Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Abstract and Applied Analysis

Volume 2013, Article ID 401756, 13 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/401756

Review Article
Hyperstability and Superstability

Janusz Brzdwk and Krzysztof CiepliNski

Department of Mathematics, Pedagogical University, Podchorzych 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland

Correspondence should be addressed to Janusz Brzdk; jbrzdek@up.krakow.pl

Received 31 August 2013; Accepted 26 October 2013

Academic Editor: Bing Xu

Copyright 2013 J. Brzdk and K. Cieplinski. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

This is a survey paper concerning the notions of hyperstability and superstability, which are connected to the issue of Ulams type
stability. We present the recent results on those subjects.

1. Introduction (As usual, denotes the family of all functions mapping

a set = 0 into a set = 0.) Roughly speaking, (E, T)-
In this paper we provide some recent results concerning stability of (1) means that every approximate (in the sense of
hyperstability and superstability of functional equations. (2)) solution of (1) is always close (in the sense of (3)) to an
Those two notions are very similar but somewhat different. exact solution of (1).
They are connected with the issue of Ulams type stability. The next theorem has been considered to be one of the
Let us mention that various aspects of Ulams type most classical results on Ulams type stability.
stability, motivated by a problem raised by Ulam (cf. [1, 2])
in 1940 in his talk at the University of Wisconsin, have been a Theorem 2. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces, 2 complete, and
very popular subject of investigations for the last nearly fifty 0 and = 1 fixed real numbers. If : 1 2 is a
years (see, e.g., [311]). For example the following definition mapping satisfying
somehow describes the main ideas of such stability notion

for equations in variables (R+ stands for the set of all ( + ) () ()
nonnegative reals). (4)

( + ) , , 1 \ {0} ,
Definition 1. Let be a nonempty set, (, ) be a metric

space, E C R+ be nonempty, T be an operator map- then there exists a unique function : 1 2 such that
ping C into R+ , and F1 , F2 be operators mapping a non-
( + ) = () + () , , 1 ,
empty set D into . We say that the operator equa-
tion (5)

() () 1 , 1 \ {0} .
F1 (1 , . . . , ) = F2 (1 , . . . , ) (1) 2 1
is (E, T)-stable provided for any E and 0 D with This theorem is composed of the outcomes from [1, 12
14] and it is known (see [13]; cf. also [15, 16]) that for = 1
(F1 0 (1 , . . . , ) , F2 0 (1 , . . . , )) an analogous result is not valid. Moreover, it has been shown
(2)
(1 , . . . , ) , 1 , . . . , , in [17] that estimation (5) is optimal for 0 in the general
case.
there exists a solution D of (1) such that Theorem 2 has a very nice simple form, but it has been
improved in [18], where it has been shown that, in the case
( () , 0 ()) T () , . (3) < 0, each : 1 2 satisfying (4) must actually be
2 Abstract and Applied Analysis

additive (and the completeness of 2 is not necessary in such However, with a somewhat different (though still natural)
a situation). Namely, we have the following result (N stands form of the function , -hyperstability still holds even
for the set of all positive integers). without (6). Namely, in [21, Theorem 1.3] the subsequent
result has been proved.
Theorem 3. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces, 1 \ {0}
nonempty, 0, and < 0. Assume also that Theorem 6. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces, 1 \ {0}
nonempty, 0, and , real numbers with + < 0. Assume
= , (6) also that there is an 0 N such that
where := { : }, and there exists a positive integer
, , N, 0 . (14)
0 with
, , , N, 0 . (7) Then every operator : 1 2 satisfying the inequality

Then every operator : 1 2 such that ( + ) () ()
(15)
( + ) () ()
, , , +
(8)

