wu aun «posse ae pusme farce cogis te wrrceicutp? reeplaria frcipeuray coro oxbe die Speclatqatt quiba acbic (ed: quia inter fe wariat que fine illag ri sonlentiane vettare Deora. labor {tb pritulofa prefirmprig-indi- tate De cetecis-ipfim ab ontnibsimai- tandii:fenig murare lingua ze rane- Arenté mitt ad initia vercatere pau Lorum. Quis ent totus paritee uel in- dodus xii in manus wolumen aflum- pltrit-eea falina qua femel inbibic ui- Devit Difteare qt letitat-non Katine etipatin voce me falfarii me damar elle fantilegii: audea aliquid in wre- ribua libris adbere-mutare-conige- reg Aueds qua iiuidiam oy tanta me confolafqbet tu quilimuy PART ONE The Setting of Text Matter Byfarthe greater volumeof ypecompositiontodayisofmatterfor ‘continuous reading. ie-textAndsoithasbeensince the daywhen rioting frommovabl types wasievented. For thisreason thes Partof this book hasbeen devoted toanexpanaton ofsome ofthe Fundamentals involved in the prope setting of bay mater, viz, spacing between the words, the determination ofthe measure, Jengtofline andthe leading or spacing between the ines. In ‘ation are then given showing how the pineples which govern these vit actors ar translated int day to dy practice Inbeginning with textsetings wear simply putting stings frst The setting of displayed matter forms relatively small pact—though of course, it isa most important part—of the total ‘volume ofall composition Displayed setting grew out ofthe treat smentof the tex page, & ofthe various needs of publisher, printer, and eader—and thus naturally follows the retment of text et ‘ing That the bulk ofthe later i now produced meckanieall ei ther shot metal or lm isa frther cogent reason for giving fest place 1itin this book,the leading disimilaThis misuse of pacing material naturally ‘results in muddled looking settings for though he frst lasting jn each column align those between them donot When text mat terisarrangedin double columns the same width andthe ‘opy insetingmakesanuineven number fines a slight, and often un- roticeable increas o decrease inthe measure of one af thecal ‘uns provides a solution, by absorbing the od line, o part of Tine, or converses hy providing a turnover. Designers who have noticed how an increase of leading (by 8, line even a one poi) mitigates to some extent the slovenly ap- pearance of atoo-widely word-spaced seting should note thatin- ‘erinear spacings not tobe misused inthis wa, oi only as las resort. Forexample, where work hasbeen badly set and there ‘smotime forthe necessary resting, alight increase in intrin- ‘arspacingmy make the job more readable andpeasanterto look stthaniewould otherwise have been PRINCIPLES INTO PRACTICE Soar have discussed the gonerl laws governing the seting of text mater The following notes wil show how these principles sre translated nt day to dy practice. ‘Many books have been set withou the division of single word tis obvious that consistently close and evenspacingcannotbe schieved—exceptinthe mostunusulereumstances—iftherype- ‘exter as resolved neert divide words Such works would rarely, if ever, be of any typographic dstinton. Tes «popularly though erroneously held opinion chat cose The Seino Tet Mater spacingin text scttinginevitaly mali the number of word ‘sins or one can have as many, of more, divided words ina caelespiecoftext composition ainone thtiswellst Indeed, ‘the redvtion of word-spacig in slovenly senting often elps 0 reunite, and so reduce, the mimber of divided words. And in ease ‘of reading we tendo gain more bythe lose spacingof words than ‘close inthe momentary pauses ocasionedatthe endsoflinesby -word-vision: one pauses at the end af each line in any ease. ‘hentia decsiomastohow words shallbe brokenisnecesat- yin the hands ofthe compositor of keyboard operator, bu de- spite the manifstimprovement which allowssuch practice many ‘compositor and keyboard operators avid dividing words ether through a lack of knowledge of the rules involved or because the lmand for mavinum-quantiy composition operates against the ‘se aft Iisa most unfortunate fact that many apprentice com- sitors ae sil cng taught that to have more than two sueces- sive realins,i-lines