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2014
INDICE
1 kWh = 3.6x106 J = 3.671x105 kpm = 859.9 kcal = 2.656x106 ft lbf = 3.412x103 Btu
1 kJ = 1 kNm = 1kWs = 103 J = 0.947813 Btu = 737.6 ft lbf = 0.23884 kcal
-4
1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 1,055.06 J = 107.6 kpm = 2.92875x10 kWh = 251.996 calorie (IT - International Table
10
calorie) = 0.252 kcal = 777.649 ft lb f = 1.0544x10 erg = 0.293 watt hour = 0.999331 Btu (Int Steam Tab) = 0.998560
7
Btu (mean) = 25020.1 foot-poundal = 107.514 kg force meter = 1.0751x10 gram-force cm = 0.000393 hp-hour =
10.456 liter atm = 1054.35 wattsecond
1 cal = 4.186 J
-3
1 kcal = 4186,8 J = 426,9 kp m = 1.163x10 kWh = 3.088 ft lbf = 3.9683 Btu = 1,000 cal
-7 -4 -3
1 ft lbf (foot pound force) = 1.3558 J = 0.1383 kp m = 3.766x10 kWh = 3.238x10 kcal = 1.285x10 Btu
6
1 hp h (horse power hour) = 2.6846x10 J = 0.7457 kWh
2 2 -7
1 erg = 1 (g cm )/s = 10 J = 1 dyne-centimeter
-19
1 eV = 1.602x10 J
18 21
1 Q = 10 Btu = 1.055x10 J
1 Quad = 10 Btu
15 5
1 Therm = 100,000 Btu
1 kg m = 7.233 ft lb = 0.00929 Btu = 9.806 Joule
Energy per unit mass
1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lbm = 0.23884 kcal/kg
1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb m
Energy per unit volume
1 Btu/US gal = 278.7 Btu/liter
Flow - see Volume flow
Force
dyne, kilogram force (kgf), kilopound force, kip, lbf (pound force), ounce force (avoirdupois), poundal, newton
2 5
1 N (Newton) = 0.1020 kp = 7.233 pdl = 7.233/32.174 lb f = 0.2248 lbf = 1 (kg m)/s = 10 dyne = 1/9.80665 kgf
5
1 lbf (Pound force) = 4.44822 N = 0.4536 kp = 32.17 pdl = 4.448x10 dyn
2
1 dyne = 1 (g cm)/s
1 kg has a weight of 1 kp
1 kp (Kilopond) = 9.80665 N = 2.205 lb f = 70.93 pdl
1 pdl (Poundal) = 0.13826 N = 0.01409 kp = 0.03108 lb f
Frequency
1 hertz = 1 cycle/sec
Heat flow rate
1 Btu/sec = 1,055.1 W
6
1 kW (kJ/s) = 102.0 kpm/s = 859.9 kcal/h = 3,413 Btu/h = 1.360 hk = 1.341 hp = 738 ft lb/s = 1,000 J/s = 3.6x10 J/h
-3
1 kpm/s = 9.8067x10 kW = 8.432 kcal/h = 32.47 Btu/h = 0.01333 hk = 0.01316 hp = 7.237 ft lb/s
-3 -3 -3
1 kcal/h = 1.163x10 kW = 0.1186 kpm/s = 3.969 Btu/h = 1.582x10 hk = 1.560x10 hp = 0.8583 ft lb/s
-4 -4 -4
1 Btu/h = 2.931x10 kW = 0.0299 kpm/s = 0.252 kcal/h = 3.986x10 hk = 3.939x10 hp = 0.2163 ft lb/s
-3
1 kcal/h = 1.16x10 kW
1 hk (metric horse power) =0.735499 kW =75.00 kpm/s =632.5 kcal/h =2,510 Btu/h =0.9863 hp =542.8 ft lb/s
1 hp = 0.74570 kW = 76.04 kpm/s = 641.2 kcal/h = 2,545 Btu/h = 1.014 hk = 550.3 ft lb/s
-3 -3
1 ft lb/s=1.35501 kW=0.1382 kpm/s=1.165 kcal/h = 4.625 Btu/h = 1.843x10 hk = 1.817x10 hp
1 ton of refrigeration = 200 Btu/min
Heat flux
2 2 4 2
1 Btu/ft = 2.713 kcal/m = 2.043x10 J/m K
2 2
1 Btu/ ft h = 3.1525 W/m
2o 2 4 2
1 Btu/ft F = 4.88 kcal/m K = 2.043x10 J/m K
2 2
1 kcal/m = 0.369 Btu/ft
2 2o
1 kcal/m K = 0.205 Btu/ft F
Heat generation per unit volume
3 3 4 3
1 Btu/ft = 8.9 kcal/m = 3.73x10 J/m
3 3
1 Btu/ft h = 10.343 W/m
3 3
1 kcal/m = 0.112 Btu/ft
Heat generation per unit mass
1 Btu/lb = 0.556 kcal/kg = 2,326 J/kg
1 kcal/kg = 1.800 Btu/lb
Mass, Weight
pounds, kilograms, grams, ounces, grains, tons (long), tons (short), tons (metric), carat, grain, ounce mass, pound