( + ) , , , + is additive on .
is additive on ; that is, We refer the reader to, for example, [22, Theorem 1.1,
( + ) = () + () , , , + . (9) Chapter XVIII], [23, Chapter 4], [24, pages 143-144], and
[25, Proposition 3.8] for some information on the following
Clearly, since (5) gives the best possible estimation for natural issue: when for an operator 0 : 1 2 that is
0 in the general case, a result analogous to Theorem 3 is not additive on 1 , there is an additive : 1 2 with
true for 0. () = 0 () for .
On account of Theorem 3, we can reformulate Theorem 2
as follows. 2. Hyperstability Results for
Theorem 4. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces and let 0 and the Cauchy Equation
= 1 be fixed real numbers. Assume also that : 1 2 is a Formally, we can introduce the following definition.
mapping satisfying (4). If 0 and 2 is complete, then there
exists a unique additive function : 1 2 such that (5) Definition 7. Let be a nonempty set, (, ) a metric space,
holds. If < 0, then is additive.
R+ , and F1 , F2 operators mapping a nonempty set

Following the terminology introduced in [19] and next D into . We say that operator equation (1) is -
used in, for example, [20] (see also [3, pages 2729]), we hyperstable provided every 0 D satisfying inequality (2)
can describe the second statement of Theorem 4, for < 0, fulfils (1).
as the -hyperstability of the additive Cauchy equation for
(, ) ( + ). The hyperstability results have various interesting con-
It is interesting that the hyperstability result, described sequences. For instance, note that we deduce at once from
in Theorem 3, does not remain valid without condition (6), Theorem 6 a bit surprising conclusion that each function :
which is shown in the following remark (R denotes the set of 1 2 is either additive on or satisfies the condition
all reals).
sup ( + ) () () = (16)
,,+
Remark 5. Let < 0, 0, = (, ), and , : R be
given by () = 0 and () = for . Then clearly
for any real numbers , , + > 0, where 1 and 2 are
normed spaces and is a nonempty subset of 1 \{0} fulfilling
() () = , .

(10)
condition (14) for some 0 N.
Note that also Theorem 6 yields also the following two simple corollaries
(see [21]), which correspond to some results from [2633] on
( + ) () () + ,

, . (11) inhomogeneous Cauchy equation (18) and cocycle equation
In fact, fix , and suppose, for instance, that . Then (19).

( + ) (2) = 2 + (12) Corollary 8. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces, 1 \ {0}
nonempty, : 2 2 , and (0 , 0 ) = 0 for some 0 , 0
and consequently with 0 +0 . Assume also that (14) holds with an 0 N
and there are , R and > 0 such that + < 0 and

( + ) () () = + ( + ) + .


(13) (, ) , , , + . (17)
Abstract and Applied Analysis 3

Then the functional equation Clearly, if : is additive, then we have (with = )

0 ( + ) = 0 () + 0 () = inf { R : () for } . (24)
(18)
+ (, ) , , , + Now, we are in a position to present another result from
[25].
has no solution in the class of functions 0 : 2 .
Theorem 12. Let and be normed spaces and 0 = .
Corollary 9. Let 1 and 2 be normed spaces, 1 \ {0} Assume that , : are additive,
nonempty, : 1 2 2 satisfy the cocycle functional equa-
tion = , (25)
(, ) + ( + , ) () , () , () , , (26)
(19)
= (, + ) + (, ) , , , 1 , where := + . Let, moreover, R+ be such that one of
the following two conditions is valid:
and (, ) = (, ) for , 1 . Assume also that (14)
holds with an 0 N and there are , R and > 0 such (a) is injective, () and
that + < 0 and (17) holds. Then (, ) = 0 for any ,
( + ) 1 < 1;

with + . (27)

The hyperstability results that we have presented so far (b) (), is injective and
have been obtained through the fixed point theorem from

( + ) 1 < 1.

[34] (see also [35, 36]; cf. [4] for a survey on similar methods (28)
using the fixed point results). Now, we provide some further
-hyperstability results (with functions of some other Then every function : for which there exists an
natural forms) for the Cauchy additive equation, proved in R+ such that
[25] by some other methods.

