W CHivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD — pe 1/19 AUG., 1974 CES E 2009 DES!GN PROCEDURE FOR TANK HEATING COILS 1. SCOPE This standard covers the recommended procedure for the design of tank heating coils. Design procedure will be explained in the following paragraphs. 2. REFERENCES For engineering consideration involved in this standard, refer to the following standards: CES E 2001 Types and Application of Heat Exchangers CES E 2002 Design Considerations for Heat Exchangers ceES B 2003 Design Consideration for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers CES F 2004 Sizing of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers in No Change of Phase by RTRI Method CES EF 2006 Design Procedure for Shell and Tube Condensers. RPT TECHNICAL DATA BOOK - PETROLEUM REFINING 3. DESIGN PROCEDURE 3.1. INTRODUCTION ‘The problem of evaluating the heat losses in storage tanks and correctly sizing the elements for keeping the stored product, such as fuel oil asphalts, lube oi] and so on, at a convenient temperature, has often been encountered. This chapter gives calculation method. For clarity, the problem is divided as follows; (1) Calculation of heat loss from hot surfaces, (2) Sizing of tank heating coils. 3.2 CALCULATION OF HEAT 1OSS PROM HOT SURFACES A hot surface transmits heat to the atmosphere by convection and radiation, and also to the ground by conduction. 3.2.1 Natural Convection For heat loss from surfaces by natural convection to air at atmospheric pressure and at ordinary temperatures, the coefficient is given by the following dimensional equations. Gr-Pr > 10? b= 0.28 ael/4 a 103 < GeePr < 10? Horizontal cylinder —-h, = 0.50 és Q) CHIVODA PERSONNI EL ONLY CHIYODA PERSONNEL ONLY CHIYODA PERSONNEL ONLYpace 2/19 AUG., 1974 Be2.2e 2.2.3, 3.264. W Cuivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD CES E 2009 Vertical plates less a) than 2 £t high 4 vertical plates more n= 0.3 Ae*/ 4 than 2 ft high © 10° < GrePr < 107 Heated horizontal plates: Facing upward hl = 0.38 belt (3) Facing downward no =o.2 ae’ 6 Where At is temperature difference between a hot surface and air. Radiation For heat loss from surfaces by radiation, the coefficient is given by ta + 460) 4) 100 Where € is surface emissivity and listed in the Table 1. m Pigure 1 shows radiant-heat transfer coefficient based on a surface having € = 0.90, which is a satisfactory value for bare steel or dark colored paint on metal. For other emissivities, multiply by the ratio of actual emissivity to 0.90. Since heat losses by natural convection ana radiation occur simultane ously, it is convenient to represent radiant-heat transfer as a yadiation film coefficient which is added to the film coefficient Giving the combined coefficient for convection and radiation (h. + neds In the Table 2, values of (h, + h,) are shown for bare steel pipes and flat surfaces. Wind Effect When the tank is exposed to the wind, the effect of the wind to heat transmission should be considered. Figure 2 shows heat transmission for flat surfaces exposed to the wind. conduction For the heat loss from a flat bottom tank sitting on the ground by conduction, the following equation will be recommended. = = 2Dkg (tb - ty)W Crivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD pace 3/29 3.2.5 3.266 