la@btksr lglk Qsy Hk* tkbN@vk vkfne vakdkj@vkbvks fpM+S lHk dsa
xzlus vfN@dksuks cgsfy;k] dksuks ckt i{kh@dksuks kkeu lkai@dksuks fcykfM+ dsa
nsf[k@fpM+S lHk vu?kksy dj* yxSN---*A
ledkyhu lkekftd O;oLFkk] iz'kklfud O;oLFkk] O;fDr&ifjokj&lekt&jkT;&
ns'k kfjd iwjkiwjh eSdsfuTe es fpM+S] ukjh] ckt] kkeu] fcykfM+ vk cgsfy;kd
leLr izrhdkRedrk ,d fn'k okZeku jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfrd ohHkRlrk] fofr
vkfn ij ?k`.kkLin n`f"V nSr vfN ra nkslj fn'k dfod O;aX;d rh{.krkd lhek
vkadSr vfNA vkb t[ku ns'k es fyax] tkfr] oxZ vkfn la fufyZIr Hk* d,
vkxw c<+ckd vfojy fuea=k.k vcSr vfN] vksr, ,[kugqa fefFkykapyd ukjhd
fLFkfr fitjkd lqXxk la fHkUu ufg Hk* jgy vfNA vb lqXxkiu la ukjh dsa
eqDr gks,ck es 'kSf{kd vk vkfFkZd mUeqDrk ta dusd enfr djrSd ra lkekftd
ekU;rk vk ik[kaMiw.kZ e;kZnk vksdjk vksfg dktd vuqefr ufg nsrA gejk lektd
lkekU; turkd 'kks"k.k dksuks 'kks"kd vgh Vk ysy d* icSr vfN] ts gejfg
dksuks Hkkb cakq gej 'kks"k.k djck es vksdj enfr djSr NSdA vksfg cgsfy;k
dsa ta ckt ts Lo;a i{kh fFkd vk viufg tkfr la nksljd ysy nzksg djSr
vfN dksuks vku i{kh idfM+ d, ufg vkfu nSd ra vks dh ysr \---thodkard
dkO; n`f"V lkekftd vk jktuhfrd ohHkRlrk dsa vb n`f"V,a ns[kyfu vfNA
eqnk] fgudj dfork lkekftd foMacukd ;FkkfLFkfrd jksnu ek=k fFkd]
viu l`tu'khyrk es bZ O;oLFkk ifjokZu gsrq dksuks tksf[ke ufg mBc* pkgSr
NfFk] lwpuk ek=k n* d, fuf'par Hk* tk, pkgSr NfFk---
izkphu ijaijkd oSf'k"V~; vk :f<+d chp ,dVk lhek js[kk f?kpckd ysy
fQjhlku dfo thodkard ijaijk&eksg vk ijaijk&Hkatdrk fofp=k lu }Sk es NViVk
jgy NfuA ikSjkf.kd izlax dsa ledkyhu ifjos'k es fpUgck es dfo csl lQy
Hksy NfFkA larku] firj] d.kZ] Hkr`Zgfj] L=kh] unh] kkj] cj[kk] i{kh] fpM+S] btksr]
izdk'k] lw;Z] vkdk'k] le;] es?k] gfj.k] tehu] kjrh] vkfx] kkjk] nhi Vseh]
vUgkj] Fkky] cxqyk] fx)] kkeu] pkaxqj] fcykfM+] cgsfy;k] yky&ih;j bPNk-
--vkfnd izrhdkRed iz;ksx thodkard dfork es uo&uo vk ekSfyd vFkZ;kstuk
vk laizs"k.kh;rkd lax Hksy vfNA bZ iz;ksx fgudj dfork dsa ek=k laf{kIr vk
vkd"kZds Vk ufg vfirq fo"k; dsa ewkZ] xzk vk okafNr :isa izHkkoksRiknd ,oa
laizs"k.kh; lsgks cukSydfu vfNA viu v|kof/kd l`tu ;k=kk es thodkar ns'kd
vusd muV&Qsjd izR;{kn'khZ jgykg vfNA thodkard dforkd vkks'k vgh
muV&Qsjd izfrQy fFkdA
okLrfod fLFkfr bZ vo'; vfN ts fdrkch lekykspuk djSr vkkqfud
lekykspd ledkyhu dfod dfork es frfyLeh rkxr rkd* yxSr NfFk vk
dgSr NfFk ts QYyka dfod dfork es fonzksgd Loj eq[kj ufg vfNA eqnk lu~
muSl l; lrgkfj bZlohd jktuhfrd mFky&iqFky la t[ku laiw.kZ ns'kd leLr
jktuhfrd ny ,dtqV Hk* d, dkaxzslh vR;kpkjd fojksk d,yd vk vb fojkskd
usr`Ro yksduk;d t;izdk'k ukjk;.kd gkFk es Ny( vb fojkskd ldkjkRed
izfrQy ikfc ysykd ckn ns'k es ,d csj Qsj la uohu 'kq#vkrd lax vjktdrk
izkjaHk HksyA vk bZ ckr fu%ladksp Lohdkfj ysckd pkgh ts ,d csj Qsj la Hkkjrh;
uo;qodd eksgHkax Hksy vk ;qok'kfDr vb rjgd vkanksyu la dkUg fNi,
ykxy bZ dksuks vpjtd ckr ufg fFkdA tr, i{khd tfM+ es vb rjgsa ckt]
fx) vk cxqyk O;kIr jgr vksr, thodkard dfork ta ;FkkfLFkfr ij duSr
jg, vk dg, ts ^'krkCnh lHkd ikfu cfg xsy@ckafp xsy vfN Fkky@mTtj&mTtj
ikaf[koyk@cxqyk lHk@Fkky es@MsxkMsxh lljSN@vk@viu&viu yksy@HkjSN---* ra
dksu vk'p;Z \
euq"; vk cgsfy;k] btksr vk vUgkj] cj[kk vk Fkky] ekN vk cxqyk]
lqXxk vk fitjkd vgh la?k"kZ la thodkard dfork tueSr vfN] O;oLFkkd vgh
dEI;wVjkbTM cktuhfr ij xjtSr vfN vk dgSr vfN ts btksrd vksfjvkvksu
ysy yM+kb yM+c cM+ t:jh NSdA
1949 es ;k=khd dfork laxzg ^fp=kk* izdkf'kr HksyA 1958 es jktdey
pkSkjhd ^LojxUkk* NiyA eSfFkyh dforkd ,fg nl c[kZd ;k=kk dsa dfo
jktdey euqD[kd 'kkjhfjd lkekftd vijkk vk ihM+kd vuqHkwfr la fudfy
d, vksdj vkReneud {ks=k es izos'k d;yfuA ,fg izos'kd izfrfufk dfo es
thodkar dsa izeq[krk nsy xsyA fdlqu] ;k=kh vk jktdey dforkd ts uo vkanksyu
pyvksyfu( ls thodkard dkO;;k=kkd e es vkvksjks lqiq"V HksyA
tkfg le; es ns'kd ukxfjdd leLr vfHkyk"kk oxZ fo'ks"kd eqh es QjQjk
jgy Ny] yksd vuqHko djc izkjaHk d,yd ts gejk yksdfud bZ Lora=krk] oxZ
fo'ks"kd fitjkd lqXxk fFkd( eSfFkyh lkfgR;d dfoyksdfud iqjku ih<+h dsa ,fg
ij utfj nsc vko';d ufg cq>kbr NyfuA ;k=kh vk jktdey] ,djk uo
fn'kk nsyfu] thodkar dsa ,fg la cy HksVyfuA
1974 la 1990 kfjd fgudj izfrfufk dfork ^kkj ufg gksbN eqDr*
iqLrd es ladfyr HksyA fN;klfB dforkd ,fg laxzg es vfkdka'k dfork uoe
n'kdd fFkdA tr, dfod v|ru vkReijh{k.k] vkRexkSjo] fLFkfrd Hk;kogrk]
euq";d dkZO;&fu"Bk] ukxfjd lkeF;Z vkfn viu lqPpk Lo:i es Li"V Hksy
vfNA thodkar ,d fn'k] viu dkO;&l`tu es ;k=kh tdka lkekU; tu&thoud
lgt 'kCnkoyhd vkJ; ysyfu vk vksgh ifjos'kd ifjn`'; dsa viu dF;d
dks"kkxkj cq>yfu] ra nkslj fn'k jktdey tdka fn'kkgkjk turkd vareZu es
iSfl d, vksdj nq%[k&nnZ la voxr Hk* d, uwru vfHkO;atuk 'kSyh] uo&uo
iz;ksx] dkSrqdiw.kZ fcEc&izrhd ;kstukd ek;es viu dfork dsa mRd"kZ nsyfuA
l`tu dsa ekU;rkd nsgfj la vyxs j[kyfuA izcy vkRefo'okld lax bZ cq>Sr
jgykg] ts ekU;rk Hkus bfrgkldkj nsFkq] eqnk jpuk&deZ gksbr vfN] turkd
ysyA rsa dfo thodkard dfork 'kk'or Hk* ikvksy] ;qx&;FkkFkZd xhr Hk* ikvksy]
lkekU;&tu&thoud nq%[k&nnZd ehr Hk* ikvksyA 'kks"k.k] Jed voewY;u] :f<+]
vjktdrk vkfnd fojksk vk etnwj oxZd izfr lgkuqHkwfr fgudj dforkd ekSfyd
fo"k; fFkdfuA
vkkqfud eSfFkyh dfork es ;qx&;FkkFkZd lqPpk Lo:i rkd* ysy thodkard
dforkd vuq'khyu vko';d ekuy tk,r ls ckr fufoZjksk lR; vfNA
eulk&okpk&deZ.kk dfo thodkar viu l`tukfeZrkd izfr bZekunkjh j[kus NfFkA
lS)kafrd vk O;kogkfjd nquw Lrj ij dfo es Li"V lkeatL; NfuA
vktqd dfork vk izkjafHkd dfork es oLrqr% ,dVk lkaLdkfjd varj cq>kbN
ts dfork jktnjckjd euksjatu es fnu&jkfr viu ?kke&ilsuk cgcSr Nfy] ls
vkb tu&lkekU;d lq[k&nq%[kd lax jfe xsy vfNA vkfHktkR; oxZd foykld
iyax la mrfj d, Jfed oxZd lax [ksrd vkfj&kwj ij ckSvk, ykxy vfNA
,fg ifjokZud ewy dkj.k fFkd] dfo leqnk; es lkaLfrd&kafr] bZekunkj
laosnu'khyrkA egy vk [kksiM+hd vlekurk jpukdkjd dkjf;=kh izfrHkk dsa
txvksydA Qyr% l`tukehZ yksdfu] vkfHktkR; oxZd chp Je vk dykd
voewY;u vuqHko dj, yxykgA vks lkekU; turkd chp vkfc vksdj nq%[k&nnZ
la tqfV xsykgA ,[ku lekt es prqfnZd vlekurk] csdkjh] 'kks"k.k] vukpkj]
?kwl] pksjh] vigj.k] bZ";kZ] }s"k] "kM~;a=k] ywfV] cykRdkj] vekuoh;rk vkfn iljy
vfNA
,fg ifjfLFkfr es uopsruk] tkxzr g,ckd uo ckVd iz;kstu Hk* vk,y
NyA l`tukehZd tkxj.k] lkekftd tkxj.kd izkjaHk ekuy tkbr vfNA lkekU;
turk] lkekftd vuqdj.k la cslh izHkkfor gksbr vfNA rsa thodkar Lo;a ltx
gSc Js;Ldj cq>yfu vfN( nkslj dsa yM+ckd ysy ihB Bksdck la Js;Ldj] ;q)d
rS;kjh es Lo;a tqfV tk,c cq>yfuA ;Fks"V kS;Zd lax viu ;q)d rS;kjh es
;kstukc) <ax la layXuA fgudj dkO; lkkuk vR;ar vk'oLr Hk* d* vkdka{kkd
iwfrZ gsrq vxzlj vfN] dksuks vxqrkgfV ufg] dksuks mf}Xurk ufgA bZ kS;Z fgudj
xaHkhj psruk vk ifjiDorkd |ksrd fFkdA chp es FkksM+sd dfork es fgudk
es LFkxu vkfc xsy Nyfu] ts cknd jpuk es vk cknd laxzg es cnyyA
viu vfkdka'k dfork es dfo lef"V dsa viufg es lekfgr d,us cq>kbr
NfFkA ,drk ekuoh; mRFkkud ysy vfr vko';d vfN] ls lans'k tgka&rgka
fgudj dfork es HksVSr jgSr vfNA tulewgd ijke dsa mRd"kZ nSr dfo viu
tkfg vkLFkk ij fVdy NfFk] ls lgtfga] fgudj dfork es ns[ky tk ldSr
vfNA ,drk ij dfod cy cslh dky iM+Sr jgSr vfN] ts fgudj lewg la
lfV d, jgckd] vksdj nq%[k&nnZd voxfr ysckd lax&lax y{;&izkfIrd ekxZ
ij vxzlj g,ckd vkSRlqD; ns[kcSN] ^,fg jeuk ij vkm@dfu;ks Lokn fy;kSd
ts@gtkj vk yk[k Hksyk ij@dksuk Hk* tkbN [k<+d VqdM+h bLikrd rkj---*
O;oLFkkd vekuqf"kdrk lekt dsa xqeljkbu cuk pqdy vfN ls ckr
vkc Li"V :i es lks>ka vfNA eqh Hkfj yksdd pkaxqj rrck etxwr vk pks[kxj
Hk* xsy vfN] ts fo'kky tulewg vksdjk vkxw ureLrd Hk* tkbNA vksfg oxZd
uhprk vk vksdj "kM~;a=kd vkxw fo'kky tu'kadqyd lkgl iNfM+ tkbr vfN]
^dsguks dksByh cuk vcSr Nh@,dVk lkai vksfg es iSlckd@cuk ySr vfN x*j*A
vnkS la viu&viu izo`fk es jr jktiq#"k vk turkd chp Li"V foMacuk ij
dfod O;aX; eq[kj Hk* mBy vfN] ^'kgj es cSly HkkX;fokkrk lHkd@g*j ljax
es cgSr vfN@vksr* ?khmd ?kSy vksa?kjkbr vfN@vk 'ks"k turk pqVdh Hkfj uksuks
ysy@csyYyk cuy jgSr vfN---*
,dj vfrfjDr ^,dlfj Bkf<+ dne rj js*] ^lw;Z xfy jgy vfN*] ^djeh
>hy*] ^oLrq* dFkk laxzg] ^nw dqgsld ckV*] ^ifuir*] ^ufg drgq ufg*]
^vfxucku*] ^ih;j xqykc Ny* miU;kl] ^[kkaM+ks*] ^rdSr vfN fpM+S* dfork
laxzg d jpukdkj thodkard laiw.kZ dforkd vuq'khyu la b,g Li"V gksbr vfN]
ts bZ vku dfo tdka ukjkckth] yydkjk vkfn es fo'okl ufg jkf[k] fire: Hk*
d, lewgd lax py* pkgSr NfFkA vuko';d yydkjk n* d, viu dfork
es dYiuk dsa izJ; ufg nSr NfFkA fo'kq) eSfFkyh 'kCn dsa iquthZfor djckd izo`fk
es bZ lhrkjke >k vk ;k=kh lu viu fojkV vk mnkgj.kh; O;fDrRo Bk<+ d,yfu
vfNA fyD[kkM+iu es fgudk jktdeyd VDdj es Bk<+ d,y tk,rA vFkkZr~
,dfg Bke ,gsu leUo; Li"V gksbr vfN] tsuk l`tu'khyrk fgudk 'kksf.kr es
cgSr gksA

thoud Mk;fj, vlyh dFkk fFkd

lqHkk"kpUnz ;knod dFkk ys[ku chle 'krkCnhd lkre n'kdd mkjk)Z la 'kq#g
gksbr vfNA n'kd chrSr&chrSr vkkqfud eSfFkyh dFkkkkjkd LFkkfir dFkkdkjd
:i es fgudk ekfu&ekstj nsy tk, yxyfuA yfyr] jktdey] ek;kuUn]
lksenso] cyjke] khjsUnz] jkensod ih<+h vk xqt
a u] izHkkl] js.kq] thodkUr] jkteksgud
ih<+h eSfFkyh dFkkd {ks=k es rk viu peRdkj ns[kk pqdy NyA oLrqxr vk
f'kYixr fodkl eSfFkyh dFkk es iw.kZr;k Hkkflr gkse, ykxy NyA Lokra=;kskj
Hkkjrd turkd thou&ewY; lacakh eksgHkax] jktuhfrKd jktuhfrd eksgHkax lsgks
Hk* pqdy NyA lhek&la?k"kZ] phu vk ikfdLrkud kks[kkkM+h la tu vk tu&izfrfufk
pkSafd pqdy NyA usg: vk ykyckgknqj 'kkL=kh dsa dkjxj >Vdk ykfx pqdy
NySdA vgh rjgd fodjky le; es lqHkk"k dye k;yfu] t[ku fgudk lks>ka
Hk;kog ifjfLFkfr Bk<+ NyA eqnk vgw le; es fefFkykd leL;k ?kjsyq, vk
lkekftds NySdA vf'k{kk] vHkko] 'kks"k.k ijkdk"Bk ij vkfc xsy NyA eku&e;kZnk]
vpkj&fopkj] ijaijk&izxfr] LFkkfir ekU;rk vk vftZr fopkjkkjkd la?k"kZ es
cqf)thoh fQjhlku NyA lqHkk"kpUnz ;knod c[kjk es b,g nk#.k fLFkfr iM+yfu]
vgh rhr&ehBd lax viu lkfgfR;d thou lqHkk"k izkjaHk d,yfuA
vly es lHk jpukdkj dsa dPpk eky lekts la mB,ckd jgSr NSd vk
rsa bZekunkj jpukdkj dsa lektd tkfg tuo`kd ekSfyd vuqHko izkIr gksbr NSd]
rgh es vks viu thou&n'kZu fodflr djSr vfN vk rgh dksfVd turkd
thou ;kiud ek;es viuk dsa vfHkO;Dr djSr vfNA bZ ,dVk lq[kn vk
rks"kizn fLFkfr fFkd ts lektd ts tuo`k vnkS la lkfgR; vk vkuks vku Bke
vpfpZr] misf{kr] 'kksf"kr] nfyr vk ijkftr jgy vfN] e/;dkyhu lkfgR; es
vFkok vkkqfudks dkyd lkfgR; es dksuks rjgsa drgq vkfc;ks xsy] ra nkl]
vuqpj] Hk`R;] lsod vkfnd :i es( rkfg tuo`k dsa lqHkk"k viuk dFkk&lalkj es
Lo:i nsyfu] izfr"Bk nsyfuA misf{kr] viekfur] frjLr vk dfFkr :i la
ifrr laoxZ dsa izfr"Bk HksVc ra yfyrsd ih<+h la izkajHk Hk* xsy Ny] eqnk rdj