( + ) () ()
Theorem 10. Let (, | ) be a real inner product space with (29)

dim > 1, a normed space, and : . If there are () () , , , +
positive real numbers = 1 and such that
is additive on .

( + ) () () | , , , (20)
Remark 13. Observe that condition (25) holds when =
then is additive. with a nonnegative integer or () = for with a
rational number (because is assumed to be additive).
If = 1, then does not need to be additive (see [25]).
Remark 14. For instance, the inequality in (a) holds for > 1,
Theorem 11. Let and be normed spaces, dim > 2, and = , and
: . Suppose also that there are positive real numbers
and 0 with () = () = , (30)

( + ) () () with a R. Analogously, the inequality in (b) is valid when
(21) > 1, = ,
2 2
0 + , , . () = , () = 2, (31)
If = 1 or is not a real inner product space, then is additive. with a R.
For similar hyperstability results in some situations where
If is a real inner product space and = 1, then does
neither condition (a) nor (b) is fulfilled we refer the reader to
not need to be additive (see [25]).
[25, Corollaries 3.5 and 3.6].
Given a normed space and , : , we simplify
the notations writing := and defining the mapping We end this part of the paper with one more hyperstability
+ : by result (on a restricted domain) from [25]. To do this, let us
( + ) () := () + () , . (22) recall some notions.
Given nonempty sets , , I 2 and , : ,
Moreover, if 0 = and : , then we put we say that = I-almost everywhere (abbreviated to I-
a.e.) in if there is a set I such that () = () for
every \ . If, moreover, is a normed space, then we
also write := { : } for and R.
:= inf { R : () () for , } . Now we are in a position to present [25, Theorem 4.1]
(23) (which actually is a consequence of some previous results).
4 Abstract and Applied Analysis

Theorem 15. Let and be normed spaces, : , and Theorem 16. Let be a normed space over F {R, C}, be a
I 2 a -ideal such that Banach space over K {R, C}, , F \ {0}, , K, 0,
< 0, and : satisfy
+ I, I, R, . (32)
( + ) () ()
Assume also that one of the following two conditions is fulfilled: (39)

( + ) , , \ {0} .
(i) there exist I, , R, ( + ) = 0, > 0 and
> 1 such that Then

( + ) () () , , \ ; ( + ) = () + () , , \ {0} . (40)
(33)
Similar results, for Jensen equation (37), but on a re-
stricted domain, have been obtained in [41]. Namely, we have
(ii) there exist I, : with (2) = 2() the following three theorems.
for and positive reals and = 1 such that
Theorem 17. Let be a normed space, be a nonempty subset
( + ) () () of \ {0} such that there exists a positive integer 0 with
(34)

() () , , \ . , , N, 0 , (41)

Then there is a unique additive operator : with let be a Banach space, 0, , R, + < 0, and
= I-a.e. in . : satisfy
() + ()
A hyperstability result for the multi-Cauchy equation +
( )
(which actually is a system of Cauchy equations) can be found 2 2
(42)
in [37, Corollary 4].
+
Finally, we would like to call the readers attention to ,
, , .
a general theorem in [38] which yields numerous other 2
hyperstability results for the Cauchy additive equation. Then is Jensen on ; that is,

3. Hyperstability of the Linear + () + () +

( )= , , , . (43)
Functional Equation 2 2 2
Theorem 18. Let be a normed space, a nonempty subset
Now, we present the hyperstability results for the linear funct-
of \ {0} such that there exists a positive integer 0 with
ional equation of the form
1 1 1
( + ) = () + () + 0 (35) , (1 ) , , N, 0 , (44)
2
in the class of functions : , where is a linear space a Banach space, 0, , R, + > 1, and :
over a field F, is a linear space over a field K, , K, 0 satisfy (42). Then is Jensen on .
, and , F. Clearly, for = = 1, 0 = 0, and = = 1
(35) is the well-known (additive) Cauchy functional equation Theorem 19. Let be a normed space, a nonempty subset
of \ {0} such that there exists a positive integer 0 with
( + ) = () + () , (36)
1 1
and with = = 1/2, 0 = 0, and = = 1/2 it is the , (2 ) , , N, 0 , (45)