auG., 1974 CES E 2009 Heat loss through Insulation (plane Surfaces) Figure 3 illustrates a common situation in which the insulation of a certain thickness (xjn) has been applied to the outside of a flat- sided vessel. The resistance (Ring) of the insulation depends upon its thickness (xing) and its thermal conductivity. The resistance of the insulation can be expressed, Ring ~ “ins*ins » The coefficient (king) varies, not only with the nature of the materi- al, but also with its temperature. Thermal conductivity data, there- fore, are usually given in curve form or at enough points so that a curve can be drawn which will permit selection of the property corre- sponding to the mean temperature through the insulation. The mean temperature is the average of the side wall and surface temperatures. tn = (ty + ts)/2 20) igure 4 shows the thermal conductivities for the common industrial insulations. The values shown will usually be safe for conservative estimating purposes, but more accurate results can be obtained with manufacturers’ data for the specific products under consideration. Overall Heat Loss Coefficient For natural convection at vortical planes, the following equation is vecomnended by Mendans Beg 2 pf aBbe Cpe) 1/4 an Ke uz? Ke for valyes of 3 up to 3 feet and values of the bracketed tem ranging fron 10" to 10%, For surfaces higher than 3 feet, h, is independent of L, and the ahove equation reduces to the dimensional” form: h a2) i ‘The overall heat loss coefficient, U, would be for the side of insulated tanks a, (3) Where h, (#h, + h,) is based on Figure 2 for outdoors or taken from table 2°for ifaoors. For a tank on legs, the bottom coefficient, Up, may be taken conserva~ tively the same as Ug.vce 4/19 Ge, 1974 YW CHivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD CES E 2009 For a flat bottom tank sitting on the ground, the heat loss by condue- tion shall also be considered. The top coefficient, Up, is affected by the resistance of the confined air space, hence “1 be fi ide gle + Rd] ae where hg! and hg" are taken from Table 2. There is one exception to the use of the above equation. If the tank contents are at or near boiling, ha’ and ha" are increased consider- ably by evaporation and condensation. In this case, the only safe procedure is to assume that the confined air space has negligible resistance, thus: oe fs + Pang} as) 3.3 SIZING OF TANK HEATING COIIS. 3.3.1 Overall Heat Loss from Tanks The load on the coil is the same as the heat loss by radiation, convec~ ‘ion, and conduction, tt is only necessary to take into account the fact that different coefficients may apply. to the top, bottom and! sides. For tanks on legs, @ = [edt + Upay + Usts) (E - tad a6) For tanks sitting on the ground, = (Py + UgAg) (Ee - tal + 2Dkg (E~ ty ayy 3.3.2 Film Cowfficient for Horizontal cylinders For natural convection at outside surface of horizontal cylinders, the following equation will be recommended: Rego ror Gr-Pr < 104 82 3.09 (ge-Px) “6 as hod For 104 < crepe <10 "22 ~ 9,53 (or-px)*/4 as) For Gr-Pr > 10° = 0.13 (or-ex)*7? (20W CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD CES E 2009 where a2 Pf 8 At a5 pr = Sp Me pace 5/19 AUG., 1974 ay (22) and all the properties are evaluated at the fictitious film temper— ature, tz, taken as the mean of the temperature of the heating surface and the bulk temperature of the fluid being heated thus: ttt, 4 tes (23)sce 6/19 W Cuivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD uG., 1974 CES E 2009 4 Based On hy=0.1548 Ltst450)/100 =L4ta#460) /1001 sta 90) For other Valves of € Multiply ay 55> ambient Temperatures70°F Surface Temperature=300°F From Nomograph, hyel.712 Btw. /iir.