dksfV vyx NyA yfyrd vksr, vkpj.k la cnuke oxZ dsa] izfr"Bk cslh
HksVySd] ek;kuUnd vksr, laink la vk osru la ghu oxZ dsa izfr"Bk HksVySd]
jktdey lo.kZ lewgd foktU;] vkpj.ktU; la?k"kZ dsa m?kkj djSr jgykgA
xqatu] izHkkl] kwedsrq] js.kqd vksr, bZ lHk fp=k fefJr :i es mifLFkr gksbr
jgy] jkteksgu 'kgjh lH;rk es jaxy vk tfM+ la m[kM+y ?kj&ifjokjd U;ksa dsa
O;k[;kf;r djSr jgykg] t[ku fd lqHkk"k 'kq) d* d, tkfr vk thou&;kiud
i)fr es dfFkr :i la ghu leqnk;d tuo`k dsa viu y{; cukSyfuA
lqHkk"kd vR;ar izfl) dFkk fFkd ^?kjnsf[k;k*A drgq izfrfufk dFkkd
p;u djckd csxjrk ladyd] laiknd] vuqoknd] vkykspd dsa tfguk iM+Sd]
fd ^?kjnsf[k;k*d euVhdk lkfV fnv,A ,fg dFkkd csl ppkZ eSfFkyh es Hksy
vk lqHkk"k ,fg ysy [;kr HksykgA vksuk ^dkBd cuy yksd*] ^Qaljh*] ^,d
fnud ?kj*] ^Mj*] ^>hy*] ^dq'rh*] ^ckr*] ^dkjckj*] ^flxjsV* vkfn dSdVk
fgudj egRoiw.kZ dFkk lc vfNA tdj ppkZ eSfFkyh lkfgR;d HksfM+;kklku
izo`fkd dkj.ksa uba Hk* ldyA fr vk frdkj nquwd ysy bZ viekutud
fLFkfr fFkdA
ta vkadM+kckth djh ra lqHkk"k FkksM+s lqLr dFkkdkj lsgks cq>,rkgA la[;k
fglkcsa dFkk cslh uba NfuA lu~ 1983 rs fgudj dFkkd ,dVk ladyu
^?kjnsf[k;k* eSfFkyh vdkneh la izdkf'kr HksyA rdj ckn fgudj ys[ku vkvksj
lqLr Hk* xsyA ;|fi ^ckr* vk ^dkjckj* lud fdNq Js"B dFkk rdj ckns
fy[kyfu] eqnk ^unh* vkfd ^viu&viu nq[k* lu fdNq vkSlr la uhpkad dFkk
lsgks fy[kyfuA ts&ls... ^?kjnsf[k;k* ladyuks es ,dk/k dFkk lc ,gsu vfN]
tdjk i<+ck ysy izkjaHkd nw&rhu vorj.k kfj Jed vko';drk iM+Sr vfNA
gejk cq>us] ,dj ewy dkj.k gksbr vfN fcuk dksuks iz;kstud ik=k&ifjp;
uqdkSus jgc] rkfg ij la n'kZud c?kkj djc vk dF; la uegj dF;d ihfBdk
rS;kj djcA
lqHkk"kd dFkkd Hkk"kk ,dne fFkj xfr la pySr vfN] dksuks rsth uba] dksuks
gyrych uba] ,dne khj vk 'kkar xfr la tkbr] eqnk viu yx&ikl]
ns'k&nqfu;kad rhr&ehB dsa phUgSr tkboyk Hkk"kk f'kYid bZ dFkk lc BsaB
fefFkykd misf{kr] frjLr turkd frjLr gjDdfrd Mk;jh fFkdA
yfyr] jktdey vk ek;kuUn viu dFkk&lajpuk }kjk tkfg rjgsa eSfFkyh
dFkkd uo U;ksa j[kyfu] rkfg es ek;kuUn ,dVk [kkl laoxZ dsa mBkSus NykgA
lw{erk la ns[ky tk, ra ckr lks>ka vkvksr] ts tkfg tuind ts Hkkx ek;kuUnd
cqrsa NwfV xsy Ny] lqHkk"k rdjfg idM+fu vk vks,g laoxZ ,r, viu Lo:i es
vk,yA dgy tk ldSr vfN] ts ek;kuUn vk lqHkk"k nquwd dFkk&lalkj
lektd MLVchu la fudyy vfN] xksukSj ij la mBkvksy xsy vfNA vFkkZr~
thou&;kiud ts va'k ckgju&lksgju tdka Qsfd nsy tkbr jgy] ek;kuUn vk
lqHkk"k rdjfg >kfM+&iksfN d, viu dkS'ky la vewY; pht lkfcr d* ns[kkSyfuA
vFkkZr~] yfyr&jktdey&ek;kuUn }kjk dFkk&lalkjd ckUg&Nsd] fcuk lqHkk"kd
dFkk&lalkjd iwj uba gksbr vfNA
lqHkk"kd lkE; ek;kuUnd lax vgw vFkZ es rkdy tk ldSr vfN] ts
ek;kuUns tdka lqHkk"kksd dFkk es lkkkj.khr Hk* d, rkdc] ra dksuks ?kVuk uba
HksVr] lks>s&lks> thoud Mk;jh HksVr] vkfd dgw ra lks>s thou HksVrA ,d iy]
nw iy] ikap iyd vkfd ikap ?kaVkd thou i)frd f;k&dyki vk dFkk&ik=kd
fparu&euu---cLl] vb la cslh fdNq uba] [kkyh vksrck dkyd desUVhd lax
dFkkdkjd VhVesaV egRoiw.kZ gksbr vfNA lektd lc laoxZd vksr, ^?kjnsf[k;k*
vcSr vfN] fceyksd ?kjnsf[k;k vk,yA eqnk ekuo thoud ,rsd egRoiw.kZ]
mYykliw.kZ vk fu.kkZ;d ?kVuk dksuk misu] j?kquh vk ddkd ysy vk;y ikfu]
xsy ikfu lu gksbr vfN] pfdr gksv, iM+rS vfNA ?kjnsf[k;k lHkd Lokxr&lRdkj]
eku&lEeku lc phtd O;oLFkk Hksy( foo'krk] vHkko] rdjk iwj djckd m|ksx]
lkekftdrk] dU;kd fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k] ?kjnsf[k;kd fonkb---lcVk ?kVuk&mi?kVuk
gksbr jgy] eqnk dFkkdkjd VhVesaV ns[kw] ts ,dne la cq>k,r] ts drgq fdNq
uba Hksy vfN] dksuks vQjk&rQjh uba vfNA eqnk ,fguk es cgqr fdNq Hk* pqdy
jgSr vfNA ^lkBkskjh eSfFkyh dFkkdkj* ij ppkZd e es yfyrs'k feJ lqHkk"k
ij fopkj djSr fgudj dFkk dsa leLr oSf'k"V~;d vNSr la?k"kZghu Lo:id dkj.ksa
viw.kZ vk vlarqfyr dgyfu vfNA vksuk lqHkk"kd ^?kjnsf[k;k* dFkk dsa gegwa]
loksZke uba ekuSr Nh] eqnk ^dkBd cuy yksd* vk gky es izdkf'kr dFkk ^ckr*
loksZke Hk*vks d, la?k"kZd vks Lo:i izLrqr uba djSr vfN] ts yfyrs'k rkfd
jgy NfFkA fdar]q la?k"kZd dksfV vk viu leL;kd fujkdj.k gsrq lakku nquw dsa
lks>ka&lks>h jkf[k d* ns[kyk ij fdNq ckr QjhN gksbr vfNA ^?kjnsf[k;k* dsa
vfjvkfr d, v;ykd ckn ddkd ifM+ jgc vk vkaf[k ykfx tk,c rFkk fpafrr
misud chM+h ihc lsgks NksV&eksV la?k"kZd Lo:i uba Bk<+ djSr vfNA ts ifjfLFkfr
Ny] rkfg es dFkk&ik=k lc d*, dh ldSr Nykg \ ddk dsa cSly uba xsyS] vks
ifM+ jgy] vk vkaf[k ykfx xsyS bZ ?ku?kksj fparkd ladrs fFkd] fpark es vkaf[k
ykfx tk,c] fefFkyk es uo rjgd tkZ&lap;d ladsr ekuy tkbr jgy vfNA
^dkBd cuy yksd* vk ^ckr*] lqHkk"kd ,[ku kfjd loZJs"B dFkk es
xuy tk ldSN] vk eSfFkyh dFkkkkjk es bZ nquw dFkk viuk ysy egRiw.kZ LFkku
vkjf{kr djSr vfNA ^cnfj;k* dsa dkBd cuy yksd dgy xsy vfN] tdjk cM+
ekfj ekjy tkbr vfN] eqnk vks viu vknfr la ckt uba vcSr vfNA vknfr;ks
vksdj dh fFkd] ra* ts vUu vks [kk; pkgSr vfN] lSg Vk vks [kk;r ! rkfg vUu
dsa uqdk d* j[kckd dksuks Vk lkku] dksuks Vk otZuk cnfj;k ysy x: uba vfNA
ckSdwd ?kj es cpy&[kqpy rjdkjh yksfg, es [kk; ykxy] [kk d, cgjk xsy]
ckSdwd ?kjokyh nsf[k xsySd] eqnk cnfj;k fu}}] vksdjk eq[keaMy ij dksuks
vijkk cksk ubaA ts cnfj;k ,rsd NksV mez es thoud ,rsd iS?k n'kZu dsa idfM+
ysyd vfN] ts ^tkfg oLrqd Hkksx gejk djckd vfN] ls djc]* vFkok nkslj
n`f"V,a ns[kw ra ,fg lR; la ifjp; tkfg cnfj;k dsa Hk* xsySd vfN] ts ^isV vk
thg vk eksud ekaxd iwfrZ djck ysy dksuks eku&lEeku] xkfj&ekfjd fpark uba
djckd fFkd]* rkfg cnfj;k dsa dkBd cuy dgy tkbr vfN] eqnk lkSals Vksyd
yksd dsa vb lR; la ifjp; uba gksbr NSdA vly es dkBd yksd ra vb dFkk
es FkksM+&cgqr lc vfNA ^dkBd cuy* incak la O;atuk vcSr vfN] ts vks
O;fDr dkB lu laosnu&'kwU;] psru 'kwU;] fparu'kwU;] cksk'kwU;---lc vfNA vk
ls lks] t[ku ?kj [klckd eksvkotk dsa jkeh isViwfrZ es [kpZ djck ysy foo'k
vfN] r[ku dksu eku] dksu izfr"Bk] dksu cksk] dksu fparu--- \ ^dkBd cuy
yksd* ,d fojkV O;atuk fn'k ladsr djSr vfN] fo"k;&f'kYi&Hkk"kk lc vFks bZ
lqHkk"kd Js"B dFkk fFkdA
lu~ 1999 d vkjaHk esa izdkf'kr ^ckr* lsgks Js"B dksfVd dFkk fFkdA
,dVk nh?kZ varjkyd i'pkr~ izdkf'kr bZ dFkk lqHkk"kd uo rjgd Hkafxekd
ifjp; nSr vfN vk ,r, vkfc d, yxSr vfN ts fo"k;d Lrj ij lqHkk"k vius
cukvksy ifjfk dsa rksfM+ d, ,dVk uo rjgd ckr mBkSyfu vfNA uscks cspSr
,dVk NkSaM+k ij Qjscd vR;kpkj djSr dksuks frdM+ehd dkjh eqag ns[kkj d,yfu
vfNA vb dFkkd var es vksfg frdM+ehd ts gjDdfr fpf=kr Hksy vfN] vks
izekf.kr lR; fFkd ts dksuks Bd] cfM+;kB dsa ns[kykd ckn viu leLr mxzrk
fclfj tkbr vfNA bZ dFkk izekf.kr djSr vfN] ts pksj btksr uba lfg ldSr
vfNA vksuk] vb dFkkd 'kkunkj var ,d vorj.k iwoZfg Hk* pqdy vfNA
vafre vorj.k can VksaVh la Vi&Vi pqcSr ikfu fFkd] ts ewy kkjk la vlac)
vfNA ^flxjsV* lsgks lqHkk"kd csl tkunkj dFkk Nfu] tkfg es ?kVuk ra ek=k ,rck
vfN % ikbd vHkko es viuk [kpZ la dFkkuk;d] flxjsV uba ihfc ldykg] dksuks
uksdj la ekaxsykd cknks flxjsV uba izkIr d* ldykg] drsd&drsd m|ksx lkspSr
jgykg] vk varr%] chM+h kfj ihfc d, ryc 'kkar dj* pkgSr NykgA eqnk] t[ku
nksljd [kpZ la flxjsV ihckd vk'oklu HksfV xsyfu] ra vks lc la egx flxjsV
tjkSyfu lkekU; :i la fparuiw.kZ ?kVuk ,rcs vfN] eqnk] tsuk fd ifgugqa dgy
tk pqdy vfN] lqHkk"k] viu dFkkuk;dd thoud vR;ar NksV lu va'kd laxsa
VhVesaV es rrsd dykckth ns[kcSr NfFk] ts vksr, lkekU; turkd nSoh&nkuoh]
ekuoh;&ik'kfod---lHk izo`fk ns[kkj Hk* tkbr vfNA vgh e es euq";d
vgadkj] Lohdkj] vk'kk] fujk'kk] izrh{kk] udkj] Je] fpark] vHkko] vkiwfrZ]
vksfjvkvksu] O;oLFkk] lacak&ljksdkj] vknfr] laLfr] vkpkj&fopkj---lcVk
pht O;k[;kf;r Hk* tkbr vfNA ^izy;*] ^unh*] ^viu&viu nq[k* lu fdNq
dFkk ,gsu vfN] ts lqHkk"kd fodkleku vk mapkb p<+Sr xzkQ dsa lery vFkok
v/kksry djSr vfNA
lqHkk"kd dFkkd dk;k lkekU;r% NksV gksbr vfN] Hkk"kk fFkj osxd gksbr
vfN] ik=k lc cgqr e)e lkalsa thcSr vfN] ifgus ra cslh dky xke&?kj ij
dsafnzr jgSr Ny] vkc 'kgjks fn'k] gkV ctkj fn'k vxzlj Hksy vfN] gks&gYyk vk
naxk Qlkn es fgudj ik=k fo'okl uba j[kSr vfN] thoud lgtrk es iM+y xsaB
lc dsa [kksyckd iz;kl es ykxy jgSr vfN] uba [kqtyk ij vksrfg #fd tkbr
vfNA fonzksgd Loj ta fgudj dFkk es v,yfu vfN]ra rdjks dksfV ,uk ts
cnfj;k nksljd gkaM+h la rjdkjh [kk vk,yA 'kksj&'kjkck] [kwu&[kjkckd dksuks
iz;kstu ubaA ,gsu dFkkdkj lqHkk"k] viu iwoZd dFkk lc es eSfFkyh Hkk"kkd 'kCn
lalkj dsa lsgks iquuZohr d,yfu vfNA fgudj jpuk es dSd Bke eSfFkyhd
gsjkbr 'kCn lc] ,rs kfj ts xzkeh.kks tuin la yqIr Hksy 'kCn lc thoar Hk* mBy
vfNA Hkk"kk&lajpuk rrcs ljy vfNA eqnk ,Egj vkfc d,] fgudj fdNq dFkk
es 'kCn&iznw"k.kd vlfj ns[kkb iM+y vfNA
lqHkk"kd dFkkd voyksdu voxkgud i'pkr~ ,dVk ckrd dpksV fujarj
gksbr jgSr vfNA ls] bZ ts ns'kd laiw.kZ jktuhfrd nqjoLFkkd vNSr] fgudj dFkk
es jktuhfrrd psrukd cgqr cslh vHkko ns[kkbr vfNA vksuk] dFkkd ek;es
vkBe n'kd es LFkkfir dFkkdkjd vksr, jktuhfrd ckr Hkdjkj Hk*ldy] vk
rkfg la iwoZ xqatu] jkteksgu vk egkizdk'kd dFkk es jktuhfrd ltxrk ns[ky
tkbr vfNA ek;kuUn] izHkkl] kwedsrqd vksr, lsgks ckn es jktuhfrd ltxrk
ns[ky tk, ykxyA jktuhfrd ltxrkd vHkko vk ifjfLFkfrd Hk;kogrkd
vNSrks e)e ikfud ik=kd l`tu] vFkkZr~ izfri{kd Hkwfedk es Bk<+ ik=kd fojkskh
Lojd vuqifLFkfr] lqHkk"kd dFkkd egRo dsa de djSr vfNA lkekU;r;k
lqHkk"kd ik=k nfyr] nqf[kr] ihfM+r] 'kksf"kr] fukZu] 'kkfir yksd gksbr vfN] eqnk
vksdjk yksdfud ,fg n'kkd ysy izHkkoh ?kVd dh fFkd] rdj vuqlakku ufg,a
tdka gksbr vfNA vk] izk;% lSg dkj.k fFkd ts drgq fojkskh Lojd mn~xe
fgudj dFkk es uba ns[kkbr vfNA ^ckr* dFkk la vb vHkkod iwfrZd vk'kk cuSr
vfNA
leLr uhd&cstk,d vNSr] lkre n'kd la viu dFkk&;k=kk izkajHk
d,fugkj lqHkk"kpUnz ;kno vkkqfud kkjkd Js"B dFkkdkj NfFk] eSfFkyh lkfgR;
dsa fgudk la ,[ku csl vis{kk NSdA

vkdqy&O;kdqyeksudjpukdkj

chle 'krkCnhd vkBe n'kd es eSfFkyhd tkfg leFkZ vk >eVxj ih<+hd l`tu
;k=kk izkjaHk Hksy] rb es foHkwfr vkuUn vR;ar egRoiw.kZ uke fFkdA l`tujr ra
foHkwfr ifgufg la Nykg] eqnk lu~ 1977 bZ- es ifgy csj fgudj dfork lHkd
ladyu khjsUnz flagd lax ^Msx* uke la izdkf'kr HksyA rdj lkr c[kZd ckn
foHkwfrd nkslj dfork laxzg ^mie* 1984 es vk,yA eqnk chpfg es 1981
es fgudj pkSarhl xksV xtyd laxzg vk,yA eSfFkyh es xtyd bZ ifgy laxzg
Ny] ts ^mBk jgy ?kks?k frfej* uke la izdkf'kr HksyA Qsj 1988 es dqy pkyhl
xksV uoxhr&xtyd ladyu ^>wfe jgy ikFkj eu* vk,yA vb la iwoZfg 1982
es fgudj ifgy miU;kl ^xke lquxSr* izdkf'kr Hk* pqdy NyA 1979 es
fgudj nlVk dFkkd ladyu ^izos'k* vk,y NyA ^ijkftr&vijkftr* miU;kl]
^[kkifM+ egad kku* dFkk laxzg vk ^le; ladsr* ukVd lsgks izdkf'kr HksyA fdNq
laikfnr iksFkh xhrukn yksd xhrd laxgz ] fo|kifr inkoyh] ,dVk Nyk xksuw
>k pfjr dFkk] dFkk&dfguh yksd dFkkd laxzg] vM+gqy fofHkUu dFkkdkjd