Jensen equation
a Banach space, 0, , R, 0 < + < 1, and
+ () + () : satisfy (42). Then is Jensen on .
( )= . (37)
2 2
We finish this section of the paper by proving one more
If (0, 1), = , = 1 , 0 = 0, = , and = 1 , then very simple hyperstability result for (35).
(35) has the form
Theorem 20. Let be a normed space over a field F {R, C},
( + (1 ) ) = () + (1 ) () (38) a normed space over a field K {R, C}, , K, 0 ,
, F, , , R+ , + > 0, and let one of the following
and its solution is called a -affine function. For further two conditions be valid:
information and references on (36)(38) we refer the reader
to [22, 39]. (i) = 0 and ||+ = ||;
The subsequent theorem has been proved in [40]. (ii) = 0 and ||+ = ||.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 5

Then every function 0 : satisfying the inequality Analogously as before we show that, for each N0 ,

0 ( + ) 0 () 0 () 0 ( + ) () ()
(46)

, , ||+


(55)
( ) , , .
is a solution of the equation ||
Letting in (55) we get (53), and consequently (47)
0 ( + ) = 0 () + 0 () + 0 , , . (47)
holds.
Proof. First, observe that in the case when + = 1, inequality
(46) with = = 0 implies 0 = 0. Remark 21. Let 0 () = for = , F = K, = and
Put = . Then

{0 (0) , + = 1, 0 ( + ) 0 () 0 () = ( ) , , ,
1 := { 0 (56)
, + = 1, (48)
{ 1 ( + )
whence
() := 0 () 1 , .
0 ( + ) 0 () 0 ()
It is easily seen that (57)
= | | , , .
( + ) () () , , ,

(49) Thus 0 is an example of a function which satisfies (46) with
0 = 0, = | |, = 0 and = 1 but is not a solution
whence with = = 0 we get (0) = 0. of (47). This shows that the assumption = 0 in (i) is not sup-
We consider only case (i) (case (ii) is analogous). First, erfluous.
assume that || < ||+ . Then (49) with = 0 gives
Remark 22. Let = = R, 2 = , 2 = , and 0 () = 2
1
() = ( ) , . (50) for . Then

We show by induction that, for each N0 := N {0}, 0 ( + ) 0 () 0 ()
(58)
= 2 || || , , .
( + ) () ()
(51)
Thus 0 is an example of a function which satisfies (46) with
(|1 |+ ||) , , .
0 = 0, = 2|| and = = 1 but is not a solution of
The case = 0 follows immediately from (49). So take an (47). This proves that assumptions (i) and (ii) of Theorem 20
N0 and assume that (51) holds true with = . Then, by are not superfluous.
(50),
4. Hyperstability of Some Other Equations
( + ) () ()
In this part of the paper we present the hyperstability results
= (1 ( + )) 2 (1 ) (1 )
for some other equations. The first two theorems have been
proved in [19].
= || (1 + 1 ) (1 ) (1 )
Theorem 23. Let : (0, 1] R be a solution of the func-
(|1 |+ ||) || 1 1 tional equation
+1 () = () () , , (0, 1]
= (|1 |+ ||) , , . (59)
(52) and (0 ) > 1 for some 0 (0, 1]. Assume also that a func-
Thus we have proved that (51) is valid for each N0 . tion : (0, 1] R satisfy the inequality
Letting in (51) we see that
() () () () () , , (0, 1]
( + ) = () + () , , , (53) (60)

which implies (47). for some > 0. Then

If || > ||+ , then = 0 and from (49) with = 0 we
obtain () = () () + () () , , (0, 1] . (61)
1 Theorem 24. Let (, ) be a semigroup and 1 , . . . , :
() = () , . (54)
pairwise distinct automorphisms of such that the set
6 Abstract and Applied Analysis

{1 , . . . , } is a group with the operation of composition of with some > 0 and < 0, then
mappings. Let, moreover, : R+ be a function for
3
which there exists a sequence ( )N of elements of satisfying 3!
(1)(3) ( + ) = 0, , . (70)
=0 ! (3 )!
one of the following two conditions:
lim ( , ) = 0, , ; Theorem 27. Let and be real normed spaces and a

(62) positive integer. If a function : satisfies the inequality
lim (, ( )) = 0, , , {1, . . . , } .

