Sunscreen and Melanoma

SUNSCREEN AND MELANOMA IS OUR PREVENTION MESSAGE CORRECT?
2012
www.medscape.com
Sunscreen and Melanoma

Is Our Prevention Message Correct?
Margaret B. Planta, MD
Posted: 12/25/2011; J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(6):735-739. 2011 American Board of
Family Medicine
Abstract and Introduction
Abstract
Many primary care providers advise patients to use sunscreen as a means to reduce their risk for
skin cancer, especially cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Despite the availability and
promotion of sunscreen for decades, the incidence of CMM continues to increase in the U.S. at a
rate of 3% per year. There currently is little evidence that sunscreens are protective against
CMM. A number of studies suggest that the use of sunscreen does not significantly decrease the
risk CMM, and may actually increase the risk of CMM and sunburns. This paper discusses
current information regarding the relationship between sunscreen use and CMM, and how
providers may need to alter their advice regarding sunscreen use for CMM prevention.
Introduction
For years, primary care providers have advised patients to use sunscreen as a means to reduce
their risk of skin cancer, especially cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). However, between
1973 and 2003, the incidence of CMM increased by 81% and continues to increase at a rate of
3% per year.[1] According to a 2006 US Environmental Protection Agency publication, "there is
no evidence that sunscreens protect you from malignant melanoma."[2] A number of studies
suggest that the use of sunscreen either does not significantly decrease the risk or may actually
increase the risk of CMM.[37] Other studies indicate that sunscreen users, when compared with
nonusers, may actually be more likely to develop sunburns, thereby possibly increasing their risk
of CMM.[79] These studies, as well as the continued increase in rates of CMM, call into question
whether our current advice regarding sunscreen use is truly beneficial in preventing CMM or if it
may actually be detrimental in the fight against CMM.
1 JURNAL READING ILMU PENYAKIT KULIT DAN KELAMIN LAILI FATHIYAH 1102006149
SUNSCREEN AND MELANOMA IS OUR PREVENTION MESSAGE CORRECT? 2012
How Sunscreen Can Contribute to Increased Melanoma Incidence
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known carcinogen.[10] Both UVA and UVB radiation is emitted by
the sun, but because UVB was thought to be the primary causative agent of all skin cancers by
direct damage to DNA, initial sunscreens were developed that blocked UVB with little or no
protective effects against UVA. The sun protection factor (SPF) label on sunscreen relates to
protection against UVB radiation and is not at all related to UVA radiation protection.
Recent studies suggest that UVA radiation plays a role in the development of melanoma, not
necessarily through direct DNA damage but through oxidative stress, free radical generation, and
the degradation of vitamin D.[1116] The higher ratio of UVA to UVB given off by sunlamps and
tanning beds compared with natural sunlight may contribute to greater melanoma risk among
tanning bed users.[11,1719] Sunscreens that contain benzophenones (such as oxybenzone and
sulisobenzone), avobenzone (Parsol 1789), ecamsule (Mexoryl, La Roche-Posay, France),
titanium dioxide, or zinc oxide may provide some UVA protection. However, in one in vitro
analysis of sunscreen ingredients used to block UVA, the most effective filter, titanium dioxide,
blocked only 25% of UVA radiation.[20]
Though a number of studies show that the use of sunscreen can reduce the risk of squamous cell
carcinoma, sunscreen use was found to be less effective in reducing the risk of basal cell
carcinoma.[2123] Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence that sunscreen use protects against
CMM. Several studies show either no difference in CMM rates between sunscreen users and
nonusers or a slight increased risk of CMM in sunscreen users among certain populations.[37]
Although there is convincing evidence that nonmelanoma skin cancer is related to cumulative
sun exposure,[6,23] there is less evidence of that association with CMM. If CMM were related to
cumulative sun exposure, one would expect that outdoor workers would have a greater incidence
of CMM than indoor workers. However, that is not the case.[6] The incidence of CMM is actually
increasing among indoor workers who receive three to nine times less solar UV radiation than
outdoor workers.[16]Furthermore, there is a higher incidence of CMM among whites living in
northern states such Delaware, Vermont, and New Hampshire (>30 per 100,000), which enjoy
less year-round sunlight and UV radiation than southern states such as Texas, Florida, Arizona,
and New Mexico (<25 per 100,000).[24] In California, whites living in San Francisco had a CMM
incidence of 30.5 per 100,000, whereas those living in Los Angeles had an incidence of 24.9 per
100,000.[24]
There are a few studies that suggest that chronic, low-grade exposure to sunlight may be
protective against CMM. In one Austrian study, those with chronic sun exposure without
sunburn had a reduced incidence of CMM compared with those with recreational sun
exposure.[4] In Germany, outdoor activities during childhood, in the absence of sunburn, were