~Sq.Fb.-°F GyA1. 722% 2306393.8 Btu. /ir Find Heat Losses Graphically 240 20 0 {200 150 40 h30 120 cee on ye a0 [00ety/00] Z For Other Value muriph & 100 eh 2g0 Fe iat moray B26 Ambient Temperate 79°F Surlace Temperature 300 Fram nomogtaphtesit® Sla/H.-SoFLorF Grrl S35e385 6 Baru ese Pe foso love JGURE, 1—Radiatinn heat los from hot surfaces is ead ditecty from this chart.Ww CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD pack 7/19 AUG. , 1976 CES E 2009 FIGURE 2 —Various wind velocities affect heat transmission from farge fat surfaces inthis tianaer. 4000 3200) 2800) Cy, K 009] x See @ g Re | BI = 3 8 | 70, ‘Tronsmission~Btu./Sq.Ft./Hour 8 °O 100 200 300 ‘400° “Temperature Difference-*F Surface To Airpace 8/15, W Cuivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD auc, 1974 CES E 2009 FIGURE 3-Temperature points for section through insulated surfaces. (Hot sige) ty Thermal Conductivity of Industrial Insulations ORM MATERIAL fem corve Limit Pigure 4 Blankets | Mineral wool Metal Reinforced -:....++ seereeseeeseess | 1200 a Felt Type ceeeeeee seeeee 450 B Asbestos Molded Amosite & Binder... bees 3200 c Corrugated Laminated Paper-4 Ply .... 300 D Pipe Corrugated Laminated Paper-6 Ply ............| 300 5 Insulation,| Corrugated Laminated Paper-8 Ply ....... 300 P Blocks 6 Calcium Sillicate & Asbestos ........ 1200 x Boards Cellular Glass -....--...44. 800 L Diatomaccous Silica ...,-..-. 1500 c Diatomaccous Sillica ....... 1300 u 85% Magnesia with Asbestos . a Blocks & | Mineral Wool-High Temp. (Resin Bonded) ....... Boards Mineral Wool-High Temp. (Inorganic Binder) . aP 85% Magnesia with Asbestos -....... Cements | yineral Wool with Colloidal Clay Binder -..-W CHivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD — me 919. AUG., 1974 CES E 2009 do 4a BS UH SUL ES ea fo eo a gy 8 oS 8S 5 SG 5 8 1200 1000, 8 o_Nez “ : Qe 8 Ss ee 8 J 8 2 < g 3 5 2 oF Bo °o o = r a, sf =o | 8 zo SL z = 200 200 ° uw wo | So a — Sn KS UU o 6 6 9 8 dota BS UH ULEpace 10/19 W Cuyopa ENGINEERING STANDARD auG., 1974 CES E 2009 TABLE 1 - Surface Emissivities Commonly used for bare steel, dull or dark paint, brick, or roofing ...1++sseseseeeerees 0.9 Aluminum .. . 0.05 ~ 0.10 ~ Steel, OKiGizZed veeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 0.27 - 0.60 Asbestos cloth or paper . 0.90 - 0.94 Porcelain enamel, white 0.92 WOOD vee eee eeee 0.82 - 0.92 Paints Black, shiny 0.82 - 0,88 Black, flat . 0.96 ~ 0.98 Oil paints, various colors - 0.77 = 0.96 Aluminum .... 0.27 ~ 0.67 Bronze . 