mass (lbm), slug, tonne
-2
1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521x10 slug
1 lbm = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
1 slug = 14.594 kg = 32.174 lbm
1 grain = 0.000143 lb = 0.0648 g
1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
1 qt = 0.9464 liters
6 9
1 metric ton (or tonne) = 1 tonne mtrique = 1000 kg = 10 g = 10 mg = 1.10231131 short tons
1 short ton = 2000 lbs = 907.18474 kg
1 long ton = 2240 pounds = 1,016.0469088 kg
1 oz (ounce) = 28.35 g = 437.5 grains = 0.0625 lb = 0.0000279 long ton (UK) = 0.00003125 long ton (US) = 0.000558 7
long hundredweight (UK) = 0.000625 long hundredweight (US) = 0.004464 stone = 16 dram
1 troy pound = 12 troy ounces
1 troy ounce = 1/12 troy pound = 31.1034768 grams = 480 grains
1 scruple = 20 grains
1 dram = 3 scruples
1 apothecary ounce = 8 drams
1 apothecary pound = 12 apothecary ounces
1 pennyweight = 24 grains
1 Gal. H2O = 8.33 Lbs. H2O
1 cental (US) = 45.359 kilogram = 100 pound
1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
1 hectogram = 100 gram = 0.26769 pound (apoth or troy) = 0.2205 pound (avdp)
Mass flow rate
-4
1 lb/h = 1.26x10 kg/s
1 lb/s = 0.4536 kg/s
-3
1 lb/min = 7.56x10 kg/s = 27.216 kg/s
1 kg/s = 3,600 kg/h = 132.28 lb/min
-4 -2
1 kg/h = 2.778x10 kg/s = 3.67x10 lb/min
Moment of Inertia
2 2 2 2 2
1 kg m = 10000 kg cm = 54675 ounce in = 3417.2 lb in = 23.73 lb ft
Power
horsepower, kilowatt, watt, btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second
2 3
1 W = 1 kg m /s = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s = 10,000,000 ergs per second
3
1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 10 /9.80665 kgf m/s = 737.6 ft lbf/s =
3
10 /(9.80665 75) metric hp
1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse
power ~= 1.0 KVA.
1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416x105 calorie/hr (termo) =
6.412x105 calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069x105 calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie (IST)/min = 10678 calorie
(mean)/min = 10.686 calorie, kg/min (IST) = 7.457x109erg/sec = 1980000 foot pound-force/hr = 33000 foot pound-force/min = 550
foot pound-force/sec = 0.076 horsepower (boiler) = 0.9996 horsepower (electric) = 1.0139 horsepower (metric) = 745.7 joule/sec =
0.7457 kilowatt = 0.7456 kilowatt (Int) = 0.212 ton of refrigeration = 745.7 watt
1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo) = 140469.4 calorie (mean)/min = 140742.3 calorie
(20oC)/min 9.8095x1010 erg/sec = 434107 foot-pound-force/min = 13.1548 horsepower (mech) = 13.1495 horsepower (electric) =
13.3372 horsepower (metric) = 13.1487 horsepower (water) = 9809.5 joule/sec = 9.8095 kilowatt
1 horsepower (electric) = 2547.16 Btu/hr (thermo) = 2545.46 Btu (IST)/hr = 2543.49 Btu (mean)/hr = 178.298
9
calorie/sec (thermo) = 641.87 calorie, kg/hr (thermo) = 7.46x10 erg/sec = 33013 foot pound-force/min = 550.2 foot
pound-force/sec = 1.0004 horsepower (mech) = 0.07605 horsepower (boiler) = 1.01428 horsepower (metric) =
0.99994 horsepower (water) = 746 joule/sec = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watt.
