MPPT For Photovoltaic Systems With SEPIC Converter Counting Steady-State and Drift Analysis

International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169
Volume: 5 Issue: 6 119 127

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MPPT for Photovoltaic Systems with SEPIC Converter Counting Steady-State
and Drift Analysis
Mr. Narayan L. Khiste, Mrs. K. S. Gadgil

Student, Dept. of Electrical engineering, Asst. Professor, Dept. of Electrical engineering,
AISSMS IOIT , Kennedy Road AISSMS IOIT, Kennedy Road
Pune, India. Pune, India.
e-mail: knarayan92@gmail.com e-mail:krutujagadgil@yahoo.com
AbstractA versatile voltage-sensor-based most extreme control point following calculation utilizing a variable scaling calculate for a solitary
finished essential inductance converter is exhibited. In this strategy, just a voltage divider circuit is utilized to detect the photovoltaic (PV) board
voltage. This technique can adequately enhance both transient and steady state execution by shifting the scaling variable as looked at with the
settled stride estimate and versatile stride measure with settled scaling component. For sudden change in sunlight based insolation or, on the
other hand in start-up, this technique prompts quicker following, though in enduring state, it prompts bring down motions around most extreme
control point. The unfaltering state conduct and float marvels are additionally tended to in this paper to decide the following productivity. The
obligation cycle is created specifically without utilizing any proportionalintegral control circle to improve the control circuit.
MATLAB/Simulink is utilized for reproduction thinks about, and a microcontroller is utilized as a computerized stage to actualize the proposed
calculation for trial approval. The proposed framework is actualized what's more, tried effectively on a PV board in the research center.
KeywordsAdaptive, drift phenomena, maximum power point following (MPPT), photovoltaic (PV), single-finished essential inductance
converter (SEPIC), voltage sensor.
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I. INTRODUCTION promise under a variety of field conditions. This