! (1)() ( + ) ! ()
If a function , mapping into a real normed space , fulfils ! ( )!
=0 (71)
the inequality

( + ) , , \ {0}

() + () 1 ( ()) (, ) , , , (63)
=1 with some > 0 and < 0, then


then is a solution of the functional equation !
(1)() ( + ) = ! () , , . (72)
=0 ! ( )!

1
() + () = ( ()) , , . (64) The next theorem from [44] contains a hyperstability
=1
result for the Drygas equation.
The following result, concerning the parametric funda-
mental equation of information, has been obtained in [20]. Theorem 28. Assume that is a nonempty subset of a normed
space such that 0 and there exists an 0 N with
Theorem 25. Let < 0 and : (0, 1) R be a function , , , N, > 0 . (73)
such that
Let be a Banach space and : fulfill the inequality
sup () + (1 ) ( )
1
(,)2 ( + ) + ( ) 2 () () ()
(65)

( + ) , , , + ,
() (1 ) ( ) < ,
1 (74)
where for some > 0 and < 0. Then satisfies the conditional
2 := {(1 , 2 ) R2 : 1 , 2 , 1 + 2 (0, 1)} . (66) Drygas equation

Then ( + ) + ( )
= 2 () + () + () , , , + , .
() + (1 ) ( )
1 (75)
(67)
Theorem 28 yields at once the following characterization
= () + (1 ) ( ), (, ) 2 .
1 of the inner product spaces.
Let us recall (see [20]) that each solution : (0, 1) R Corollary 29. Let be a normed space and
of (67) is of the form

+ 2 + 2 22 22
() = + (1 ) , (0, 1) (68) sup < (76)

,\{0} +
with some , R.
The next two theorems have been proved in [42, 43] for some < 0. Then is an inner product space.
and concern hyperstability of the polynomial and monomial
equations (for details concerning those equations we refer the Proof. Write () = 2 for . Then from Theorem 28
reader to [22]). we easily derive that

Theorem 26. Let and be real normed spaces. If a function ( + ) + ( )

: satisfies the inequality (77)
= 2 () + () + () , , \ {0} .
3

3! (1)(3) ( + ) It is easy to see that this implies
! (3 )!
=0 (69) ( + ) + ( ) = 2 () + 2 () , , , (78)

( + ) , , \ {0} which yields the statement.
Abstract and Applied Analysis 7

The next hyperstability result has been proved in [45, Some further hyperstability (but also superstability)
Corollary 2.9] and is actually a particular consequence of two results for the homogeneity equation can be found in [48, 49].
more general theorems proved there. Unfortunately, they are too involved to be presented here.
Therefore, we only give below the following simple corollary
Theorem 30. Let be a normed space, be a Banach space, (see [48, Corollary 3]).
, , R+ and 0 < + = 4. Assume also that a mapping
: satisfies the inequality Theorem 33. Let be a real linear space, a Banach space,
and : satisfy

