admixture - Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete other than Portland cement, water,

and aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately before or during mixing . Admixtures can be
classified by function as follows:

1. Air-entraining admixtures
2. Water-reducing admixtures
3. Plasticizers
4. Accelerating admixtures
5. Retarding admixtures
6. Hydration-control admixtures

7. Corrosion inhibitors

8. Shrinkage reducers

9. Alkali-silica reactivity inhibitors

10. Colouring admixtures

11. Miscellaneous admixtures such workability, bonding, damp proofing, permeability reducing,
grouting, gas-forming, and pumping admixtures

PURPOSE OF ADMIXTURE?

1. To improve workability of fresh concrete

2. To improve durability by entrainment of air
3. To reduce the water required
4. To accelerate setting & hardenin to produce high early strength
5. To aid curing
6. To impart water repellant / water proofing property
7. To cause dispersion of the cement particles when mixed witH20
8. To retard setting
9. To improve wear resistance ( hardness )
10. To offset / reduce shrinkage during setting & hardening
11. To cause expansion of concrete and automatic prestressing of steel
12. To aerate mortar / concrete to produce a light weight product
13. To impart colour
14. To offset or reduce some chemical reaction
15. To reduce bleeding

16. To reduce the evolution of heat

 COMMONLY USED ADMIXTURE (TYPE)

A ccelarator

1. - added to increase the rate of hydration of concrete mix which then lead to the
increases in the rate of development of strength and greater heat evolution.
- And to shorten the setting time
2. - Disadvantages is possible cracking due to heat evolution & Possibility of corrosion of
embedded reinforcement
3. - A good accelerator will accelerated the hydration of the C3S or C2S content of cement
- The best know accelarator is calcium chloride

Air entraining Admixtures

- -An entraining concrete containing air in a rather special form of a bubble which
trapped in concrete

-Workability improved, easier placing, increased durability, better resistance to frost action,

Water Reducing Admixture

1. -used to reduce the amount of water necessary to produce a concrete of a given consistency
2. -To increase the slump for a given water content
3. -to obtain specified strength at lower cement content
Disadvantage is, careful control of air content and mixing time necessary
Typical water reducers reduce the water content by approximately 5% to 10%.
Materials:
Lignosulfonates.
Carbohydrates.
Hydroxylated carboxylic acids.

The effectiveness of water reducers on concrete is a function of their chemical composition,

concrete temperature, cement composition and fineness, cement content, and the presence of
other admixtures

o Superplasticizer
-by adding to a hydraulic binder , gives very high workability and allows a large decrease in water
content for a given workability.
o -enhances the hydration process
o -allows the particles to be more workable
o -less susceptible to segregation and bleeding problems.
o Flowing concrete is a highly fluid but workable concrete that can be placed with little or no
vibration or compaction while still remaining essentially free of excessive bleeding or segregation.
o The effectiveness of the plasticizer is increased with an increasing amount of cement and fines in
the concrete.
o Applications where flowing concrete is used:
1. thin-section placements,
2. areas of closely spaced and congested reinforcing steel,
3. pumped concrete to reduce pump pressure, thereby increasing lift and distance capacity,
4. areas where conventional consolidation methods are impractical or can not be used, and
5. for reducing handling costs.
Typical superplasticizers include:
1. Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde condensates.
2. Sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.
3. Lignosulfonates.
Polycarboxylates.

Retarding Admixtures

used to retard the rate of setting of concrete at high temperatures of fresh concrete (30C or
more).

One of the most practical methods of counteracting this effect is to reduce the temperature of
the concrete by cooling the mixing water or the aggregates.

Retarders do not decrease the initial temperature of concrete.

The bleeding rate and capacity of plastic concrete is increased with retarders.

The typical materials used as retarders are:

Lignin, Borax, Sugars, Tartaric acid and salts.

Retarders are used to:

offset the accelerating effect of hot weather on the setting of concrete,

delay the initial set of concrete when difficult or unusual conditions of placement
occur,

delay the set for special finishing processes such as an exposed aggregate surface.

o some reduction in strength at early ages (one to three days) accompanies the use
of retarders.
o The effects of these materials on the other properties of concrete, such as
shrinkage, may not be predictable.
o Therefore, acceptance tests of retarders should be made with actual job materials
under anticipated job conditions.
Corrosion Inhibitors:
The chlorides can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete.

Ferrous oxide and ferric oxide form on the surface of reinforcing steel in concrete.

Ferrous oxide reacts with chlorides to form complexes that move away from the steel to form
rust. The chloride ions continue to attack the steel until the passivating oxide layer is
destroyed.

Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures chemically arrest the corrosion reaction.

Commercially available corrosion inhibitors include:

o calcium nitrite,sodium nitrite, dimethyl ethanolamine, amines, phosphates, ester amines.

Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures:
Shrinkage cracks, such as shown on this bridge deck, can be reduced with the use of good
concreting practices and shrinkage reducing admixtures.

Coloring admixtures (Pigments):

Red and blue pigments were used to color this floor