Chapter 1.1 Electrostatic

Two kinds of electric charges
Negative charges are the type possessed by electrons.

Positive charges are the type possessed by protons.
same charges : repel one another

opposite charges : attract one another.
Two kinds of electric charges
Negative charges are the type possessed by electrons.
Positive charges are the type possessed by protons.
same charges : repel one another

opposite charges : attract one another.
Electric charge is conserved in an isolated system.
A glass rod is rubbed with silk.

Electrons are transferred from the glass to the silk.
Each electron adds a negative charge to the silk.
An equal positive charge is left on the rod.
The electric charge, q, is said to be quantized.
q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable.

Electric charge exists as discrete packets.
q = Ne
N is an integer
e is the fundamental unit of charge = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Electron: q = -e
Proton: q = +e
Particle Summary
The electron and proton are identical in the magnitude of their charge,
but very different in mass.
The proton and the neutron are similar in mass, but very different in charge.
Charles Coulomb
French physicist (1736 1806)
Major contributions were in areas
of electrostatics and magnetism
Also investigated in areas of
Strengths of materials
Structural mechanics
Ergonomics
Coulomb force is attractive if the charges are of opposite sign.
Coulomb force is repulsive if the charges are of like sign.
*point charge refers to a particle of zero size that carries an electric charge.
Coulombs equation
1 q1 q2
F12 = ( ) r12
4 r 2
1 q1 q2
F21 = ( ) r
4 r2 21
1 q1 q2
F12 = F21 =( )
4 r2
is the permittivity
o is the permittivity of free space.
o = 8.8542 x 10-12 C2 / N.m2
Coulombs equation
o is the permittivity of free space.
o = 8.8542 x 10-12 C2 / N.m2
1 q1 q2
F=( )
4o r2
q1 q2
F = ke
r2
ke is a Coulomb constant.
1
ke =
4o
ke = 8.9876 x 109 N.m2/C2
A Final Note about Directions
The sign of q1 and q2 gives the relative direction of the force between q1 and q2.
The absolute direction is determined by the actual location of the charges.
Find the electrical force exerted on q2
F12
-q1 -q2 F32 +q3
*point charge refers to a particle of zero size that carries an electric charge.
Ex1.1 Find the electrical force exerted on q2
-q1 -q3
F42
-q2 +q4
F32 F12
Ex1.2 Find the electrical force exerted on q2
F32 F12
-q2
-q1 -q3
Multiple Charges
The resultant force on any one charge equals the vector sum of the forces
exerted by the other individual charges that are present.
for example
F1 = F21 + F31 + F41
*Remember to add the forces as vectors.