dFkkd ladyu izdkf'kr HksyA 1992 es Qsj fgudj lkkblVk chNy dforkd
laxzg ^iquuZok gksbr vks NkSaM+h* vk,y vk 1999 es Qsj iSarhlVk dforkd laxzg
^usgkb ij LoIu*A ,rn~fjDr chp&chp es trsd dFkk fy[kSr jgykg vfN] dFkk
xks"Bh lHk es i<+Sr jgykg vfN] if=kdk lHk es NiSr jgyfu vfN] ls vladfyrs
NfuA ^Qsj c?kqvkb NkS rksjs ij* miU;kl vizdkf'krs Nfu eqnk ^yfyr vk gqud
dFkk;k=kk* lekykspuk iksFkh izdkf'kr NfuA le;&le; ij fdNq fucakks fy[kSr
jgykg vfNA if=kdkd laiknu vk laiknu lg;ksxd ra fxurh uba vfNA
vfHku; lsgks d,us NfFk] o`fk la izk;kid NfFk---A
cgqeq[kh izfrHkk vk cgqfokkoknh jpukkeZd n`f"V,a ta ns[kSr Nh ra foHkwfr
HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz vk jktdey pkSkjh lu izfrHkkoku cq>kbr NfFkA eSfFkyh es
gejk ,gsu ,dgq Vk vku jpukdkj uba ns[kkb NfFk] ts ,ds lax ,rsd Bke] ,rsd
:i es f;k'khy gksfFk vk lc Bke ,Dds jax izHkko'kkyh lkfcr Hksy gksfFkA
jpukd LoHkko vk rsoj la y* d, jpukdkjd izo`fk kfj ij ta ppkZ djh] foHkwfr
uo psrukd ,dVk ^gksy Vkbej* dk;ZdrkZ cq>,rkgA eqnk bZ vpjtd fo"k;
fFkd ts 'krkCnhd vafre n'kd es fgudj f;k'khyrk ek=k dfe, Vk uba xsyfu]
bZ viuk dsa rrsd cslh lesfV ysyfu] tdj fdvks mesnks uba d* ldSr NyA
vkBe n'kdd vafre pj.k la y* d, uoe~ n'kdd izk;% var kfj foHkwfr
eulk] okpk] deZuk tkfg rjgsa f;k'khy jgykg] rkfg es Tokyeq[khd rki Ny(
dks'kh] ckxerh vk xaxkd mke izokg Ny] e`xjkt tdka Lo'kfDr vk tu'kfDr
ij fgudk vkLFkk Ny] fgudj lkal es Hkwdai la iwoZd gqadkj Ny---rqyuk djSr
mij ta HkkjrsUnq vk jktdeyd uke ysy xsy vfN] ra rdj mfpr rdZ vfN-
--eqnk vpkud foHkwfr dksu eksgHkaxd dkj.ksa vFkok dksu vkradsa viuk dsa lesfV
ysyfu] ls dgc dfBu vfNA
[kSj---foHkwfrd ukVd] miU;kl vk dFkk ys[ku ij fdafpr ppkZ vkuks vku
fucak es d,y tk pqdy vfN] rsa ,r, dfork Vk ij ppkZ djcA ik[kaMd
vkoj.k] vakdkj vk dqgsl vk es?kd >yQyh] :f<+d lM+kbu xak vkfnd fojksk
vk uo T;ksfr iqatd LFkkiuk fn'k ladsr fgudj jpukdeZd ewy LoHkko jgy
vfNA jkstxkjfoghu thoud euksn'kk vk thou&;kiu] lsokfuo`fkd ckn 'ks"k&thoud
n'kk] nkaiR; vk ikfjokfjd vkuks vku lacakd xgu i{k---vR;ar rh{.k rsojd
lax fgudj dFkk] vk ukVd es mifLFkr Hksy vfNA vb leLr fLFkfrd lax
dsna hz ; jktuhfr vk LFkkuh; frdM+ed la;Dq r izHkko la lks>&likV] fu'Ny&fufoZdkj]
Ny&Nn~efoghu turk vifjfpr jgSr vfN] vks ,rsd dfj;k&>wefj cq>Sr uba
jgSr vfNA eqnk vksr, jFkd VwVy ifg;ks] vb turk dsa cM+ lg;ksx djSr NSd-
--bZ leLr fLFkfr foHkwfrd miU;kl] dFkk vk ukVdd fo"k; gksbr vfN] vk ,fg
lHkd izLrqfr vR;ar izHkkodkjh gksbr vfNA vb leLr foijhr ifjfLFkfr;gq es
foHkwfrd fr&uk;d fot;Jh izkIr djSr vfNA xke lquxSr miU;kl] le;
ladsr ukVd vk izos'k] [kkifM+ egad kku dFkk laxzg vkfn vgh fot;Jhd
xkFkk fFkdA
chle 'krkCnhd vkBe n'kdd mkjk)Z Hkkjrh; cqf)thohd ys[ksa
ddkZO;foew<+ djckd fLFkfr NyA bfUnjk ljdkjd vkrrk;hiu Hkkjrh;
turkd ekFk ij uaxVs upSr NyA yksduk;d t;izdk'k bfUnjk ljdkjd fojks/
kd fcxqy ctk pqdky Nykg vk gqudk leFkZu es Hkkjrh; Nk=k viu ekSfyd
vf/kdkjd lqj{kk gsrq vk LosPNkfj.kh ljdkjd u`'kalrk la eqfDr gsrq t;izdk'kdthd
usr`Ro es Nk=k vkanksyu izkjaHk d* pqdy NyA laiw.kZ ns'k es dkaxzsl fojks/kh
okrkoj.k O;kIr Hk* xsy NyA vke pquko HksyA dkaxzsl ijkftr Hksy vk loZnyh;
laxBud vk;kstu la ts Vhe cuy ls Hkkjrd xh ij dkfct Hk* xsyA eqnk
dqdjkywf> >V n* 'kq#g Hk* xsyA Lo;a yksduk;dd voekuuk Hksyfu vk gqudj
eksgHkaxd lax lax laiw.kZ Hkkjrd ;qok'kfDr eksgHkaxd f'kdkj Hk* xsyA uDlyckM+h
vkanksyu] rsyaxkukd fdlku vkanksyud izHkko eq[kfjr Hk* pqdy NyA vb
leLr fLFkfrd vjktd izHkko vk lqkkjd izHkko fefFkykd tuekul ij iM+yA
;|fi lkSals nqfu,ad bZ gky vfN] eqnk vkkseq[kh izo`fkd udy fefFkyk es dusd
csfl, ilfj tkbr NSd] rsa vb leLr ?kVukd nq"izHkko rsth la iljyA ,dj
fdNq ts lqkkjd ladsr Ny] ls jpukdkjd utfj es vHkjyA foHkwfr vksgh
jpukdkj es la ,d NfFkA vgh leLr foijhr ifjfLFkfr es vb la fdNq iwoZgq
la fgudj xty vk uoxhr fy[kk jgy NyA eSfFkyhd vk foHkwfrd lsgks] ifgy
xty laxzg es ladfyr xtyd iafDr lHk vb leLr ifjfLFkfrd fp=k mifLFkr
djSr vfN] tr, vk'kk] izse] ?k`.kk] jkx] }s"k] izdk'k] vUgkj] Hk;] vkrad] lkgl]
MkaV] QVdkj] ik[kaM] izxfr dkeuk lc pht viu&viu vfLrRod lax
mifLFkr vfNA vk] vb mifLFkfr es gjne dfo izxfrdkeh] lkglh vk
vkLFkkoku] vk'kkoku tu'kfDrd i{kkj NfFkA vb laiw.kZ fodjky fLFkfr dsa
xhr&xty lu dksey jpuk es izHkkoh <ax la O;Dr d* ldykg] ls ckr js[kkafdr
dj*d fFkdA
foHkwfrd jpukdky ek=k jktuhfrd dqfVyrk] kkfeZd ik[kaM] vlkekftd
rRod fodkl vk lkearh vijkks Vkd Qy uba fFkdA vb dky es lHk la cslh
for fLFkfr mRiUu djck es vge Hkwfedk cqf)thoh oxZd Nfu] ts vb leLr
lekt fojkskh vk tu fojkskh 'kfDrd nyky cfu xsykg vk vkReizpkj rFkk
ykHk&yksHkd eksg es nkuoh; gjDdfr dsa leFkZu nSr jgykgA foHkwfr viu fr
deZ es vgw oxZ dsa ukaxV djck es uhd tdka lQy Hksy NfFkA ^>wfe jgy ikFkj
eksu* ladyud uoxhr lc lsgks vb fLFkfrd mnkgj.k fFkdA dfork gks] xhr
gks] xty gks foHkwfrd vkxzg fdfj.k] izkr] Hkks#dck] lq#t] mUekn] ilsuk] Qwy]
[ksr] Qfly] pwfYg] vUu] <sdh] olar] Hkksj] rki] "ek] jf'e vkfn fn'k jgSr
Nfu( bZ vkxzg foHkwfrd vkLFkk fFkdA nkslj fn'k vUgkj] Hkw[k] mnklh] fpark]
'e'kku vkfnd ppkZ kskkos'k es djSr NfFk] bZ ppkZ vksdj frjLdkj ysy djSr
NfFkA
ijaijk la ts fdNq gejk yksdfud thou es 'kq)] lkSE; vk 'kkafrd izrhd
cuy jgy vfN] lqj{kkd vkkkj cuSr vkfc jgy vfN] ls lc t[ku vifo=k
Hk* xsy] t[ku ^?kksadk pqdy vfN iks[kfjd ty@VwfV pqdy NS ?kkVd lHk [kjatk*
r[kugqa foHkwfrd ekuc Nfu] ts ^[k[kjh ufg Hksy vfN xgwed xksVk@HkksaFk ufg
vfN gkalwd kkj@gFkkSM+kd fugkb&pksV ,[kuks ldq'ky vfN---*A foHkwfrd b,g
vkLFkk] b,g lkgl lektd vfkla[; dsa osnuk vk ihM+k la mckfj ldck es
lQy gks,r] vksdjk viu ijked izfr lpsr d* ldrA
lekt es vkkqfudrkd izo's kd cknks fdNq yksdd ik[kaMh izof` k] vkkqfudrk
la mRiUu fofr] uohu f'k{kk i)fr es 'kdiat Hksy cky euksfoKku] lqf'kf{kr
ifr }kjk iRuhd 'kks"k.k] L=kh 'kks"k.kd lgtkr uSjar;Z---lcVk fgudj uohure
dfork laxzg ^iquuZok gksbr vks NkSaM+h* vk ^usgkb ij LoIu* es mrfj vk,y vfNA
cgqfokkoknh gsckd dkj.ksa izk;% fgudj dfork es dFkkRedrk vk ukVdh;rk rFkk
dFkks es dkO;e;rkd lekos'k jgSr Nfu] eqnk ls jpukd nks"k tdka uba] xq.k vk
oSf'k"V~; tdka mifLFkr gksbr vfNA ;|fi la;qDr f;kin vk dkjd foHkfDr
cgqy fo'ks"k.kd vkfkD; la Bke&Bhe vFkZ ckkk mifLFkr gksbr vfN] eqnk rdj
ifjek.k cM+ de vfNA cslh Bke BsaB 'kCnkoyhd eqgkojk tdka iz;qfDr] fdrkch
vk 'kkL=kh; 'kCnkoyh la ijgst] fgudj dfork dsa vkvksj cslh mRd"kZ nsydfu
vfN bZ ns'k dh vktkn Hksy@Qqfl,d ccky Hksy@Bke&Bke csra y tkb, yksd@drkS
pkl ysy@drkS ckl ysy@vusjks jsry tkb, yksd lu dforka'k nsf[k d, dSd
csj fgudj dfork i<+ck dky pfdr gksv, ifM+ ldSr vfNA Lokra=;kskj
dkyhu ns'k es iquokZl ;kstuk ij vb rjgsa izlaxo'k fVIi.kh drsd xaHkhj pksV
djSr vfN !
ifjokj] lekt vk dqVqacd lacaktU; Hkkouk] vrhrd Le`fr] Hkfo";d
fpark] orZekud le> fgudj dforkd izk.krRo fFkd vk vgh e es bZ viu
mR"V n`f"Vckskd ifjp; nSr cf<+ pySr NfFkA vis{kkr uegj fgudj trsd
dfork Nfu] rkfg es foHkwfr viuk ifjos'kd dksykt cukSus NfFkA ,dfg
dforkd fdNq&fdNq iafDr es dSdVk dfork dgk tkbr Nfu vk var es
lexzrkd lax Qsj vks vyx dkO; jld lapkj djSr NfuA
,Egj vkfc d, foHkwfrd 'kCn laLdkj FkksM+sd iznwf"kr Hksyfu vfNA BsaB
'kCnd lqj{kk gsrq foHkwfrd jpuk lalkj dsa vfHkys[kkxkj ekuy tkbr Ny] eqnk
ls foHkwfr] vb iznw"k.kd f'kdkj dksu dkj.ksa Hksykg vfN] dgc dfBu vfNA
^usgkb ij LoIu* dfork laxzgd dfork lHk dfod vkdqy&O;kdqy
eu%fLFkfrd dfork fFkd] nh?kZdky la kS;Z kkj.k djSr jgckd lwpuk fFkd] nh?kZ
vofkd la?k"kZd lwpuk fFkd] vk ,[ku kfj visf{kr miyfCk la nwj jgckd
lwpuk fFkd ts] ts dksuks LoIu Ny] ls usgkb ij vkfc xsy vfN] vkc
Fkksl&FkkEgd fLFkfr uba vfNA dh ra] usgkb ij dqVkbr viu LoIu dsa ns[kSr ihM+k
HkksxSr jgw] ok vgh usgkb ij la mNfy tkm vk fdNw d:A---,rck ra r; vfN]
ts foHkwfrd jpuk gks&gYyk] ukjkckth la cslh fo'okl ^,D'ku* es j[kSr vfNA
tr, drgq bZ tks'k&[kjks'k] ekfj&yM+kb] ;q)&la?k"kZd xi djSr NfFk] rkgw es dksuks
fpdjk&Hkksdjh ubaA yxSr vfN dksuks iap] vkjke la le>k jgy gksfFkA bZ jkspd
ckr vfN] ts ifjokZu vk izxfrd dkeuk la Hkjy jpukdkj foHkwfrd dfork
cgqr vkjke la] cgqr xaHkhjrk vk 'kkafr la leLr ifjokZud xi djSr vfN] ra
nkslj fn'k eSfFkyd mR"V ijaijk] ikfjokfjd&lkekftd&dkSVqafcd lacakd lkS"Bo]
xked xzkE; laLfr] ifjokjd eeRoiw.kZ Lusglw=k] izsecakud vksj&Nksj] xzkE;&dyk
vk yksd&laLfr---lc dsa cpk d, jk[k, pkgSr vfNA gM+cM+h es ra dksuks
O;fDr ,djk jpukdkjd }Sk dfg d, fudfy tk,r] eqnk bZ rrsd gM+cM+h es
nsy tk, oyk fu.kZ; uba fFkdA foHkwfrd l`tu lalkj laHkkfor fefFkykd
lajpukRed fp=k fFkd] tr, eSfFky vk eSfFkyh viu leLr Js"B ijaijk vk
vko';d izxfrd lax mifLFkr jgrA viu leLr jpuk es bZ izkjaHkfg la vb
iz;ksxd vkxzgh jgykg vfNA fgudj leLr xhr] xty] ukVd] miU;kl] dFkk]
dforkfn vgh iz;ksxd mnkgj.k fFkdA vrhr eksg fgudk ij gjne lokj jgSr
Nfu] eqnk rsa fgudk izfreq[kh vFkok izR;kokZud dfo uba dgy tk ldSr vfNA
vyx la dgckd dks u ks iz ; ks t u uba vfN] ts foHkw f rd dfork
?kVuk&dkj.k&foU;kl&fopkj&ifj.kfr& fu.kZ;d dfork fFkdA vFkkZr~] dfo viu
jpuk es vb rjgsa fopkj djSr var es fu.kZ; lqucSr NfFkA ^usgkb ij LoIu* laxzg
,d vFks fu.kZ;d dfork fFkdA vb fucakd var foHkwfr,d ,dVk fu.kZ; la
gks ra mke
,[ku kfj ekafx d* vkfx
dkt fudkyckd ifjikVhd fo#)
,dVk 'osri=k tkjh djckd gks,r
ts Nkmjd <sjh es lquxSr fpuxh
HkqEgqj cuSr vfN
ts vks cgqr&cgqr dky kfj fVdSr vfN---

uodF;&f'kYidekalydFkk
dFkk ekuo thoud lw{e&la&lw{erj {k.kd Hkksxy rhr&ehBd fjiksrkZtd :i
es viu ifjfpfr cuk pqdy vfNA ,fg lR; dsa fo'o&lkfgR;d dFkk&ys[kud
Lrj ij lsgks ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA eSfFkyh dFkk lsgks] vfHkO;fDrd ,fg lhek
kfj vkfc viu rh{.kre 'kSyhd fuekZ.k es ykxy vfNA iqjuk dFkkd fofok
mikax lHk la eqDr Hksy lkre n'kdd dFkk viu ijorhZ dFkk ys[ku dsa Fkkrhd
:i es dF; vk f'kYi fn'k dsafnzr d,ydA vkBe vk uoe n'kdd dFkk&ys[ku
dsa viu iwoZd ih<+h la izsj.kk HksVySd] ledkyhu vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd
O;oLFkk HkSVySd] kkfeZd ik[kaM la ;q) djSr izxfr'khyrkd tks'k HksVySd]
izdk'kud lkSfo; HksVySd] Hkk"kkarj lkfgR; }kjk fo'o&lkfgR;d dFkk&eap HksVySd
vk fo'o&Lrjd fparu'khyrk ,oa vksdj lkaLfrd] lkeftd kjksgfj la ifjfpr
gks,ckd lq;ksx HksVySdA ,rsd jkl lqfokkd e; eSfFkyhd dFkkdkj viu
dF;&p;u vk f'kYi&fuekZ.k es layXu Hk* xsykgA dFkkdkj v'kksd] ,gh O;oLFkkd
chp ys[kujr vksgsu l`tukehZ NfFk] ts viu dFkkHkwfe xke la 'kgj kfjd ifjos'k
es lw{erkiwoZd rkfd ysyfu vfNA nquw ifjos'k es thcSr izk;% lHk oxZd O;fDrd
thou fgudj dFkkdkjd ysy voyksD; Hksyfu vfNA viu izR;sd dFkk dsa
bZ O;fDr&lR;d :i es miLFkkfir djck es iw.kZ lQy Hksy NfFkA O;fDr&lR;
dFkkdkjd xzg.k vk ikpu f;k es csl tdka izfl) Hksy vfNA O;fDrxr