(2 + ) + (2 ) 4 ( + )
sup () () <
(86)
4 ( ) 24 () + 6 () (79) ,(,0)

with some > 0. Then

, , .
() = () , , R. (87)
Then
(2 + ) + (2 ) Pexiderized hyperstability of the functional equation of
biadditivity, of the form
= 4 ( + ) + 4 ( ) + 24 () 6 () , , .
( + , + ) = (, ) + (, ) + (, ) + (, ) ,
(80)
(88)
A result on hyperstability of the equation of -Wright has been considered in [50] (actually, for some reason, it has
affine functions has been obtained in [46] and it reads as been called the bi-Jensen functional equation by the authors),
follows. where the following two theorems have been presented.
Theorem 31. Let be a normed space over a field F {R, C}, Theorem 34. Let be a normed space, a Banach space, <
a Banach space, F, , > 0, ||2 + |1 |2 < 1 and 0 , and a function : satisfy the inequality
: satisfy

( + , + ) 1 (, )
( + (1 ) ) + ((1 ) + ) () ()
2 (, ) 3 (, ) 4 (, )

, , .
(81) ( + + + ) , , , , \ {0}
(89)
Then is a -Wright affine function; that is,
with some mappings 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 : . Then is
( + (1 ) ) + ((1 ) + ) biadditive; that is, (88) holds for all , , , .
(82)
= () + () , , . Theorem 35. Let be a normed space, a Banach space, <
0 , and a function : satisfy the inequality
The next result has been proved in [47] and concerns the
homogeneity equation. ( + , + ) 1 (, )

Theorem 32. Let and be normed spaces over K {R, C}, 2 (, ) 3 (, ) 4 (, )
, R, R+ , and : satisfy
( + ) ( + ) , , , , \ {0}

() () < (|| + )

(83) (90)

for any K and such that || + is defined. with some mappings 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 : . Then is
Assume also that < 1 or < 0. Then biadditive.

() = () , \ {0} , K \ {0} . (84) For some further results, related somehow to the issue of
hyperstability, we refer the reader to:
Moreover, if one of the following two conditions is valid: (i) [51, Theorem 8.3] (for a generalization of the
(a) < 1 and 0; quadratic equation);
(b) > 0 and < 0, (ii) [52] (for the equations of homomorphism and deriva-
tion in proper JCQ -triples);
then (iii) [53, Theorem 21.3] (for the equations of homomor-
phism for square symmetric groupoids, considered in
() = () , , K. (85) a class of set-valued mappings);
8 Abstract and Applied Analysis

(iv) [54, Theorem 1] (for a functional equation in one vari- continuous, and the unit sphere is compact in . Then every
able in a class of set-valued mappings); unbounded function : such that
(v) [55] (for functional equations of trigonometric forms sup ( () , () ()) <
in hypergroups). ,
(96)

is a homomorphism; that is,

5. Superstability
() = () () , , . (97)
In this part of the paper we present several recent results on
superstability of some functional equations. For numerous Theorem 39. Let be a uniquely 2-divisible commutative
earlier results as well as the historical background of the monoid and a finite-dimensional commutative normed alge-
subject we refer the reader to [6, 7, 9, 10]. bra without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function
The following definition explains how the notion of : such that
superstability for functional equations (in variables) is
+ 2

understood nowadays. sup ( ) () () < (98)
, 2
Definition 36. Let be a nonempty set, (, ) a metric space,
and F1 , F2 operators mapping a nonempty set D into is a solution of the Lobachevski equation

. We say that operator equation (1) is superstable if every + 2
D that is unbounded (i.e., sup,((), ()) = ) ( ) = () () , , . (99)
2
and satisfies the inequality
Theorem 40. Let be a commutative group and a finite-
sup (F1 (1 , . . . , ) , F2 (1 , . . . , )) < (91) dimensional unital normed algebra without the zero divisors.
,...,
1 Then every unbounded function : such that

is a solution of (1). sup ( + ) + ( ) 2 () () < (100)
,
Let us start with the results that Moszner has proved in
[56] (modificating the proofs from [57, 58]), and which con- is a solution of the cosine equation
cern the sine, homomorphism, Lobachevski and cosine equa-
( + ) + ( ) = 2 () () , , . (101)
tions.
The next theorem, proved by Moszner in [56], generalizes
Theorem 37. Let be a uniquely 2-divisible commutative Batkos result from [59].
group and a finite-dimensional commutative normed algebra
without the zero divisors. Then every unbounded function : Theorem 41. Let be a groupoid and a finite-dimensional
such that normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every
2 unbounded function : such that
sup ( + ) ( ) ()2 + () < (92)
, sup ( () + ()) ( ( + ) () ()) <
,
is a solution of the sine equation (102)
2
( + ) ( ) = ()2 () , , . (93) is a solution of the Dhombres equation