Ex1.3 The electron and proton of a hydrogen atom are separated (on the average)
by a distance of approximately 5.3 x 10-11 m. Find the magnitudes of the electric force.
Use Coulombs law to find the magnitude of the electric force:
q1 q2
F = ke
r2
qe qP+
F = ke
r2
(1.6 x10 19)2
F = 8.988 x 109
2
(5.3 x1011)
F = 8.2 x 10-8 N
Ex1.4 Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle as
shown in Figure, where q1 = q3 = 5 C, q2 = -2 C, and a = 0.1 m. Find the resultant
force exerted on q3.
q2 = -2 q3 = 5
a
q1 = 5
q2 = -2 q3 = 5 F13
q2 q3
a F23
F23 = ke
r2
(2 x 106)(5 x 106)
F23 = 8.988 x 109
(0.1)
2 a
F23 = 8.99 N
q1 = 5
q2 = -2 q3 = 5 F13
q2 q3
a F23
F13 = ke
r2
(5 x 106)(5 x 106)
F13 = 8.988 x 109
(0.1 x 2)
2 a
F13 = 11.2 N
q1 = 5
FX = - F23 + F13cos45
q2 = -2 q3 =
F13sin45 5 F13
FX = - 8.99 + 11.2( 2/2) a F23
FX = - 1.04 N F13cos45
FY = F13sin45 a
FY = 11.2( 2/2)
FY = 7.94 N
F3 = (- 1.04i + 7.94j) N
q1 = 5
Ex1.5 Three point charges lie along the x axis. The positive charge q1 = 15 C is at
x = 2.00 m, the positive charge q2 = 6 C is at the origin, and the net force acting
on q3 is zero. What is the x coordinate of q3?
q3
q2 = 6 C q1 = 15 C
x = -2.00 m, the positive charge q2 = 6 C is at the origin, and the net force acting
F3 = 0
F23 = F13
q2 q3 q1 q3
ke = ke q3
r 2 r2
q2 q1 F13 F23
= q2 = 6 C q1 = 15 C
r 2 r2
(6 x 106) (15 x 106)
=
x2 2
(2 x)
2 5
=
x2 (2 x)2
x = -2.00 m, the positive charge q2 = 6 C is at the origin, and the net force acting
2 5
=
x2 (2 x)2
2(2 - x)2 = 5x2 q3
2(4 4x + x2) = 5x2
q2 = 6 C F13 F23
8 8x + 2x2 = 5x2 q1 = 15 C
3x2 + 8x - 8 = 0
x = 0.775 m
Ex1.6 Two identical small charged spheres, each having a mass of 3 x 10-2 kg,
hang in equilibrium as shown in Figure. The length L of each string is 0.15 m, and the
angle is 5. Find the magnitude of the charge on each sphere.
X-axis Fx = 0
+ Tsin - Fe = 0
Tsin = Fe (1)
Y-axis Fy = 0 T
Tcos
+ Tcos - mg = 0
Tcos = mg (2) Fe Tsin
(1) Tsin Fe
=
(2) Tcos mg mg
F
tan = e
mg
F
tan = e
mg
q1 q2
mg x tan = ke
r2
q2
3 x 10-2 x 9.8 x tan(5) = 8.988 x 109 x T
2
(2Lsin) Tcos
q2
2.862 x 10-12 =
2
(2 x 0.15 x sin(5)) Tsin
2
q2 = 2.862 x 10-12 x (0.3sin(5))
mg
q = 4.42 x 10-8 C
Ex1.7 a) Figure shows two positively charged particles fixed in place on an x axis.
The charges are q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C and q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C, and the particle separation
is R = 0.02 m. What are the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force on
particle 1 from particle 2?
Ex1.7 a) Figure shows two positively charged particles fixed in place on an x axis.
The charges are q1 = 1.6 x 10-19 C and q2 = 3.2 x 10-19 C, and the particle separation
is R = 0.02 m. What are the magnitude and direction of the electrostatic force on
particle 1 from particle 2?
q1 q2
F21 = ke
r2
1.6 x 1019 x 3.2 x 1019
F21 = 8.988 x 109
2
(0.02)
F21 = 1.15 x 10-24 N
F21 = -1.15 x 10-24i N

Ex1.7 b) Particle 3 now lies on the x axis between particles 1 and 2. Particle 3
has charge q3 = -3.20 x 10-19 C and is at a distance 3/4R from particle 1. What is the
net electrostatic force on particle 1 due to particles 2 and 3?
q1 q3
F31 = ke
r2
1.6 x 1019 x 3.2 x 1019
F31 = 8.988 x 109
2
(0.75 x 0.02)
F31 = 2.045 x 10-24 N
F31 = +2.045 x 10-24i N

F = F21 + F31
F = - 1.15 x 10-24 + 2.045 x 10-24
F = 8.95 x 10-25i N
Ex1.7 c) Figure has charge q4 = -3.20 x 10-19 C, is at a distance 3/4R from
particle 1, and lies on a line that makes an angle = 60 with the x axis. What is the
q1 q4
F41 = ke
r2
1.6 x 1019 x 3.2 x 1019
F41 = 8.988 x 109
2
(0.75 x 0.02)
F41 = 2.045 x 10-24 N
F41 = (+2.045 x 10-24 x cos60)i + (2.045 x 10-24 x sin60)j N
F41 = +1.0225 x 10-24 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j N