associated with a lower risk of melanoma.[25] Chronic, repeated sun exposure may allow the skin
to accommodate to UV radiation by increasing melanin production, thereby reducing the risk of
sunburn.[26] An English study published in 2011 showed that regular weekend sun exposure had
a protective effect against CMM, and the researchers postulated that this may be mediated by
photo-adaptation or higher vitamin D levels.[27]
Another point suggested by these studies is that sunburns, and not cumulative sun exposure, lead
to increased risk for CMM. In an analysis of 15 case-control studies, Chang et al[28] concluded
that sunburn is a strong predictor of melanoma at all latitudes, whereas cumulative sun exposure
affects melanoma risk only at low latitudes, defined as between 34 north/south and 20
north/south. Most of the United States lies north of 34 latitude. If cumulative sun exposure does
not affect melanoma risk at countries at higher latitudes, such as the United States, and if
chronic, low-grade exposure to sunlight is protective against CMM in these countries, then
perhaps our emphasis on counseling patients in the United States should focus on sunburn, not
sunlight, avoidance.
When used improperly, sunscreen can potentially increase the risk for CMM by conferring a
false sense of protection against sunburn. This false sense of protection can lead to more time
spent in the sun, paradoxically causing a greater incidence of sunburns. In two European studies,
sunbathers who used SPF 30 sunscreen sunbathed 19% to 25% longer than those using SPF
10.[8] In a Danish study, 66% of sunburned people had used sunscreen to prolong time spent in
the sun.[9] In addition, those most likely to use sunscreen where those with the skin type most
likely to burn.[7] A number of studies have shown a correlation between the use of sunscreen and
increased incidence of sunburn.[7,9]
With the advent of sunscreens of SPF 50 and higher, this false sense of security may be
amplified, and sun exposure time may be prolonged. Because of this, the incidence of sunburns
may be increased in the population most at risk for sunburns, thereby continuing the upward
trend of melanoma incidence. This false sense of security may be experienced not only by
sunbathers, but by parents of small children as well. In a Swedish study, children aged 2 to 7
whose parents had applied sunscreen on them were more likely to experience sunburn than those
who received little or no sunscreen.[7] Sunburns during childhood significantly increase the risk
for CMM more than sunburns later in life.[7] We may need to rethink how we educate our
patients about the proper use of sunscreen on themselves and on their children.
What About the Australian Study?
Most of the studies indicating no protective benefit against or even increased risk of CMM with
sunscreen use were performed using sunscreen that blocked only UVB radiation. Broad-
spectrum UVA/UVB sunscreens now available may provide more protection against sunburns
and subsequent melanoma. In a randomized, controlled, prospective study conducted by Green et
al[29] in Australia, consistent daily application of both UVA and UVB-filtering broad-spectrum
sunscreen resulted in a decreased incidence of melanoma compared with control. What should be
noted about the study is that the control group was allowed to use sunscreen as well, but was not
guided as to type of sunscreen used or the frequency of application. Therefore, in this study, only
daily, consistent use of broad-spectrum sunscreen, but not intermittent use of sunscreen, was
associated with decreased risk of CMM. There is still no evidence that the intermittent use of
sunscreen, as is more commonly practiced among the US population, reduces the incidence of
CMM.
Furthermore, the financial feasibility of this intervention needs to be considered. Daily, rather
than intermittent, use of sunscreen incurs a higher cost. A cost-benefit analysis of this
intervention is yet to be done. In the Green et al[29] study, unlimited, free, broad-spectrum
sunscreen was supplied to the intervention group but not the control group. Part of the reason the
control group applied sunscreen less frequently may possibly have to do with cost. The cost to
the individual for this intervention may hamper compliance.
Though those living in Australia may be highly motivated to reduce their skin cancer risk,
compliance with this regimen may be problematic in the US population, who currently exhibits
poor sun-protective behavior, even those at increased risk.[30,31]Applying this intervention in the
United States would require convincing populations in higher risk northern states[24] to continue
to apply sunscreen daily in the middle of winter.
Finally, the Green et al[29] study was performed in the low-latitude township of Nambour,
situated at 26 south latitude, where cumulative sun exposure affects melanoma risk.[28] The
United States is not a low-latitude country, and studies do not indicate that cumulative sun
exposure affects melanoma risk outside of low latitudes.[28] So, it is unclear whether this
protective benefit of daily sunscreen use is applicable to the US population.
Because of ethical issues, a randomized, controlled, prospective study examining intermittent

