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evaporators
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Umair hanif
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Published on Mar 3, 2013

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Faizan Akram , Student at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur at global youth conference (GYC)

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6 months ago

evaporators
1. 1. THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE ASSIGNMENT SUBMITTED by; UMAiR HANiF, JAVAID
JOIYA, SULMAN MAlik, MUHAMMAD IKRAM, OBAID-UR-REHMAN, SHABIR HUSSAIN,
SAMDANI KHAN SUBMITTED TO: DR. NAJAMSUBMITTED DATE: 20-12-2010. COURSE
TITLE: PHARM-D- VII. SUBJECT: INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY-I Topic: Evaporators Evaporation
under Reduce Pressure 1
2. 2. Decrease the impact of microbial growth.Factors Affecting Evaporation:-Factors which are
affecting the rate of evaporation are in following: 1) Temperature:- The rate of evaporation is directly
proportional to the rate of temperature. Higher the temperature higher will be rate of evaporation but
evaporation is maximum at boiling point of the liquid. Thermo stable products can be evaporated at
high temperatures but thermo labile products will have to be evaporated at low temperatures. Many
substances like glycosides, alkaloids, hormones, enzymes and antibiotics may decompose even at
below 100C hence they should be evaporates at a careful temperature. Extremely heat sensitive
products may be evaporated under reduce pressure. But the time required for evaporation is also very
critical. 2 Minimize the chances of chemical reactions which may deteriorate the product Recovery
of solvent Prepare the products for next operations like drying and crystallization. Reduce
transportation costs Improve product storage life Evaporation usually occurs on the
surface.Importance of Evaporators:-This equipment is used to get the following actions: Evaporation
is a phase transition from liquid phase to vapor phase below the boiling point at a given temperature.
EVAPORATORSEvaporators are used for reducing product volume, remove water prior to drying,
and toimprove product storage life.
3. 3. Economic Factors:- While selecting the method and apparatus employed for evaporation, due
consideration must be given to economy of labour, fuel, floor area and materials. The recovery of
solvents and the utilization of waste heat are also important factors which contribute significantly in
the reduction of overall costs. 3 Type of Product required:- The selection of method and apparatus to
be used for evaporation dependsupon the type of product required and Product characteristics,
including heat sensitivity,viscosity and flow properties, foaming tendency, fouling and precipitation,
boiling behavior,etc. Evaporating pans or stills may be used to produce liquid or dry products butfilm
evaporators may be used to get liquid products.2) Surface Area:- The rate of evaporation is directly
proportional to the surface area of the vessel exposed to evaporation. Greater the surface exposed to
evaporation higher will be rate of evaporation.3) Agitation:- During evaporation the upper layer of
liquid to be evaporated has a tendency to form a scum or layer which lowers the rate of evaporation.
Therefore it becomes necessary to agitate or stirrer the solution under evaporation. This will also
prevent the decomposition of product at the bottom due to excessive heat and will also prevent the
settling of solids at the bottom of container. SELECTION OF EVAPORATOR The choice made on
the selection of evaporator equipment is based on following points:
4. 4. Large Scale Methods Small Scale Methods:- Small quantities of liquids may be evaporated in a
porcelain or glass dish.Generally direct heating by Bunsen burner or electric hot plates used for
evaporation, but itshould not be employed, as direct heating leads to decomposition of the substances
towardsthe end of evaporation. A fixed maximum temperature can easily be attained by
employingdifferent types of baths as a source of indirect heating. A water bath is most suitable when
theliquids are to be heated up to 100C.They are simple and inexpensive. Sand bath or oil
bathcontaining liquid paraffin or soft paraffin may be used when higher temperatures up to 300 Care
required. To prevent decomposition, whole of the liquid should not be evaporated todryness. The last
traces of solvent from the concentrated liquid may be removed undercontrolled temperatures. 4
Small Scale Methods Site conditions, such as available space, climate (for outdoor sites),
connections for energy and product, service platforms, etc. TYPES OF EVAPORATORS There are
different types of evaporators that are differing from each otheraccording to the method and capacity
of their work. Briefly evaporators are classified as: Standards and conditions for manufacture
 delivery, acceptance, etc. Required operating media, such as steam, cooling water, electric power,
cleaning agents, spare parts, etc. Capacity and operational data, including quantities, concentrations,
temperatures, annual operating hours, change of product etc.
5. 5. Quick process Large Scale Methods:- Different evaporating equipments are used in large scale
manufacturing ofproducts.Which are described briefly in following: 1) Evaporatoring Pans: On a
manufacturing scale, solutions containing water in large quantity are evaporated through open pans
Called evaporating pans. They consist of hemispherical or shallow pans made of copper, stainless