F = F21 + F41
F = (-1.15 x 10-24i) + (1.0225 x 10-24 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j)
F = -1.275 x 10-25 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j N

Ex1.8 Figure shows two particles fixed in place : a particle of charge q1 = +8q at
the origin and a particle of charge q2 = -2q at x = L. At what point can a proton be
placed so that it is in equilibrium (the net force on it is zero)?
F = 0
F1 = F2 X
q1 qP+ q2 qP+
ke = ke
r 2 r2
L
q1 q2
=
r 2 r2
8q 2q
=
2 2
X (X L)
8(X - L)2 = 2X2
2(X - L) = X
X = 2L
Ex1.9 q1 2x10-15 C is located at point (0,0). q2 = -1.5x10-14 C is
located on (0, 5cm). Find the electric force exerted on q2.
Ex1.9 q1 2x10-15 C is located at point (0,0). q2 = -1.5x10-14 C is
located on (0, 5cm). Find the electric force exerted on q2.
q1 q2
Fe = ke
r2
2x1015 x 1.5x1014
Fe = 8.988 x 109 ( )
2
(0.05)
Fe = 1.07856 x 10-16 N
Fe = -1.07856 x 10-16 i N
Faraday developed the concept
of a field in terms of electric fields.
The electric force is a field force.

Field forces can act through space.
The effect is produced even with no physical contact between objects.
Electric Field (E) N/C, V/m
is said to exist in the region of space around a charged object.
This charged object is the source charge.

When another charged object, the test charge, enters this
electric field, an electric force acts on it.
an electric field is defined as the electric force on the test
charge per unit charge.
F = qE
The existence of an electric field is a property of the source charge.
The presence of the test charge is not necessary for the field to exist.
The test charge serves as a detector of the field.

an electric field is defined as the electric force on the test
charge per unit charge.
When test charge enters an electric field,

nothing happens! an electric force acts on it.
The existence of an electric field is a property of the source charge.

The presence of the test charge is not necessary for the field to exist.
The test charge serves as a detector of the field.

The magnitude of electric field is the electric force on the test charge per unit charge.
F = qE
F
E=
q
1 q1 q2
( )
4o r2
E=
q
The magnitude of electric field is the electric force on the test charge per unit charge.
1 q1 q2
( )
4o r2
E=
q
1 q
E=( )
4o r2
kq
E=
r2
kq
E= r
r2
The direction of electric field is that of the force on a positive test charge.
E
+
E
-
point charge
This is valid for a point charge only (one of zero size).
Electric field lines extend away from positive charge and toward negative charge.
If test q is positive, the force and the field are in the same direction.
If test q is negative, the force and the field are in opposite directions.
rod charge plane charge

Ex1.10 A water droplet of mass 3 x 10-12 kg is located in the air near the ground
during a stormy day. An atmospheric electric field of magnitude 6 x 103 N/C points
vertically downward in the vicinity of the water droplet. The droplet remains
suspended at rest in the air. What is the electric charge on the droplet?
++++
Fe
E = 6 x 103 N/C
- - - -
Ex1.10 A water droplet of mass 3 x 10-12 kg is located in the air near the ground
during a stormy day. An atmospheric electric field of magnitude 6 x 103 N/C points
vertically downward in the vicinity of the water droplet. The droplet remains
suspended at rest in the air. What is the electric charge on the droplet?
F = 0 ++++
Fe = W
qE = mg Fe
q = mg/E E = 6 x 103 N/C
q = (3 x 10-12) x (9.8) /(6 x 103) W