Power per unit area
2 2 2
1 W/m = 0.3170 Btu/(h ft ) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m )
Pressure
2
atmosphere, centimeters of mercury, foot of water, bar, barye, centimeter of water, dyne/centimeter , inch of mercury,
2 2 2 2
inch of water, kgf/centimeter , kgf/meter , lbf/foot , lbf/inch (psi), millibar, millimeter of mercury, pascal, torr,
2
newton/meter
Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg
= 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H2O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
2 -4 2 -5 -3 -3
1 N/m = 1 Pa = 1.4504x10 lb/in = 1x10 bar = 4.03x10 in water = 0.336x10 ft water = 0.1024 mm water =
-3 -3 2 -5
0.295x10 in mercury = 7.55x10 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m = 0.993x10 atm
-6 2 -5 2 -4 -6 -4 2
1 Pa = 10 N/mm = 10 bar = 0.1020 kp/m = 1.02x10 m H2O = 9.869x10 atm = 1.45x10 psi (lbf/in )
2 6 5 2 2
1 N/mm = 10 Pa = 10 bar = 1.020x10 kp/m = 102.0 m H2O = 9.869 atm = 145.0 psi (lbf/in )
2
1 mmHg = 1 torr = 0.01934 lb/in
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
1 atm = 101,325 Pa (N/m ) = 1.013x10 kN/m = 1.033x10 kp/m = 1.033 kp/cm = 1.013 bar = 14.696 psi (lb/in ) =
0 o 0 o 0 o 0
407.1 in H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) = 33.9 ft H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) = 10.33 m H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) = 29.92 in mercury at 62 F
o 0 o
(16.7 C) = 760 mm mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) = 760 torr
5 2 2 2 2
1 bar = 1x10 Pa (N/m ) = 0.1 N/mm = 10,197 kp/m = 10.20 m H2O = 0.98692 atm = 14.5038 psi (lb f/in ) =
6 6 o o
1x10 dyne/sq cm = 750 mmHg = 1x10 barye (French) = 75.0062 cm Hg (0 C) = 33.4883 ft H2O (60 F) = 1019.72 gram-
o
force/sq cm = 29.530 in Hg (32 F) = 1.01972 kg-force/sq cm = 1000 millibar = 2088.54 pound-force/sq foot
2 2 -6 2 -3 -4 -3 2
1 kp/m = 9.81 Pa (N/m ) = 9.807x10 N/mm = 10 m H2O = 1 mm H2O = 0.9681x10 atm = 1.422x10 psi (lb/in ) = 8
0.0394 in H2O = 0.0736 mm mercury
2 2 2 -3 2 -2 o
1 psi (lb/in ) = 144 psf (lbf/ft ) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m ) = 6.895x10 N/mm = 6.895x10 bar = 27.71 in H2O at 62 F
o o o o o o o
(16.7 C) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62 F (16.7 C) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62 F (16.7 C) =
2
703.6 kg/m = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H2O = 16 ounces
2 2 2
1 psf (lbf/ft ) = 47.88 N/m (Pa) = 0.006944 lbf/in (psi)
2 -7 2
1 dyn/cm = 145.04x10 lbf/in
2 2
1 in mercury (Hg) = 3,376.8 N/m = 0.49 lb/in = 12.8 in water
1 Ounce = 1.73 In.W.C.
1 Ft.H2O = 0.4335 psi = 62.43 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
2 2 2
1 in water = 248.8 N/m = 0.0361 lb/in = 25.4 kg/m = 0.0739 in mercury
-3 2 2 2
1 m H2O = 9806.7 Pa = 9.807x10 N/mm = 0.0987 bar = 1,000 kp/m = 0.09678 atm = 1.422 psi (lb f/in )
2 2 -4
1 mm water = 9.81 Pa (N/m ) = 1 kg/m = 0.0736 mm mercury = 0.9677x10 atm
2 2
1 mm mercury = 0.0193 lb/in = 133 N/m = 12.8 mm water
1 barye (French) = 1.0 dyne/sq cm = 0.10 newton/sq meter = 0.10 Pascal
Note! When using pressure units based on liquid columns (like mm Water, in Water, mm Hg ...) - be aware that densities of liquids
varies with temperature. For more exact conversions consult temperature density sources for the actual liquids.