steel, aluminum or other metal surrounded by a steam jacket. 5 Limited resources are required
Simple and inexpensive Used commonly in laboratory procedures and preparations of
products.Advantages of small scale methods: Applications of Small Scale Methods:
6. 6. The whole of liquid is heated all the time which may lead to decomposition of the components. 6
Stirring of the evaporating liquids can be done easily.Disadvantages: They are easy to use and clean.
They are simple, easy and cheap to construct. The hemispherical shape is most suitable because it
affords the best surface/volume ratio forheating. These pans may be fixed or made to tilt to remove the
product.For convenience in emptying the fixed pans, a tube passes from the lowest point of inner
pan,through the jacket, which fitted with the tap to withdraw the evaporated liquid from the panwhen
desired.Advantages:
7. 7. The still can be used for evaporation of both aqueous and organic solvents. 7 A receiver a vacuum
pump can be fitted to the apparatus by which evaporation under reduce pressure can be carried out at
low temperature. As the vapours are condensed. It increases the rate of evaporation. They are easy
to construct and quite easy to clean and maintain. The room in which evaporating pans are used for
evaporating the liquids, must be fitted with efficient exhaust fans otherwise the room will be filled
with dense fog of condensed vapours and water will start falling from the room and along the sides of
walls. 2) Evaporating stills: Evaporating stills are quite similar to evaporating pans. It consists of a
vessel made up of copper or stainless steel, with a cover which is fitted with a water condenser so that
the solvent is condensed and collected in a receiver. At the lowest point of the pan, a tube fitted with a
tap is connected for the removal of product from the pan. The pan is surrounded by a steam jacket. For
cleaning the pan or easy removal of the product the cover of the vessel may be fitted with quick-
release system of clamps.Advantages: These pans can only be used for evaporating aqueous and
thermo-stable liquids extracts. They cannot be used for evaporating extracts containing organic
solvents like alcohols etc. On the evaporating surface, scum is rapidly formed which decreases
evaporation. Solids may be deposited at the bottom which makes stirring necessary.
8. 8. There is space below containing a steam coil to give extra heating capacity and large enough to
afford circulation of liquid. 8 The tube may be about 1.2m long and 5 cm in diameter, but the size
varies with the nature of the substances. Material which has to be evaporated is introduced in tubes.
Tubes sheets extending across the body and central down take. Vertical type of evaporator. The
heating surface is limited. Note: This method of evaporation is used widely in pharmaceutical
industries when small batches of liquids are to be evaporated. 3) Long tube Evaporators: Long tube
evaporators have wide range. Most frequently used long tube evaporators are discuss in following. a)
Calandria type evaporator: Commonly it is known as short tube or single effect evaporator. Generally
tubes are employed in order to get sufficient heating surfaces with steam on the outside and liquid
inside. In same order still further to increase the capacity the tubes are multiplied forming a Calandria.
Features: The whole of the liquid is o be heated all the times which may lead to deterioration of the
product. Disadvantages:
9. 9. Not use for thermolabile products 9 Poor heat transfer at low temperature differences Large
floor space and weight Relatively inexpensiveDisadvantages: Ease of cleaning High heat transfer
rates at high temperature differences Advantages:
10. 10. b) Climbing film Evaporators:- It is also known as long tube or rising film evaporator.The theory
of climbing film evaporators working is that the ascending force of thissteam produced during the
boiling causes liquid and vapors to flow upwards in parallelflow. At the same time the production of
vapor increases and the product is pressed as athin film on the walls of the tubes, and the liquid rises
upwards. This co-current upwardmovement against gravity has the beneficial effect of creating a high
 degree ofturbulence in the liquid. This is advantageous during evaporation of highly viscousproducts
and products that have a tendency to foul the heating surface. Usually there must be a rather high
temperature difference between the heatingand boiling sides of this type of evaporator. Otherwise the
energy of the vapor flow is notsufficient to convey the liquid and to produce the rising film. The
length of the boilingtubes will typically not exceed 23 ft (7m). 10
11. 11. Hydrostatic head at the bottom may increase product temperature and cause temperature
sensitivity problems. c) Horizontal Film Evaporator:- Also known as falling film evaporator. This type
of evaporator is generally made of long tubes (4-8 meters in length) which are surrounded by steam
jackets. The uniform distribution of the solution is important when using this type of evaporator. The
solution enters and gains velocity as it flows downward. This gain in velocity is attributed to the vapor
being evolved against the heating medium, which flows downward as well. This evaporator is
applicable to highly viscous solutions so it is frequently used in the chemical, food, and fermentation
industry. 11 High head room requirement Ability to handle foamy liquidsDisadvantages:
Relatively high heat transfer cofficient Reduced floor space requirement Advantages:
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