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  • Acetaldehyde Osha Sheet

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    Eralyn Mae Dorol
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    acetaldehyde osha sheet

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    15 vues8 pages

    Acetaldehyde Osha Sheet

    Transféré par

    Eralyn Mae Dorol
    acetaldehyde osha sheet

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 8
    OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR ACETALDEHYDE INTRODUCTION ‘This guideline summarizes pertinent information about acetaldehyde for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such informa tion to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs. Recommendations may be superseded by new developments in these fields; readers are therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and to determine periodically whether new information is avail- able. ‘SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION * Formula CH,CHO © Structure H I H-C—c—it to HO © Synonyms Acetic aldehyde, ethanal, acetylaldehyde, ethyl aldehyde Identifiers 1, CASNo.: 75-07-0 2. RTECS No: ABI925000 3. DOTUN: 108926 4. DOT label: Flammable Liquid * Appearance and odor Acetaldchyde isa colorless flammable, volatile liquid or gas (above 69°F) with a pungent, fruity odor detectable at low concentrations. The odor threshold is reported to be between 0.05 and 2.3 parts per million (ppm) parts of air. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. © Physical data 1, Molecular weight: 44.1 2. Boiling point (at 760 mm Hg): 21°C (69.8°R) 3. Specific gravity (water ~ 1): 0.79 at 20°C (68°F) 4. Vapor density (air = 1 at boiling point of acetaldehyde): 1s 5. Melting point: -123.5°C (-190.3°F) 6. Vapor pressure at 20°C (68°F): 740 mm Hg 7. Solubility: Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, gasoline, solvent naphtha, toluene, turpentine, and xylene 8 Evaporation rate (ether ~ 1): 3 © Reactivity 1. Conditions contributing to instability: Contact of acetal- dehyde with air may cause the formation of explosive peroxides, and contact of this substance with heat or flame may cause fires or explosions. Contact with trace metals or alkaline materials may cause acetaldehyde to undergo haz- ardous polymerization. 2. Incompatibilities: Fire and explosion may result from ‘contact of acetaldehyde with strong oxidizers. Acetaldehyde reacts vigorously with acid anhydrides, alcohols, anhydrous ammonia, amines, ketones, phenols, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, phosphonis, isocyanates, and strong alkalies. 3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases (such as carbon monoxide and methane) may be released in a fire {involving acctaldchyde. 4. Special precautions: Liquid acetaldehyde attacks some coatings and some forms of plastic and rubber. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Publc Heath Service Centers for Disease Cont! National insttute for Occupational Safety and Heath Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfor USS, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR (Occupational Safety and Heath Administration 1992 Acetaldehyde 1 ‘+ Flammsbility ‘The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 4 (extreme fire hazard) to acetal- dehyde. 1. Flash point: ~37.8°C (-36°F) (closed eup) 2. Autoignition temperature: 175°C (347°) 3. Flammable limits in air (% by volume): Lower, 4.0; ‘upper, 60.0 4, Extinguishant: Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam to fight fires involving acetaldehyde. Water may be ineffective, but it may be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool and to protect persons attempting to stop the leak. Ifa leakor spill of acetaldehyde has not ignited, water spray may be used to disperse vapors. Fires involving acetaldehyde should be fought upwind and from the maximum distance possible. Isolate the hazard area and deny access to unnecessary personnel, Emergency per- sonnel should stay out of low areas and ventilate closed spaces before entering. Vapor explesion and poison hazards may occur indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Vapors may travel toa source of ignition and flash back. Containers of acetaldehyde may explode in the heat of the fire and should tbe moved from the fire area if itis possible todo so safely. If this is not possible, cool containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw immediately