ending with vided word isbad prac~ tice Thiskind of taining encouraesthe easy slovenly solution: it ‘sinfnitely preferable io have anumber of beak lines succeeding ‘ach other than to have widely word-spaced lines. Ina ite book (Syl Hera) printed at Antwerp bs Christopher Pantin in 1g83 five successive hyphens are a commonplace, six oeur fre _quenlyand there iat lestone stance often The waed-spacing ievery pleasant and there are neverany rivers Readers may have perused The Gif of Tongues by Professor ‘Margaret Schlauc, reproduced by Allen and Unwin Ladin Great Brin fom the orginal American seting- This book was re- sewed Jacob in Printing Review No. XL 1946. He wrote that it isse according American principles of word division which, so far, are quite unacceptable to British publishers and printers Ieypesete).. The words ae not dived according to any ascer- ‘ainable principles they are neitherbroken according syllablesor according to etymological contention (English, unu-suall, tut merely othe comceionc of fl line (our italic) A secondary {question arises which ha aways been of importance to pubish- fers the even spacing of ever ine Inthe book refered toll lines fare evenly space, whit lines and ivults through paragraphs do rotenst Regular and consistent word divsionhasbeensaeiied to obtain even spacing and far greater sped in composition, two Aistinct advantages” "Though close spacing is necessary forthe reasons we have already advanced, neither appearance nor increased machine ‘speeds will everiwstly breaking words merdys the amcenienc ofa ‘grap, mltiordi-na special ana-tical representing, proc- ‘ses especialy, wo-man, using, preoe-cupatons, inevitably Sci-ence colo-nst, juxtaposition, mo-notoneus, authority, Aisasso-iate, phenome-nology & prolets-ial The seeond parts ‘of compounds ae frequently divided Scauthorsnames hve also teen broken The former practice isto be avoided because of the attendant, ug, double hyphenation (aco-Eyp-tia) The di som of author’ names, eg Charles, Le- ld, Ad-ams shou ‘ever be countenanced ‘We have recently seen a wretched example of word division in "sr nth wna asa fate ithe ison hlncetyp Gi pee ierapthccrinen peed ae hana hes toed sc Thy iy on ‘SStrowortnaicseoabentesgodpatlhencdsnbesetina diac (ecm own nse requ eid tgs che ‘nis cum rms he man per eee Janson neers fae Pc eon Omea fo are Gm nua The Seng of Tet Mater 4 handyman’s magazine. A compound, sped-ri was broken this ye withthe drip caved from the fot of one column to the topofthenext! This mutilation couldnotevenbe defended as Freaking tthe conenenso aflline forthe whole wordcould have ben accommodated connfortably in the particular line. Another fault introduced by tis arbitrary division was the ugly unneces- sary double hyphenation “The rls for word-ivsion are reasonably simple F. Howard Collins inthe prefice this Author & Print’ Diaionay wrote: [Never separate group ofleersrepresentingasingle sound and so divide a word that each prt eas its present sound..The ‘ase forthe phonetic divsionofwordsasbeenso ably putby Pro- Tessor Skeat that its ete sled: “The rule forthe division of ‘words snot the rae ofthe ruby any means, bu the rule ofthe ‘ound or pronunciation Its much best to ignore the root and go by the sound: Thusitissval make such divisions asareseenin impucdenes, solilo-quize,peru-sl, countenance, please in pesfect contempt ofthe root-orms, which ae respectively rd, lg, us, ten, plae-..We simply regard the uterance, tritng peruse atone moment and pe-r-salat another, Nothing iseained by pretending to keep the rot intact, when the spoken tterance dacs nothing ofthe kind” ‘Adtonally, we should like wo quote the printer and classical scholar. Mason, kb on hisubject:"A correspondent fom the Transvalaks how we canjusiy sucha division, ase econ ‘omy We are perfectly avareof he violence done tothe etymologi= ‘al elements ofthe word, but eco-nomy, which i etymological, ‘does phonetic violence tothe English pronunciation ofthe syla- bes. “Further, fra division meant fr areader—not fra listenes there no need to adopt either principle. Much nonsense about Deg pe.