sunscreen use versus no use will likely never be done. But future case-control and cohort studies
may show benefit with the newer broad-spectrum sunscreens now available. Until those studies
are conducted, the protective benefits of sunscreen use against CMM in the US population
remain unproven and controversial.
In July 2011, the Journal of the American Medical Association published a commentary by
Robinson and Bigby,[32] who suggested that the data from Green et al's[29] study supports
advocating regular sunscreen use in high-risk individuals for the primary prevention of CMM.
The authors did not discuss any measures to overcome the limitations of the Green study as
discussed above. Also, although the authors offered good advice about counseling high-risk
individuals on the proper use of sunscreen, the authors did not mention specifically counseling
against sunburn, which is a strong predictor of melanoma risk.[28] Sunscreen, when used
properly, can be highly effective in reducing the risk of sunburn; however, the lack of
specifically counseling against sunburn, may possibly lead to the misuse of sunscreen and may
increase the risk of sunburn and resultant CMM.[79]
Discussion
Based on currently available information, the "harm" related to sunscreen use is probably not
intrinsic to sunscreens;[33] it is more likely related to the improper use of sunscreen, resulting in
more sunburns.[79] Primary care providers who encourage the use of sunscreen should also
instruct patients about the proper use of sunscreen to avoid sunburns. Primary care providers
need to alter their patients' current perception that using sunscreen allows them unrestricted
latitude in the amount of time spent in the sun. If we counsel patients against the abuse of
sunscreen and alter their behavior patterns with respect to sunburns, it is possible that future
sunscreen studies may confirm the benefit of sunscreen use against CMM. Because there is still
insufficient evidence that shows that the use of sunscreen reduces CMM risk in the US
population, for now we should not be advising patients that using sunscreen will protect them
from CMM. Instead, we should advise them that the proper use of sunscreen is one way to
prevent sunburn and that the best way to reduce their risk of CMM, with respect to natural solar
radiation, is to prevent sunburn. With that in mind, some suggested points for counseling
include:
1. Sunscreen should not be used to prolong the amount of time spent in the sun. When used
for that purpose, there is a greater risk of becoming sunburned.[8,9]
2. If the skin becomes uncomfortable or red at any time during solar radiation exposure,
whether intentional or unintentional, with or without sunscreen, and regardless of length
of time spent in the sun, the patient should cover up or seek shade immediately. Simply
reapplying sunscreen and failing to seek shelter may increase the risk of sunburn and
subsequent CMM.[8,9,34]
3. Clothing, hats, and sunglasses provide protection against the damaging effects of solar
UV radiation. Some studies suggest a negative correlation between clothing and
sunburn.[9,35] However, not all textiles provide equal UV protection.[35,36] Therefore, a
combination of clothing and sunscreen would probably provide the best protection
against solar UV radiation. Patients should be advised that sunscreen should be used as
an adjunct to, not a substitute for, clothing and hats.
4. Because UVA radiation may also play a role in the formation of skin cancer,[11
15]
patients should use sunscreen that provides protection against both UVA and UVB
radiation.
5. Those at high risk of CMM may possibly benefit from consistent, daily use of broad-
spectrum sunscreen.[29,32]
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35. Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Hoffmann K. Role of clothes in sun protection. Recent
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Funding
none.
Conflict of interest
none declared.
J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(6):735-739. 2011 American Board of Family Medicine
www.medscape.com
Tabir Surya dan Melanoma

