Shinas College of

LABORATORY MANUAL
Technology
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES-1

Course Code: AY 2016-2017 Semester: 2

CECE 2240
ID No.: Name of the Student:

Section No. Level: Specialization:

 Engineering Department Diploma Civil Engineering

CONTENTS
Experiment. No. Name of the experiment Page No.

Table of contents 2

Course objectives, outcomes 3

Auto CAD Software 4

Introduction 4

Laboratory rules 5

1 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SINGLY 6

REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE
BEAM

2 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF DOUBLY 12

REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

3 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SIMPLY 15

SUPPORTED ONE WAY SLAB

4 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF CANTILEVER CAR 20

PORCH
5
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RECTANGULAR 24
COLUMN
6
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF CIRCULAR 25
COLUMN WITH SPIRAL STIRRUPS
7
DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SQUARE ISOLATED 27
FOOTING
8 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RECTANGULAR 30
FOOTING

Date of revision:

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Design of 3 Credit Hours

CECE 2240
Structure I
Prerequisites: CECE 2220
Goal To equip the student with an understanding of primary
mechanisms ofbehavior and the basic criteria for design of
simple reinforced concretestructures to enable him/her to
present the final design for reinforcedconcrete structural
elements.
Objectives Outcomes

This course should enable the student The students should be able to:
to:
1. Use the design codes in order to produce
1. Establish design loads the design of structures
2. Apply iteration methods to the initial
2. Understand the design code which is
design to converge on an efficient final
used structure
to design structures 3. Maintain ethics within the framework of
3. Discuss the use of basic approaches professional conduct
and 4. Design and analyze of basic structural
more unique methods to analyze elements of reinforced concrete including:
structures by a. Singly and doubly reinforced
hand beams
4. Understand the design of b. One-way slabs
components and c. Columns and footings
5. Calculate the reinforcement details which
complete structures from initial
include:
conceptual a. Maximum and minimum
design to the final design reinforcement areas.
5. Identify the responsibility of the b. Spacing of reinforcement
engineer to c. Curtailment and anchorage of
be ethical in dealing with others and in reinforcement.
the d. Lapping of reinforcement.
presentation of results from analysis 6. Present the design details to show
and design reinforcement and size requirements for
basic members by using manual drawing or
CAD.

Auto CAD Software:

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AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software application. Developed
and marketed by Autodesk,[1] AutoCAD was first released in December 1982 as a desktop app running
on microcomputers with internal graphics controllers.[2] Prior to the introduction of AutoCAD, most
commercial CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator
(user) working at a separate graphics terminal.[3] Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as
a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects, project managers, engineers, graphic
designers, and many other professionals. It was supported by 750 training centers worldwide in 1994.

Introduction

Beams have been used since dim antiquity to support loads over empty space, as roof beams supported by
thick columns, or as bridges thrown across water, for example. The Egyptians invented the colonnaded
building that was the inspiration for the classic Greek temple. Even with the scarcity of timber in Egypt,
wooden beams supported the roofs. Early bridges were beams supported at each end by the stream banks,
or on piles, on which a deck was constructed for traffic. In either case, the trunk of a tree was the usual
beam, trimmed and either left round or squared. Our word "beam" is, in fact, cognate with
German Baum or Dutch boom. A tree makes a very satifactory beam, indeed, and practically all beams
were originally timber beams. Stone beams, as in door lintels, could be used only for very short spans and
light loads, because of the brittleness of stone. Brittle materials do not make good beams.

Through the millennia, beams were designed by empirical methods, applicable only to specific cases and
incapable of generalization. Galileo studied beams, and although he did not get it quite right, he showed
how the subject should be approached. The theory of beams was only perfected in the late 17th century
with the rise of the science of elasticity, and was shown to be a subject of great complexity for which a
full and accurate solution was very difficult. This remains true even with modern computational methods,
such as the method of finite elements, which produces only numbers (not designs) but very little insight,
and depends on parameters that are not well known and models that may contain errors. These methods
have great value, but are not a comprehensive solution.

The theory of beams shows remarkably well the power of the approximate methods called "strength of
materials methods." These methods depend on the use of statics, superposition and simplifying
assumptions that turn out to be very close to the truth. They give approximate, not exact, results that are
usually more than adequate for engineering work. Calculus and a little differential equations are all the
mathematics required for this approach, not the partial differential equations or tensor analysis that are
typical tools in elasticity.

Strength of materials methods can be used for beams of arbitrary cross sections, for beams whose shape
varies along the length, for loads applied in any direction at any point, distributed or concentrated. Many
of these applications are discussed in the first reference, which shows the versatility of the method. The
results obtained are fully adequate for engineering design. On the other hand, an accurate and rigorous
quantitative solution in these varied cases would be extremely difficult and usually impossible.