Rotation, revolutions,
1 r/min (rpm) = 0.01667 r/s = 0.105 rad/s
1 rad/s = 9.55 r/min (rpm) = 0.159 r/s (rps)
Specific energy, enthalpy, entropy
-4 2 3
1 Btu/lbm = 2,326.1 J/kg = 0.55556 kcal/kg = 778.2 ft lb f / lbm = 3.9 10 hp hr / lbm = 5.4 lbf/in / lbm/ft = 0.237 kp m /
-4
g = 5.56 10 kcal/g = 2.326 kJ/kg
-4 -4
1 J/kg = 4.299x10 Btu/lbm = 2.388x10 kcal/kg
1 kcal/kg = 1.80 Btu/lbm = 4,187 J/kg
Specific heat capacity
-4 o -4 o
1 J/(kg K) = 2.389x10 kcal/(kg C) = 2.389x10 Btu/(lbm F)
o o
1 kJ/(kg K) = 0.2389 kcal/(kg C) = 0.2389 Btu/(lbm F)
o o
1 Btu/(lbm F) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 kcal/(kg C)
o o
1 kcal/(kg C) = 4,186.8 J/ (kg K) = 1 Btu/(lb m F)
Specific Energy
1 kJ/kg = 1 J/g = 0.4299 Btu/ lb m = 0.23884 kcal/kg
1 Btu/lbm = 2.326 kJ/kg = 0.55 kcal/kg
1 kcal/kg = 4.1868 kJ/kg = 1.8 Btu/lb m
Specific Volume
3 3 3
1 m /kg = 16.02 ft /lbm = 27680 in /lbm = 119.8 US gal/lbm = 1000 liter/kg
3 3 3
1 liter/kg = 0.016 ft /lbm = 27.7 in /lbm = 0.12 US gal/lbm = 0.001 m /kg
3 3 3
1 ft /lbm = 1728 in /lbm = 7.48 US gal/lbm = 62.43 liter/kg = 0.062 m /kg
3 3 3
1 in /lbm = 0.00058 ft /lbm = 0.0043 US gal/lbm = 0.036 liter/kg = 0.000036 m /kg
3 3 3
1 US gal/lbm = 0.134 ft /lbm = 231 in /lbm = 8.35 liter/kg = 0.0083 m /kg
Tabla 1.2
Caractersticas de tubos IPS, para intercambiadores de calor de doble tubo,
pulg
Area
Diametro Diametro Area Diametro Diametro Area
Espesor Espesor transv.