‘word division —ana spelling oois solemnly poured out bythe Emple, in the 42-line Bible printed at Maing car 1485, 8 very pleasant double-dagona stroke hyphen is sed osrhanging che olan See the page facing page 1. Full pints are treated nthe this Bile, Oceasionalls, overhanging a hsphen, “comma o fll pont gives one the Faction of pace which saves short in rom beng to closely spaced “There issometimesatendentoinserthyphens wherethey are tnd Incase of doubtasto when, orwhen not touse the y= ‘hen refer to The King English for ashor account or Mader En- lk Usage fea longer account ‘Dashes like hyphens, ate designed to centre on the Face of the small or lower-case letters only. Fortunately they ae unlikely 0 ‘occur frequently, but when they do, and whenthey aresetwith the Capitals ofthe fon, they must be ised 1 centre on the depth of the face of the capitals in dhe manner described under HYPHENS ‘shove: Azan, the founders can remedy this deficiency in thei fons ‘When dashes flat the ends offnes the lok better on the ight iner than at he begining ofthe ine for when they occur atthe beginning they make the line appear indented. Especially wy Shapes ar created whe this false indention occurs onthe second Tine of am already indented paragraph And dashes too can ove hang, ie. be set outside the text measure, Only in pubiiy work, ‘whet the setting ay be designed with an uneven ef-hand edge 35anda square right-hand ede, should dashes bellowed tfllat. ‘he beginnings ofthe ines, Readers ma ike to refer to G.V, Carey’ Mind the Stam A Brief Guido Puauation CUP) 1948, pp. 69-73 In this informative work the author notonly gies a numberof examples o ‘perfectly legitimate and entirely appropriate’ usesof the dash oremrulebut also shows how itshould beset Asa ecogezed mark of punctua~ ‘in ts pat fal peopel constitted fonts, En rules are rightly used a sequence of igure, ep. 9=r0 but they should never heusedas substitutes for dashes because the tendency, the, sfor them oa ike misplaced byphens, or minus signs. His posible that this mapractice—the use ofthis bastard dash-—has grown from a sais flowing of typescript copy: Mos typewriters are equipped witha hyphen only and when a writer indicates tht he requitesa dash the pists forced to use the hyphen witha space equivalent tothe width of a eter on ether sde of it! Dashes shouldbe separated from he wordor words they relat toby air space on If t00 moch space is inserted on ether side of them they appear tobe floating. and the line becomes too gappy. See Ex. 3 and Ex. 4 p34: Dashes should not be used for separating the temsin itemized copy Nolessthan fourteen were used inthis ‘manner in fur lines of ropt Times italic upper- and lower-case seco 24 ems! They appeared unde the caption ofan ave rent. Centred points would have taken up less space and would have improved the appearance ofthe setting immense. Finally its asunnecessry asitis uly tousethe dash preceded by acalonso:—. Useitherthe one othe other mark puncta= tion. Do no ase them together Pareuthesand racks, Doth marks of parenthesis) and brack- eaten thf especie ome ae eee lg sain mt ne eo hart 36 The Seningof Test Mater ts look perc stifictry when enclosing mater setin up~ er and lower-case bu appear o have dropped if they ae wed ‘vith capitals The typestier sould therefore be asked tit and ‘centre them on the depth ofthe face whenever they ae used wth capitals See En, sand Ex. 6p. 34.Whena mak of parenthesisor ‘racket al at the beginning or end of ine Gia squared-up Setting it makes the ne look as though tad been indented. In ‘such eases the mark of parenthesis or the bracket should be st ‘outside the measore “The term ligature comes fom the Latin word ‘gata’ which meansanythingusedinbindingortyng Inpentng.anexact def- nition ofthe word would recognize only the actual or ink be- tween two joined lees, between the leer sin some fonts Now, however, the trm ligature is used less exaety to de~ serie those combinations of either wo o thee eters which are Jind together and cas 2 on unit for example fl, and the compound vowel characters, or vowe-igatres, 2 known tsdiphthongs-The'? ligatures the owel-lgaures are the ones Which re standard 10 the normal font. 1 otahiemay: He ed though