Apakah pesan pencegahan kita sudah
benar?
Margaret B. Planta, MD
Posted: 12/25/2011; J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(6):735-739. 2011 American Board of
Family Medicine
Abstrak dan Pendahuluan
Abstrak
Banyak penyedia layanan kesehatan primer menyarankan pasien untuk menggunakan

tabir surya sebagai alat untuk mengurangi risiko untuk kanker kulit, terutama melanoma
maligna(CMM). Meskipun ketersediaan dan promosi tabir surya selama beberapa dekade,
kejadian CMM terus meningkat di AS pada tingkat 3% per tahun. Pada saat ini terdapat sedikit
bukti bahwa tabir surya yang melindungi terhadap CMM. Sejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa
penggunaan tabir surya tidak secara signifikan menurunkan risiko CMM, dan benar-benar dapat
meningkatkan risiko CMM dan terbakar matahari. Tulisan ini membahas informasi terkini
mengenai hubungan antara penggunaan tabir surya dan CMM, dan bagaimana penyedia mungkin
perlu mengubah saran mereka mengenai penggunaan tabir surya untuk pencegahan CMM.
Pengenalan
Selama bertahun-tahun, penyedia layanan kesehatan primer telah menyarankan pasien

untuk menggunakan tabir surya sebagai alat untuk mengurangi risiko kanker kulit, terutama
melanoma maligna (CMM). Namun, antara tahun 1973 dan 2003, kejadian CMM meningkat
sebesar 81% dan terus meningkat pada tingkat 3% per tahun [1]. Menurut Perlindungan
Lingkungan US Agency publikasi tahun 2006, "Tidak ada bukti bahwa tabir surya melindungi
Anda dari melanoma ganas " [2]. Sejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tabir surya
baik tidak signifikan mengurangi risiko atau benar-benar dapat meningkatkan risiko dari CMM
[3-7]
. Penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa pengguna tabir surya, bila dibandingkan dengan bukan
pengguna , sebenarnya mungkin lebih cenderung untuk terbakar matahari, sehingga mungkin
meningkatkan risiko CMM [7-8]. Studi-studi ini, serta terus bertambahnya tingkat CMM,
menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah saran kami saat ini mengenai penggunaan tabir surya benar-
benar bermanfaat dalam mencegah CMM atau itu benar-benar dapat merugikan dalam
memerangi CMM.
Bagaimana kontribusi dari tabir surya sehingga dapat meningkatkan insiden Melanoma?
Ultraviolet (UV) adalah karsinogen [10]. Baik radiasi UVA dan UVB yang dipancarkan
oleh matahari, tetapi karena UVB dianggap agen penyebab utama dari semua kanker kulit
dengan kerusakan langsung pada DNA, tabir surya awal dikembangkan yang diblokir adalah
UVB dengan efek protektif sedikit atau tidak terhadap UVA. Perlindungan matahari Faktor
(SPF) label pada tabir surya berkaitan dengan perlindungan terhadap radiasi UVB dan sama
sekali tidak berhubungan dengan proteksi radiasi UVA.
Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa radiasi UVA berperan dalam perkembangan