research then looks at how a different type of converter
The rapid increase in the demand for electricity
affects the output power of the module and also
and the recent change in the environmental conditions
investigates if the MPPT that are said to be highly
such as global warming led to a need for a new source
efficient and do track the true maximum power point
of energy that is cheaper and sustainable with less
under the various conditions. A MPPT is used for
carbon emissions. Solar energy has offered promising
extracting the maximum power from the solar PV
results in the quest of finding the solution to the
module and transferring that power to the load. A
problem. The harnessing of solar energy using PV
SEPIC converter serves the purpose of transferring
modules comes with its own problems that arise from
maximum power from the solar PV module to the
the change in insulation conditions. These changes in
load.
insulation conditions severely affect the efficiency and
output power of the PV modules. A great deal of II. PHOTOVOLTAIC OPERATION
research has been done to improve the efficiency of the
PV modules. A number of methods of how to track the A solar cell basically is a p-n semiconductor junction.
maximum power point of a PV module have been When exposed to light, a dc current is generated. The
proposed to solve the problem of efficiency and generated current varies linearly with the solar
products using these methods have been manufactured irradiance. The standard equivalent circuit of the PV
and are now commercially available for consumers. As cell is shown in Figure 1. The basic equation that
the market is now flooded with varieties of these describes the (I-V) characteristics of the PV model is
MPPT that are meant to improve the efficiency of PV given by the following equation:
modules under various insolation conditions it is not
known how many of these can really deliver on their
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IJRITCC | June 2017, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
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1) Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method)
2) Incremental Conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current
4) Fractional open circuit voltage
5) Neural networks
Figure 1. Simple PV model
6) Fuzzy logic
Single PV output current:
The choice of the algorithm depends on the time
complexity the algorithm takes to track the MPP,
implementation cost and the ease of implementation.
(1)
3.1 Perturb & Observe
Rp is parallel leakage resistance and is normally
substantial, > 100k in most current PV cells. This Perturb & Observe (P&O) is the simplest method.
segment can be disregarded in numerous applications In this we use only one sensor, that is the voltage
aside from low light conditions. sensor, to sense the PV array voltage and so the cost of
implementation is less and hence easy to implement.
Current through the diode is represented by
The time complexity of this algorithm is very less but
on reaching very close to the MPP it doesnt stop at the
MPP and keeps on perturbing on both the directions.
(2) When this happens the algorithm has reached very
close to the MPP and we can set an appropriate error
Where: limit or can use a wait function which ends up
= Diode saturation current increasing the time complexity of the algorithm.
q = Electron charge (1.6x10-19 C) However the method does not take account of the
k = Boltzmann constant (1.38x10-23J/K) rapid change of irradiation level (due to which MPPT
changes) and considers it as a change in MPP due to
n = Ideality factor (from 1 to 2)
perturbation and ends up calculating the wrong MPP.
T = Temperature (K)
To avoid this problem we can use incremental
conductance method.
The value is weak function of
3.2 Incremental Conductance
ln(irradiance). This most likely is a change in the
ideality factor as the irradiance changes. Incremental conductance method uses two voltage
and current sensors to sense the output voltage and
The parameters usually given in PV data sheets are:
current of the PV array.
VOC = Open circuit output voltage
At MPP the slope of the PV curve is 0.
ISC= Short circuit output current
VMP= Maximum power output voltage (3)
IMP= Maximum power output current
0=I+ (4)
III. Different MPPT techniques
(5)
There are different techniques used to track the The left hand side is the instantaneous conductance of
maximum power point. Few of the most popular the solar panel. When this instantaneous conductance
techniques are:
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equals the conductance of the solar then MPP is additional switch usually has to be added to the power
reached. Here we are sensing both the voltage and converter to periodically short the PV array so that ISC
current simultaneously. Hence the error due to change can be measured using a current sensor
in irradiance is eliminated. However the complexity
and the cost of implementation increase. 3.5 Fuzzy Logic Control
As we go down the list of algorithms the complexity Microcontrollers have made using fuzzy logic control
and the cost of implementation goes on increasing popular for MPPT over last decade. Fuzzy logic
which may be suitable for a highly complicated controllers have the advantages of working with
system. This is the reason that Perturb and Observe imprecise inputs, not needing an accurate
and Incremental Conductance method are the most mathematical model, and handling nonlinearity.
widely used algorithms. Owing to its simplicity of
3.6 Neural Network
implementation we have chosen the Perturb & Observe
algorithm for our study among the two. Another technique of implementing MPPT which are
also well adapted for microcontrollers is neural
3.3 Fractional open circuit voltage networks. Neural networks commonly have three
The near linear relationship between VMPP and layers: input, hidden, and output layers. The number
VOC of the PV array, under varying irradiance and nodes in each layer vary and are user-dependent. The
temperature levels, has given rise to the fractional VOC input variables can be PV array parameters like VOC
method. and ISC, atmospheric data like irradiance and
temperature, or any combination of these. The output
(6) is usually one or several reference signals like a duty
cycle signal used to drive the power converter to
where k1 is a constant of proportionality. Since k1 is operate at or close to the MPP.
dependent on the characteristics of the PV array being
IV. METHODOLOGY
used, it usually has to be computed beforehand by
empirically determining and for the specific
PV array at different irradiance and temperature levels.
The factor k1 has been reported to be between 0.71
and 0.78. Once k1 is known, VMPP can be computed
with VOC measured periodically by momentarily
shutting down the power converter. However, this
incurs some disadvantages, including temporary loss
of power.
Figure 2. Simple circuit diagram of SEPIC converter
3.4 Fractional short circuit current
4.1 Basic operation
Fractional ISC results from the fact that, under varying
atmospheric conditions, IMPP is approximately linearly Figure 2 demonstrates a basic circuit diagram of a
related to the ISC of the PV array. SEPIC converter, comprising of an info capacitor, Cin;
a yield capacitor, Cout; coupled inductors L1a and L1b;
(7) an AC coupling capacitor, Cp; a power FET, Q1; and a
diode, D1. Figure 2 shows the SEPIC operating in
where is a proportionality constant. Just like in the continuous conduction mode (CCM).
fractional VOC technique, k2 has to be determined
To understand the voltages at the various
according to the PV array in use. The constant k2 is
circuit nodes, it is important to analyze the circuit at
generally found to be between 0.78 and 0.92.
DC when Q1 is off and not switching. During steady-
Measuring ISC during operation is problematic. An
state CCM, pulse-width modulation (PWM) operation,
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and neglecting ripple voltage, capacitor Cp is charged where VPV and IPV are the PV voltage and current,
to the input voltage, Vin. separately. The comparable info resistance Req of the
converter can be gotten from (1) as takes after:
(9)
By utilizing (9), the yield control from the PV module,
which is input energy to the converter, is given by
Figure 3. When Q1 is off in SEPIC converter (10)