if they hear a rising sound from a venting safety device or if a conlainer becomes discolored as a result of fire. Dikes should be used to contain fre-control water for later disposal. If a tank car or truck i involved in a fire, persormel should isolate an area ofa half mile in all directions. Fefighters should wear a full set of protective clothing (including a self-contained breathing apparatus) when fighting fires in- volving acetaldehyde, Firefighters’ protective clothing may provide limited protection against fies involving acetaldehyde. EXPOSURE LIMITS + OSHA PEL ‘The current Occupational Safety and Health Adminstration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) for acetaldehyde is 100 ppm (180 mg/m?) 2s an 8-he TWA concentration and 150 ppm (270 mg/m) as a short-term exposure limit (STEL). A STEL isa 15-min TWA exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during the working day [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1-A]. © NIOSH REL ‘The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers acetaldehyde to be a potential occupa 2° Acetaldehyde tional carcinogen and recommends exposures be controlled to the lowest feasible limit [NIOSH 1992] + ACGIH TLV® ‘The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH has assigned an acetaldehyde threshold limit value (TLV) of 100 ppm (180 mg/m”) as a TWA for a normal $-hr workday and a 40-hr workweek and a STEL of 150 ppm (270 mg/m’) for periods not to exceed 15 min [ACGIH 19916}. ‘© Rationale for limits ‘The OSHA and ACGIH timits are based on the risk of ‘conjunctivitis and sensory irritation of the respiratory tract associated with exposure to acetaldehyde. The NIOSH limit is based on positive carcinogenic results in animal studies. HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION * Routes of exposure Exposure to acetaldehyde can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or contact withthe eyes, skin, ormucous membranes. ‘© Summary of toxicology 1. Effects on Animals: Acetaldehyde is an irritant of the ‘eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract in animals, at high concentrations, itis a central nervous system depressant, Acctaldchyde has caused squamous cell ear ‘cinomas and adenocarcinomas of the nasal cavity in rats and hamsters; itis also embryotoxic and teratogenic in several species of animals. Acctaldchyde causes severe imitation when applied tothe eyes of rabbits; it causes mild iritation in contact wth skin [NIOSH 1991], In ras, the oral LD is {661 mg/kg, and the LCs is 37 g/m? (20,550 ppm) for 30 min INIOSH 1991]. Cats exposed to 380 ppm for 7 hr showed to effects; but increasing the concentration to 1,520 ppm caused signs of respiratory tract irritation {ACGIH 1991]. Rats exposed to concentrations ranging from 400 to 5,000 ppm for 6 hriday, 5 days/week for 4 weeks showed slight degeneration of the nasal epithelium at 400 ppm, and growth retardation, increased urinary output (in males only), and light-to-moderate degeneration (with or without hyper- plasia and metaplasia) of the nasal epithelium at 1,000 or 2,200 ppm [IARC 1985]. The rats exposed to 5,000 ppm showed severe growth retardation, inereased neutrophil ‘counts, reduced urine volumes, increased lung weights, and severe degenerative hyperplasia and metaplasia of the nasal, laryngeal, and tracheal epithelium (NLM 1992]. Hamsters ‘were exposed to acetaldehyde concentrations ranging from 390 to 4,560 ppm for 6 hrday, 5 days/week for 90 days. At the lowest concentration, these animals showed no toxic cffecis; atthe highest concentration, however, they showed signs of eye and nose irritation, growth retardation, and exythroeytosis. At autopsy, these high-dose animals showed 1992 increased kidney and heart weights and severe his- topathologic changes of the respiratory epithelium [IARC 1985), Fetal malformations (facial and cranial), digital anomalies, and embryonic deaths (resorptions) occurred in the offspring of rats and mice from dams trated with acetal dehyde during pregnancy [IARC 1985]. Acetaldehyde has been tested for carcinogenicity in ras by inhalation and in hamsters by inhalation and intratracheal administration. In fais, inhalation of acetaldehyde caused a statistically sig- nificant increase in the incidence of nasal adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lungs. In hamsters, inhalation caused a significant increase in the incidence of laryngeal carcinoma, and intratracheal injections resulted in the induction of “peribronchiolar adenomated lesions,” which were apparently not classified as tumors. The Inter- national Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded that there is sufficient evidence for the car- cinogenicity of acetaldehyde in animals [ARC 1987} ‘Acetaldehyde is mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian test systems with and without activation {NIOSH 1991}. 