melanoma, tidak harus melalui kerusakan DNA langsung tetapi melalui stres oksidatif, generasi
radikal bebas, dan degradasi vitamin D. [11-16] Rasio yang lebih tinggi dari UVA UVB disebabkan
oleh sunlamps dan tanning bed dibandingkan dengan sinar matahari alami , risiko melanoma
lebih besar ditemui di antara pengguna tanned bed. [11,17-19] Tabir surya yang mengandung
benzofenon (seperti oksibenzon dan sulisobenzone), avobenzone (Parsol 1789), ecamsule
(Mexoryl, La Roche-Posay, Prancis), titanium dioksida, seng oksida atau mungkin dapat
memberikan perlindungan UVA. Namun, dalam satu dalam analisis in vitro bahan tabir surya
dapat digunakan untuk memblokir UVA, filter yang paling efektif, titanium dioksida, memblokir
hanya 25% dari radiasi UVA [20].
Meskipun sejumlah studi menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tabir surya dapat mengurangi
risiko karsinoma sel skuamosa, penggunaan tabir surya ditemukan menjadi kurang efektif dalam
mengurangi risiko karsinoma sel basal [21-23] Selanjutnya, tidak ada bukti yang meyakinkan
bahwa penggunaan tabir surya melindungi terhadap terjadinya CMM. Beberapa penelitian
menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan dalam tingkat terjadinya resiko CMM antara pengguna dan
bukan pengguna tabir surya atau risiko meningkat sedikit dari terjadinya CMM dalam pengguna
tabir surya antara populasi tertentu. [3-7]
Meskipun ada bukti yang meyakinkan bahwa kanker kulit nonmelanoma berhubungan
dengan paparan kumulatif sinar matahari [6,23] ada bukti sedikit yang berhubungan dengan CMM.
Jika CMM berhubungan dengan paparan kumulatif sinar matahari, orang akan berharap bahwa
pekerja luar ruangan akan memiliki insiden lebih besar dari CMM daripada pekerja dalam
ruangan. Namun, itu tidak terjadi. [6] Insiden CMM sebenarnya meningkat di kalangan pekerja
dalam ruangan yang menerima tiga sampai sembilan kali lebih sedikit radiasi UV matahari
daripada pekerja luar ruangan [16] Selain itu, ada insiden yang lebih tinggi dari CMM di antara
kulit putih yang tingal di Negara bagian utara seperti Delaware, Vermont, dan New Hampshire
(> 30 per 100.000), yang menikmati sinar matahari kurang sepanjang tahun dan radiasi UV dari
negara-negara selatan seperti Texas, Florida, Arizona, dan New Mexico (<25 per 100.000). [ 24]
Di California, kulit putih yang tinggal di San Francisco memiliki insiden CMM dari 30,5 per
100.000, sedangkan mereka yang tinggal di Los Angeles memiliki kejadian 24,9 per 100.000. [24]
Ada beberapa studi yang menunjukkan bahwa paparan sinar matahari tingkat rendah
dapat melindungi terhadap CMM. Dalam satu studi Austria, mereka dengan paparan sinar
matahari tanpa terbakar sinar matahari kronis memiliki insiden mengurangi CMM dibandingkan
dengan mereka dengan paparan sinar matahari saat rekreasi. [4] Di Jerman, kegiatan di luar
ruangan pada waktu kecil, dengan tidak terbakar sinar matahari, dikaitkan dengan rendahnya
risiko melanoma [25]. Paparan sinar matahari berulang-kali dapat memungkinkan kulit untuk
mengakomodasi terhadap radiasi UV dengan meningkatkan produksi melanin, sehingga