thou d ;FkkFkZ fgudj l`tu'khy] dYiuk'khyrk vk vfHkO;fDr 'kSyhd f=kos.kh
es rrsd uhd tdka Hkhty vfN] ts vksdjk lef"V&lR; vk ;qx ;FkkFkZ cuck
es dksuks fcr; ufg jgySd vfNA
^O;fDr&lR; lewg&lR;d ek=k HkkxQy ufg gksbN*] dqykuUn feJd ,fg
iafDrd lR; dsa LohdkjSr] ge dgc] ts oLrqr% O;fDr&lR;] dfgvks vk dksuks
le; es lewg&lR;d HkkxQy ufg,a Vk gksbr vfNA T;kferh; Hkk"kk es bZ
O;fDr&lR;] lewg&lR;d xq.ku[kaM gksbr vfN] vksdj Hkktdks Hk* ldSr vfNA
v'kksd xq.ku[kaM lHk dsa tek d* d* la[;k cu,ckd iz;kl d,yfu vfN
vk lQy Hksykg vfNA
v'kksdd dFkk dgckd ts 'kSyh Nfu rkfg es lewg&lR; dsa vkuyk la]
,dj cslh laHkkouk Ny ts fgudj dF; vks>jk tbrfuA ^vks euqD[k Hk* xsy*
dFkk es dFkkdkj lokZfkd :isa vfHkO;Dr Hk* ldSr Nykg] viuk dsa iw.kZ :isa
ns[kk ldSr Nykg] viu vuqHkwfr dsa peRr <ax la izLrqr d* ldSr Nykg]
ta bZ dFkkd f'kYi rkd* es ufg vxqrfcrfFkA ,dVk Js"B dF;] fgudj f'kYid
detksjhd dkj.ksa ,dVk lgt laizs"k.kh; dFkk gks,ck la ckafp xsyA dFkk ewyr%
lackskukRed Lo:i es vk,y vk dFkkdkjd n'kZu] fopkj&eaFkud ckgqY;d dkj.ksa
mckm Hk* xsyA t[ku fd ekuoh; thoud foMacuk dsa loZFkk uo n`f"Vdks.ksa
ns[kckd iz;kl d,y xsy vfNA MkbMud mfDr Nfu Prose is thinking from*
eqnk rsa dFkk es lsgks fparu'khyrk ,fg rjgsa Hkfj nsy tk,] ls mfpr ufgA
v'kksd viu dFkkd dF; xke vk 'kgjd laLfrd ?kkyesy gksbr
ifjfLFkfr la mBcSr NfFk] fuEu e;eoxhZ; thou thcSr ekuod fodklksUeq[k
izo`frd vkikkkih la mBcSr NfFkA lkekUr;k euq"; ,s'o;Z izkfIrd pje lekkku
vFkZ lap; ekfu ySr vfNA ,fg miyfCkd vxqrkgfV es ih<+hxr }a} la fudyy
lekkkud ckV euq"; dsa dksu ladVd vkok es >ksafd nSr vfN] rdj tkxzr
mnkgj.k fFkd ^rslj iz'u*A iqjku ih<+hd dsa le`f) pkgh vk uo ih<+h rdj
lekkku ysy fupsu la ufg] vxqrk d* ckV rdSr vfNA vxqrkgfV es ek=k
voSkkfuds ekxZ Vk ckafp tkbr vfNA ,gsu ik=k ;qx&;FkkFkZd HkksDrkd y?kqke
bdkb gksbr NfFkA vb rjgd ftuxh la ,dVk fo'kky lewg dsa lk{kkRdkj dj*
ifM+ jgy NSdA dFkkuk;d ,fg lewgd xq.ku[kaM fFkdA dFkkdkj ,fg O;fDrijd
thoud vkkkj y* d* lewgijd ;FkkFkZ fn'k viu vaxqjh mBcSr NfFkA iqjku
ih<+h vDlj vkn'kZ vk fl)kard nksgkb nSr jgSr NfFkA eqnk] ,r, rdZd oLrq
bZ vfN] ts vksfg ih<+hd izfrc)rk dh Nfu \ vkn'kZd ewY; ij dh viu
,s'o;Z vk vFkZ le`f)d yksyqirk dsa frykatfy n* ldSr NfFk \ dFkkd lanHkZ
es mkj gks,r ufgA r[ku] Qsj vksfg ih<+hd vkn'kZ vku Bke dksuk lqjf{kr
jgvksA vktqd ih<+hd xkZxeu es iqjku ih<+hd bZ loZrksUeq[kh izksRlkgu dksugq
dFkkdkjd rVLFk eukso`fk dsa dksuk ufg eFkvksA
vktqd dFkkdkj dF;d p;u ;qx&thoud var%i{k la djSr NfFkA ,fg
e es ?kksM+kd ?kkl [k,ckd izf;kd fp=k.k ysy jpukdkj }kjk ?kkl [kk,c
vko';d ufgA ;FkkFkZd vuqHkwfr ek=k HkksDrs Vk ufg] izs{kdks izkIr d* ldSr
NfFkA iz{s k.k] voyksdu vk Hkksx ,fg rhuw vfHkf;kd ek;es HkksDrkd laons uk
kfj dksuks l`tu'khy izk.kh iw.kZ lQyrk la igqafp ldSr NfFk] ta gqudj
dYiuk'khyrk aoZj gksfu] vuqHkwfrd dkS'ky ifd;k gksfu] oLrqr% jpukdkj viugq
Hkksxd le; es ,dVk izs{kds jgSr vfNA Hkksxd le; es ,d fn'k gqudj O;fDr
Hkksx es ykxy jgSr Nfu] ra nkslj fn'k gqudj jpukdkj gqudj lg;k=kh cfu
izs{k.k es ykxy jgSr NfuA ,Dds le; es vksfg dky es vks nw Vk thou thcSr
NfFkA vk] vb rjgsa gqudj vuqHkwfr lqPpk lkekftd thoud izfrfr Hk* tkbr
vfNA bZ ?kVuk v'kksdd ^vks euqD[k Hk* xsy* dFkk es uhd tdka ns[ky tk
ldSr vfNA
viu vku leLr dFkk es v'kksd vuqHkwr&lR;d ,fg lw{e ifjHkk"kk dsa
v{kq..k j[kyfu vfNA ?kj&vaxuk es fNfM+vk,y misf{kr fcanq lHk dsa lesfV d*
dFkkdkj ts mRd"kZ nsyfu vfN] vfr lkekU; lu ckr dsa trsd efgekeafMr
d,yfu vfN] ls lgtfg iz'kaluh;A dFkk ^Msjcqd* ,gh dksfVd ckr dsa mBcSr
vfNA lqHkk"k vk eatwd thoud tkfg eeZLi'khZ fcanq dsa dFkkdkj ,fg es mBkSyfu
vfN vk ,djk nquwd thou es ts egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk,y vfN] ls ra lkekU;
<axas dFkkdkj dfg xsykg] eqnk ekuod euksoxs drsd izcy gksbr vfN rdj
fp=k.k fcuk fdNq dgufg lok'k es d* nsyfuA bZ fcanq ,dVk xaHkhj vuq'khyud
fFkdA ,dVk xzkE; ckyk dsa lqHkk"k dh lksfp <sik Qsd* la euk djSr NfFk vk
dh Hk* tkbr vfNA ,rs f{kiz xfr,a fLFkfr cnfy tkbr vfN] eqnk dFkkdkj
dsa dksuks vQjk&rQjh ufg NfuA
,dVk ckykd vkxw lkSals thou Bk<+ vfN] eqnk euksosx vksdjk fdNq lksp,
nsckd iy[kfr ufg jg* nSr vfNA iqu% ukjh lu ytdksVfj tkfr ,rsd lkgl
la vkxw Hkkfx tkbN] t[ku fd lkgl vk 'kkS;Zd mnkgj.k enZ] ukaxfj lqVdk
ySNA,dVk dFkk es ,rsd rjgsa viuk dsa Li"V d* ldckd lQyrk fuf'pr
:i la dFkkdkjd vuqHkwfrd xgurk vk f'kYid ekSfydrkd ifjpk;d fFkdA
^vksfg jkfrd Hkksj* vk ^fetkZ lkgsc* d cht :i ,Dds fFkd izk;%A ,d
Vk tkfroknh }s"kd ckr djSr vfN] t[ku fd nkslj laiznk;oknhA ewy va'k
es nquw ,ds ckr Hksy] eqnk n`f"Vdks.kfgd foLr`frd dkj.ksa nquw dFkk dsa nw Lo:i
es Bk<+ d,y xsyA ^fetkZ lkgsc* dFkk es ekuorkd izfr xySr&Hk[kjSr vkLFkk
dsa vkvksjks mRizsj.k nsfugkj rRo lHkd dqfr ij fpark d,y xsy vfN] tr,
udkjkRed fn'kklksph O;fDrd rdZ dsa cy HksVSr vfN] ts vb lektd lR;
fFkd t[ku fd ^vksfg jkfrd Hkksj* es Hkksjd lax&lax vuko';d dkj.ksa }s"kiks"khd
eks{k es ekuorkd fdfj.k QqVSr vfNA
lkekU; tu&thoud Hkhrjh [kksg es oLrqr% ihM+kd foiqy lkezkT; cuy
vfN] tr, jax&fcjaxd x<+y liuk FkkSvk Hk* tkbNA yksd lkspSr vfN fdNq]
vk Hk* tkbr vfN fdNq] yksd fo'okl d* vcS, vk vksdjk vkLFkkd lax lkai
lHk viu fcD[kd Qxqvk [ksyk vcSr vfNA 'Blood is thicker than water'
jfV vcS, eqnk [kwud lacak NyQw Hk* tkbNA ikfjokfjd lacak cuk vcSr
vfN] eqnk kks[kk Hk* tkbr vfNA nkslj fn'k dksuks fe=kd cfgud :i&yko.;
ij eksus&eksu xqM+ pkmj [kkbr jgSr vfN] fdarq vksdj lackskud ifo=krk la
Msjk mBSr vfNA ekufld m}syud ,fg [kSapk&rkuh es] fu.kZ;ghurkd fLFkfr
es vkfc dksuks O;fDr HkxhjFk iz;kld i'pkr~ ,fg }a} la eqDr gksbNA rslj
fn'k vkafxd fu'ps"Vrkd dkj.ksa ,dVk vFkZ&foiUu yksd viu fuEuoxhZ;rkd
vfHk'kki HkksxSr jgSr vfNA [kwc jfrxj dsa gosyh la vkil Hksy iRuhd vfHkf;k
ij] vksdj lsUV&ikmMj vkfn izlkku&lkexzh O;ogkj d,yk ij eksu es vla[;
iz'u tek djSr vfN] eqnk fdNq iwfN ufg icSr vfNA Mjsa ufg] foo'krsaA iRuh
dsa lHkVk nqfu;koh lq[k nkslj Bke HksfV tkbr NSd] eqnk vks iw.kZ :i es lefiZr
vfN ifrd ysyA ifrd ysy bZ leiZ.k vksdj lekftd foo'krk ufg] vksdj
uSlfxZd foo'krk fFkdA ifr] viu iRuhd ,fg lHk ifjfLFkfr dsa tuSr vfN]
eqnk fdvks nkslj t[ku ,fg rjgsa dyad FkksiSr vfN] ra vksdjk gkfnZd ihM+k
gksbr NSdA ,fg lHk ifjfLFkfrd thoar mnkgj.k fFkd dFkk ^ljksdkj*] ^tgy
es Vkaxy eksu* vk ^ckSdk pqi Ny* vktqd lekt es O;kIr bZ leLr ifjfLFkfr
gejk yksdfud lkewfgd thou dsa] ekuorkd kjkry dsa dksu rjgsa [kksa[k d,us
tk jgy vfN ls Hkdjkj Hk* d, ,fg dFkk lHk es vk,y vfNA
;qxhu pVd&eVdd ikNw fivkly gfj.k tdka yksdd csrgk'k Hkkxc]
Ny&Nn~ed f'kdkj cuy yksdd fuf";rk] vksdj dk;jrk] uiqaldrk] QSaVslh
vk okZekud [kksg es fulHksj lwry yksdd Hkfo";d izfr mnklhurk] eqnk "kM~;a=k
ok dqp fn'k mUeq[krk] nkaiR; thoud e; dqgsl tdka ijljSr la'k;]
ukjh&eqLdkud ?kkrd ewY; la ifjfpr dksuks efgyk }kjk viu galh cspckd
vfHkf;k] eqnk rdjk viu&pkfjf=kd L[kyu ufg cq>ckd izo`fk---vkfn&vkfn
fcanq eSfFkyh vFkok vkugq lkfgR;d ysy fo"k;d Lrj ij Hkus iqjku gks] eqnk
rkfg es la dF; fudkyckd {kerk vk rdjk miLFkkfir djckd f'kYi es fuf'pr
:i la v'kksd uohurk ns[kvksyfu vfNA ^kjrh xksy NS*] ^,dVk nkslj czk*]
^,dVk pkSd ekus p.MhukFk*] ^lfjlod lkx* vkfn dFkk es ls lgtg rkdy
tk ldSNA
dFkk ^gs;jfiu* vk ^[kkSa>* nkaiR; thou es jcM+ tdka uejSr vk fldqM+Sr
ruko vk izsed dFkk fFkdA gejk lektd ts iq#"k viu euksosxd dkj.ksa] viu
mUeknd dkj.ksa] ,dVk nwk csp* okyh yx ,rsd NksV Hk* Hk* tkbr vfN] ls
viu lefiZr LoHkkod iRuhd pfj=k ij lansg djSr vfNA vFkkZr~ pfj=kghuks
ifr dsa ifo=k iRuh ij dyafduh Hk* ldckd lansg djckd lkekftd vfkdkj
izkIr NfuA ukjh tkfr ,djk lfg jgy vfN] iq#"k oxZ yxkrkj ,fg fn'k cf<+
jgy vfN] ukjh dsa Hkkbvksd lax eqlfdvk d, xIi djckd Lora=krk ufg]
eqnk iq#"k vla[; tukuhd lax dker`fIr djSr jgSr vfNA dFkk gs;jfiu es
,gh rF; dsa vxkk izsed ukVdh; n`'; la izkjaHk djSr lansgd fcanq ij Bk<+]
d,y xsy vfNA chp&chp es izlaxo'k vk,y iafDr lc dsa dFkkdkj mYys[kuh;
izlaxd ysy izLrqr d,yfu vfNA pUnj }kjk nwkokyh dsa nw l; Vkdk nsck&ysckd
izlax lu ?kVuk vkuks vku dFkk lHk es rkdy tk ldSNA
^[kkSa>* dFkkd nkaiR; ruko vk ^gs;jfiu* d ruko es varj vfNA
^gs;jfiu*d ruko ysy ek=k iq#"k mkjnk;h vfN] ek=k vksdj viu ?kfV;k pfj=k
mkjnk;h NSd] t[ku fd ^[kkSa>* d rukod ysy enZ de vk ifjfLFkfr cslhA
^gs;fiu*d rukod ifjos'k vksdj iq#"k ik=kd l`tu fFkd] t[ku fd ^[kkSa>*d
rukod ifjos'k O;oLFkk la mn~Hkwr vfNA vFkZra=kd kkg vk Jed igkM+d ;kruk
lfg d* vkWfQl la vk,y izR;sd enZd bZ LokHkkfod izf;k fFkd] ts vksfgdky
vks leL;k la nwj jg, pkgSr vfNA ekufld :i la [kkSa>k,y jgSr vfNA
eqnk lkekU; efgykd lsgks bZ LoHkko gksbr Nfu] ts vks ,gh le; es ifr dsa
lHk leL;k la voxr djvksrhgA v'kksd ,gh fcUnq dsa mRd"kZ nsyfu vfNA
fgudj ,fg nquw dFkkd ukjh fo'ks"k gksf'k;kfj] cqfk;kfj vk le>kSrk d* d,
jgfugkfj NfFk] t[ku fd ^gs;jfiu* d iq#"k ik=k k`"V vk kks[kscktA
dFkk ^vafre jkg* vFkkZHkkod ?kwj la mBy kqvkad dqaBkiw.kZ ifj.kke fFkd]
tr, xked le`) ikfjokfjd nkuoh; izo`fk vk fuEuoxZd 'kksf"kr gks,ckd
?kVuk fpf=kr vfNA Jfed oxZd fot; fn'k mUeq[k dFkkdkjd izo`fk fgudj
izxfr'khyrkd |ksrd fFkdA fdarq dFkk'kh"kZd izrhdkRedrk dsa iw.kZ cu,ck es
fdNq va'k es detksj jfg xsy NfuA
^,dVk eqldqjkbr vkaf[k* dsa laLej.kkRed dFkk dgy t,ckd pkghA
dFkk es Hkk"kkd izokg cgqr 'kkar fpk la tkbr jgy vfNA eqnk dFkkd ms';
fcanq dsa csl Hkdjkj gks,ck es ckkk mifLFkfr Hk* xsy NfuA bZ ckkk gejk tuSr
dFkkd Hkk"kk es HkkoukRed izHkkod dkj.ksa Hksy vfNA HkkoukRed izokge;h Hkk"kk
vkykg ufg fFkd] eqnk t[ku jpukdkj vksfg Hkkouk es Mwfc tkfFk] ra viu
earO; la vkxw cf<+ t,ckd laHkkouk jfgrs Vk vfNA dFkk ^gh* NksV lu dFkk
es cgqr ckr y* d, lks>ka vk,y vfNA dFkk uk;dd oS;fDrd leL;k dsa
mBk d* vksdj ekufld ;k=kk dsa tkfg <axsa dFkkdkj izLrqr d,yfu vfN] rsuk
dgy de tkbr vfNA
^tfgvk lq#t ufg mxyS* vk ^upfu;ka* ekuorkd kl ufg vksdj gykyd
dFkk fFkdA x`gLFkd os'k es O;kkkd dFkk fFkd] euq";d os'k es fx)d dFkk
fFkdA tr, nquw Bke] ukjh viu ckid }kjk nsy xsy migkjd vfHk'kki Hkksfx
jgy vfNA ,d Bke de ngst y* d, v,yk ij dyafduh gksbr vfN] ra
nkslj Bke viu tokuhd mesfjd dkj.ksa o;lkgq ifrd v'kD;rkd naM wjre
ckVas HkksxSr vfNA ,fg nquw dFkkd ukjh es la nkslj ukjh vis{kkr lkglh vfN]
ts viu lq[k&lqfokkd ckV rkfd ySr vfNA vksuk] eksVk&eksVh] v'kksdd ukjh
ik=k izk;% cslh gkslxfj Nfu] t[ku fd iq#"k ik=k drgq Msjcqd] drgq wj]
drgq iyk;uoknh] drgq Hkz"V] drgq la'k;h] drgq iqalRoghu] drgq dk;j vk
drgq&drgq mnkjks NfuA viu dF; dsa iw.kZ :isa Li"Vrk nsck es dFkkdkj
drgq&drgq dFkks es fdNq midFkk xf<+ ySr NfFk] ls ljkg.kh; <axsa] vk ls
vizklafxdks ufg gksbr NfuA