interior exterior transv. interior exterior lateral Dimetro Dimetro
Tubos, pulg Cedula tubo tubo del
tubo tubo tubo tubo tubo longit., equival. medio
interior exterior anillo,
interior interior interior exterior exterior pie2/pie
pulg2
2 x 1 1/4 40 1.380 1.660 0.1400 1.500 2.067 2.380 0.157 1.190 0.435 0.915 1.520
2 1/2 x 1 1/4 40 1.380 1.660 0.1400 1.500 2.469 2.880 0.206 2.630 0.435 2.020 1.520
3x2 40 2.067 2.380 0.1565 3.350 3.068 3.500 0.216 2.944 0.622 1.575 2.224
4x3 40 3.068 3.500 0.2160 7.380 4.026 4.500 0.237 3.140 0.917 1.140 3.284
1426 1286 1118 993 875 763 658 565 483 387 330 254 193 134 105 69 33 3/4" on 15/16"
1234 1109 985 875 771 674 576 491 426 350 283 229 157 117 91 51 33 3/4" on 1"
Placa fija
1086 972 870 767 670 592 508 426 368 300 251 203 139 101 85 53 33 3/4" on 1"
783 695 611 565 483 422 359 304 254 208 177 143 103 73 57 33 15 1" on 1 1/4"
ONE PASS
688 614 546 486 416 373 319 263 228 186 151 124 83 65 45 33 17 1" on 1 1/4"
1351 1221 1064 942 827 719 612 522 450 358 301 229 180 144 110 XX XX 3/4" on 15/16" 11
Cabezal flotante
1179 1052 934 827 727 633 537 450 394 322 260 204 166 112 74 XX XX 3/4" on 1"
1036 927 816 719 624 550 468 398 340 276 226 180 136 98 64 XX XX 3/4" on 1"
748 658 588 526 455 396 341 285 241 192 159 130 114 84 49 XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
652 584 518 459 390 345 296 242 216 174 136 109 69 48 35 XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
1396 1248 1086 964 848 740 634 544 472 370 322 236 166 124 94 58 32 3/4" on 15/16"
1236 1074 960 852 746 650 562 476 406 334 272 220 154 110 90 56 28 3/4" on 1"
Placa fija
1064 944 840 740 648 650 472 400 360 294 240 192 126 94 78 48 26 3/4" on 1"
784 698 614 544 472 404 350 290 262 216 170 130 92 62 52 32 16 1" on 1 1/4"
676 606 532 468 400 360 302 252 228 186 144 110 76 56 40 26 12 1" on 1 1/4"
1328 1184 1034 918 800 698 598 502 436 346 290 216 185 140 98 XX XX 3/4" on 15/16"
Cabezal flotante
TWO PASS
1172 1026 914 812 704 610 524 440 382 310 250 192 138 94 44 XX XX 3/4" on 1"
1014 900 802 700 610 520 442 376 336 272 216 168 112 66 28 XX XX 3/4" on 1"
744 664 582 512 444 382 322 272 238 196 152 118 84 48 XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
648 576 508 442 376 336 280 232 208 168 132 100 68 32 XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
660 587 510 450 394 343 294 246 213 163 141 101 98 94 64 34 8 3/4" on 15/16"
Tubos en U
583 521 448 398 347 299 256 217 183 149 120 94 82 72 60 26 8 3/4" on 1"
498 444 392 342 296 268 228 190 162 130 103 80 76 72 52 30 12 3/4" on 1"
349 321 277 246 213 181 154 126 112 92 69 53 47 42 26 8 XX 1" on 1 1/4"
313 276 241 208 176 158 132 108 96 78 59 49 44 38 22 12 XX 1" on 1 1/4"
1344 1208 1044 932 808 704 608 512 448 348 300 224 154 108 84 48 XX 3/4" on 15/16"
1192 1044 928 820 712 620 532 452 392 324 260 208 134 96 72 44 XX 3/4" on 1"
Placa fija
1036 928 824 720 628 540 468 392 356 288 228 180 126 88 72 48 XX 3/4" on 1"
FOUR PASS
748 676 588 524 452 384 324 276 244 200 160 124 78 60 44 24 XX 1" on 1 1/4"
672 592 520 452 392 348 292 240 220 176 136 104 74 48 40 24 XX 1" on 1 1/4"
Cabezal flotante
1280 1144 988 880 768 656 568 472 412 324 268 200 149 90 XX XX XX 3/4" on 15/16"
1128 984 876 776 676 580 492 412 364 292 228 176 112 76 XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
992 884 784 680 592 508 432 360 423 264 204 160 98 54 XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
716 632 564 484 428 364 304 252 224 184 144 112 85 41 XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