When Q1 is off, the voltage across L1b must be Both P and square foundation of energy (P) have the
Vout. Since Cin is charged to Vin, the voltage across Q1 greatest incentive at a similar obligation cycle (D). By
when Q1 is off is Vin + Vout, so the voltage across L1a is considering the square base of energy (P) to get a
Vout. target work for following the most extreme power, the
accompanying condition can be gotten:
(11)
At MPP, the incline of the P bend is zero (i.e.,
dP/dD = 0), and it can be assessed as
Figure 4. When Q1 is on in SEPIC converter (12)
When Q1 is on, capacitor Cp, charged to Vin, is

connected in parallel with L1b, so the voltage across (13)
L1b is Vin. When Q1 is on, energy is being stored in By evaluating dP/dD using (13) at MPP, the objective
L1a from the input and in L1b from Cp. function Q can be obtained as follows:
When Q1 turns off, L1as current continues to flow
through Cp and D1, and into Cout and the load. Both Cout
and Cp get recharged so that they can provide the load (14)
current and charge L1b, respectively, when Q1 turns Consequently, contingent upon the indication of Q, the
back on.
MPPT calculation chooses whether to increment or
Case 1: For Resistive Load decline the obligation cycle, and the comparing QD
attributes
Utilizing information and yield voltage connection for
SEPIC (i.e., Vo = (D/(1 D))VPV), the effectiveness of Case 2: Versatile Voltage-Sensor-Based MPPT with
the converter can be communicated as Variable Scaling Factor
In this paper, a versatile voltage-sensor-based MPPT

with variable scaling component is proposed to lessen
the following time what's more, power misfortune in
(8) consistent state. The present and past cycle estimations
of PV voltage and obligation cycle of the converter are
indicated by VPV(k), VPV(k-1), D(k), and D(k-1),
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individually. The adjustments in the voltage and goal to ensure the union of the MPPT calculation. The
obligation cycle from the present emphasis to the estimation of D will fluctuate amongst Dmin and
following cycle are characterized as takes after: Dmax, as given in (14). In this manner,
Q (19)
(15)
Q (20)
(16)
The area of the working point is chosen by
assessing Q what's more, contingent upon the
indication of Q; the obligation cycle is augmented or, (21)
then again decremented by D as given in (10). On the Case 3: Unfaltering State Analysis
off chance that Q is certain, then the obligation cycle is
augmented by D, and if Q is negative, then the The development of the working point on QD
obligation cycle is decremented by D. As D is attributes also, the comparing point on PV qualities is
straight forwardly utilized in altering the obligation appeared in Fig. 4. Accept that the working point amid
cycle, the controller is basic and simple to actualize (k3)Ta time interim is at point a . As Q > 0 at point a,
with a microcontroller. In this manner, the calculation builds the obligation cycle, and thus,
the working guide pushes toward point bamid (k )Ta
= (17) time interim. At point b, the algorithm again builds the
The value of Q is large in start-up and during obligation cycle as Q > 0, furthermore, the working
insolation change, whereas it is small in the steady point moves to point c. additionally at point c, the
state. Thus, a fixed scaling factor cannot satisfy the calculation builds the obligation cycle since Q > 0, and
requirement of MPPT controller in different consequently, the working point moves to point d amid
conditions. Hence, in this proposed algorithm, two kTa time interim. At point d, as Q < 0, the algorithm
different scaling factors M1 and M2 are considered to decreases the obligation cycle, and henceforth, the
optimally vary the perturbation step size D, which working point moves back to point c . Again at point c,
has been defined as a linear function of Q by as Q > 0, the calculation makes the working indicate
move to point d by expanding the obligation cycle.
D = MiQ. (18) Accordingly, in enduring state, the working point
The scaling component Mi (i = 1, 2) assumes a moves in two levels, coming about in power
critical part in a versatile MPPT strategy; hence, it misfortune diminishment contrasted and P&O and
ought to be picked wisely to build the pinnacle control IncCond since, if there should be an occurrence of
following productivity. The scaling factor M1 is P&O [20], the working point moves in three levels.
lessened the following time in startup what's more, for
V. MATLAB/SIMULATION
an expansive change in insolation. The scaling
component M2 is lessened the power misfortune in the 5.1 Conventional Method:
relentless state. In this way, the proposed versatile
MPPT technique enhances both the transient
furthermore, relentless state execution.
The scaling variable either M1 or M2 is produced

D relying upon the estimation of Q concerning a
predefined limit estimation of the goal work, i.e., Qth,
as appeared in the pseudocode of the calculation. By
considering an upper restrict (Dmax) of 10% and a
lower confine (Dmin) of 0.5% to bother step measure
(D), the scaling variables M1 and M2 ought to Figure 4. Conventional Method Simulation diagram
comply (19) and (20), individually, with a specific end
123
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Figure 8. Photovoltaic Voltage waveform