An introduction to many of the concepts that will be needed here will be found in Elasticity, including the
meaning of shear and bending moments, and shear and moment diagrams.

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A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced
concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to
construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these
thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs,
particularly when used under the main floor slabs[1] or in crawl spaces.[2]
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on
the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or
"suspended" slabs. In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung
between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
On the technical drawings, reinforced concrete slabs are often abbreviated to "r.c.c.slab" or simply "r.c."
Reinforced Concrete Columns
A column is a very important component in a structure. It is like the legs on which a structure stands. It is
designed to resist axial and lateral forces and transfer them safely to the footings in the ground.

You can manually calculate the superimposed loads on a column in a structure using a simple process
outlined in this linked article. You might also like this RCC Column design app which can then be used to
calculate longitudinal steel reinforcement in a column for a given axial load.
Columns support floors in a structure. Slabs and beams transfer the stresses to the columns. So, it is
important to design strong columns.

Principles of foundation design

The main role of foundations is to structurally support the building by transferring the loads of the
building through the walls into the surrounding soil. In terms of a stick frame structure, the foundations
must also protect the timber from moisture ingress by lifting the members above the ground.

The type of soil on the site will have a strong implication to the foundation design.

Different regions will have different soil types, the table below briefly demonstrates the types of soil and
its suitability as a foundation material.

LABORATORY RULES
1. No student will be permitted to work in the laboratory unless a demonstrator or instructor is present.
2. On completion of an experiment, they have to take print out and submit the hard copies to the
concerned lecturer.
3. Before leaving the class they have to shutdown the computer.
4. Dont use open any other software expect Auto CAD.
5. Before taking the print out students have to inform to technician.
6. Any problem in the Auto CAD software they have to inform to the concern course teacher.

DESIGN NO 1:

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DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR CONCRETE BEAM

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Detailing of singly reinforced beam

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DESIGN NO: 2 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

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DESIGN NO : 3 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED ONE WAY SLAB

Example: - Design a simply supported rcc slab for a roof of hall 4m x 10m (inside dimension) with 230mm
wall all around. Assume a live load of 4 KN/ m 2 and finish 1 KN/ m 2 . Use M25 and Fe 415

Solution: - data given

Room size = 4 x 10 m

Wall thickness = 230

LL = 4 KN/ m 2

FF = 1 KN/ m 2

Required find depth, Ast.

Step 1. Calculation of load.

span 4000
Assume d = = = 142.8 143 mm
28 28

(28=20x1.4=28)

Total depth = 143+5+20=168 170

Dead load = 0.17 x 25 = 4.25 KN/ m 2

FF = 1.0 KN/ m 2

Total D.L = 5.25 KN/ m 2

LL = 4.0 KN/ m 2

Factored design load = 1.5(5.25+4) = 13.875 KN/ m 2

Span length of slab

Span = effective span + d = 4+0.143 =4.143 m

Ultimate moment and shear:-

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wl 2 13.875 4.1432
M 29.77 KNm
8 8

wl 13.875 4.143
M 28.74 KNm
2 2

3. Check the depth for the bending:-

M=0.138 Fck b d 2

29.77 10 6 0.138 25 1000 d 2

d 92.89 mm d 143 OK

1. Rough calculation for shear:-

v 28.74 1000
v 0.2 c (0.36)
bd 1000 143

c For grade of concrete M25 is 0.36

Hence OK for shear.

5. Calculation of steel area:-

Ast fy
mu 0.87 fy Ast d 1
bd fck

Ast 415
29.77 x 10 0.87 415 Ast 1431
6

1000 143 25

= 51630.15 Ast -5.99343 Ast 2

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Ast 2 - 8614.4578 Ast + 4967105.647=0

8614.4578 8614.4578 2 4 4967105.647

Ast
2

Ast 622 mm2

2. Main steel:-

Using 10 bar.

78500
Spacing = 125 c / c
622

Ast provided = 628 mm 2

% Ast 0.439% 0.42%

3. Check for central of crack:-

Min pt = 0.12

0.12 1000 170

As 204m 2
100
Hence ok for crack control

170
Dia = =21.25>10mm provided ok.
8
Max spacing not more than 300. ok

4. Recheck for shear

628 100
p= 0.46 %
1000 143

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Reference table 19 c 0.4692 N / mm 2

5. Check for deflection

Basic span to depth ratio =20

Multiplying factor for Ast =0.42% =1.40

Allowable L/d =1.40 x 20 =28

Assumed is also 28 hence ok

Hence safe in deflection

Secondary steel

0.12 b D 0.12 1000 170

As = 204 mm 2
100 100

Spacing less than = 5d or 450 mm

=715 or 450 mm

Hence ok

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DESIGN NO : 4 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF CANTILEVER CAR PORCH