mengurangi risiko terbakar sinar matahari. [26] Sebuah studi bahasa Inggris diterbitkan pada
tahun 2011 menunjukkan bahwa paparan matahari regular akhir pekan memiliki efek
perlindungan terhadap CMM, dan para peneliti menduga bahwa ini mungkin dimediasi oleh
foto-adaptasi atau kadar vitamin D yang tinggi. [27]
Hal lain yang diusulkan oleh studi ini adalah terbakar matahari, dan paparan sinar
matahari yang tidak kumulatif, menyebabkan peningkatan risiko untuk CMM. Dalam sebuah
analisis dari 15 studi kasus kontrol, Chang et al [28] menyimpulkan sengatan matahari yang
merupakan prediktor kuat melanoma di semua lintang, sedangkan paparan kumulatif sinar
matahari yang mempengaruhi risiko melanoma hanya di lintang rendah, yang didefinisikan
sebagai antara 34 utara / selatan dan 20 utara / selatan. Sebagian besar Amerika Serikat
terletak di lintang utara 34 . Jika paparan kumulatif sinar matahari tidak mempengaruhi risiko
melanoma pada negara-negara di lintang yang lebih tinggi, seperti Amerika Serikat, dan jika
kronis, tingkat rendah paparan sinar matahari dapat melindungi CMM di negara-negara tersebut,
maka mungkin penekanan kami pada konseling pasien di Amerika Serikat harus fokus pada
sengatan matahari, bukan sinar matahari, dan penghindaran terhadapnya.
Ketika digunakan secara tidak benar, tabir surya dapat berpotensi meningkatkan risiko
CMM dengan pemberian rasa perlindungan aman palsu terhadap sengatan matahari. Rasa
perlindungan palsu dapat menyebabkan lebih banyak waktu dihabiskan di bawah sinar matahari,
secara paradoks menyebabkan insiden lebih besar dari terbakar matahari. Dalam dua studi di
Eropa, studi yang menggunakan tabir surya SPF 30 dijemur 19% sampai 25% lebih lama
dibandingkan mereka yang menggunakan SPF 10 [8] Dalam sebuah studi di Denmark, 66% orang
terbakar matahari setelah menggunakan tabir surya untuk memperpanjang waktu yang
dihabiskan di bawah sinar matahari. [9 ] Selain itu, paling mungkin untuk menggunakan tabir
surya mereka di mana mereka yang memiliki jenis kulit yang paling mungkin untuk terbakar [7]
Sejumlah penelitian menunjukkan korelasi antara penggunaan tabir surya dan kejadian
peningkatan sengatan matahari. [7,9]
Dengan munculnya tabir surya SPF 50 dan yang lebih tinggi, rasa aman palsu dapat
diperkuat, dan waktu pemaparan terhadap matahari mungkin diperpanjang. Karena itu, kejadian
terbakar matahari dapat ditingkatkan pada populasi paling berisiko untuk terbakar matahari,
sehingga melanjutkan tren kenaikan kejadian melanoma. Rasa aman palsu mungkin dialami tidak
hanya oleh berjemur, tapi oleh orang tua anak-anak juga. Dalam sebuah studi di Swedia, anak
usia 2 sampai 7 tahun yang orang tuanya telah menerapkan tabir surya pada mereka, lebih
mungkin untuk mengalami kulit terbakar daripada mereka yang menerima sedikit atau tidak ada
tabir surya. [7] Terbakar matahari selama masa kanak-kanak secara signifikan meningkatkan
risiko CMM lebih dari terbakar matahari di kemudian hari [7]. Kita mungkin perlu memikirkan