q = 4.9 x 10-15
q = - 4.9 x 10-15 C - - - -
Electric Fields from Multiple Charges
At any point P, the total electric field due to a group of source charges equals the
vector sum of the electric fields of all the charges.
+ -
qi E3
E=k ri
r 2
i i
E1
E2 -
qi
E=k ri
r 2
i i
Ex1.11 Find an electric field at point A.
+4 C 0.2 m -4 C
B C
0.2 m
A D
+4 C
0.2 m Ex = + Eccos45 - ED
+4 C -4 C
B C kqC kqD
Ex = cos45 -
rCA 2 rDA2
EC 0.2 m 9 6 9 6
ECsin45 9x10 x4x10 x 2 9x10 x4x10
Ex = ( - )
2 2
(0.2 2) x 2 (0.2)
A 45 D 9 6
ED +4 C 9x10 x4x10 2
ECcos45 Ex = ( - 1)
2 4
(0.2)
EB Ex = 5.8x105
0.2 m Ey = + Ecsin45 - EB
+4 C -4 C
B C kqC kqB
Ey = sin45 -
rCA 2 rBA 2
EC 0.2 m 9 6 9 6
ECsin45 9x10 x4x10 x 2 9x10 x4x10
Ey = ( - )
2 2
(0.2 2) x 2 (0.2)
A 45 D 9 6
ED +4 C 9x10 x4x10 2
ECcos45 Ey = ( - 1)
2 4
(0.2)
EB Ey = 5.8x105
+4 C 0.2 m -4 C
B C E = Exi + Eyj
E = 5.8x105 i 5.8x105 j
0.2 m
E = 5.8 2x105 N/C
5
Ex = 5.8x105 A D = tan-1(
5.8x10
)
+4 C 5
5.8x10
= 45
E
Ey = 5.8x105
Ex1.12 Find an electric field at point P.
-12 C 0.8 m +20 C

B C
0.6 m
A P
+10 C
Ex = + EA - EBsin53
-12 C 0.8 m +20 C kqA kqB
B C Ex = - sin53
2
rAP rBP 2
EBcos53 9 6 9 6
1m EB 9x10 x10x10 9x10 x12x10 x4
0.6 m Ex = ( - )
2 2
53 (0.8) (1) x5
A P
+10 C EA E = 9x109 x106 ( 10 - 12 x 4 )
EBsin53 x 0.64 5
Ex = + 5.4225 x 105
EC
Ey = EBcos53 - EC
-12 C 0.8 m +20 C kqB kqC
B C Ey = cos53 -
rBP 2 rCP 2
EBcos53
1m EB 9 6 9 6
0.6 m 9x10 x12x10 x3 9x10 x20x10
Ey = ( - )
2 2
53 (1) x 5 (0.6)
A P
+10 C EA E = 9x109 x106 (12 x 3 - 20 )
EBsin53 y 5 0.36
Ey = 4.352 x 105
EC
E = Exi + Eyj
E = + 5.4225x105 i 4.352x105 j
-12 C 0.8 m +20 C
B C E = 4.38x105 N/C
5
4.352x10
1m = tan-1( )
5
0.6 m 5.4225x10
= 82.98
A P Ex = +5.4225x105
+10 C

E = 4.38x105 N/C
Ey= 4.352x105
HW Three point charges lie along the x axis as shown in a figure. The
positive charge q1 = +15 C is at x = 2 m, the positive charge q2 = +6
C is at the origin, and the net force acting on q3 is zero.
A) What is the x coordinate of q3?
B) If the negative charge q3 = -5 C, determine the magnitude and
direction of an electric field at the position q1.
q2 q3 q1
x=?
2m
69
kq
E= r
r 2
qi
E=k ri
r 2
i i
70
Continuous Charge Distribution
Procedure:
1. Divide the charge distribution into small
elements, each of which contains q.
2. Calculate the electric field due to one of