v'kksdd laiw.kZ dFkk lalkjd vuq'khyu] bZ Li"V djSN] ts o"kZ 1989]
izk;% fgudj uo f'kYid vuqlakku vk ifNyk f'kYid R;kxd lae.k dky
fFkdA ,fg varjkyd dFkk es v'kksd viu ifNyk dFkk lHkd f'kYi la nwjLFk
NfFkA ;|fi dF;d fn'kk es dFkkdkj fdNq foLr`fr ikfc ysyfu vfN] t[ku
fd f'kYid Lrjij ,[ku izk;% uo fuekZ.k es ykxy NfFkA dfFkr varjkyd
dFkk la iwoZd dFkk lHkd f'kYi es dFkkdkj viu furkar ekSfydrkd lax Bk<+
Hksy NfFk] tr, loZFkk fHkUu rjgd f'kYi fu[kjy vfNA ekSfyd :i la dFkkdkjd
leLr dFkkd dF; vR;ar NksV gksbr vfN] tdjk dFkkdkj vR;ar NksV lu
txg es dfg ySr NfFk] eqnk ls txg bZ viu dFkkd vkksHkkx es j[kyfu vfNA
fdarq] vksfg izLrqfrd ysy Li"Vrk vk Js"B laizs"k.kh;rkd ysy ,dVk 'kkunkj
i`"BHkwfed fuekZ.k djSr NfFkA oLrqr% fgudj dFkkd i`"BHkwfe vfkdka'k txg
NsdSr Nfu vFkkZr~ viu dF;ksRd"kZd ysy fupsu la okrkoj.kd fuekZ.k djSr
NfFkA b,g fupsuh fgudj dFkkd lgtrkd ewyea=k fFkdA
izkjaHk es f'kYi&vuqlakkud uo iz;kl dFkkdkjd dF; dsa uhd tdka lt,ck
es lQy ufg gksv, nSr NyfuA dFkkd xlkbu dusd f<y&f<y jfg tkbr
jgfu] eqnk ckn es ls lEgfj xsyfuA ,fg uo&fuekZ.kd izf;k es ^tfgvk lq#t
ufg mxyS* vk ^vksfg jkfrd Hkksj* f'kYid Lrj ij lsgks] fodklksUeq[k dFkk ekuy
tk,r t[ku fd f'kYid detksjhd dkj.ksa ^upfu;ka* ,d jrh Vfx xsy vfNA
dFkkdkjd f'kYi&vuqlakkud bZ uo iz;kl fgudj dFkkys[ku dsa ,dVk uo f{kfrt
n* ldy] ls rks"kd ckr fFkdA

folaxfrd HkhM+ es lgt lakku
chle 'krkCnhd vkBe n'kd es ys[ku izkjaHk d* d, ts ;qok ih<+h viu gLr{ksi
eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku es d,yd rkfg es iznhi fcgkjhd egRoiw.kZ LFkku vfNA
yxHkx Ms<+ l; dFkk] ipkl xksV y?kqdFkk] ntZu Hkfj ,dkadh] nwVk miU;kl
vkfn iqLrdkdkj vFkok i=k if=kdk es izdkf'kr NfuA fgUnh vk usikyh es dSdVk
jpukd vuqokn Hksy NfuA eSfFkyhd fdNq dFkk ladfyrks NfuA lu~ 1983 es
fgudj miU;kl ^xqedh vk fcgkfM+* izdkf'kr Hksy vk lu~ 1986 es nkslj miU;kl
^folwfo;l*A ^folwfo;l* eSfFkyh miU;kld fodkl&e es ifjfpr lacak vk
ekuo&pfj=kd fp=k izLrqr djSr lks>ka vcSr vfNA bZ miU;kl usikyd ,dVk
'kksf"kr ijkftr Hkw[kaMd tu&thou dsa dsanz es jkf[k d, fy[ky xsy vfNA ta
n`f"V dsa O;kid d,y tk, ra bZ tuin izkfrfufkd :i es drkSdks 'kksf"kr
turk d ladsr n* ldS,A ,r, vfLrRo j{kk es tqVy turkd thoud lw{e
fp=k izLrqr d,y xsy vfNA miU;kld dFkkuk;d euh'kd lax HkkoukRed
varjaxrk LFkkfir d* d, lektd ijnk rj >kaiy nqxk la ifjfpr Hksy tk
ldSN] O;oLFkkd pfjd ,d&,dVk Hkwj dsa ns[ky tk ldSr vfNA
iksFkhd uke vk vkoj.k fp=k cgqr jkl xw<+ rRod jgL;ksn~?kkVu djSr
vfNA ^folwfo;l*] 'kCn laiw.kZ miU;kld ,Ddks iafDr es drgq O;or ufg
vfNA fuf'pr :isa ,fg miU;kld dFkk&Hkwfe la folwfo;ld dksuks rky&esy
g,ckd pkghA
tkikud kjrh ij Tokykeq[kh ioZr ka[kykd ckgqY; vfN vk ioZr ka[kykd
ckgqY; usikyks es vfNA bZ vkapfyd miU;kl usikyd tkfg Hkw[kaMd vkapfydrk
la Hkjy vfN] rr, vnkS la Je'khy ekuod 'kks"k.k gksbr vk,y vfNA bZ
miU;kl vksgh 'kks"k.kd rkaMo vk izfrokn yhykd fp=k izLrqr djSr vfNA vFkkZr~]
lkfcr gksbr vfN] ts vb tuind bZ ioZrekyk ek=k futhZo ikFkjd <sjh uba
fFkd] bZ ^folwfo;l*d Tokykeq[kh cfu ldSr vfNA pkmj&rsyd ehy es kku
mluSr&dqVSr] rksM+h&lfjlks isM+Sr fo'kky tulewg ,dVk nh?kZ vofk la kkud
laxsa viu vkRek dsa mluSr] lq[kcSr] dqVSr jgy vfN( viu&viu thou dsa
isfM+ d, [kks'kefn;k galhd rsy fudkySr jgy vfN( nk#.k la nk#.k foifk
dsa lfg d, 'kks"k.k dsa cnkZ'r djSr pqi jgSr vk,y vfNA vusd o"kZ la ekslh
vk igkM+hd ,fg 'kks"k.kd izfrjksk es mBSr fpuxh ncSr jgy] tek gksbr jgy
vk vpDds es bZ fpuxh lc ,d fnu cfu xsy Tokykeq[kh( usikyd lHk igkM+
cfu xsy ^folwfo;l*A 'kks"k.kd b,g izfrokn ^folwfo;l* es Li"V :isa eq[kfjr
Hksy vfNA
iksFkhd vkoj.k fp=k fFkd efV;kg] dfjNkSu jaxd ioZr k`[a kyk la mBSr
ykys&yky cM+dk kkjkA igkM+ vk igkM+d ikFkj] funZ;rk vk wjrkiw.kZ 'kks"k.k
dsa ?kksf"kr djSr vfN rFkk igkM+d pksVh la fudySr kkjk] vnkS la 'kksf"kr tulewg
}kjk ,df=kr vkks'kd ygfj dsa( ts Tokykeq[kh cfu fudyy vfNA bZ lHkVk
fcac&izrhd( iksFkhd dFkkHkwfe es fpf=kr ;FkkFkZ( fodklksUeq[k loZgkjkd 'kfDrd
izkcY;( vksdjk viu vfLrRo cksk gks;ckd lwpuk( viu ewY; cwf> ysckd
fLFkfr vk fodklksUeq[k ,fg 'kfDr }kjk ijkftr gksbr iruksUeq[k cqtqZvkd fp=k
Bk<+ djSr vfNA
dFkkHkwfed p;u es iznhi fcgkjh lQy jgykg vfNA dSd rjgsa folwfo;ld
dFkkud dsa ljkgy tk ldSr vfNA iksFkhd Hkwfedk es thodkar iznhi dsa ^tuokn*
la cslh fudV dgyfu vfNA dFkkudd n`f"V,a Bhds bZ tuoknd cslh fudV
NfFkA Hknziqj fLFkr ehy es kjrh&vkleku ,d d* d,] [kwu&ilsuk cgk d,
[kVfugkj etwjd O;FkkxkFkk vk igkM+h {ks=k] taxyh {ks=k es tkjfu csfp d, xqtj
djck es 'kkldh; ra=k }kjk mifLFkr O;okkud fLFkfr dsa efLr"d es jkf[k vksfg
ij rS;kj d;y dFkkud iz'kaluh; vfNA miU;kl es vkfkdkfjd dFkkoLrq vk
izklafxd dFkkoLrq] nquwd fuokZg lQy <axsa Hksy vfNA bZ ckr fHkUu] ts dFkkudd
rkuh&Hkjuh es drgq&drgq Qkad cq>kbr NfuA vkSiU;kfld f'kYid [khy
drkS&drkS <hy yxSr NfuA eqnk ?kVuk ed rhozrk vk rh{.krk rdjk >kafi
nSr vfNA
euh'kd i<+kb] dFkkuk;dd ekbd #XukoLFkk] firkd e`R;q la y* d,
;wfu;uckthd ek;es ehy ekfyd ij fot; izkfIr kfjd dFkk vk ^pEid*
rFkk fokok ^fyfidk*d jkxkRed lacakd dFkk] cschd ifjokjd tuhtkfrd l*[k
la vFkok ykpkjho'k nsg cspckd dFkk] pEid la fikhd >a>fVd dFkk]
esok&btksfr;k&Hkxyqvk bR;kfnd dFkk lHkd la;kstu dykRed <ax la Hksy vfNA
 folwfo;ld dFkkuk;d euh'k dsa laiw.kZ miU;kl es ,gsu ,dksVk dFkkukf;dk vis{kk jgSr Ny] ls vcSr uba NyA dFkk dgckd ywfj Nfu] rsa bZ dksugqa oLrq&fo"k;
ufg HksVySd ts dFkkuk;d dsa drgq dksuks {ks=k es izsfjr d;us gksA L=kh ik=kd ij dFkk fyf[k ySr Nykg] ;|fi vks dFkk gksbr Ny ek=k ywfjd cysaA eqnk
laca/k es iznhid leLr jpuk lalkj dsa nsf[k d, c)ewy /kkj.kk lu yxSr ls ikNw vkfc d, nwj Hk* xsyfu vk ,[ku iznhi viu dFkk&ys[ku es i;kZIr
vfNA ga] ^ekb* ,dVk ,gsu pfj=k vo'; vfN ts izrhd :i es vb es mifLFkr lkokku NfFkA oLrq vk f'kYi nquw Lrj ijA
vfNA is'kk la cSad dehZ] #fp la jax dehZ vk deZ la dFkkdehZ] LoHkko la vk;kstu
pfj=k&fp=k.kgq es dSd izdkjd dykRedrk ns[kkvksy xsy vfNA drgq dehZ le; vk tkZd bZ cgqvk;keh mi;ksx fgudj ys[ku dsa drsd izHkkfor
euh'k dsa ljy&likV rjgsa fpf=kr d,y xsy vfN] drgq ,dVk csjkstxkj ;qodd vFkok vizHkkfor djSr Nfu] ls dgc dfBu vfNA eqnk vb leLr O;Lrrk
vR;ar f[kUu ekufldrk] ra drgq ehy es jkstxkj ikfc ysykd ckngq vksrqDdk vk vLr&O;Lrrkd chp iznhid dFkk&ys[ku le`) Hk* jgy vfN] bZ rks"kd ckr
etwjd 'kks"k.k nsf[k d, vkSukgfV NViVkgfV] ra drgq kafrd vxqvk vk lHk fFkdA dgy tk ldSr vfN ts iznhi rqeqy dksykgy vk O;okkud igkM+ dsa
la viwoZ ckr ts ehy efyfduhd izse fuosnud eqDr vkea=k.k dsa vLohdkj phfM+ d, vkxw cf<+ jgykg vfNA
djc rFkk ehy ekfydd csVhd U;ksNkoj d;y ;kSu Hkjy iq"V&dksey nsgd
mis{kk d* d, pfy nsc vR;ar euksfo'ys"k.kkRed <axsa Hksy vfNA ^folwfo;l*
es dFkksidFku vis{kkr cslh vfNA
ik=kd cgqfok fp=k.k djck dky vksdj ns'k] dky] okrkoj.k] dFkksidFku
bR;kfnd lekos'k djck es miU;kldkj lps"V jgykg vfNA lkekftd ifjos'k]
HkkSxksfyd ifjos'k] HkkSfrd ifjos'kd oSfo; jhfr&jsokt] os'k&Hkw"kk] vkpkj&fopkj
bR;kfn dykRedrk la O;Dr Hksy vfNA
ek=k bZ miU;kls Vk ufg] iznhi fcgkjhd dksuks fr ij utfj nh ra Li"V
gks,r ts fgudj laosnuk e;e oxZ vk fuEu e;e oxZd thoud la?k"kZ vk
vksdj folaxfr la lac) vfNA izkjaHk es fgudj ys[kud dFkkHkwfe lekU;r;k
usikyd tuthou gksbr NyA vkc bZ fefFkykd ikfjokfjd vk lkekftd ik[kaM
la mn~Hkwr tfVyrk vk folaxfr fn'k vfHkeq[k Hksykg vfNA ^Qkad*] ^yqkh*]
^edM+h*] ^eksVckg*] ^mijkSa>* vkfn dSdVk fgudj Lej.kh; dFkkd uke ysy tk
ldSr vfNA ;kSu&hM+k vk ;kSu&ihM+k fgudj dFkk es c eq[kj jgSr vfNA
fgudj dFkk lalkjd ,dVk fofp=k foMacuk vfN ts vfkdka'k L=kh ik=k nsg
rqf"V la eqDr uba Hk* icSr vfNA ekuoh; ftthfo"kkd ifgy 'krZ fFkd ^jksVh*A
rb jksVhd izkfIr gsrq fgudj iq#"k ik=k ra tku&izk.k yxkSus jgSr vfN] eqnk fgudj
L=kh ik=k ,[kugq] nsg Hkksx la mij ufg vkfc ldyfu vfNA ;|fi vks L=kh
ik=k izk;% lHk Bke fgudj la?k"kZ'khy uk;dd lacy vFkok dgh ra ms'; dsafnzr
lakku es fopyu fojkskh rRod :i es vcSr NfuA eqnk vksfg L=kh ik=kd vfLrRo
fgudj jpuk lalkj es Lokoyach tdka uba cfu icSr vfNA
iznhid jpuk lalkj es ,dVk vkvksj leL;k] iwoZd ys[ku es NyA fgudj
dFkk lHkd cqukofV es Qkad jfg tkbr NyA dFkk cfu ra tkbr Ny] eqnk
,rsd la[;k es dFkk fy[kykd ckn vksfg es tkfg fuLlurkd vk l?kurkd

izogeku Hkk"kkd fMDVsVj
vkBe n'kd es mHky jpukdkj yksdfud ih<+h es rkjkuUn fo;ksxh ,d egRoiw.kZ
uke fFkdA
fo;ksxh ledkyhu lkfgR;d izk;% lHk fokk es jpuk d;yfuA eqnk] gejk
cq>us] ledkyhu lkfgR;d ifjlj es gqudj ts fokk lHk la lkFkZd gLr{ksi
djSr vfN] ls fFkd vkykspuk] ts fd vks vis{kkr de fy[kyfu vfNA eSfFkyh
y?kqdFkkd {ks=k es lsgks fgudj dkt egRoiw.kZ vfNA csNi fo"k;&oLrq vk uwru
'kSyh fgudj fo'ks"krk fFkdfuA fo;ksxh xty lsgks fy[kyfuA fgudj xty&laxzg
^viu ;q)d lk{;* izdkf'kr vfNA
eSfFkyh es xty cgqr fnu la fy[ky tkbr jgy vfNA ifgy xtydkj
ia- thou >k 1904 es xty fy[kyfuA eqnk] bZ kfj fuf'pr ts eSfFkyh xty
,fg 'krkCnhd uoe n'kdd izkjaHk es vkfc d* ppkZd fo"k; cuyA 1981
es eSfFkyhd ifgy xty&laxzg] foHkwfr vkuUnd ^mBk jgy ?kks?k frfej* izdkf'kr
Hksy] vk ;Sg vks o"kZ fFkd tfg;k eSfFkyh xty ij ifgy csj vkykspdh; iz;kl
Hksy] vk bZ izFke fucakdkj Nykg rkjkuUn fo;ksxhA ifgy csj ,kfg vkfc
eSfFkyh xty c`gkj vk;ke es ppkZd fo"k; cuyA xtyd ekns NiyA rfg;k
fo;ksxh xty ufg fy[kSr Nykg] vkykspukfn fy[kSr NykgA rdj nw c[kZd
ckn vks xty&ys[kud {ks=k es izos'k d;yfuA
bZ dgc fdUugq vfr'k;ksfDr ufg ts eSfFkyh xty dsa fo;ksxh kkjnkj
vk tq>k: rsoj nsyfu vfNA fgudj xty lHk pfpZr vk yksdfiz; lsgks HksyA
cgqr xksVs dsa fgudj xtyd vusd ikafr eksu gks;rfuA
1983 es fo;ksxh xty&ys[ku fnl mUeq[k Hksykg] vk lkr c[kZd ckn
1990 es fgudj xty lHkd ifgy ladyu izdkf'kr HksyA ,dj ckn 1996
eas fo;ksxhd fN;kyhl xksV 'kkunkj eSfFkyh dforkd ladyu ^gLr{ksi* vk 1997
es vM+rkyhl xksV y?kqdFkkd ladyu ^f'kykys[k* rFkk X;kjg xksV dFkkd ladyu
^vfre.k* izdkf'kr HksyA
^viu ;q)d lk{;* es rkjkuUn fo;ksxhd pkyhl xksV xty ladfyr
vfN] ts dF; vk cqukcfV nquw Lrj ij cgqjxa h n`'; mifLFkr djSr vfNA fo;ksxh
thoar jpukdkj NfFk] rdj izek.k bZgks ts ledkyhu thou la tqM+y izk;% lc
lanHkZ] lc izlax fgudj jpukd o`k es eq[kj Hksy vfNA
dksuks jpukd rF;kUos"k.k djck dky ifjn`'; fnl nsf[k ysc vko';d
gksbr vfNA ,fg lanHkZ es loZizFke gejk le{k lektd ukjdh; n`'; vHkjSr
vfN] tr; euq"; dsa lkekftd] lkaLfrd vk kkfeZd dfFkr vuq'kklud Vkad
la Vkafd d* vksdj laiw.kZ ftuxh es ,dVk xqelM+kbu okrkoj.k rS;kj d* nsy
xsy vfNA
euqD[k dsa bZ thou&izf;k vkftt d;us vfN] eqnk eqfDr i;ckd dksugq
Vk ckV vks us ra rkfd ldSr vfN] vk us rdckd ysy isV&izk.kd leL;k&iwfkZ
la iy[kfr icSr vfNA fo;ksxhd xty] dfork] dFkk vk y?kqdFkk vb fLFkfrd
vyce fFkdA