636 556 492 424 368 324 276 228 204 164 124 92 64 25 XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
640 570 494 438 382 328 280 238 202 160 130 98 91 84 56 28 XX 3/4" on 15/16"
568 492 438 386 336 290 248 208 176 142 114 90 77 64 52 20 XX 3/4" on 1"
Tubos en U
498 438 390 342 298 256 214 180 160 128 104 82 74 64 44 20 XX 3/4" on 1"
346 310 268 238 206 174 144 120 104 86 66 50 41 36 20 XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
308 272 236 208 180 160 132 106 98 74 56 44 38 32 16 XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
1272 1144 1020 872 756 660 560 480 412 336 272 212 94 XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 15/16"
1144 1016 896 768 672 600 500 420 364 300 248 184 82 XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
Placa fija
12
1020 912 776 680 584 532 456 380 324 256 220 176 XX XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
716 623 556 484 424 372 316 264 220 180 152 104 XX XX XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
640 560 488 440 380 320 288 228 204 160 132 96 XX XX XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
1220 1088 956 824 716 616 520 432 384 316 244 188 135 XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 15/16"
Cabezal flotante
EIGHT PASS
1080 952 848 728 628 552 456 384 336 268 212 164 115 XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
968 868 736 648 556 492 420 344 304 228 204 148 102 XX XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
672 600 520 456 396 348 292 240 212 168 132 96 75 XX XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
600 532 468 420 356 300 256 216 188 132 104 92 64 XX XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
606 542 484 408 356 308 260 216 190 152 120 92 80 68 XX XX XX 3/4" on 15/16"
542 484 428 360 314 280 228 192 162 132 110 80 65 52 XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
Tubos en U
484 432 368 322 278 246 212 172 146 114 100 76 62 48 XX XX XX 3/4" on 1"
326 290 254 220 190 168 138 114 96 76 62 44 34 24 XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
294 260 224 202 170 146 126 106 88 66 52 44 33 XX XX XX XX 1" on 1 1/4"
NOTA: El numero de tubos que muestra la tabla es el numero optimo que pueden ser instalados en el tamao y tipo de intercambiador de calor listado.
El recuento de tubos se basa en el diseo de deflectores y requerimientos de rea de transferencia de los modelos
TEMA.
Tabla 1.4 Coeficientes totales tpicos para diseo en intercambiadores de calor de tubos
Con agitacin
Vapor Soluciones acuosas diluidas 800 1500 140 165
Vapor Aceites ligeros 300 500 53- 88
Vapor Aceites pesados 200 400 35 - 70
Soluciones acuosas Agua 400 700 70 - 123
Aceites ligeros Agua 200 300 35 - 53
Tanques enchaquetados
Chaqueta Tanque
Vapor Soluciones acuosas diluidas 500 700 88 123
Vapor Orgnicos ligeros 250 500 44 - 88
Agua Soluciones acuosas diluidas 200 500 35 - 88
Agua Orgnicos ligeros 200 - 300 35 - 53
Sustancia orgnica ligera: Fluido con viscosidad menor de 0.5 cp, e incluye benceno, tolueno, acetona, etanol.
Metiletilcetona, gasolina, kerosene, y nafta.
Sustancia orgnica media: Fluido con viscosidad de 0.5 a 1.0 cp, e incluye kerosene, gasoil caliente, aceite de absorbedor y
crudos.
Sustancia orgnica pesada: Fluido con viscosidad > 1.0 cp, e incluyegasoil frio, aceites lubricantes, petrleo combustible,
petrleo crudo, brea y asfaltos.
Valores que toman las propiedades trmicas de materiales empleados en construccin, algunos de los cuales se utilizan como
aislantes, y la de algunos elementos o sustancias de referencia.