these elements at point P.
3. Evaluate the total field by summing the

contributions of all the charge elements.
71
For the individual charge elements

q
E = k r
r2
Because the charge distribution is continuous
qi
E = k lim i ri
qi 0 r 2
i
dq
E=k r
r 2
72
Charge Densities
Volume charge density : : C/m3
=Q/V the amount of charge, dq, is given by
Q = V
For Volume :: dq = dV
Surface charge density : : C/m2
= Q/A For Surface :: dq = dA
Q = A
For Linear :: dq = dl
Linear charge density : : C/m
=Q/l
Q = l
73
Ex1.13 A rod of length l has a uniform positive charge per unit length
and a total charge Q. Calculate the electric field at a point P that is
located along the long axis of the rod and a distance a from one end.
74
dq
dE = k r
r2
dq
dE = k
r2
(dx)
dE = k
x2
l+a dx
E = k a ( )
x2
1 l+a
E = k
x a 75
1 l+a
E = k
x a
1 1
E = k( )
a L+a
Q 1 1
E = k( )( )
L a L+a
kQ
E=
a(L+a)
76
and a total charge Q. Calculate the electric field at a point P as shown
in figure.
77
in figure.
dq
dE = k r
r2
dq
dE = k
r2
dEx = dEsin
dEy = dEcos
78
in figure.
l = atan
d(l) d(atan)
=
d d
d(l)
= asec2
d
d(l) = asec2 d
a
r= = asec
cos
79
in figure.
dEx = dEsin
dq
dEx = k sin
r2
dl
dEx = k sin
r2
(asec2 d)
dEx = k sin
2
(asec)
sin
dEx = k d
a 80
in figure.
sin
dEx = k d
a
2 sin
Ex = k d
1 a

Ex = k (- cos) 2
a 1

Ex = k (cos1 cos2 )
a
a a
Ex = k ( )
a 2 2
a2 +(L /4) a2 +(L /4)
Ex = 0
81
in figure.
cos
dEy = k d
a
2 cos
Ey = k a d
1

Ey = k (sin) 2
a 1

Ey = k (sin2 sin1 )
a
L/2 L/2
Ey = k ( )
a 2 2
a2+(L /4) a2 +(L /4)
kL
Ey =
2
a a2 +(L /4) 82
in figure.
kL
Ey =
2
a a2 +(L /4)
2kL
Ey =
2 2
a 4a +L
2kL
E= j
2 2
a 4a +L
83
in figure.

For L = , then 1 = and 2 =
2 2

Ey = k (sin2 sin1 )
a

Ey = k (sin sin( ))
a 2 2

Ey = k (1 (1))
a

Ey = 2k
a

E = 2k j
a
84
Ex1.15 A ring of radius a carries a uniformly distributed positive total
charge Q. Calculate the electric field due to the ring at a point P lying a
distance x from its center along the central axis perpendicular to the
plane of the ring.
85
plane of the ring.
dq
dE = k r
r2
dq
dE = k
r2
dEx = dEcos
dEy = dEsin
86
plane of the ring.
dEx = dEcos
dq
dEx = k cos
r2
dl
dEx = k cos
r2
dl x
dEx = k ( )
r2 r
x 2a
Ex = k 0 dl
r3
87
plane of the ring.
x 2a
Ex = k 0 dl
r 3
x2a
Ex = k
r3
x2a
Ex = k
3/2
2 2
(a +x )
2xa
Ex = k
3/2
(a2+x2 ) 88
plane of the ring.
2xa
Ex = k
3/2
2 2
(a +x )
1 x2a
Ex = ( )
40 3/2
2 2
(a +x )
xa
Ex =
3/2
20(a2 +x2 )
89
plane of the ring.
dEy = dEsin
dq
dEy = k sin
r2
dl
dEy = k sin
r2
dl a
dEy = k ( )
r2 r
a a 2a
Ey = k ( 0 dl a dl )
r3
90
plane of the ring.
a a 2a
Ey = k ( 0 dl a dl )
r3
a
Ey = k (a - a)
r 3
Ey = 0
2xa xa
E=k i= i
3/2 3/2
2 2
(a +x ) 2 2
20(a +x )
91
plane of the ring.
xa
E= i
3/2
20(a2 +x2)
If point P is far away from the ring (x>>a)
xa
E= i
3/2
20(a2 +x2)
xa
E= i
20x 3
92
plane of the ring.
If point P is far away from the ring (x>>a)