Figure 5. Output voltage and Output current waveform
Figure 9. Photovoltaic Current waveform
Figure 6. Output Power waveform
5.2 Proposed Method:
Figure 10. Output Voltage and Current waveform
Figure 7. Simulation diagram MPPT based SEPIC converter
124
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end
d1=Dk+1;
end
VI. HARDWARE APPROACH
Figure 11. Output Power waveform
Algorithm for Proposed Method:

function d1 = MPPT(Vnew,Vold,Inew,Iold,Pnew,Pold,dD )
%V=Input Voltage; v1=New Voltage; I=Input current;
a=New current;d=Calculated duty cycle
Vnew = 16;
Inew = 1.9; 6.1. Block Diagram:
d1 = 0.5; PV SEPIC
LOAD
PANEL CONVERTER
Dk=dD-(dD+0.5)/(Vnew/Vold);
dV=Vnew-Vold;
dP=Pnew-Pold;
DRIVER 12V DC
%dI=Inew-Iold; MPPT
CIRCUIT SUPPLY
PARAMETER
%Pnew=Vnew*Inew; S
%Pold=Vold*Iold;
if(dP/dD==0) PIC MICRO 5V DC
CONTROLLER SUPPLY
dD=d1-Dk;
else if(dP/dD>0)
% p & O Method 6.2. Hardware Circuit Diagram:
if(dP>0)
if(dV>0)
2N2222 1K
3
d1=d1+Dk; 0.1uF IN4007

2
1 8 2
else 560E
1
Pulse
1 2 7 100E FR 107 SW1 V1

1
d1=d1-Dk; 2 2 1 G1
+
IC D22
2
GND
end 3 6 2 LED 1000uF/25V

1
(230-12)V
2
else 4 TLP250 5 2
1K 220E 18V ZENER S
if(dV<0) CK100
3
d1=d1-Dk;
LED
else
Figure 7. Driver Circuit Diagram
d1=d1+Dk;
end
end
d1=Dk;
125
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U1 Output voltage:
1 3
VIN VOUT
D1 7805 DVin
R1 JP1 Vout
1
W01G 1 D (24)
+
330
2
1
2 3 C1 1 2
TX1 470uF C1 C1 D2 1
47uF 0.1uF
LN211WP
-
V1
4
230V
2
230/9V
Figure 12. Power Supply Circuit for PIC16F877A
Figure 14. Hardware image
Figure 13. Full Circuit Diagram

Figure 15. Output volatage image
Duty cycle calculation:
VII CONCLUTION
For a SEPIC converter operating in a CCM, the duty cycle is
given by In this paper, MPPT algorithm with variable scaling factor
by considering direct duty cycle control method for SEPIC
converter has been implemented. The proposed system is
designed, and the functionality of MPPT control has been
(22) proved. The simulation and experimental results prove that
the proposed system is able to track the maximum power
is the forward voltage drop of the diode D1. The from the PV module; moreover, the steady-state two-level
maximum duty cycle is: operation and the drift-free phenomena are the merits of this
tracking algorithm. Hence, this method improves the
efficiency of the PV system and reduces power loss in
steady state. From the results obtained, it is noticed that,
(23) with a well-designed system, including a proper converter
and an efficient MPPT algorithm, the MPPT can be
developed with less complexity and reduced cost.
126
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MPPT For Photovoltaic Systems With SEPIC Converter Counting Steady-State and Drift Analysis

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication ISSN: 2321-8169

Volume: 5 Issue: 6 119 127

Mr. Narayan L. Khiste, Mrs. K. S. Gadgil

I. INTRODUCTION promise under a variety of field conditions. This

2) Incremental Conductance method

3) Fractional short circuit current

4) Fractional open circuit voltage

Figure 3. When Q1 is off in SEPIC converter (10)

Figure 4. When Q1 is on in SEPIC converter (12)

When Q1 is on, capacitor Cp, charged to Vin, is

In this paper, a versatile voltage-sensor-based MPPT

The scaling variable either M1 or M2 is produced

Figure 8. Photovoltaic Voltage waveform

Figure 9. Photovoltaic Current waveform

Figure 6. Output Power waveform

5.2 Proposed Method:

Figure 10. Output Voltage and Current waveform

Figure 7. Simulation diagram MPPT based SEPIC converter

Figure 11. Output Power waveform

Algorithm for Proposed Method:

d1=d1+Dk; 0.1uF IN4007

1 2 7 100E FR 107 SW1 V1

end 3 6 2 LED 1000uF/25V

Figure 12. Power Supply Circuit for PIC16F877A

Figure 14. Hardware image

Figure 13. Full Circuit Diagram

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