kembali bagaimana kita mendidik pasien tentang penggunaan yang tepat dari tabir surya pada
diri mereka sendiri dan anak-anak mereka.
Bagaimana dengan Studi di Australia?
Sebagian besar penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada manfaatnya perlindungan atau bahkan
meningkat resiko dari CMM dengan penggunaan tabir surya yang dilakukan dengan
menggunakan tabir surya yang menghalangi radiasi UVB saja. Luas spektrum UVA / UVB tabir
surya yang sekarang tersedia dapat memberikan perlindungan lebih terhadap terbakar matahari
dan melanoma berikutnya. Dalam studi acak, terkontrol, prospektif yang dilakukan oleh Green et
al [29] di Australia, aplikasi sehari-hari yang konsisten dari kedua UVA dan UVB-filtering tabir
surya spektrum luas menghasilkan penurunan kejadian melanoma dibandingkan dengan kontrol.
Yang perlu diperhatikan tentang penelitian ini adalah bahwa kelompok kontrol diperbolehkan
untuk menggunakan tabir surya juga, tapi tidak dipandu untuk mengggunakan tabir surya atau
frekuensi aplikasi. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini, yang sehari-hari, penggunaan konsisten
dari tabir surya spektrum luas, tetapi tidak menggunakan tabir surya yang intermiten, dikaitkan
dengan penurunan risiko CMM. Masih belum ada bukti bahwa penggunaan tabir surya
intermiten, seperti yang lebih umum dipraktekkan di kalangan penduduk AS, mengurangi
insiden CMM.
Selain itu, kelayakan finansial dari intervensi ini perlu dipertimbangkan. Keseharian,
bukan intermiten, penggunaan tabir surya menimbulkan biaya yang lebih tinggi. Sebuah analisis
intervensi biaya-manfaat ini belum dilakukan. Dalam kelompok studi Green et al [29], tak
terbatas, gratis, tabir surya spektrum luas yang diberikan kepada kelompok intervensi tetapi tidak
pada grup kontrol. Sebagian alasan kelompok kontrol lebih jarang diterapkan tabir surya,
mungkin dapat memiliki hubungannya dengan biaya. Biaya untuk individu dengan intervensi ini
dapat menghambat kepatuhan.
Meskipun mereka yang tinggal di Australia mungkin menjadi sangat termotivasi untuk
mengurangi risiko kanker kulit mereka, kepatuhan terhadap rejimen ini mungkin bermasalah
dalam populasi AS, yang saat ini menunjukkan miskin terhadap penggunaan pelindung matahari,
bahkan mereka pada yang terkena resiko tinggi [30,31]. Menerapkan intervensi ini di Amerika
Serikat akan memerlukan keyakinan untuk populasi dengan resiko tinggi di negara bagian utara
[24]
untuk terus menerapkan penggunaan tabir surya setiap hari di tengah musim dingin.
Akhirnya, penelitian Green et al [29] dilakukan di kota rendah lintang di Nambour, terletak
di 26 Lintang Selatan, di mana paparan kumulatif sinar matahari mempengaruhi risiko
melanoma [28]. Amerika Serikat adalah bukan negara lintang rendah dan studi ini tidak
menunjukkan bahwa paparan kumulatif sinar matahari mempengaruhi risiko melanoma lintang
rendah. [28] Jadi, tidak jelas apakah ini manfaat perlindungan dari penggunaan tabir surya setiap
hari berlaku untuk penduduk AS.
Karena masalah etika, secara acak, terkontrol, penelitian prospektif memeriksa

