WEEK 1 - Intern Task

Q: Which is TAC and Role of TAC in any ISP?

Ans: TAC stands for Technical Assistance Center. It is a position will be working in a production
environment and will be responsible for answering incoming customer phone calls presented via
Creating tickets using a tracking system, and resolving customer troubles. The purpose of a TAC
is to support customers with technical issues regarding the equipment developed/delivered by
the company which delivers the TAC support.

Q: What is Customer Care and Customer handling?

Ans: Customer care is the act of taking care of the customer's needs by providing and delivering
professional, helpful, high quality service and assistance before, during, and after the customer's
requirements are met.
Customer Handling: It is a most vital part of business cycle. It includes understanding customer
needs, fulfilling their requirements, Regular interaction with clients, execute best service.

Q: Importance of Visionary Customer services?

Ans: Vision with customers would mean that your company is completely aware of who its
customers are and how each customers journey ties in with the companys long-term goals. It is
not wise or practical to underestimate the importance of a shared vision. It is possibly one of the
strongest common factors that can create a bond and feelings of oneness in the mind of the
customer, for your company.

Q: What is DSL?
Ans: It is stands for Digital Subscriber Line. DSL works within the frequencies that the telephone
doesnt so you can use the Internet while making phone calls.

Q: What is FTTU?
Ans: It stands for Fiber To The User. It deliverys multiple services such as Voice, Video and Data
to the customers. Technology involves laying down fiber optic cable from the carriers facilities
to the customer premises.

Q: TCP/IP Suite?
Ans: TCP/IP, the protocol on which the Internet is built, is not a single protocol but rather an
entire suite of related protocols. TCP is even older than Ethernet. It was first conceived in 1969
by the Department of Defense. Currently, the Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF, manages
the TCP/IP protocol suite.
IP: IP, which stands for Internet Protocol, is a Network layer protocol that is responsible for
delivering packets to network devices. The IP protocol uses logical IP addresses to refer to
individual devices rather than physical (MAC) addresses. A protocol called ARP (for Address
Resolution Protocol) handles the task of converting IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Because IP addresses consist of a network part and a host part, IP is a routable protocol. As a
result, IP can forward a packet to another network if the host is not on the current network. The
ability to route packets across networks is where IP gets its name. An internet is a series of two
or more connected TCP/IP networks that can be reached by routing.

TCP: TCP, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol, is a connection-oriented Transport
layer protocol. TCP lets a device reliably send a packet to another device on the same network or
on a different network. TCP ensures that each packet is delivered if possible. It does so by
establishing a connection with the receiving device and then sending the packets. If a packet
doesnt arrive, TCP resends the packet. The connection is closed only after the packet has been
successfully delivered or an unrecoverable error condition has occurred.

One key aspect of TCP is that its always used for one-to-one communications. In other words,
TCP allows a single network device to exchange data with another single network device. TCP is
not used to broadcast messages to multiple network recipients. Instead, the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP) is used for that purpose.

Q: OSI layers in detail?