Calor Conductividad
Densidad Difusividad trmica
Material especfico trmica
(kg/m3) (m2/s) (x10-6)
(J/(kgK)) (W/(mK))
Acero 7850 460 47-58 13,01-16,06
Agua 1000 4186 0,58 0,139
Aire 1,2 1000 0,026 21,67
15
Alpaca 8,72 398 29,1 8384,8
Aluminio 2700 909 209-232 85,16-94,53
Amianto 383-400 816 0,078-0,113 0,250-0,346
Arcilla refractaria 2000 879 0,46 0,261
Arena hmeda 1640 - 1,13 -
Arena seca 1400 795 0,33-0,58 0,296-0,521
Asfalto 2120 1700 0,74-0,76 0,205-0,211
Baldosas cermicas 1750 - 0,81 -
Baquelita 1270 900 0,233 0,201
Bitumen asfltico 1000 - 0,198 -
Bloques cermicos 730 - 0,37 -
Bronce 8000 360 116-186 40,28-64,58
Carbn (antracita) 1370 1260 0,238 0,139
Cartn - - 0,14-0,35 -
Cemento (duro) - - 1,047 -
Cinc 7140 389 106-140 38,16-50,41
Cobre 8900 389 372-385 107,45-111,20
Corcho (expandido) 120 - 0,036 -
Corcho (tableros) 120 1880 0,042 0,186
Espuma de poliuretano 40 1674 0,029 0,433
Espuma de vidrio 100 - 0,047 -
Estao 7400 251 64 34,46
Fibra de vidrio 220 795 0,035 0,200
Fundicin 7500 - 55,8 -
Glicerina 1270 2430 0,29 0,094
Goma dura 1150 2009 0,163 0,070
Goma esponjosa 224 - 0,055 -
Granito 2750 837 3 1,303
Donde:
Calor especfico (C): cantidad de energa necesaria para aumentar en 1 C la temperatura de 1 kg de material. Indica la mayor o
menor dificultad que presenta una sustancia para experimentar cambios de temperatura bajo el suministro de calor. Los
materiales que presenten un elevado calor especfico sern buenos aislantes. Sus unidades del Sistema Internacional son
J/(kgK), aunque tambin se suele presentar como kcal/(kgC); siendo 1 cal = 4,184 J. Por otra parte, el producto de la
densidad de un material por su calor especfico ( C) caracteriza la inercia trmica de esa sustancia, siendo esta la capacidad
de almacenamiento de energa.
Conductividad trmica (k): capacidad de un material para transferir calor. La conduccin trmica es el fenmeno por el cual el
calor se transporta de regiones de alta temperatura a regiones de baja temperatura dentro de un mismo material o entre
diferentes cuerpos. Las unidades de conductividad trmica en el Sistema Internacional son W/(mK), aunque tambin se
expresa como kcal/(hmC), siendo la equivalencia: 1 W/(mK) = 0,86 kcal/(hmC).
Difusividad trmica (): caracteriza la rapidez con la que vara la temperatura del material ante una solicitud trmica, por
ejemplo, ante una variacin brusca de temperatura en la superficie. Se puede calcular mediante la siguiente expresin:
2
= k / ( C) (m /s
Tabla 1.7. Conductividades trmicas, Calores especficos, Gravedades especificas de metales y aleaciones
23
24
25
26
27
28
N GAS X Y N GAS X Y
1 Acido actico 7.7 14.3 29 Fren 113 11.3 14.0
2 Acetona 8.9 13.0 30 Helio 10.9 20.5
3 Acetileno 9.8 14.9 31 Hexano 8.6 11.8
4 Aire 11.0 20.0 32 Hidrgeno 11.2 12.4
5 Amoniaco 8.4 16.0 33 3 H2 + 1 N2 11.2 17.2
6 Argn 10.5 22.4 34 Bromuro de hidrgeno 8.8 20.9
7 Benceno 8.5 13.2 35 Cloruro de hidrogeno 8.8 18.7
29
8 Bromo 8.9 19.2 36 Cianuro de hidrgeno 9.8 14.9
9 Buteno 9.2 13.7 37 Ioduro de hidrgeno 9.0 21.3
10 Butileno 8.9 13.0 38 Sulfuro de Hidrgeno 8.6 18.0
11 Dixido de carbono 9.5 18.7 39 Iodo 9.0 18.4
12 Disulfuro de carbono 8.0 16.0 40 Mercurio 5.3 22.9
13 Monxido de carbono 11.0 20.0 41 Metano 9.9 15.5
14 Cloro 9.0 18.4 42 Alcohol metlico 8.5 15.6
15 Cloroformo 8.9 15.2 43 Oxido ntrico 10.9 20.5
16 Ciangeno 9.2 15.2 44 Nitrgeno 10.6 20.0
17 Ciclobenceno 9.2 12.0 45 Cloruro de nitrosilo 8.0 17.6
18 Etano 9.1 14.5 46 Oxido nitroso 8.8 19.0
19 Acetato de etilo 8.5 13.2 47 Oxgeno 11.0 21.3
20 Alcohol etlico 9.2 14.2 48 Pentano 7.0 12.8
21 Cloruro de etilo 8.5 15.6 49 Propano 9.7 12.9
22 Eter etlico 8.9 13.0 50 Alcohol proplico 8.4 13.4
23 Etileno 9.5 15.1 51 Propileno 9.0 13.8
24 Fluor 7.3 23.8 52 Dixido de azufre 9.6 17.0
25 Fren 11 10.6 15.1 53 Tolueno 8.6 12.4
26 Fren 12 11.1 16.0 54 2,3,3 trimetilbutano 9.5 10.5