Example:-Design a cantilever porch of size 2500 mm wide and 5000 mm long is to be provided at a
height of 3 m from floor level. The porch slab which overhangs 2500 mm beyond the face of the beam
into be cast in flush with the top face of the beam

Assume live load = 0.75 KN / m 2

Floor finish = 0.8 KN / m 2

Concrete M20 and Fe 415

Solution:-

200 100
20
2
.1 Effective span = 2500 = 2565
2

The trial depth L/d =7

Modification factor is 2

For

Fe250, fs=0.58 x fy

=0.58 x 250 =145

Pt % is 0.4

Hence allowable L/d is 7 x 2 = 14

Required d = 2565/14 = 180

Assuming 10 bar effective cover = 15 + 10/2 = 20 mm

Provide total depth of 200 mm d = 200-20=180 mm

Let the overall depth of the slab be reduced to 100 mm at the cantilever and where bending moment is
zero.

2. Loads

Consider 1 m width of slab

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Self weight of slab = (0.2+0.1)/2 x 25 =3.75 KN/m

Weight due to finish = 0.80 KN/m

Live load =0.75 KN/m

Total = 5.30 KN/m

Ultimate load per meter

Wu = 5.3 x 1.5 = 7.95 KN/m

Maximum bending moment (-ve) at the face of support

2.5 2
Mu = Wu x L12 / 2 7.95 24.84 KNm
2

4. Depth from bending moment consideration

M ur max 2.97 1000 180 2 10 6 96.2 KNm 24.84 KNm

(0.149 f ck bd 2 )

Or

24.84 10 6 2.97 1000 d 2

d = 91.45<< d consider (180)

Hence ok

5. Area of steel

0.5 20 4.6 24.84 10 6

Ast 2 1 1 1000 180
250 20 1000 180 2

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666mm 2

Using 10 bar

1000 78.5
spacing 117 mm
666
Provide 10 @ 110 c/c

Area provided=1000 x 78.5/110 =713 mm 2

Curtailment of steel

It is proposed to curtail 50% of the steel required at the support since the depth of the slab is tapering
and bending moment variations parabolic the area of reinforcement will get reduced to half at a distance
greater than half the span from the free end.

Bending moment at 1.6 m

1.6 2
Mu 7.45 10.176
2
Total depth of slab at 1.6 m from free end

= 100 + 1.6(200-100)/2.5= 164 mm

d = 164 -20 =144 mm

0.5 20 4.6 10.176 106

Ast 2 1 1 1000 144
250 20 1000 1442

= 335 mm 2 < (713/2) provided at support

Distance from support 2800-1600=900

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Curtail 50% of the bars at a distance greater of the following

a) 900+12 = 900+120 =1020 mm

b) 900+ d = 900+144= 1044 mm

So curtail 50% of steel at a distance 1050 mm from support

6. Distribution steel

Area required = 1.5 D = 1.5(200+100)/2 =225 mm 2

Spacing = 1000 x 28/225 = 124 mm

Provide 6 @ 120 mm c/c

DESIGN NO: 5 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RECTANGULAR COLUMN

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DESIGN NO : 6 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF CIRCULAR COLUMN WITH SPIRAL STIRRUPS

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D = diameter of the column = 420 mm

Dc= diameter of the core = 420 -40-40 = 340 mm

40- effective cover on both sides

sp 6mm
Asp (/ 4 )X 62 = 28.75 mm2
Substitute all the values we get P =36. 37 mm say 35 mm

Maximum pitch 75 mm or Dc/6 which ever is less

Minimum pitch 25 mm or 3 times the diameter of stirrups which ever is less

So 35 mm is the pitch for this problem s it is in safe.

6 mm diameter with 35 mm pitch.

DESIGN NO: 7 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SQUARE ISOLATED FOOTING

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A square column 500mm X 500mm carries an axial load of 1500 KN . Design

square footing for the column. The safe bearing capacity of the column is 225
KN/m2. Use M20 and Fe 415 steel.

Design of the foundation:

