Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
You want a valve that doesnt leak and you try everything
possible to develop one. But the real world provides you with
a leaking valve. You have to determine how much leaking
you can tolerate
Saturn 5 Rocket Scientist
Presented by:
Wynand van Dyk
Director
Arete Consultants
+27 83 655 1278
wynand.vandyk@mmsconsultants.co.za
1
Content
Terminology
Human Element
Safe Design
2
Terminology
Harm
Hazard
Unwanted Events
Near hits
Accidents
Controls/Defences
Risk
3
Harm
Physical injury or damage to the health of
people, either directly or indirectly, as a
result of damage to property or the
environment.
4
Hazard
A source of potential harm
5
Energies the source of Hazards
Whenever injury or damage
occur, it is possible to identify
the energy which produced it.
The greater the magnitude of
the Energy, the greater the
Hazard
Have to release energy to do work
Uncontrolled/unwanted release of
energy
To identify the hazard we must
identify the energy
but its difficult to see/visualise
6
energy
Common Energies
Biological Machine (mobile)
bacteria, viruses, contagious haulage trucks, LHDs, service
diseases, natural poisons, etc. vehicles, gen sets, tools, etc.
Chemical Noise
coal, gases, fuels, lubes, degreasers, from machines and other sources
solvents, paints, etc. Object
Electrical pressurised systems, cylinders,
high voltage, low voltage, batteries, springs, chains, flying bits, etc.
etc. People
Gravitational (objects) slip, trip, lift, strain, push/pull sprain,
falling coal, rock, tools, components, repetitive/postural strain
structures, etc. Thermal
Gravitational (people) conducted (contact), convected
falling from or into equipment, (airstreams), radiation
structures, ladders, sumps, etc. Vibration
Machine (fixed) from vehicles, equipment, tools, etc.
powered by electrical, hydraulic, Other
pneumatic, combustion, etc.
7 friction, wind, animal, bio-chemical
Terminology
Harm
Hazard
Unwanted Events
Near hits
Accidents
Controls/Defences
Risk
8
Unwanted Events (Incidents)
Near Hits:
Also called a Near Miss or a Hazardous Situation
circumstance in which a person is exposed to a
hazard(s)
Accident
Also called a hazardous event
a hazardous situation which results in harm
Note: not all hazardous situations result in hazardous
events
9
Energy Damage Model (Viner, 1991)
10
Energy Damage Model (Viner, 1991)
Barrier/defence
Energy can be
controlled by a barrier
11
Energy Damage Model (Viner, 1991)
13
Energy Damage Model (Viner, 1991)
shield
14
Content
Harm
Hazard
Unwanted Events
Near hits
Accidents
Controls/Defences
Risk
15
Controls/Defences
Unwanted
Event
Hazard
16
Hierarchy of Controls
Different types of controls
not all as effective
(more holes in some)
More Effective
17
Truck vs 4x4 example
18
Engineering Controls
19
Swiss Cheese Model & Risk Management
20
Swiss Cheese Model & Risk Management
22
Risk
The chance of something happening that
will have an impact on your objectives
Can be quantified by:
f( LIKELIHOOD OF EVENT
OCCURRING
& CONSEQUENCE
OF EVENT
)
Note: Risk is a measure of something a
person or object therefore cannot be a risk...
23
Risk and Hazards
Remember that Hazards...
(anything that can cause harm)
...is not the same as Risk
(likelihood harm will occur and its severity)
? Lowest Risk
25
Content
Terminology
Human Element
Safe Design
26
Human Element
Decision Types
Human Error
27
3 kinds of decisions
Strategic
Formal, planned, knowledge-based
Tactical
Informal, timely, rules-based Think
Operational
Almost subconscious, auto-pilot
Operational Decisions
Module 3 Content
Decision Types
Human Error
30
Human error model (James Reason)
Somebody doing something that you wish they did not do
Design
Flaws
Slip
Distractions
Unintentional Lapse
Knowledge
Mistake
Human Error
Norm not to
Cultural
follow rules
Violation
Intentional
Deviant Only one not to
Violation follow rules
Type of Human Error?
Type of Human Error?
Content
Terminology
Human Error
Safe Design
34
Ways to Reduce Human Error
Slips/Lapses
Design issues - Not forgiving enough
Mistakes
Competency - Training or job aids
Violations
Routine - Strategy to find out why &
address
Exceptional - Discipline
Human error during incidents
25 Serious Mining Incidents 28 Fatalities Narrow Reef Mining 21 Incidents Opencast Mining
The work-process model
(Nertney, adapted by GMIRM)
Safe
production
Work-process factors during incidents
25 Serious Mining Incidents 28 Fatalities Narrow Reef Mining 21 Incidents Opencast Mining
What is Human Factors Engineering?
including:
Equipment
Methods
Work environment
Human Factors Engineering
Accessibility
Work Space/Posture
Manual Handling
Visibility
Controls
Displays
Work Environment
Blackwater Mine Fatality
41
Vehicle Crane Control Design
Operators station
43
Basic Model
Conscious
(think)
Stimulus Response
Wipers Wipers
or or
Turn Turn
Inherent Safe Design
Prevent the uncontrolled release of energy
Magnitude of energy
Control Effectiveness
Hierarchy of controls & multiple controls
Impact of Decision types
Human Element
Human Error slip/lapse & mistakes
Human Factors Engineering
46