Theorem 38. Let (, ) be a commutative semigroup and (, ) ( () + ()) ( ( + ) () ()) = 0, , .

a groupoid equipped with (103)

(i) an operation R+ (, ) such that Using the method from the proof of Theorem 41, Moszner
also got the superstability of the Mikusinski equation
() = () = () , , , R+ ; (94) ( + ) ( ( + ) () ()) = 0. (104)

(ii) an element 0 such that 0 = 0 for R+ and This result reads as follows.
2 = 0 for \ {0};
Theorem 42. Let be a group and a finite-dimensional
(iii) a metric satisfying the condition normed algebra without the zero divisors. Then every un-
bounded function : such that
(, ) (, ) , , , > 0. (95)

sup ( + ) ( ( + ) () ()) < (105)
,
Moreover, assume that each nonzero element of is cancella-
tive on the left or on the right, the groupoid operation in is is a solution of (104).
Abstract and Applied Analysis 9

The above theorem generalizes (to some extent) the fol- is a noncommutative group, which in the case when = R
lowing result, which has been obtained in [60], by another is isomorphic to the Heisenberg group. Denote by a selfmap
method of proof and under stronger assumptions. of given by

Theorem 43. Let 0 and be a commutative group. If a (, , ) := (, , ) , (, y, ) . (114)

function : C satisfies
With this notations, we have the following theorem

( + ) ( ( + ) () ()) , , , (proved in [64]) on the superstability of a functional equation
(106) connected with the dAlembert and Stetkr equations.

then is additive or Theorem 46. Assume that > 0. If a function : C

fulfills the inequality

() 26, . (107)
() + ( ()) 2 () () , , , (115)
Chahbi in [61] has dealt with the equation
then either

( + () + () () ) = () () () , (108) 1 + 1 + 2
() , (116)
2
where N, and showed the following result on its super- or
stability.
() + ( ()) = 2 () () , , . (117)
Theorem 44. Let be a linear space over K {R, C} and
: K, : R+ hemicontinuous (see [61] for The next result has been proved in [65].
the definition) at the origin functions such that
Theorem 47. Assume that is a normed space over F

( + () + () () ) () () () {R, C} and is a Banach algebra over F in which the norm

(109) is multiplicative, that is,
(, ) , , , .
= , , . (118)
Then is bounded or satisfies (108) for every , , .
If a mapping : fulfills

The form of (108) has been motivated by the Gob- := sup ( + ) () () < , (119)
Schinzel equation ,

( + () ) = () () (110) then either

1 + 1 + 4
and some other equations related to it. A survey on super- () , (120)
stability results for such equations can be found in [3, pages 2
2932] (for more information and further references on those or
equations see also [62]).
The following result comes from [63]. ( + ) = () () , , . (121)

Theorem 45. Assume that > 0 and 1. If a function In [66], Kim dealt with the pexiderized Lobachevski
: R R fulfills the inequality equation
+ 2
( + ) + () () < ,
2 2

, R, (111) ( ) = () () (122)
2
then either is bounded or it is a solution of the equation and proved the following theorem.
2 2
( + ) = + () () , , R. (112) Theorem 48. Let 0 and be a uniquely 2-divisible com-
mutative semigroup. If nonzero and nonconstant functions
Let be a ring (not necessarily commutative) uniquely , , : R satisfy the inequality
divisible by 2 and := 3 . Then (, ), where + 2

( ) () () , , , (123)