ledkyhu fo'olkfgR;d xHkZLFky] xaghj vkReckskd izfrQyu fFkdA
vkRecks/kd loksZPp f'k[kj ij csl lkeF;Zd lax igqafp i;ckd ysy trsd
vko';d 'krZ lHk vfN] rkfg es ifgy fFkd ys[kdd viu n`f"Vdks.kA ls
[kkgs thou es gks vFkok ys[ku esA thou dsa vrho fueZerk la ns[kckd izf;k
vk viu jpukdkj dsa vksfg Hkksx&{k.k la vyx d* d, vksfg vfHkf;kd izs{kd
cu;ckd dykRedrk fo;ksxh es rrsd ekSfyd Nfu ts lgtfg fgudj O;fDr&Hkksx]
leqnk;&Hkksxd nLrkost cfu tkbr vfNA ,fg ifjizs{; es fo;ksxh v|kofk
miyCk n`f"Vdks.k la thou dsa thckd rjhdk viukSyfu] tkfg e es vkRe&ijh{k.k
vk vkRe&ckskd volj gkFk yxyfuA bZ volj fgudj eksg&Hkaxd izfrQyu
fFkdA fgudj jpuk&lalkjd fo"k; es jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLdkfjd]
HkkoukRed fonzwirk ,kfg la viu okLrfod :i es vk;yA
ledkyhu tu&thoud lkSfo;d fu;ked 'kfDr fFkd jktuhfrA ,djk
fcuk vktqd thou&izf;k laHko ufgA eSfFkyh&ys[ku la tqM+y drksd xksVs
jktuhfrd n`f"V la rVLFk jgckd ckr dgSr NfFkA eqnk] ,dj vFkZ gks;r lkekftd
O;oLFkk vk tu&thoud izfr uiqald rVLFkrkA dkj.k] ledkyhu ifjos'kd vk
thou&txrd dksugq Vk i{k jktuhfrd izHkko la Qjkd ufg vfNA rsa] ,djk
izfr ys[ku es rVLFkrk ns[kk;c oLrqr% uiqald rVLFkrk gks;r] ts jpuk'khyrkd
izklafxdrk es ckkd fFkdA ;|fi laiw.kZrk es jktuhfrd izfrQyu dsa idM+c
dfBu vfNA ,dj foLrkj vk O;kid izHkko dsa jpuk es xaHkhjrkiwoZd mBsckd
ysy cgqr cslh kS;Z vk layXu'khyrkd vis{kk vfNA eSfFkyh es ta jktuhfrd
:i la n`f"VlaiUu jpuk de vk;y vfN] ra rdj ewy dkj.k ,gh kS;Z]
layXu'khyrk vk xaHkhjrkd deh fFkdA
fo;ksxhd xty lHk iw.kZr;k ,dVk jktuhfrd dkO;&jpuk fFkd] tdjk
laxsa mfpr layXu'khyrk vk kS;Z ra NSds] xaHkhjrkiw.kZ n`f"V lsgks vk|ksikar NSdA
jktuhfrd ys[ku es ,dVk tksf[ke vkvksj jgSr vfNA ls bZ ts cnySr
le;&kkjkd lax jpukd izklafxdrk U;wu gksbr t;ckd Hk; lnSo O;kIr jgSNA
bZ tksf[ke mBc* es fo;ksxh drgq viu dkUg ufg fNiyfuA vksuk] vktqd ys[ku
es lkgfldrk ,d vko';d 'krZ tdka Hk* xsy vfN] vU;Fkk vuqHkwfrd
vfHkO;fDr, ,dVk leL;k Hk* tk;r] Hk* bZgks ldSr vfN ts cnySr le;&kkjkd
e es fo;ksxhd jktuhfrd ys[kud izklafxdrk lsgks U;wu Hk* tkbd( eqnk ,fg
lwpuk lHkd i{k es lHk la iS?k ckr bZ vfN] ts us ra ,fg es drgq dykRedrkd
deh vk;y vfN] vk us xaHkhjrkdA
ts ize[q k fo"k;&oLrq fo;ksxhd xty lHk es eq[kj Hksy vfN] ls fFkd jktuhfrd
fonzwirk] fofok leL;k lHk la xNkjy tu&thoud vdqykgfV] dqaBkjfgr vk
le&osnuke; thou thckd vkxzg] vak&o`fkd fojksk] oSKkfud vk izxfr'khy
fopkj&iz.kkyhd izfr vkLFkk] kkfeZd :f<+d fojksk vkfnA
mnwZ&Qkjlh la lh[ky ok mkkj ysy xsy xtyd ts lkekU; ifjHkk"kk cuSr
vfN] rdjk vkkkj ij ,dVk iz'u efLr"d es mBSr vfN dh eryk] eDrk]
'ksj] ;Sg fFkd xty \ gejk fopkjsa] fdUugq ufgA ,fg leLr dkO;kaxd lax
lHk la cslh egRoiw.kZ vfN ,dj vfUofr] ,dj peRdkfjd miLFkkiuA vk]
rkfg vfUofr vk miLFkkiu es fo;ksxh cgqr lQy NfFkA jnhQ vk dkfQ;kd
,rsd lekkuy iz;ksx de xtydkjd jpuk es HksVSr vfNA
mnwZ 'kCnd iz;ksx fo;ksxhd xty es v[kjSr jgSr vfNA ,djk cnyk es
nksljks 'kCn lHk lgtrk la rkdy tk ldSr NyA ckskxE; gksbrgq ,gu 'kCnd
ckgqY; jpukdkjd BsB eSfFkyh 'kCnd nkfjnz~;d ckskd fFkdA rsa fgudk vb
rjgd iz;ksx la cpckd pkfgvfuA
xzkE; ifjos'kd Qdjk] dgkor] eksgkojk vkfnd iz;ksx vk okD;&foU;kld
lgtrk rrsd tkunkj <ax la bZ lfg;kjSr NfFk ts bZ lHkVk fefy d* ,dVk
vuqie 'kSyhd Lo:i Bk<+ djSr vfNA Qsj mnwZ 'kCnd tcnZLrh iz;ksxd dh
iz;kstu !
vR;ar la;eiwoZd ckr dgckd vH;klh fo;ksxh ts jpSr NfFk] cgqr vkjke
la jpSr NfFkA gqudk drgq vxqrkb ufg jgSr NfuA foyafcr 'kSyhd bZ izokg
fgudj dykRedrk dsa csl mapkb nSr NfuA fgudj Hkk"kk laLdkj rrck QjhN
Nfu] ts izs"k.kh;rkd mRd"kZ lHkrfj ns[kkbr vfNA Hkk"kkd lknxhd dkj.ksa
laizs"k.khr;rkd fLFkfr fgud jpuk lHk es bZ vfN] ts dfork gks] dFkk gks]
xhr&xty&vkykspuk fdNq gks] vks lektd lHk oxZd vry eksu kfj igqapSr
vfNA Hkk"kk&f'kYi es ikafMR; Hkjfugkj ys[kd yksdfu dsa bZ eksu jk[k*d pkfgvfu]
ts] ta jpukd ikB lkekU; Jksrk@ikBd dsa idfM+ uba ld,] ra vks jpuk uba
HksyA dgy xsy vfN] ts ^gfj.k ra xhr jl yaiV] ts xhr I;kly xk; dsa
ikfu nsf[k nkSM+Sr dky Bkefg jksfd fnv,] ls Hksy xhr*A vFkkZr~ lkfgR;dkj
vFkok dksuks vku vuq'kklud fo}ku ra i<+ckd ysy vH;Lr gksbr vfNA tu
lkfgR; ra vly es vks Hksy] tdj ikB vui<+ O;fDr kfj dsa izHkkfor d*
fnv,A rb :i es fo;ksxhd lkfgR; tu&lkfgR; fFkdA vksuk bZ thodkar cyk
vks pqbxa e uba fFkd] ts fo;ksxhd dfork laxgz ij ppkZ djSr vks nsus jgfFku ^fo;ksxhd
dfork nfyr lkfgR;d eSuhQsLVks fFkd*A vb pqbaxe dsa ta fo;ksxh fpck,c
'kq#g djrkg ra elqgfj [kjkc Hk* tsrfuA thodkar bZ ikarh fuf'fpr :i la
fcuk lkspus fopkjus fy[kus gsrkgA fgUnh es nfyr lkfgR;d >aMk Qgjk,c
,dVk jktuhfr fFkdA eSfFkyh es vb jktuhfrd dksuks iz;kstu uba vfNA ts&ls-
--
fo;ksxhd dFkk] dfork] xty] xhr] vkykspuk( oLrq] 'kSyh] f'kYi lc
vFks tuin vk lkekU; tuthou dsa lacksfkr vfNA fgudj dforkd ewy Loj
fFkdfu vke turkd bPNk&vkdka{kkd gark oxZd fojksk] izfri{kd Hkwfedk vk
dFkkd ewy Loj fFkfdvfu xzkeh.k tuin es vFkZ ra=kd ijkHko la [kkSa>k,y
lkearh LoHkkod dqfVy vkpj.k dsa m?kkjc] Je'khy ekuod vkfFkZd n'kkd fed
lqkkjd iz'kalk djc--- vkfnA vgh tfVy ifjos'k vk dqfVy ifjn`'; es jpy
xsy fo;ksxhd jpuk lalkj lgtfga tulkfgR; Hk* tkbr vfN] ra bZ Js; fo;ksxhd
tulacak dsa tkbr NfuA

LokHkkfod vk LokfHkekuh thoud dFkk
chle 'krkCnhd vkBe n'kd eSfFkyh dFkk ys[ku ysy ,sfrgkfld n'kd fFkdA
i;kZIr la[;k es vb n'kd es eSfFkyhd csl leFkZ dFkkdkjd izos'k Hksy vk fdNq
izfo"V dFkkdkj] viu ifjfpfr cukSyfuA vb n'kdd dFkkdkj lHk es egRoiw.kZ
NfFk foHkwfr vkuan] fouksn fcgkjh yky] uohu pkSkjh] rkjkuUn fo;ksxh] f'ko'kadj
Jhfuokl] v'kksd] iznhi fcgkjh] 'kSysUnz vkuUn] jes'k vkfnA f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl
viu laiw.kZ ih<+h es csNi Nfo cukSfugkj dFkkdkj NfFkA f'ko'kadj vksuk fdNq
dfork] fdNq xhr] fdNq vkykspukRed ys[k] fdNq y?kqdFkk lsgks fy[kus NfFk]
FkksM+sd laiknu dk;Z vk fdNq 'kksk dk;Z lsgks d,us NfFkA eqnk ge ewyr% fgudk
dFkkdkj ekuSr NhA dFkk ys[ku es ,[ku kfj bZ viu ts LFkku cuk ldykg
vfN] rdj rqyuk es vku fokkd ys[ku >wl lkfcr gksbr NfuA ppksZ&cpkZ
fgudk ij uhds tdka gksbr jgy vfNA ifgy csj ^f=kdks.k* uked lk>h ladyu
es fgudj fdNq dFkk v'kksd vk 'kSysUnz vkuand dFkkd laxsa ladfyr HksyA
rnqijkar 1991 es ifgy csj fgudj Lora=k ladyu ^vngu* izdkf'kr HksyA vb
ladyu es fgudj ianzg xksV fof'k"V dFkk ladfyr vfNA rRi'pkrks yxkrkj
fgudj dFkk lHk i=k&if=kdk es vcSr jgy vfN vk dFkk xks"Bh lHk es bZ ikB
djSr jgykg vfNA
^vngu* fgudj dFkklaxzgd uke fFkdA vb 'kh"kZdd ,dks xksV dFkk vb
es uba vfNA rFkkfi vb ladyud vb uked lkFkZdrk vfNA la?k"kZ es Msx
ysckd mi;qDr okrkoj.k fn'k ^vngu* ladrs djSr vfN ls dFkkdkjd dgc
NfuA oLrqr% vngu tsuk [kkSySr vfN vk tsuk gqejSr vfN] ggkbr vfN]
Hkkjkskksyud tkZ vksfg es tsuk O;kIr jgSr vfN] pkmj lu vadM+k vk dqikP;
nkuk dsa Hkkr lu fl)kUu vk lqikP; vk LoLF;o)Zd cucSr vfN f'ko'kadjd
dFkk lHk lSg vngu fFkdA fgudj dFkk&dkS'ky vk LokuqHkwfr es vks rki vfN]
vks m"ek vfN] ts vfu"V dsa tjk ldSr vfN vk vHkh"V dsa iuxk ldSr vfNA
vktqd le; es 'krkCnh dsa fonk djSr&djSr fefFkyk vla[; leL;k la
la?k"kZ d* jgy vfNA csjkstxkjh] csdkjh] Qwfl] Qjsc] kks[kk] ik[kaM] gR;k] naxk]
Qlkn] pksfj] cVekfj] vf'k{kk] vuqi;qDr f'k{kk vk jktuhfrd vijkkhdj.k]
lkk&yksyiq O;fDr }kjk lekt fojkskh gjDdfr lc fefFkyk es O;kIr vfNA
lekftd f'k"Vkpkj] ikfjokfjd laca k] tuinh; laons uk lHkd yksi Hk* pqdy
vfNA vHkko ijkdk"Bk ij] tek[kksjh rkgw la vkxw ,fg =kkln okkrkoj.k es
f'ko'kadj Jhfuokl is'kk la f'k{kd] eqnk xke es jfg d, fefFkykd lqPpk
ukxfjdd lax thou fcrk jgy NfFk] dFkk jfp jgy NfFk] dFkkud cqfu jgy
NfFk] dF; chfN jgy NfFkA izk;% b,g xzkeokl fgudj dFkkdkj dsa thou&jl
vk jpukRed tkZ n* jgy NfuA
orZeku le; es rh{.krj <axsa ts dFkk lHk fy[kk jgy vfN] rkfg es
f'ko'kadj Jhfuokld uke egRoiw.kZ <axas ysy tkbr NfuA dF; vk f'kYi nquw
Lrj ij f'ko'kadj eSfFkyh dFkkd fodkl es i;kZIr ;ksxnku nsyfu vfN] n*
jgykg vfNA lektd R;kT; vk vuns[ky fo"k; oLrq dsa viu dFkk es mBcSr
NfFk] fdNq ,gsuks fo"k; lHk] ,guks leL;k lHk] ts ewyr% xzkeh.k tuind uba
fFkd] vks oSKkfud izxfr vk 'kgjd vke.k la uo&uo leL;k mRiUu Hksy
vfN] vk xzkeh.k leL;k la fefy d, kWl&czhM leL;k cucSr vfNA gkyfg
es fgudj ,dVk dFkk lquy vfN ^fpark*A ok;qeMa yh; izn"w k.k] f"k deZ ij
vk?kkr] xzkeh.k ;qodd iyk;u] bZ iyk;u xke la] nkf;Ro la] lacak la] ekuork
la( ;qodd ekrk&firkd vb fpark es vusd ekufld O;k;ke] vksfg ekrk&firkd
gkfnZd ihM+k] larku foNksgd nq[k bZ lcVk fefy d, vb dFkk es ts izHkko
mRiUu dsyd vfN] ls eSfFkyh dFkkd ysy miyfCk fFkdA
tsuk fd dgy xsy] f'ko'kadjd dFkkHkwfe lkekU;r;k xke fNvfu] eqnk
rsa bZ uba dgy tk, ts fgudj dFkkd fo"k; jk"Vh; uba vfNA f'kYi bZ viuk
rjgsa fodflr d,yfu vfN] vk ,fg 'kSfYid fodkl es fgud xzkeokld
;ksxnku i;kZIr NfuA uxj&egkuxj es jgfugkj O;fDrd laons uk vk kS;Z nquw
vkgr jgSr vfNA egkuxjh; thou&i)frd vkik&kkih la izHkkfor Hksyk fcuk]
dksuks O;fDr dksuk jfg ldr ! vk tdj thous vkikkkih la] gM+cM+h vk cspSuh
la izHkkfor jgr vks dFkk dh fy[kr \ vksrgq vksdjk gM+cM+h iNkM+us jgrSA
vly es dFkkdkj dksuks Mkfd;k vFkok v[kckjd gkWdj uba gksbr vfN] ts
gkab&gkab d, fph vk fd v[kckj Qsdyd vk Qsj nkslj nqvkfj ijA dFkkokpu
vk dFkk Jo.k izkjaHkfg la jkfr d, gksbr Ny] t[ku yksd thou ;kiud
leLrd gypy la fu'pr Hk* tkbr NyA kS;Z la dFkk dgy vk lquy tkbr
NyA f'ko'kadj kS;Z la dFkk dgS NfFk] vFkkZr~ fy[kS NfFkA ,d&,dVk ckrd
^fMVsy* dgrkgA vb ^fMVsy* es drgq&drgq vfrdFku Hk* tkbr Nfu] eqnk ,uk
uba gksbr vfN ts dFkk vlaizsf"kr jfg tk,A
f'ko'kadj Jhfuokld tkap iM+rky ta fgudj jpukd ek;es d,y tk,]
ra xtc leUo; HksVrA orZeku le; es euq";d LoHkko fofp=k rjgsa ifjofrZr
Hksy vfN laLfr&j{kkd uke ij ijaijk la vcSr yksdkpkj dsa fuekgckd ftn
es fdNq djiaFkh ,gsu HksfV t,rkg] ts LFkku&dky&ik=kd fopkj d,us fcuk
vO;kogkfjd vk vizklafxdks ckr dsa idM+us jgrkg vFkok izxfr'khyrkd ukeij
ijaijkd vO;kogkfjdks ckr dsa udkjSr jgrkgA f'ko'kadj vb nquw fopkjd fojkskh
NfFkA izxfr'khy gsckd ikNw drgq bZ vfr kafrdkjh uba ns[kkb iM+rkg vk us
ijaijk j{kdd :i es drgq ik[kaMhA b,g dkj.k fFkd ts ^lhrkiqqjd lquSuk*
dFkkd ukf;dk dsa vkfFkZd LofuHkZjrkd lykg nsyfu vfNA bZ dksuks vfr
kafrdkjh tdka vksdj iqufoZokg uba djcSr NfFk] fgudj dksuks ik=k vkRe fuHkZj
gsckd iz;kl es jgSr vfN] fgudj ik=kd tkZd viO;; uba tdka ns[kkbr
vfNA tkZd O;kogkfjd mi;skxd fp=k.k] us ek=k dFkk es mRd"kZ vk pfj=k&fp=k.k
es thoarrk HkjSr vfN] cfYd lkekftd fuekZ.k es lsgks fof'k"V ;ksxnku nSr
vfNA pwafd jpukd ek;es lkekftd f'k"Vkpkjd izfrLFkkiu es lkfgR;dkjd
Hkwfedk egRoiw.kZ gksbr vfN] rsa dksuks jpukd lexz izHkkod lax lax vksdj
,d&,d iafDr egRoiw.kZ gksbr vfNA