xa
E= i
20x3
a
E= 2 i
20x
(Q/2a)a
E= i
20x2
Q kQ
E= i = i
40 x 2 x2 93
Ex1.16 A disk of radius R has a uniform surface charge density .
Calculate the electric field at a point P that lies along the central
perpendicular axis of the disk and a distance x from the center of the
disk.
94
disk.
dq
dE = k r
r 2
dEx = dEcos
dEy = dEsin
A = r2
dA d(r2 )
=
dr dr
dA
= 2r
dr
dA = 2rdr
95
disk.
dEx = dEcos
dq
dEx = (k )cos
r 2
dA a
dEx = (k )( )
z2 z
a(2rdr)
dEx = (k )
z3
2ardr
dEx = (k )
3/2
(r2+a2) 96
disk.
2ardr
dEx = (k )
3/2
(r2 +a2 )
R r
Ex = k2a( 0 dr)
3/2
(r2 +a2 )
R 2 2 3/2
Ex = k2a( 0 r(r +a ) dr)
2
R 2 2 3/2 dr
Ex = k2a( 0 r(r +a ) )
2r
R 2 2 3/2 2
Ex = ka( 0 (r +a ) dr ) 97
disk.
R 2 2 3/2 2
Ex = ka( 0 (r +a ) dr )
2 2 1/2 R
Ex = ka [( 2)(r +a ) ]
0
2 2
Ex = ka[ ]
1/2 1/2
(R2 +a2 ) (02 +a2 )
1 1
Ex = 2ka[ + ]
1/2 a
(R2 +a2 )
98
disk.
1 1
Ex = 2ka[ + ]
1/2 a
(R2 +a2 )
a
Ex = 2k[ + 1]
1/2
(R2 +a2 )
a
Ex = 2k[1 ]
R2 +a2
a
Ex = [1 ]
20
R2 +a2 99
disk.
a
Ex = [1 ]
20
R2 +a2
Ey = 0
a
E= [1 ]i
20
R2 +a2
100
disk.
a
E= [1 ]i
20
R2 +a2
if R>>a
a
E= [1 ]
20 R

E=
20
101
rod charge
kQ
E= i
a(L+a)
2kL
E= j
2 2
a 4a +L
(For L = )

E = 2k j
a
102
ring charge
2xa
E=k i
3/2
2 2
(a +x )
(For x>>a)
kQ
E= i
x2
disk charge
a
E = 2k[1 ]i
2
R +a2
a
(For R>>a)

E= i
20 103
Ex1.17 Two point charges (q1 = 10-6 C, q2 = 10-6 C) is located near
two line charges, as shown in figure. The ring charge has density 1 =
10-7 C/m and r = 0.02 m. Density of another line charge is 2 = 10-7 C/m.
Calculate the sum of electric field on q1.
104
E2
E3
E1
105
E1 is electric field from line charge

E1 = 2k
a
7
9 10
E1 = 2(9x10 )
0.05
4
E1 = 3.6x10 N/C
106
E2 is electric field from ring charge

2xa
E2 = k
3/2
(a2+x2)
7
9
9 x 10 x 2 x 10 x 0.1 x 0.02
E2 =
3/2
2 2
(0.02 + 0.1 )
E2 = 1.06x104 N/C 107
E3 is electric field from point charge

q2
E3 = k
r2
6
9
9 x 10 x 10
E3 =
2 2
0.1 m 0.05 + 0.1
4
E3 = 72x10 N/C
0.05 m 108
Ex = + E1 E3sin
E3cos Ex = +3.6x104 72x104 (0.05/0.1118)
Ex = - 28.6x104
Ex = - 2.86x105 N/C
E3sin
0.1 m 0.0125 = 0.1118 m
0.05 m 109
Ey = + E2 + E3cos
E3cos Ey = +1.06x104 + 72x104 (0.1/0.1118)
Ey = 65.5x104
Ey = 6.55x105 N/C
E3sin
0.1 m 0.0125 = 0.1118 m
0.05 m 110
E = Exi + Ey j
E = 7.15x105 N/C 5 5
5 E = - 2.86x10 i + 6.55x10 j
6.55x10
2 2
5 5
- 2.86x105 E = ( 2.86x10 ) +(6.55x10 )
E = 7.15x105 N/C
tan = 6.55x105 / 2.86x105
= 66.4 111
HW Two lines with the uniform charge densities are shown in this
figure. The first line is a positive charge, 1 = 5x10-12 C/m and r = 0.2 m.
The second line has charge density 2 = 2x10-12 C/m. If the sum of
electric field at point P is 0.218 N/C. What is the type of the second line
charge and the radius of its.
112
q
E=k
r2
dEx = dEcos
dEy = dEsin
dq = dl
dq = d(r)
dq = rd
113
dEx = dEcos
dq
dEx = (k )cos
r2
rd
dEx = (k )cos
r2