(, , ) ( , , ) 2

1 then either there exist 1 , 2 , 3 > 0 such that

:= ( + , + , + + ( )) , (113)

2 () 1 , | ()| 2 , () 3 , (124)

(, , ) , ( , , ) , or both and satisfy (99).
10 Abstract and Applied Analysis

An immediate consequence of Theorem 48 is the follow- Theorem 52. Let K {R, C}. If , , : K, the function
ing corollary.
(, )
Corollary 49. Let 0 and be a uniquely 2-divisible
1 (131)
commutative semigroup. If nonzero and nonconstant functions ( + ) () () () K
, : R satisfy the inequality

+ 2 is bounded, and the function is unbounded, then the function

( ) () () , , , (125) satisfies the functional equation
2
1
then either there exist 1 , 2 > 0 such that ( + ) = () () , , . (132)


() 1 , () 2 , (126)
Theorem 53. Let K {R, C}. If , , : K, the function
or both and satisfy (99).
(, )
The below superstability outcomes for the functional 1 (133)
equations ( + ) () () () K

( + ) = () () + () , (127)
is bounded, and the function is unbounded, then the function
() = () () + () (128) satisfies (132).

The next three theorems do not actually provide super-

have been obtained in [67] ((127) and (128) with ()
stability results in the sense of Definition 36. However, we
1 become the classical Cauchy equations and therefore we
present them here, because they seem to be of some inter-
exclude this case here).
est and are attempts to extend the notion of superstability ana-
Theorem 50. Let be a linear space and let functions , g : logously to the notion of -hyperstability.
C be such that The subsequent theorem, proved in [69], gives a partial
affirmative answer to a problem posed by Th. M. Rassias

sup ( + ) () () () < . (129)
during the 31st ISFE (R and I denote the real and imag-
, inary parts of a complex number , resp.).
Then the following three statements hold: Theorem 54. Let (, ) be a commutative semigroup, : 2
R+ , : R+ , and : { C : < I }
(i) if () 0, then is arbitrary;
functions such that
(ii) if is nonzero and bounded or (0) = 0, then is also
bounded; ( ) () () (, ) , , ,
(134)
(iii) if is unbounded, then (0) = 0, is unbounded, and () () , .
(127) holds for all , .
Assume also that there exists a { : R() > 0} with
Theorem 51. Let be a linear space. If functions , :

C are such that
(, +1 ) < ,

sup () () () () < , (130)
=0 (135)
,
( ) () , .
then the following three statements hold:
Then satisfies the Cauchy equation
(i) if () 0, then is arbitrary;
( ) = () + () , , . (136)
(ii) if is nonzero and bounded or (1) = 0, then is also
bounded; The next result has been proved in [70].
(iii) if is unbounded, then (1) = 0, is unbounded, and Theorem 55. Let be a commutative group and : R+ .
(128) holds for all , . If : C is an unbounded function such that
The next two theorems have been obtained in [68]. It is
( + + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
assumed in them that is a commutative group, is a finite

subgroup of the group of automorphisms of (the action of + ( + ) 4 () () () (137)
on is denoted by ), and is the cardinality of
. () , , , ,
Abstract and Applied Analysis
then
( + + )+ ( + )+ ( + )+ ( + ) 3, pp. 431434, 1991.
= 4 () () () , , , .
(138)
The last presented theorem is the main result of [71] and
includes a few outcomes from [7274].
Theorem 56. Assume that is a commutative group and :
R+ . If nonzero functions , , , : C fulfill
( + ) ( ) 2 () () () , , [17] J. Brzdk, A note on stability of additive mappings, in Stability
(139)
then either is bounded or there is a sequence ( )N of ele-
ments of such that the limit
( + ) + ( )
lim =: () (140)
( ) [19] G. Maksa and Z. Pales, Hyperstability of a class of linear func-
exists for every and , satisfy the functional equation
( + ) + ( ) = () () , , . (141) Mathematica Hungarica, vol. 124, no. 1-2, pp. 179188, 2009.
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