Load on the column = 1500 KN
Approximate weight of the footing at 10 % of the column load =
150 KN
Total load = 1650 KN
Safe bearing capacity of the soil = 225 KN/m 2
Area of foundation = 1650/225 = 7.333 m2
BX B = 7.333
Breadth of foundation B = (7.333) = 2.71 say 2.75 m
So the area of the foundation is 2.75 X 2.75 m
Net upward pressure = load on the column / area of the footing
= 1500000/(2.75 X 2.75) = 198347.11 N/m2.
Depth of the foundation =
Minimum depth of the foundation = (p/r){(1-sin)/(1+sin )}2
= (225/18) {(1-sin30)/(1+sin30)}2
= 1.4 m
Determination of the depth of the concrete slab below the footing.
Critical section for bending moment is = (2750-500)/2 = 1125 mm = 1.125 m
Maximum bending moment = M = 198347.11 x 2.75 X 1.125 x( 1.125/2)
= 345170 Nm
Factored moment Mu = 1.5 X M
= 1.5 X 345170 = 517755 Nm.
To find the depth of the slab in the foundation.
Mu= 0.138 fck bd2
517755000 = 0.138 X 20 X 500 (width of column) X d 2
d= 613 mm
D= 613 + 12/2 +60 = 691 mm
(12- dia of bar , 60 clear cover for footing)
The depth of slab of the foundation is increased by 30 %
D= 691 X ( 0.3 X 691) = 900 mm
d=900 (12/2)- 60 =822 mm.
Determination of quantity of steel required:
Ast = Pt X b x d
Determination of area of main reinforcement
Ast= Percentage of steel X b X d

Percentage of steel =

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Factored moment Mu = 1.5 X M

= 1.5 X 345170 = 517755 Nm
Fck = 20 N/mm2
And
Fe =415 N/mm2
b=500 mm
And
d=822mm
Substitute all the values in the above formula we get
Pt= 0.47 %
Ast = Pt X b x d
= (0.47/100) x 500 x 822 = 1932 mm2
No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar= 1932/ (3.14/4)x12 2
Assume 12 mm dia bars so provide 18 bars of 12 mm diameter.
Here the column is square so provide the same reinforcement on both the directions.

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DESIGN NO : 8 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING

A rectangular column footing 600 mm X 400 mm carries an axial load of 800 KN Design
a rectangular footing to support the column . The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200
KN/m2 . Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Load on the column = 800000N
Approximate weight of the foundation take 10 % of the weight of the column = 80000N
Total load = 880000N
Safe bearing capacity of the soil is given as 200 KN/m 2

= 200000N/m2
Area of the foundation = Total load / Safe bearing capacity of the soil.
= 880000/200000 = 4.40 m2
To find the length and breadth of the foundation
in case of square footing its easy because by taking square root we get all the values
Area = 4.4
BL = 4.4
B= 4.4 /L
Equating the projections on both sides beyond the footing
( B-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Sub B Value
( {4.4/L}-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Solving the above equation we get L = 2.2 m
Sub this is B value we get
B= 4.4/L = 4.4/ 2.2 = 2 m
Now find the projections on both the axis
= 0.8 m
Net upward pressure = column load / Area of the footing
= 800000/4.4
=181820 N/m2
Determination of reinforcement in section xx axis and YY axis.
Bending moment Myy = 181820 X 2.2X 0.8 X (0.8/2).
= 128000 Nm
Factored Moment Muy = 128000 X 1.5
= 192000 Nm
Determine the depth
Muy = 0.138 Fck bd2
192000 = 0.138 x 20 x 600 x d2
d= 341 mm.
Bending moment Mxx = 181820 X 2 X 0.8 X (0.8/2).
= 116364.8 Nm
Factored Moment Mux = 116364.8 X 1.5
= 174547.2Nm
Determine the depth
Mux = 0.138 Fck bd2
174547.2 = 0.138 x 20 x 400 x d2
d= 398 mm.

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From the above two depth take the greater one

d= 398 mm
Providing 10 mm dia bars at a clear cover of 70 mm
D = 398 + (10/2) + 70 = 473 mm
The overall depth may increased by 30%
= 473 + (0.3 X473)
= 614.9 mm
D=620 mm.
Effective Depth of the footing
d= 620 (10/2) 70
= 545 mm.
Take Muy and find Longer direction steel
Factored Moment Muy = 128000 X 1.5
= 192000 Nm
Determination of quantity of steel required:
Ast = Pt X b x d
Sub b= 600mm
d=545mm
Fck=20N/mm2
Fe=415 N/mm2
In the Pt formula and find Pt
Pt=0.32 %
Ast =( 0.32/100) X600 x545=1046.4mm2

No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar= 1046.4/ (3.14/4)x12 2

Assume 12 mm dia bar .
Provide 12 mm dia bars of 10 numbers.
Determination of area of main reinforcement
Ast= Percentage of steel X b X d

Percentage of steel =

Take Mux and find Shorter direction steel

Factored Moment Factored Moment Mux = 116364.8 X 1.5

= 174547.2Nm

Determination of quantity of steel required:

Ast = Pt X b x d
Sub b= 400mm
d=545mm
Fck=20N/mm2
Fe=415 N/mm2
In the Pt formula and find Pt
Pt=0.45 %
Ast =( 0.45/100) X400 x545=981mm2
No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar= 981/ (3.14/4)x12 2

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Assume 12 mm dia bar .

Provide 12 mm dia bars of 9 numbers.

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