0.52pace 11/19 v CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD 1974 AUS. CES E 2009 TABLE 2 Values of he + hr zor9} 95°s ao's|zz°s T9*s| 90S sovs|oz"s 9's] z2°s 14's] 52°S eecslez“s eS] Te"S zars|9e°S 4a°s|Tb's e6"s]u0"s 46°S|TS"S s0°9}8s"s zt'9|s9°s et9]zL"S| szoasey squa Aq eTqea ur sessor ‘az “bs Atay a Thu +3003 TeauTT Tod sossoT 94n9—5 Oly seore uy axou XO y9az oENbs anos SsoeFIMS YLA TOF are sonTeA zt's| one ze"e| z97e| oc-e| 00"e| oz -2| gre] re*e| v6" 2| $972] 6s"e|ez"e| c6°z| 89-2] t9"e| oe-e| 66°2| 04 72| p9re|zere) tore] e272] 997e| vere | bore) pez! 9p7b|e0"p] 697e| Lee! 2o°e| £277 Ts" zt'p| be bre) TIE] Tez 9s*h ct 'p|aze| v-€| ste] see za‘vjez"y|ya7e|cs*e]oz-e|06"z g9"vjcz"y|ae"e|ssre|bz"elee-z ze-v| cc'b| pee] T9"e] o£ €166°7 6L"b{ 0v'P| 00°y| 9°€|Se°e | DO-E gah] Lb-p] 20°! Pee) 62" ze" 9270) 6z'P| 19° pe"p| 23°0) ze-p| t6°P| £0°S! 10'S. wus Tes at's ge "p 00°F cerpi vere Serb ee"b]00°r or-p|zo"b ey'|S0°r Tez) 9e°T| T9°T 49°2| ce°Z| €0°% zpre| aed ard ave| vere ov-z ere tre] ve°T ot'2|oa°T ete|ee't tel pe°t 9ot-z}se°t et'e|2e°T oz “| 68°T zs'z\ez-2|ze"t 9g°¢]c7°z| S6°T 19'2|Te*z| a6°T v9'2|pe“z|oo-z 9 'z|ee*z| 90°7 vue |en'z| 807% og'2|ay‘z| 2t-z + pxemuneg Buroeg ‘eoegang TeqUOZTzOH +++ paendn Buyoes ‘eoe7rng TeqUOZTIOH tere eoegang TeoTax8n, ceveeeees ay Hdnanam ene 009 | 05¢ eos | osh ose ost | or | Os va 0g 3e ate “aTY aoegms edyg usomjeg ‘a sousmesITC 6urpunorms, amnqexoduay, SSHONT az1S gata TY bae SayT WSSMIeT SswOTSH Tig SMAeISMIL A Ted INOW TSE SoeTAS oda JO “aa “BS aes WIG UTpace 12/19 W cuivova ENGINEERING STANDARD AUG., 1974 CES E 2009 Table 3 SpLe carcutatron castoner ob Kame Made by eavirmen: Job ne. pate POF nomenclature and procedure, refer to CH B 2008 Bieee. te 2. upAr 1oss_pnom sunpce Stored Haid temperature oan tanperature of air t 2.1 MERE 1085 FROM stDES LALA Outside fim cootticient lll | | .- (fom table 1) sna e f(t t450\0 _ (ta aso confess) (et) Phird trial or from Figaze 1) hig + hy (Or from Tabte 2) TE the tank is exposed 20 the wind, the value of hg (ty - tq) Wi2L bo taken free Figure 2 1.1.2 Inside film onefticient aooume ty tee tt > — weg w ———_ Pe —— ee 'e ——— kee Be a = 426 x 10° een? 2, fog?oe ere pire ser ones a FES STD TerW Cuivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD ree 29 aUG., 1974 CES E 2009 11.3 Resistance of she insulation roveriat of the sneulation sickness of he sneutation tet ty tee ete z ing @tp (from Pigure 4) sine = Pitt LLd Check calouiation of ty and ty 1.1.5 Overall heat trancfer coefficient tebe ete +] 1.6 Sides aurtace ares Ay = OL 11.7 Heat loos from sides 5 = Us As (Rs ~ tal <2 HERP 108s TRON BOTTOM mome ty rg — 1.2.1 potton surface area merge 1.2.2 Heat lors from bottom = Pkg Ay (EL = by) ost outside fi soatfictent rerone te Oeeteete he = 0-38 ar l/4 | candle % hig # He + he (from Table 2)vac 14/19 v CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD 3G. , 1974 CES E 2009 IE the tank Is exposed to the wind, the value of hy (ts > t,) Widl be taken fren Figure 2 23.2 Inside flim coefficient Acsune ty (a) If there is resistances of the confined air space, ba! and ty" will be taken from Table 2 hat hat (1 XE ehe cank contents are or sear boiling, the only safe procedure is to assume that the con fined air space ha negligible resiatance, 1.3.3, Resistance of the insulation ase 13:5 Overall heat transfer coetfictent weeded 1.3.6 top surface ave hee Neat less roe sep Dem OE AL Ces Lea TOTAL MEAD LOSS PRON SUREACE RHF oe LcoxsuNerton 2.1 Seman supeny comprrion Pressure p Teaperature th 2.2 BIEN consiperrron nvailabie heat of ateon, © =W Cnrivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD CES E 2009 ‘consumtion ore Actual Consumption, take = 2. MRA SHANSEER SURPACE