L=kh] fdlku vk o`) bZ rhu oxZ fefFkyk es vkfFkZd vk 'kSf{kd ijra=krkd
dkj.ksa mis{kkd f'kdkj gksbr vk,y vfNA vb rhuw oxZd nqnZ'kkd izfr f'ko'kadj
csl fpafrr vk ;kstukc) <axsa vb rhuw oxZd leL;k lks>j,ck es ykxy NfFkA
vgh chp ,dVk [kkl ckr bZgks ns[kkbr vfN] ts fgudj ik=k i;kZIr cq>uqd vk
le; la ifgus psr tkb oyk vk viu HkkX;&fuekZrk Lo;a cuS oyk lc NfuA
fluqjgkj] lhrkiqjd lquSuk] viuk ysy] vkfn drksd dFkk L=kh leL;k dsa
dsanz es jkf[k d, fy[ky xsy vfNA L=khd ijkJ;h g,cs vksdjk thoud lc
la ewy leL;k fFkdA lkekU;r;k vku&vku Hkk"kk&lkfgR;d ukjhoknh \ L=kh
ik=k la gks gYyk epckSRkkg] iq#"k&ik=k la gkFkk&ikgh djckSrkg] eksdnek djckSrkg]
dksVZ dpgjh] ukjh lsy vkfnd pDdj dVckSrkg] eqnk fgudk vksr, ukjhd
vksgu dksuks dYius uba vfN] ifjokj vk ifjokjd L=khd izfr ,d HkO;&fnO;
kkj.kk laiw.kZ dFkk ys[ku es HksVSr vfNA ta fgudj jpuk es ukjhd fLFkfr drgq
FkksM+ cgqr xM+cM+ vfN] ra rdj ewy dkj.k ikfjokfjd de vk lkekftd cslh
gksbr vfN] fu;frd dkj.k cslh gksbr vfNA
^fluqjgkj* dFkk es L=kh nqnZ'kkd ysy ds nks"kh ekuy tk,r \ ?kj&ifjokj
vk Vksy&iM+ksld L=kh] ts viufg ifjokjd fokok ;qorh dsa leLr 'kqHk volj
la oafpr j[kSr vfN \ vkfd vks lekt] ts bZ vkpkj lafgrk ekfu jgy vfN \
vkfd dSd ih<+h ikNwd firj yksdfu] ts ijaijk cukSus gsrkg \ dqyk feyk d,
ns[kh] ra dsvks nks"kh uba vfN] vb leLr dqjhfrd var ysy lkekftd uotkxj.kd
vko';drk vfNA vk] ls ladsr fgudj dFkk lc es vcSr jgSr vfNA
^lhrkiqjd lquSuk* ra vn~Hkqr dFkk vfNA ifgy iafDr la vafre iafDr kfj
ftKklkd rkj f?kpkbr jgSr vfNA dFkk&ikB dky ikBd mRlqdrko'k dFkkd
vfxyk ?kVukd vuqeku djSr tkbr vfNA eqnk bZ dFkk gjsd iafDr es ikBdd
lHk vuqeku dsa vlQy djSr ,dVk ,gsu ifj.kfrd lax lekIr gksbr vfN]
ts pfdr Hk* tk, iM+Sr vfNA b,g fFkd dFkkd lQyrkA ,fguk ^viuk ysy*
dFkk es fueZyk vk vk'kk ,fg nquVw k ckfydk dsa thou lakkud iwokZH;kl
djkvksy tkbr vfN] fueZyk] laHkkfor lklq&llqj&c*j&lklqj dsa izlUu djckd
izf'k{k.k ikfc jgy vfN vk vk'kk] viuk dsa izlUu j[kckd izf'k{k.k ikfc jgy
vfNA vb rqyukRed fp=k.k es f'ko'kadj ,dVk vkvksj egRoiw.kZ dkt d,yfu
vfN] vk ls fFkd bZ lans'k ts izxfr dkeuk ih<+hd fodkl la uba c<+Sr vfNA
vk'kkd ekb&cki iqjku ih<+hd jfgrgqa izxfrdkeh vk O;kogkfjd thou&n`f"V
j[kfugkj NfFk] t[ku fd fueZyk uo ih<+hd jfgrgqa] i<+fy&fy[kfy gksbrgqa
thoud izfr O;kogkfjd n`f"V la P;qr jgyhgA dFkk dsa ekalymkstd vk
voekuukd vFkZ es uba vk izokge;h cuk,ckd e es dksuks egku ?kVukd
l`tu d,us fcuk dFkkdkj ,rsd egku ckr d* tkbr NfFk] ts oLrqr% vks dFkks
la egku Hk* tkbr vfNA
ik=k vk ?kVukd fooj.k es oSkrk vk voSkrk rkd, ykxh] ra fgudj dFkk
i<+Sr dky dSd csj xqfukqfud fLFkfr mRiUu Hk* tkbr vfNA dSd csj fgudj
dFkk es bZ fu.kZ; djc dfBu Hk* tkbr vfN ts] ds Bhd vfN] ds xyr \ lcVk
ifjfLFkfrd nks"k cq>kbr jgrA ^vknad* dFkk es ^vfejrh*d csVk d e`R;q] c*j
la nqjko vkfnd dkj.k dh ls fu.kZ; djc dfBu vfNA 'kq) euksfo'ys"k.kkRed
kjkry ij fy[ky bZ dFkkd fo"k; ,gsu misf{kr thouka'k la mBkvksy xsy vfN]
tsEgj ddjgq utfj uba xsy gks,rA cky&euksfoKku la ifjokj vk nkaiR; thou
es ,rsd xaHkhj vk Hk;kud leL;kd mn;d laHkkouk rkdc] fuf'pr :i la
f'ko'kadjd Js"B dFkkn`f"Vd ifjpk;d fFkdA fefFkyk es duSr cPpk dsa pqi
dj,ck ysy Hk; vk vknadd lwpuk nsc vke ckr Hk* xsy vfNA eqnk vb
rkRdkfyd 'kkafrd ysy vks laiw.kZ thoud larkulq[k vk nkaiR;lq[k dksuk yqVk
ldSr vfN] rdj pfdr djck ;ksX; fp=k.k vb dFkk es HksVSr vfNA ;|fi vgw
dFkkd vafre va'k es dFkkokpdd ifr&iRuh laokn la L=kh Lokoyacud trsd
etcwr vkkkj Li"V Hksy vfN] ls iz'kaluh; fFkdA
vgh rjgsa] vFkZ yksyqi mPp f'kf{kr oxZd vukpkj] ikb vk lkekftd
ekU;rkd tksj ij fl)karoknh vk uSf"Bd yksdd voekuuk] o`)&cqtqxZd vlqj{kk
cksk] f"k vk yksd&dyk] yksd&laLfrd izfr vuqjkx vkfn fgudj dFkk es csl
txg ikSyd vfNA
kks[kk] vfo'okl] vukLFkk] furkar fukZurks es fu"Bk vk O;kogkfjdrkd
fuokZgd izfr vkxzg vkfn fp=k fgudj dFkkfr es fpf=kr Hksy vfNA ^btksr*]
^ckaV&c[kjk*] ^ifuMqCch*] ^clkr es mfM+vkbr yksd*] ^viu&ijkj* vkfn dFkk lHk v|rufo"k;deuekSthdfo
es ,fg fLFkfrd fp=k viu laiw.kZ vfLrRod lax mifLFkr vfNA
dqy feyk d, f'ko'kadj Jhfuokld dFkkd y{; ,dVk 'kkar] lgt vk
LokfHkekuh thou O;rhr dj*oyk ifjokj vk lektd LFkkiuk fFkdA vFkkZr~
jes'k] eSfFkyh lkfgR;d dFkk] dfork vk xtyd {ks=k es viu ekSfyd vuqHkwfrd
fgudj dFkk lqPpk vFkZ es lgt ekuoh; lacakd izfr vkxzgh jgSr vfNA dFkk
kjkry la mBkvksy fo"k;d dkj.ksa rFkk tulkekU;d izfr viu vkSnk;Zd dkj.ksa
uk;d] vkfd dFkkdkj tuSr NfFk] ts lekt es <ksax] ik[kaM] xjhch] csdkjh]
Lora=k vfLerk cuk pqdy NfFkA dFkkdkj jes'kd Lrjh;rkd ifjp; dFkk laxzg
leL;k] vkrad] Qwfl] Qjsc] kks[kk] vukLFkk] voekuuk] vieku] :f<+---lc NSd]
^lek* vk xtydkj jes'kd Lrjh;rkd ifjp; fgudj Lora=k laxzg ^ukxQsuh*
eqnk lc fdNqd vNSr ta euq"; pkg, ra vksdjk thou thck ysy] viu vfLrRo
rFkk xty ladyu ^yksd osn vk ykyfdyk* es rkdy tk ldSr vfNA
dk;e dj* ysy] viu vfLerk cuc* ysy tkfg vkfx] tkfg "ekd iz;kstu
vkBe n'kdd mkjk)sZ la jes'k csl f;k'khyrk vk iz[kj jpukkfeZrkd
NSd] rdjk ysy fpuxh lsgks vgh lekt es NSdA f'ko'kadjd dFkk vgh fpuxhd
lax l`tu'khy jgykg vfNA fgudj dfork 1990 es vkfc d, laxzfgr
vuqlakku djSr vkfc jgy vfN] d* jgy vfNA
Hk* ldyA
ns'k Lora=k vfN] lc dsa lekurkd vfkdkj izkIr vfN] eqnk dsvks Hkw[ksa
efj jgy vfN] dsvks Hkw[k txkc*d bykt djcSr vfN] dsvks vusjks cfd jgy
vfN] ddjks viu nnZ dgckd NwV ufg( fnu Hkfj ifjJe d,fugkj ekfV ij
lwr, eqnk vksdjk ij twfr py,fugkj iyax ij bZ oS"kE; jes'k dsa ufg ns[ky
HksyfuA viu laiw.kZ {kerkd lax d,y ifjJed cnyk es mfpr ikfjJfedd
vHkko] 'kks"k.k] vukpkj] iziap vkfn lkekftd fofr fgudj dksey LoHkko dsa
csl izHkkfor d,ydfu vfNA ,fg lR; la fgudk ifjfpr gsck es nsjh ufg
yxyfu] ts iwt a hokn vk vQlj'kkgh nqb, Vk ewy dkj.k fFkd 'kks"k.kdA
iwathifr] O;kikjh] lwn[kksj] tek[kksj] vukpkjh vkfn&vkfn vlkekftd rRo dsa
ljdkjh laj{k.k HksVSr vfN( bZ leLr vax lekt es nkslj fn'k Hkw[k] leL;k]
csdkjh] vukpkj] 'kks"k.k] gR;k] ywfV vkfnd QSDVh pycSr vfN ,fg l`ftr
foMacuk la jes'k uhd tdka ifjfpr NfFkA QyLo:i] la?k"kZ'khy ukxfjdd izfr
fgudj laosnuk vR;fkd vkidrk j[kSr vfNA
fo"k;d Lrj ij loZ=k] dfod laosnuk ,dy Lo:i es vfNA [kkgs
izse&izlax es mifLFkr ckkk gks vFkok csdkjhd leL;k la dq'rh yM+Sr euksn'kk(
'kks"k.kd tkar es filkbr O;fDrd vkkZukn gks vFkok izxfrd ckV es dkaV
mifLFkr nsf[k izxfrdkeh loZgkjkd O;Fkkxhr lHk Bke dfo ,dfg :i es Bk<+
NfFkA vk] lxjs fgudj uSfrdrk fuEu vk fuEu e;fok O;fDrd lax tqM+y
vfNA lHk Bke fgudj dforkd fo"k; vksgh oxZd thou&;FkkFkZ cuSr vfNA
eqnk] n`f"Vdks.kd Lrj ij] viu leLr dfork es] dfo nw Lo:i es Bk<+ gksbr
NfFkA ;FkkfLFkfrd Hkksx vk rkfg ij O;fFkr eksu la fparu&jksnu ,oa ;FkkfLFkfrd
Hkksxd dkj.ksa eksu es mBy fonzksgd HkkoukA dfork 'kh"kZd ^;FkkfLFkfrd cknd
ysy*] ^,dVk nkslj fn'kk es c<+ckd fFkd*] ^xwM+*] ^lpZykbV dsa gkFkd b'kkjk d:
nksl*] ^Hkxr flagd olh;rukek*] ^'kwU; dky la 'kwU; dky kfj* vkfnA nkslj
n`f"Vdks.kd jpuk fFkd] tr, dfo viu nSU;d izfrdkj ysy QqQdkfj mBy
NfFkA
jes'kd dfork laxzg ^lksj* oLrqr% vksfg 'kfDrd laksj fFkd] tdjk es
lektd ,fg fofr] oS"kE;] 'kks"k.k] iziap vkfnd fojkskd Tokyk vfNA ,fg
leLr dfork es dfo viu nSU;d ysy nq%[kh NfFk] eksu es vkks'kd vkok itfj
jgy Nfu( vjktdrk vk 'kks"k.kd izk.knk;h rRo dsa uSfrdrkd ikB i<+cSr NfFk(
,fg leLr fojkskd fpuxh] Tokyk cfu mBy vfN ,oa dfo viu leLr
psrukd lax fonzksgd Loj la QqQdkfj jgy vfNA
^y{e.k&js[kk viu&viu*] ^tqfu pqpdkj*] vk ^pkgs fdNq Hk* tk,* vkfn
dfork es dfo vukpkjhd laHkkfor nqnZ'kkd ?kks"k.kk djSr NfFk] viu 'kfDrd
iz[kjrk vk lgu'khyrk vk nqnkr d"V lgSrks fojkskd Loj mUeq[k j[kckd lkgl
j[kSr NfFkA eqnk ^eujksx* 'kh"kZd dforkd ikarh---vkud c[kjk [ksus@gksbrfg Vk
NS eujksx* fgudk viu {kerkd izfr detksj djSr vfNA ^,dVk pqjhu*]
^thou&lafxuh*] ^bZ izse&i=k ufg Fkhd*] ^MkDVj la*] ^,dVk thcSr ygkl* izHk`fr
dfork lHk es ;|fi dfo viu nSU; ij dkfu jgy NfFk] O;Fkk la NViVk jgy
NfFk] eqnk O;Fkkd ,fg ijkdk"Bk ij lsgks bZ dk;j ufg nsf[k iM+Sr NfFkA O;oLFkkd
izfr viu vlarks"k dsa bZ viu v'kD;rkd >wy ufg ifgjkSyfuA QyLo:i bZgks
dfork lHk vkks'kd fLFkfr es fonzksgd >aMk rkfd jgy vfNA
^lksj* dforklaxzg vlarks"k] eksg&Hkax] vukLFkk vkfn la y* d, fonzksg
kfjd ;k=kk fFkd( tkfg es dfo mtM+y eud O;Fkk la] Majf[ky xked dFkk la]
thcSr ygkld n'kk la] csjkstxkj yksdd eqagd xUg la] lkekftd fonzwirkd na'k
HkksxSr tu lkekU;d fclfcLlh la ifjfpr gksbr NfFk( ,fg leLr foMacukd
HkqDrHkksxh leqnk; la iz'u iqNrS NfFk ^dfg;k kfj \*
jes'kd dforkd nkslj ladyu fFkd ^leosr Lojd vkxw*A vBkou xksV
x| dfork vb iksFkh es ladfyr vfNA ;FkkFkZ Hkksxd lw{erk] xgurk vk
bZekunkjhd Lrj dksugqa jpukdkjd izfrHkk dsa jpukd fokk vk QkeZ r; djckd
funsZ'k nSr vfNA tkfg jpukdkjd izfrHkk vb funsZ'k dsa Bhd la xzg.k d* ySr
vfN] ls vksb fokk vk QkWeZ es lQy gksbr NfFk] vU;Fkk laizs"k.kh;rk vk
izHkkoksRikndrkd ikarj es cSly vkykspdd vk'k rdSr jgSr vfNA jes'k vb
QkeZ p;u es vk vuqHkwfrd laizs"k.k es lQy Hk* ldykg vfN] ls ckr ^leosr
Lojd vkxw* iqLrd dgSr vfNA
vb ladyud leLr dfork lu~ 1990 la lu~ 1995 kfj fy[ky xsy
vfNA bZ ckr laiw.kZ Hkkjrs Vk ufg laiw.kZ fo'od turk tuSr vfN ts orZeku
'krkCnhd vafre rhu n'kd Hkkjrd turk ysy dksu rjgsa ihM+d n'kd lkfcr
Hksy vfNA rhoz la rhozrj xfr,a ,r, ljdkj cnySr xsy] vke pquko] e;kofk
pquko] xBcaku] lefFkZr ljdkj] oS'kk[kh ijLr ljdkj vkfn&vkfn ns'k vk jkT;
es gksbr jgyA dfg;ks Hkkjrd turk dsa viu izfrfufkd p;u dj* ysy
lqfparud volj uba nsy xsyA vkdqyrk vk O;xzrk es Hkkjrd turk viu
izfrfufk cnySr xsyA jes'k vgh fodjky ifjfLFkfrd izfrQyu dsa viu
dforkd fo"k; cukSyfuA
fcac&izrhdd p;u es fdNq Bke jes'k vlaizsf"kr jfg xsykg vfNA eqnk
bZ r; vfN ts ^'kCn*] ^in*] ^yksdksfDr* vk ^dgch* lHk dsa bZ uo&uo vFkZ nsckd
m|ksx lrr djSr v,ykg vfNA rkfg es drksd Bke lQyrks HksVyfu] ra
drgq vlQyrksA
jes'kd l`tu lalkj es foKku] i;kZoj.k] laLfr] bfrgkl] n'kZu] Hkwxksy]
HkweaMyhdj.k] jktuhfr] lkfgR;] ijaijk] osn] iqjk.k] vkkqfudrk] mkj vkkqfudrk]
varfj{k] lkSjeaMy] varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj] jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh; leL;k dksuks oLrq
R;kT; uba fFkdA eqnk rsa varjkZ"Vh; eqk mBcSr dky fgudj dfork Hkk"kk la
eSfFkyh vk fo"k; cksk la dksuks vku Hkk"kkd uba Hk* tkbr vfNA vksgw dky fgud
fo"k;&fokku [kkaVh eSfFky jgSr vfNA
oSKkfud vonku la izHkkfor lektd eukso`fk vk f;k&vuqf;k rFkk
bysDVksfud vke.k la vkrafdr vk ,d lhek kfj vuq'kkflr lektd
thou&p jes'kd dfork es ,u&esu mrfj t,ck la ckt uba vcSr vfNA
jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] HkkSxksfyd] oSKkfud] jk"Vh;] varjkZ"Vh;---lHk
Qyd ij jes'kd dfork v|ru jgSr vfNA ,d lhek kfj jes'kd dfork dsa