2. Effects on Humans: Acetaldehyée is an irritant of the yes, mucous membranes, skin, and upper respiratory tract, and its a central nervous system depressant in humans. On the basis of effects seen in animals, acetaldehyde is a poten- tial carcinogen in humans. Although sensitive individuals experienced initation when exposed to 25 ppm for 15 min, ‘most unacclimated human volunteers exposed to 50 ppm experienced mild eye iritation, and all subjects exposed to 200 ppm developed conjunctivitis [Proctor et al. 1988). Upper respiratory tract irritation was reported at a vapor concentration of 134 ppm [Proctor etal. 1988]. Eye contact with liquid acetaldehyde causes a buming sensation and superficial comeal injury; exposure to concentrations above 50 ppm may cause persistent tearing, photophobia, and in- Jury to the comeal epithelium [Grant 1986]. Acetsldehyde causes erythema when splashed on the skin; if contact is repeated or prolonged, this substance may cause dermatitis or skin burs [Proctor etal. 1988]. A study of East German workers exposed to acetaldehyde and other chemicals in a chemical factory showed an increase in the number of can- cers of the bronchial tubes and oral cavity. However, IARC has concluded that the results of this study are inconclusive because the workers were exposed to other chemicals and ‘only a small, porly defined poptlation was involved [TARC 1987). © Signs and symptoms of exposure 1. Acute exposure: Acute exposure to acetaldehyde can cause irritation of the eyes with buming, conjunctivitis, tearing, blurred vision, and photophobia; irritation and bum- ing of the nose with thinorthea; and irritation of the upper respiratory tract with pain and coughing. Exposure to high levels of this substance may cause headache, drowsiness, 1992 dizziness excitement, and agitation, followed by narcosis or ‘stupor, pulmonary edema, and possibly death resulting from respiratory failure; however, ingestion can also induce nausea, vomiting, and diarthea. Skin contact may cause ‘dermatitis and bums of the exposed area 2. Chronic exposure: Chronic exposure to acetaldehyde can cause conjunctivitis, coughing, difficult breathing, and der- matitis. On the basis of effects seen in animals, chronic exposure to acetaldehyde may cause heart and kidney damage, embryotoxicity, teratogenic effects, and possibly ‘cancer in humans. ‘© Emergency procedures Keep unconscious victims warm and on their sides to avoid choking if vomiting occurs. Initiate the following emergen- cy procedures: 1. Eye exposure: Tissue irritation may result from exposure toconcentrated solutions, vapors, mists, or aerosols of acetal dehyde. Immediately and thoroughly fhsh eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. 2. Skin exposure: Skin irritation may result. Immediately remove contaminated clothing and éheroughly wash con- taminated skin with soap and water. 3. Inhalation exposure: If vapors, mists, or aerosols of acetaldehyde are inhaled, move the victim to fresh air imme- diately. If the vietim isnot breathing, clean any chemical contamina- tion from the vietim’s lips and perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); if breathing is difficult, give oxygen. 4, Ingestion exposure: ‘Take the following steps if acetal- dehyde ora solution containing itis ingested: —Have the victim rinse the contaminated mouth cavity several times with a fluid such as water, —Have the victim drink a glass (8 02) of fluid such as water. —Induce vomiting by giving syrup of ipecae as directed on the package. If ipecac is unavailable, have the victim touch the back of the throat with a finger until productive vomiting ceases. —Do not force an unconscious or convalsing person to drink fluid orto vomit, Acstaldehyde 3 5. Rescwe: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and implement appropriate emergency procedures (x, those listed on the material safety data sheet required by OSHA’s hazard communication standard [29 CFR 1910.1200), All workers should be familiar with emergen-

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