Ans: The OSI model describes a structure with seven layers for network activities. One or more
protocols is associated with each layer. The layers represent data transfer operations that are
common to all types of data transfers among cooperating networks.
The OSI model lists the protocol layers from the top Layer 1 to the bottom Layer 7.
1. Physical Layer: Defines the characteristics of the network hardware. This layer receive
frame from data link layer and convert them in bits. It loads these bits on actual
communication media. Depending on media type these bit values are converted in single.
Some use audio tones, while others utilize state transitions changes in voltage from high
to low and low to high. For example, Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Token Ring, RS-232, FDDI, and
others.
Protocol Data unit: Piece of data passed between layers collectively known as
PDU (Protocol Data Unit). Layers have different terms to describe it like (segment
in transport layer, packet in network layer, frame at data link layer, and signal at
physical layer.) PDU include data file and a consistent body of information
attached onto data at each successive layer. This information is called header and
footer. It includes instructions on how to restore the file to its original state when
it receives to the target system. As a PDU passes through the layers, a header (and
footer only on data link layer) is added to the packet with information to the peer
layer on the destination system for reconstructing the data on its way back up
through the layers of the destination network.
2. Data-Link Layer: Handles the transfer of data across the network media. Allows a device
to access the network to send and receive messages Offers a physical address so a
devices data can be sent on the network Works with a devices networking software
when sending and receiving messages Provides error-detection capability. For example,
PPP, IEEE 802.2.
MAC Address: MAC address is a 48-bit long layer two address. It is also known as
hardware address. This address is burnt with device by manufacturing company.
The first six hexadecimal digits of a MAC address represent its manufacture
company. MAC addresses only need to be unique in a broadcast domain. You can
have the same MAC address in different broadcast domains.
Frame: Data link layer receive packet from network layer and wrap it with layer
two Header that is known as frame. There are two specifications of Ethernet
frame. Ethernet II, 802.
3. Network Layer: Network layer is responsible for providing logical address known as IP
address. Router works on this layer. Main functions of this layer are following, Define IP
address, find routes based on IP address to reach its destination, Connect different data
link type together like as Token Ring, Serial, FDDI, Ethernet etc. For example, IPv4, IPv6
etc.
IP Address: IP address a 32-bit long software address which made from two
components: Network component: Defines network segment of device. Host
component. Defines the specific device on a network segment Subnet mask is
used to distinguish between network component and host component. IP
addresses are divided in five classes.
Class A addresses range from 1-126
Class B addresses range from 128-191
Class C addresses range from 192-223
Class D addresses range from 224-239
Class E addresses range from 240-254.
IP Packet: Network layer receive segment from transport layer and wrap it with IP
header that is known as datagram.
Datagram: Datagram is just another name of packet. Network layer use datagram
to transfer information between nodes. Two types of packets are used at the
Network layer: data and route updates.
4. Transport Layer: Manages the transfer of data. Also assures that the received data are
identical to the transmitted data. It sets up and maintains the connection between two
devices. It multiplexes connections that allow multiple applications to simultaneously
send and receive data. According to requirement data transmission method can be
connection oriented or connection less. For unreliable data delivery connection, less
 method is used. Connection less method uses UDP protocol. For reliable data delivery
connection, oriented method is used. Connection oriented method uses TCP protocol.
When Implemented a reliable connection, sequence numbers and acknowledgments
(ACKs) are used. Reliable connection controls flow through the uses of windowing or
acknowledgements. For Example, TCP etc.
Segmentation: Segmentation is the process of breaking large data file into smaller
files that can be accommodated by network. To understand this process thinks
about a 700 MB movie that you want to download from internet. You have 2MBPS
internet connection.
Connection management: Transport layer setup, maintain and tear down
connections for session layer. Actual mechanic of connection is controlled by
transport layer. Transport layer use two protocols for connection management
UDP and TCP.
5. Session Layer: Manages the connections and terminations between cooperating systems.
Session layer deals with connections. It establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
between two communicating nodes. This layer provides its services to the presentation
layer. Session layer also synchronizes dialogue between the presentation layers of the
two hosts and manages their data exchange. For example, web servers may have many
users communicating with server at a given time. Therefore, keeping track of which user
communicates on which path is important and session layer handle this responsibility
accurately. For examples, NFS, DNS, etc.
6. Presentation Layer: Ensures that information is delivered to the receiving system in a
form that the system can understand. Presentation layer prepares the data. It takes data
from application layer and marks it with formatting code such as .doc, .jpg, .txt, .avi etc.
These file extensions make it easy to realize that file is formatted with application. With
formatting presentation layer also deals with compression and encapsulation. It
compresses and decompresses the data file. This layer can also encapsulate the data, but
its uncommon as this can be done by lower layers more effectively. For example, NFS,
DNS etc.
7. Application Layer: Application layer provides platform to send and receive data over the
network. All applications and utilities that communicate with network fall in this layer.
For example, Browsers e.g. Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome etc., Email
clients: Outlook Express etc., FTP clients: FileZilla, sFTP.
Application layer protocols that we should know:
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Used to browse web pages.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Used to reliably sends/retrieves files.
DNS (Domain Naming System) Used to translate the name with IP address and vice
versa.
 POP3 (Post Office Protocol v.3) Used to retrieves email.
NTP (Network Time Protocol) Used to synchronizes clocks

Q: Basics of Routing and switching?

Ans: Routing is the process of moving information across an internet work from source to
destination. The role of routing the information in network layer is performed by routers. Routers
are the heart of the network layer.
Switching: Switching is an approach of delivering frames across the network. Switching method
decides how a switch receives, processes, and forwards the frames. Switch may support three
switching methods store-forward, cut-through and fragment-free.

_____________________________________________________________________________________