AREA 3.1 INSIDE FrLM CoEFr:cHEST ‘Take hy = 1,500 Beu/fe2 he*P, if steam is used ax heating medium, 3.2 OUESIDE FILM coerrrcTENT | o For Gr-Pe < 10%, Np 2 1.09 5 Geer /® * por 108 « crepe 109, by = 0.22 of (Ge-Pe Por Gewpe > 107; bv 0.33 Gf (ceseet 3.2 GHEK CALCUTATION OF ty Th Bo 3.3. OVERALL NEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT pace 15/19 AUS., 1974 tee Etremec asta WY CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD AUG., 1974 CES E 2009 Mee 2.5 conn anc Be we Actual Length, takeW CHiyopa ENGINEERING STANDARD — me ais. aUG., 2974 Ab Bs Ae Pe 2 CES E 2009 ‘NOMENCLATURE Heat transfer surface of tank bottom, fe” Heat transfer surface of coils, ft” Heat transfer surface, of sides, ft” Heat transfer surface of top, ft” Specific heat of fluid. Btu/Ib °F Diameter of tank, ft outside diameter of coil, ft ‘Grashof mumber, dimensionless Accelalation due to gravity, 4.18 x 20° ft/nz? heat transfer coefficient of ambient air, Btu/ft” hr °F Heat transfer coefficient of enclosed or confined air, Btu/ft? heer Heat transfer coefficient by convection, Btu/ft” herr ‘ a Heat transfer coefficient of heating medium, Btu/ft® hr°F Heat transfer coefficient at inside of tank, Btu/tt? far’ Heat transfer coefficient at outside of coil, Btu/ft? hr°F Heat transfer coefficient by radiation, stu/ft” nr°F ‘Thermal conductivity of tank contents at average film temperature, Btu/ft hr°P ‘Thermal conductivity of ground below tank bottom, stu/ft hr°F ‘Thermal conductivity of insulation, Btu/ft nrF Height of sides, ft Length of coil, ft Prandtl number, dimensionless Pressure, psig Total heat loss in cooling, Btu/ht Heat loss from bottom, Btu/hrPAGE AUG. Qs Rins rE ta PE be 18/19 1974 ¥ CHIYODA ENGINEERING STANDARD CES E 2009 Heat lose from sides, Btu/he Heat loss from top, Btu/hr Thermal resistance of insulation, £t? neer/stu Latent heat of steam (heating medium) Btu/lb Thermal resistance of fouling, Fad hreF/Btu Temperature, ° ‘Temperature of anbient air, °F Average film temperature, °F Temperature of ground, °F ‘Temperature of heating medium, °F Temperature of tank contents, °F Mean temperature, °F Temperature of tank surface, °F Temperature of tank wall, or temperature of the heating surface, °F Overall heat transfer coefficient at sides, tuset? hr’ Overall heat transfer coefficient at top, Btu/ft” hr°F ‘Thickness of insulation, ft Coefficient of volumetric expansion, &°/Et" °F Enissivity, dimensionless Viscosity at average Film temperature, centipcise x 2.42 1b/ft hr Density at average film temperature, 1b/te? Temperature difference, *FW Cuivopa ENGINEERING STANDARD pace 19/19 Bus., 1974 CES E 2009 BIBLTOGRAPHY 1, Stuhiberg, David, “Petroleum Refiner," vol. 38 No.4, April 1989 P.143-150 2. Kern, D.Q, “Process Heat Transfer", McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York City, 1350 3. Brown, A.T. and Marco, $.M., "Introduction to Heat Transfer" McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York City, 1958 4. Kise, Charles 2, "Petroleum Refiner” Vol. 38, No.S May 1959 2227-236 ISSUED AUGUST 31, 1974 REVIEW MEMBER: S. Sugano, N. Imai, T. Umeda, H. Iseki A. Sameshima MEMBER M, Oshii, $, Fujishiro, M. Yanagida, A. Yanoma, X. Shirosaki. should there he any suggestions and/or questions about this standard please contact the Technical Service Team