27 Fren 21 10.8 15.3 55 Agua 8.0 16.0
28 Fren 22 10.1 17.0 56 Xenn 9.3 23.0
30
31
32
34
35
Figura 8.3. K-values for systems of ligth hydrocarbons, high-temperature range (AIChE from D.B.Dadyburjor,
Chemical Engineering Progress, vol 74, N4, p.86. 1978)
36
Figura 8.4. Constantes de equilibrio (valores k) para hidrocarburos ligeros, a intervalo de baja temperatura
37
38
39
40
TABLA 1.11 Propiedades termodinmicas del vapor de agua saturado seco: segn temperatura
41
Tabla 1.12 Propiedades termodinmicas del vapor de agua saturado seco: segn presin
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Figura 18
49
Figura 19
50
Figura 20
51
Figura 21
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
Nota: Las valores ms bajos de las resistencias a la incrustacin para agua y soluciones acuosas son
para altas velocidades (> 1,2 m/s) y bajas temperaturas(<40 oC). Los valores ms altos son para bajas
velocidades (<1,2 m/s) y temperaturas altas (>40 oC).
63
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
64
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
65
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
66
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
67
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Tabla 1.20 Coeficientes totales aproximados para diseo rpido en intercambio de calor sensible
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Acoplamientos:
Entrada de tubo interior: . pulg Salida de interior: pulg
Entrada al anulo. . Pulg. Salida del anulo: ... pulg.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Acoplamientos:
Entrada de tubo interior: . pulg Salida de interior: pulg
Entrada al anulo. . Pulg. Salida del anulo: ... pulg.
71
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
TIPO P 20 P0 P2 P5 P 45 P 25
Espacio entre placas: mm 1,6 1,8 2,5 3,0 2,8 3,0 4,9 4,9 5,2
Temperatura mxima C
Flujo/canal: m3/h 0,05 0,15 0,14 0,25 0,45 0,7 0,36 0,9 35 4 10
TIPO P4 P 16 P 13 P 14 P3 P 15
Espacio entre placas: mm 2,7 4,7 5,3 3,0 3,2 5,0 3,0 5,0 5,3
Temperatura mxima C
Flujo/canal: m3/h 1,1 2,5 5 12,5 0,9 2,2 1,8 2,9 0,7 1,25 1,45 4,0
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Condiciones de utilizacin
Presiones:
Desde vaco hasta MPa (psi), 2.5 (355) 2.0(285) 0.9 (130) 2.5(355) 2.5 (355) 0.6 (85) 3.0 (427)
Temperaturas
C <-30 a > +200 -30 a +200 0 a +140 -195 a +225
F -20 a +355 -20 a +390 +32 a +285 -320 a + 437
SERVICIO
Liquido/liquido 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Gas/liquido 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1
Gas/gas 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3*
Condensacin 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1
Evaporacin 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1-3* 1
1. Generalmente la mejor opcin A Ambos lados *Dependiendo de la presin de la presin de operacin, gas, vapor, densidad, etc
2. A menudo la mejor eleccin B Un lado
3. A veces la mejor eleccin C Ningn lado
74
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
75
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Nota: Las valores ms bajos de las resistencias a la incrustacin para agua y soluciones acuosas
o
son para altas velocidades (> 1,2 m/s) y bajas temperaturas(<40 C). Los valores ms altos son para
o
bajas velocidades (<1,2 m/s) y temperaturas altas (>40 C).
76
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
77
Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
Tabla 1.28 Typical heat transfer coefficient (U) and cost factor (C ) data for a shell-and-tube exchanger whit Q/DT = 5000 W/K.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
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Tablas y Grficos d para Transferencia de calor
Diseo de Plantas Industriales FIQIA - UNPRG MSc.Pedro Angeles Ch.
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