djsaV bosaVd Mk;jh tdka i<+ckd vk xquckd volj ikBd fudkfy ldSr NfFkA
vFkkZr~ jes'kd cslh dfork dsa lKku] lpj vk csl vkhr yksdd ysy cslh mi;ksxh
dgy tk ldSr vfNA
 vyadkjd cks> vk ,dfg iafDr es dSdVk lacak dkjd foHkfDr la
fo'ks"k.kd l`tu fdNq Bke dforkd lEgkj es ufg vcSr NSd vk rkfg la
dforkd fdNq iafDrd lkSan;Z izHkkfor Hk* tkbr vfNA eqnk dfork es yqIr gksbr
'kCn vk miek dsa jes'k iquthZfor d,yfu vfNA

ldkjkRedLojdizxfrdkehdfork

^Hkksjd vk;c@fufoM+ vUgkj dsa@Qkalh n* nsckd lwpuk vkuc ufg fFkd@izdk'k

vkuc fFkd@ ts gej cUu f[kM+dh ij@viuk gkFkd Fkki nhv;* ,fg ikarhd
dfo ukjk;.k th eSfFkyhd dksey vk ifjiDo fetktd dfo NfFkA kukRed
n`f"Vd rh{.k rsoj oyk FkksM+ dfo NfFk eSfFkyh es] ts fpdjk&Hkksdjh es fo'okl
uba j[kS NfFkA ,rs /kfj] ts mygu&mijkx kfj es fgudj Hkk"kk la;rs jgSr NfuA
dSd csj ,gsu gksbr vfN] ts fpdjk&Hkksdjh es dfod rs[k&rkel fujFkZd ft;ku
Hk* tkbr Nfu] QyLo:i vksdj izHkko nh?kZdkyhu uba jfg icSr vfNA ukjk;.k
th vb lR; la izkjaHks la ifjfpr jgykg vfNA rsa viu dfork es ksk dsa
Hkk"kkd Hkh es nzfor d,yfu vfNA Li"V vfN] ts nzohHkwr ksk Hkk"kk vk mfDr
oSfp=;d dkj.ksa O;aX; es ifjofrZr Hk* tkbr vfN] tsuk eSfFkyh es ;k=kh] jktdey]
ek;kuand dfork es vk fgUnh es j?kqohj lgk;] 'ke'ksj vk dsnkjukFk flagd
dfork es gksbr vfNA
lkfgR; es ukjk;.k thd izos'k vkBe n'kdd e;karj es gksbr vfN] bZ
le; Hkkjrd ysy bejtsalhd le; fFkdA vb 'kCn dsa vuwfnr d* d, dgh]
ra ckr cslh QfjNk,rA bZ le; ^ladVdkyhu* NyA iz'u mBSr vfN] ts ladV
ddjk ysy Ny ! jktlRrk ysy] ts euq"; dsa Nkxj&ikBh tdka iVfd&iVfd cfk;k
djSr Ny vk tu&fgrS"kh dsa cjn tdka idfM+&idfM+ vM+xM+k tsy] vkfd ehlk]
vkfd dkath gkml es Bwfl nSr Ny \ vFkok tulkk ysy] tkfg es lkk ra
Nygs uba] vk ^tu* dsj gky ra mi;qZDrs Ny \bZ le; t;izdk'k vkanksyud
Ny] ;qok 'kfDrd ijke la Hkh[k ekaxy tk jgy Ny] fdNq uf<+;k lHk t;izdk'k
ukjk;.k lu riLohd ikslqvk cfu d, nk lqrkjS es ykxy NyA---bZ le;]
rsyaxkukd fdlku vkanksyu vk uDlyckM+hd tukanksyu la fefFkyk dsa ifjfpr
djk pqdy NyA ;k=kh] fdlqu] jktdey] lksenso] ek;kuUn] khjsUnz vk xqatu]
js.kq] thodkUr] kwedsrq] jkeykspu] lqdkUr] egkizdk'k] egsUnz vkfnd dkO; frd
ifj.kke vk vb fodjky fLFkfrd lax ukjk;.k thd izos'k eSfFkyh lkfgR; es
HksyA
,r, kfj vkfc d, eSfFkyh dfork fefFkykd ikfjokfjd vk vku LFkkuh;
leL;k lHkd vfrfjDr jk"Vh; varjkZ"Vh; uhd cstk,d [kkst&[kcfj csl tdka
ysc* ykxy NyA vgh le; es csl rh{.k rsojd lax ukjk;.kth lu leFkZ
;qok dfod inkiZ.k eSfFkyh es HksyA fgudj vuqHko] ;qx ;FkkFkZ vk iwoZorhZ ijaijkd
vgh nckod lax vfHkO;Dr gksv, ykxyA ifjfLFkfr] Hk;ogrk gjsd lqkkrq
dsa ekatSr vfN] ukjk;.k th ,dne la eatk d, ckgj v,ykg] ifj.kke Lo:i
fgudj dfork gejk yksdfud le{k vfNA
fy[kck ysy ukjk;.k th dFkks fy[kS NfFk] dfg;ks dfg;ks leh{kk vk
fVIi.khR;kfn fn'k lsgks ?kwfe tkbr NfFkA eqnk ge ewyr% fgudk dfo ekuSr
NhA fdNq izkjafHkd dFkk lHk es ra bZ gkL;kLin jgykg] cknd dFkk lHk es FkksM+sd
ifjiDork ns[k,yfu] eqnk dfork es viu tkfg bestd lax Bk<+ Hksykg] ls
best dFkk es uba v;yfuA dfork fujarj fy[kSr jgykg vfNA ifNyk nw n'kd
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] jktlkk] yksdra=k] dqfVyra=k ts eksu gksv, dfg fyv*] dkj.k]
'kCn vk in dsj vFkZfofr trsd vb nquw n'kd es Hksy vfN] rrsd] u Hkwrks]
u Hkfo";fr es ?kksj vjktdrk O;kIr Hk* xsyA vk rsa varr% fefFkykd laiw.kZ
lkekftd lajpuk lc vFks vLr&O;Lr jgy vfNA jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh; jktuhfrd
mFky&iqFkyd dkj.k ns'kd dksu&dksu izHkkfor Hksy] lgtfga fefFkykd tuthou]
LFkkuh; vfLrRo vk lkoZnsf'kd vfLerk vkgr&eekZgr HksyA ukjk;.kthd dfork
vgh i`"BHkwfe ij viu iSj jksiydA lu~ 1993 es 1984 la 1993 kfjd ipiu
xksV dforkd ladyu ^ge ?kj ?kqfj jgy Nh* izdkf'kr HksyA rkfg la iwoZgq] vk
rdj i'pkrgq o`gr~ la[;k es ukjk;.k th dfork fy[kyfu vfN] fy[kSr jgykg
vfNA
iz'u] ftKklk] Hkfo";d izfr vkLFkk] lekn dgckd lquckd yyd]
thoud ln~ifj.kke*d izfr vk'ofLr] lwpuk] psrkouh] vkReLohfr] izfrKk]
fopkj] eaFku] vkRefo'ys"k.k] lekpkj laizs"k.k] mygu vkfn rRo fgudj dforkd
izeq[k vax fFkdA oSKkfud ;qxd vke.k la izxfrd uke ij fn'kkgkjk iM+kbr
tu thoud fLFkfr nsf[k fgudj O;kdqyrk fgudj dfork es Li"V ifjyf{kr
gksbr vfN] tr, bZ nsf[k jgy NfFk] ts fouk'k fn'k mUeq[k gejkyksdfu viu
lcVk fojklrh; gfFk;kj R;kfx jgy Nh] vksfg leLr vkpkj&fopkj vk laLfr
la fofPNUu Hk* jgy Nh] ts gejk yksdfu dsa foKkud lagkjd #fp la] oalkRed
,izksp la viuk ds cpk i,ckd izsj.kk nsrA viu vrhr vk viu fojklr]
yksd laLfr] yksd&dyk] yksd fu"Bkd izfr bZ izse ukjk;.kthd dFkks es ifjyf{kr
Hksy vfNA eqnk dfork es bZ ,fg lc fcUnq ij cslh O;ofLFkr Hk* d, O;Dr
Hk* ldykg vfNA ^lkspw drsd lgh fFkd*] ^ykcu*] ^chl o"kZ ckn*] ^nwfHk*]
^ge ?kj ?kqfj jgy Nh*] ^eS;ka vfjiu fy[kSr NfFk* vkfn dfork mnkgj.kkFkZ ns[ky
tk ldSr vfNA ^ykcu* dfork ,d rjgsa rhu ih<+hd dFkk fFkd vk vb dFkk
es fodkld ek;es idM+kbr uo uo f{kfrt vk rdjk dkj.ksa mn~Hkwr iqjku
f{kfrtd fuFkZdrk es fcljkbr bfrgkl tksxkvksy vfNA bZ NksV lu dfork
iqjuk thou i)fr vk yksd thoud izkphurk dsa ek=k fclkfj nsckd dFks Vk
uba] vfirq vksfg Hk;kog fLFkfrd lwpuk nSr vfN] ts vkc* cyk le; es]
tfguk vkb ^ykcu* xksBqYyk es gsjk,y vfN] rfguk gej bfrgklks gsjk,y jgrA
^Hkksjd vk;c* dfork la ukjk;.k th ij ckr 'kq#g d,y xsy vfNA
dfod n`f"Vdks.k vksrfg lkQ Hk* tkbr Nfu] tr, fgudk ysy btksrd vkxeu
egRoiw.kZ vfN] vakdkjd fu"e.k ubaA ts fdNq miyCk Hk* jgy vfN rdj
egRo dfod utfj es rqyuh; Nfu] lq[kd izkfiz lq[kn fFkd] nq[kd fucVkjk
la lq[kh g,ckd dksuks m|ksx fgudk vksr, uba ns[kkbr vfNA izk;% b,g dkj.k
fFkd ts ukjk;.k thd dfork es ?k`.kk rRod lekos'k drgq uba HksVSr vfNA
izse] Hkksj] lw;Z] l`tu] kjrh] L=kh] olar] btksr] izdk'k] vkdk'k] galh] Qfly
vkfn 'kCnd mi;ksx fgudj dfork es fofHkUu jhfr,a Hksy vfNA laKk :isa]
izrhd :isa] vk'kk vk laHkkoukd :isa vb 'kCnkoyhd mi;ksx fgudj dfork
lHk es Hksy vfNA
bZ ckr vdkV~; lR; fFkd ts dksuks vkkqfudre gfFk;kj la cslh mi;ksxh
euq";d n`<+rk] vksdj izfrKk gksbr vfNA gfFk;kj ufg;ksa jg,] eqnk bPNk 'kfDr
etxqr jg, ra gfFk;kjd bartke dgquk Hk*, tkbr vfN ekuygq@a yM+ck ysy
vksdjk gfFk;kj ufg NSd@eqnk] Qfly dkVckd dfp;k r* NSd@[kqihZ vk dksnkfj
vk gjckgh iSuk r* NSd@lHk la iS?k ckr fFkd@vksdj viu nquw gkFk ekStwn NSd@
fdNqvks djck ysy vksdjk viuk vkhu@vksdjk dh ufg NSd \
oLrqr%] ^gkFk NSd] ra dh uba NSd !* bZ duh Vk ckr uba fFkdA ^gkFk*
'kCnd mi;ksx ,r, ns[kck es cM+ lgt vk lkekU; cq>kbr vfN] eqnk ,dj
O;atuk cgqr fojkV] O;k[;s; vk fof'k"V vfNA dksuks euq";d gkFk vksdjk thoud
laiw.kZ lakku] la?k"kZ] laxzke dsa |ksfrr djSr vfNA euq";d gkFk ta nq#Lr] l'kDr
vk eqDr NSd] ra lalkjd dksugqa Vk oLrq dsa viuk vkhu vks d* ldSr vfN]
^[kkyh fopkj Vk djckd NSd iDdk*A euq";d vgh vkLFkk dsa ukjk;.kthd dfork
iq"V djSr vfNA
 ^xksku fe;ka g*j VSDVj tdka pyk jgy vfN*] ^ge btksr la izse djSr
Nh*] ^ge ?kj ?kqfj jgy Nh*] ^clar vkfc jgy vfN* vkfn dfork lekn] lwpuk]
lekpkj okpud 'kSyh es dgy ra xsy vfN] eqnk vb lc es thoud fojkV
O;k[;k fufgr vfN] [kSad Hkfjd ch;k es oVo`{kd fo'kkyrk oyk O;k[;kA xksku
fe;ka dsa NksV lu miyfCk HksVySd vfN] ts iq=kd dekb la viu tehu fduyd
vfN] vkc vksb tehu dsa tksrSr dky xksku fe;ka VSDVj tdka g*j pyk jgy
vfNA bZ NksV lu lekpkj] dksuks iS?k ikB dsj O;k[;k izLrqr djSr vfNA vFkkZr
xksku fe;ka Fkdku foghu tksrkb d* jgy vfN] csj mufg xsySd] eqnk gj tksfr,
jgy NSd( vFkok [ksr pwafd viu fFkdSd] rsa vksfg es tksrSr g*jks dsa vks dksuks
VSDVj la de uba cq>Sr vfN,gsu ,gsu O;k[;kd laHkkouk ukjk;.kthd dfork
es tr, rr, rkdy tk ldSr vfNA
fgudj dforkd mRl rkd* ysy cslh m|ksx vFkok Jed iz;kstu uba
cq>kbr jgSr vfNA vk] fgudj dfork lHkd O;k[;k&cgl ysy dksuks
vkykspuk&lekykspukd xzaFk i<+ckd iz;kstu uba iM+Sr vfNA lqPpk eSfFky BkBd
bZ 'kq) eSfFkyh dfork lgt&ljy&laizs"k.kh; Hkko&Hkk"kk es ekuo thoud jfuax
desUVh fFkd] lkekU; la lkekU; ikBd dsa ,dgq csj drgq dksuks vFkZckkk ufg
gksbr NfuA 'kq) :i la bZ dfork] [ksr&[kfjgku es dkt djSr] gj tksrSr] deBkSu
djSr] [ksr reSr tu&etwjd Jed Vksg ySr] rhFkZ&cFkZ djSr] Hkkul Hkkr djSr]
lksbj lscSr] cPpk ikslSr] izse djSr fopkj foe'kZ djSr] fparu djSr] lektd
lq[kn Hkfo";d ladsr rdSr cqf)thohd ihM+k] turk la iziap djSr] dqlhZd
"kM~;a=k jpSr] Qwfl dsa lR; vk lR; dsa Qwfl cucSr jktuhfrKd vk tuizfrfufkd
euksfo'ys"k.k] viu fojklr] viu laLfr] viu ijaijk] viu yksdkpkjd
fuoZg.k djSr fu"Bkd mis{kk vk vieku vkfnd O;k[;k fFkdA ,fg leLr dfork
es ,d fn'k dkO;e;rkd mR"V y; xqafQr vfN] tdjk dkj.k dforkd O;kdj.k
vusjs vkd"kZd cfu iM+y vfN ra nkslj fn'k 'kCnd iz;ksx vk Hkko laizs"k.k ,rsd
Li"V vk lgt] ts lkekU;ks ikBdd ysy lgt laizs"k.kh; Hk* mBy vfNA
ukjk;.kthd dforkd ikB Bkes Bke bZ turc nSr jgSr vfN] ts gejk
yksdfu tkfg xfr,a vkxw eqagsa tk jgy Nh] ls ekU;] loZFkk ekU;( eqnk rkfg
ewY; ij tkfg rhozrkd lax ge viu izkphu kjksgfj la ewyksfpNUu Hk* jgy
Nh] ls dnkfi mfpr ubaA
le;d nkc la Fkdqpk,y fefFkykd vke tuthoud leL;k vk ;kruk
cgqy fp=k vkb lks>ka es Bk<+ vfNA vHkko] vdky] csdkjh] ;kruk] iziap] gR;k]
naxk] Qlkn] ywfV] lwn[kksjh] ?kwl[kksjh] jktuhfrd frdM+e] jktuhfrd
gR;k&vigj.k&'kks"k.k] 'kSf{kd maMrk] 'kSf{kd nfjnzrk] f'k{kk ekfQ;k] laLfr
ekfQ;k] 'kks"k.k] cykRdkjleLr vekuoh; vkpj.k vkb lekt es O;kir vfNA
eqnk vb fodjky ifjfLFkfr;gq es ukjk;.kth viuk ysy trck Vk {ks=kd pquko
d,us NfFk] rkfg es fo"k; cksk] Hkko laizs"k.k] vrhr Le`fr] ijaijkd izfr vklfDr]
'kCn ekkq;Z] mR"V izrhdkFkZ vk Li"V fcac fu:i.kd ysy iw.kZ :i la lQy
NfFkA jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh; Hkkoukd mn; fgudj dfork es gksbr vfN vo';]
eqnk] ls vR;ar 'kkyhu HkkosaA eSfFkyh dfork dsa ,[ku ej[kkg cuc t:jh NSdA
ej[kkg {ks=k es dfod izos'k vko';d NSdA ukjk;.kthd Hkk"kk rrckd lEgjy
Nfu] ts fo"k; Vk ta cf<+ tk,] ra ej[kkgks {ks=kd dfork fgudj Hkk"kkd peRdkj
ikfc d, lka?kkfrd Hk*tk,rA tfguk kjrh es] L=kh es] ch;k es] clar es] lw;Z
es] fMfc;k es] nwfHk es] vksl es vkfn&vkfn rRo es l`tu] mRiknu] izdk'k] fdly;]
'khryrk vkfnd laHkkouk vfN] rfguk] ns'k es O;kIr gR;k] Qlkn] naxk] cykRdkj]
'kks"k.k] vR;kpkj vkfnd ujesk ioZ es ,dVk fcgkfj] ,dVk vkanksyud laHkkouk
rkdy tk ldSr vfN] vk bZ laHkkouk t[ku izLQqfVr g,r] ra vks ^Nkmj ij
Bk<+* Hk* d, ^vkfx ij Bk<+ gks,ckd] viu ohjrk* uba ns[kkvksr] vks lRrs vkfx
ij Bk<+ gks,r vk vkfx mxyr@ukjk;.kth la vksgw fn'kkd dforkd vis{kk vfNA
cgqifBr] cgqK vk fojkV v;;u'khyrkd dkj.ksa ukjk;.kth dsa ns'kh&fons'kh
izpqj lkfgR;d lkfUu; izkIr Nfu] rkgw dkj.ksa fgudk viu fo"k;cksk ds QjhN
djck es vk f'kYi&'kSyh dsa kkjnkj cu,ck es lg;ksx HksVy gksbu] ls laHko
fFkdA eqnk dfo ukjk;.kth es ts dksuk laHkkouk Nfu] rdj izrh{kk gqudj ikBd
oxZ dsa NfuA
l l l