penggunaan tabir surya intermiten dibandingkan kemungkinan penggunaannya yang akan pernah
terjadi. Tapi masa depan kasus-kontrol dan studi kohort dapat menunjukkan manfaat dengan
tabir surya baru spektrum luas yang sekarang tersedia. Sampai studi dilakukan, manfaat
perlindungan dari penggunaan tabir surya terhadap CMM di penduduk AS tetap belum terbukti
dan kontroversial.
Pada bulan Juli 2011, Journal of American Medical Association menerbitkan sebuah
komentar oleh Robinson dan Bigby, [32] yang menyarankan bahwa data studi dari Green et al [29]
mendukung advokasi penggunaan tabir surya biasa dalam individu yang berisiko tinggi untuk
pencegahan primer CMM. Para penulis tidak membahas langkah-langkah untuk mengatasi
keterbatasan dari studi Green seperti dibahas di atas. Meskipun penulis menawarkan nasihat
yang baik tentang konseling individu yang berisiko tinggi pada penggunaan yang tepat dari tabir
surya, penulis tidak menyebutkan secara khusus konseling terhadap kasus kulit yang terbakar,
yang merupakan prediktor kuat risiko melanoma. [28] Tabir surya, bila digunakan dengan benar,
bisa sangat efektif dalam mengurangi risiko terbakar sinar matahari. Namun, kurangnya
konseling khusus terhadap kulit terbakar, mungkin dapat menyebabkan penyalahgunaan tabir
surya dan dapat meningkatkan risiko terbakar sinar matahari dan CMM resultan [7-9]
Diskusi
Berdasarkan informasi yang tersedia saat ini, "bahaya" yang terkait dengan penggunaan
tabir surya mungkin bukan intrinsik untuk tabir surya itu sendiri, [33] itu lebih mungkin terkait
dengan penggunaan tabir surya yang tidak tepat, sehingga [7-9] penyedia layanan dasar yang
mendorong penggunaan tabir surya juga harus menginstruksikan pasien tentang penggunaan
yang tepat dari tabir surya untuk menghindari terbakar matahari. Penyedia layanan kesehatan
primer perlu mengubah persepsi saat ini terhadap pasien bahwa menggunakan tabir surya
memungkinkan mereka terpapar tak terbatas dalam jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan di bawah
sinar matahari. Jika kami menasihati pasien terhadap penyalahgunaan tabir surya dan mengubah
pola perilaku mereka sehubungan dengan resiko terbakar matahari adalah mungkin bahwa studi
tentang tabir surya dapat mengkonfirmasi manfaat dari penggunaan tabir surya terhadap CMM.
Karena masih ada cukup bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tabir surya mengurangi
risiko CMM dalam penduduk AS, untuk sekarang kita tidak boleh menasehati pasien bahwa
menggunakan tabir surya akan melindungi mereka dari CMM. Sebaliknya, kita harus menasihati
mereka bahwa penggunaan yang tepat dari tabir surya adalah salah satu cara untuk mencegah
kulit terbakar dan bahwa cara terbaik untuk mengurangi risiko dari CMM, sehubungan dengan
radiasi matahari alami, adalah untuk mencegah sengatan matahari. Dengan pemikiran, beberapa
poin yang disarankan untuk konseling meliputi:
1. Tabir surya tidak boleh digunakan untuk memperpanjang jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan di
bawah sinar matahari. Bila digunakan untuk tujuan itu, ada risiko lebih besar untuk menjadi
terbakar matahari [8,9].
2. Jika kulit menjadi tidak nyaman atau merah setiap saat saat terpapar radiasi matahari, baik
disengaja atau tidak disengaja, dengan atau tanpa tabir surya, dan terlepas dari lamanya waktu
yang dihabiskan di bawah sinar matahari, pasien harus menutupi atau mencari keteduhan segera.
Cukup mengoleskan tabir surya dan gagal untuk mencari perlindungan dapat meningkatkan
risiko terbakar sinar matahari dan CMM berikutnya. [8,9,34]
3. Pakaian, topi, dan kacamata hitam memberikan perlindungan terhadap efek merusak dari
radiasi UV matahari. Beberapa studi menunjukkan korelasi negatif antara pakaian dan sengatan
matahari. [9,35] Namun, tidak semua tekstil memberikan perlindungan UV sama. [35,36] Oleh karena
itu, kombinasi pakaian dan tabir surya mungkin akan memberikan perlindungan terbaik terhadap
radiasi UV matahari. Pasien harus disarankan bahwa tabir surya harus digunakan sebagai
tambahan, bukan pengganti, pakaian dan topi.
4. Karena radiasi UVA juga mungkin memainkan peran dalam pembentukan kanker kulit, [11-15]
pasien harus menggunakan tabir surya yang memberikan perlindungan terhadap kedua radiasi
UVA dan UVB.
5. Mereka yang berisiko tinggi CMM mungkin dapat mengambil manfaat dari konsisten,
penggunaan sehari-hari tabir surya spektrum luas. [29,32]
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Funding
none.
Conflict of interest
none declared.J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(6):735-739. 2011 American Board of Family
Medicine

Sunscreen and Melanoma

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Sunscreen and Melanoma

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SUNSCREEN AND MELANOMA IS OUR PREVENTION MESSAGE CORRECT?

Sunscreen and Melanoma

Abstract and Introduction

What About the Australian Study?

Because of ethical issues, a randomized, controlled, prospective study examining intermittent

J Am Board Fam Med. 2011;24(6):735-739. 2011 American Board of Family Medicine

Tabir Surya dan Melanoma

Abstrak dan Pendahuluan

Banyak penyedia layanan kesehatan primer menyarankan pasien untuk menggunakan

Selama bertahun-tahun, penyedia layanan kesehatan primer telah menyarankan pasien

Penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa radiasi UVA berperan dalam perkembangan

Bagaimana dengan Studi di Australia?

Karena masalah etika, secara acak, terkontrol, penelitian prospektif memeriksa

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