dEx = (k )cosd
r
/2
Ex = (k ) 0 cosd 114
r
/2
Ex = (k ) 0 cosd
r
/2
Ex = (k )sin 0
r

Ex = (k )(sin/2 sin0)
r

Ex = (k )(1 - 0)
r

Ex = k
r 115
dEy = dEsin
dq
dEy = (k )sin
r2
rd
dEy = (k )sin
r2

dEy = (k )sind
r
/2
Ey = (k ) 0 sind
r 116
/2
Ey = (k ) 0 sind
r
/2
Ey = (k )(cos) 0
r

Ey = (k )(cos/2 + cos0)
r

Ey = (k )(0 + 1)
r

Ey = k
r 117
electric field of charges is
E = Exi + Ey j

E=-k i-k j
r r
9 12 9 12
9 x 10 x 5 x 10 9 x 10 x 5 x 10
line 1 : E1 = - i- j
0.2 0.2
E1 = -0.225i - 0.225 j
E1 = 0.318 N/C
118
line 1 : E1 = -0.225i - 0.225 j E2 = 0.1

E1 = 0.318 N/C
E = E1 + E2 -0.225
0.218 = 0.318 + E2
E2 = -0.1 N/C 45
q2 is negative
E1 = 0.318-0.225
119
electric field of charges is
E = Exi + Ey j

E=-k i-k j
r r
9 12 9 12
9 x 10 x 2 x 10 9 x 10 x 2 x 10
line 2 : E2 = - i- j
r r
0.018 0.018
E2 = - i- j
r r
0.018
E2 = 2
r 120
0.018
E2 = 2
r
0.018
0.1 = 2
r
r = 0.25
q2 is negative and r = 0.25 m
121

Chapter 1.1 Electrostatic

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Chapter 1.1 Electrostatic

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Two kinds of electric charges

Negative charges are the type possessed by electrons.

same charges : repel one another

same charges : repel one another

A glass rod is rubbed with silk.

q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable.

Find the electrical force exerted on q2

F1 = F21 + F31 + F41

*Remember to add the forces as vectors.

Use Coulombs law to find the magnitude of the electric force:

F21 = -1.15 x 10-24i N

F31 = +2.045 x 10-24i N

F = - 1.15 x 10-24 + 2.045 x 10-24

F41 = (+2.045 x 10-24 x cos60)i + (2.045 x 10-24 x sin60)j N

F41 = +1.0225 x 10-24 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j N

F = (-1.15 x 10-24i) + (1.0225 x 10-24 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j)

F = -1.275 x 10-25 i + 1.771 x 10-24 j N

The electric force is a field force.

This charged object is the source charge.

The test charge serves as a detector of the field.

When test charge enters an electric field,

The existence of an electric field is a property of the source charge.

The test charge serves as a detector of the field.

rod charge plane charge

q = (3 x 10-12) x (9.8) /(6 x 103) W

-12 C 0.8 m +20 C

2. Calculate the electric field due to one of

3. Evaluate the total field by summing the

For the individual charge elements

If point P is far away from the ring (x>>a)

E1 is electric field from line charge

E2 is electric field from ring charge

E3 is electric field from point charge

0.1 m 0.0125 = 0.1118 m

0.1 m 0.0125 = 0.1118 m

line 1 : E1 = -0.225i - 0.225 j E2 = 0.1

q2 is negative and r = 0.25 m

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