the iis 2 Barth eed brought fis 5 Nithismay: Coffee is served 4 Mate Coffee is served carly founder-printerscutmulitadinous ligatures for their fonts: today, nly certain type designs, e Caslon Old Face and “Garamond carry in soman and tale) great numbers of igatured lees, Seepage 72 ‘By some writes the word ligature and the word lope are ‘weatedincortecy synonymous forthe laters derived fromthe Grech log meaning word pas the word type’. Many loguypes acin fact, complet words, but usually they are two, thre, oF four leer combinations which ae a ed or linked together in any way ando cannot be called ligatures. But why mention liga- tures and logotypes? eters, normally ligature, are et separately, as they some= times re, they create the impression tha they ae on the wrong “yet See Ext and Ex. 2, above. This unpacked and spotty p= pearance iseausclby the excess ofwhitespaceroundthem’ From the purely practical point of view ligatures are spac savers! and some logotypes ake up less space than the individ characters do, ‘Certsincharctrs,setasindvidus units adjacenttocachother look most uncomfortable, eg the gg and gy of Monotype Gars- ‘mond Hea andthe gy of Monotype Perpeta italic: The Mono= type Corporation have cut double character matrices for use in these cases: gegy andy. [Narrow measures thats ines of foro five average words oless have always militate against good setting Very oeasonaly the ispostion and simplicity ofthe words, combined withthe skill the compost, make fran excellent setting in really nacre measure. Butsuch settings are exceptional Conversely, examples ofthese cramped, dificl-1-read and patcily-coloured stings confront us dis, no oly in newspapers and other ephemeral nted matter ofall kinds, but sso in publishers illustrated hooks In these settings the spacing berween the words is xces- sively wide in many if nt mos, ines, while in others its nom aera fapereo oer ne Sec Examples ve Thetlpmre de cr de sie paar 8 The Sing of Te Mater caistent, Frequent the line ilingcapaciy ofthe words hasbeen ‘hed outwith letr-spacing in order to make lines square with ‘heirneighbours. Innarow measures word breaksareliableto0c- curfrequenty thes cause aragged hyphen ash and ugly eat lnreulaity onthe right-hand side of the column. ow ean the typogapher overcome thisft-recutig problem “ofthe cramped measure? OF couse, one should never wea larger Size of type in narrow measre than is necessary for easy rade Abily Sometimes the anowerliesin alight increas ofthe mea- ‘ure Buta more radical andlogial pproachis to fre the column fromitsrgidsguared-up shape by settingitwithan uneven ight- thand (or etchand) edge. See examples, page 4. ‘Occasionally very fre arrangement with uneven edges on ‘both the eft and he right may be appropriate. Tnthiskind of sting, thats, where one ormoreedgesare fee, there are certtn definite and immense advantages, The same ‘wor-spacing can be used throughout except before rafter cet= {ain leer“ The jstifeation ofeaclineisa much simpler mater ‘tee mestxme inant he ele fee words then see cana Rnctncentenae pcarsey ct nts nga oo cies een organ ne Fe cua, Cape eet ath gelato ‘Scorcnaord some bs he ned pug ser nape ‘Sclincning tn eth pment es ‘etracanrte ie ate ini ein ‘Bvnce tn ne ofthe wos tee minnie inh ad ‘Sindenstyehepvnd theca onde tery he sete 3”and sting costs are reduced, But one thing mast be watched in ‘hese settings where one a bth edges are uneven: the breaking ‘pofthetext Leal etchlineinanarow measure sting should be divded a faras possible by sensi each breakin he struc- ‘ure ofthesentencebeingas rounded of as conditions and matter willllow:in an American work, FipraphicDiraions, published ‘in 1964 such breaking was referred toa cadecing The ending of lines with conjunctions or with the definite or indefinite article shouldbe aoided i possible and further, the division of words in uneven-edged settings can, and should, be reduced toa mini- mum, If such stings are wed within a border arf consider- ation mustbe given the choice ofthe surround for withina very rigid shape they can look completely ut of place “Thismethod oseting" sone that should anus useinae- ranging the narrow columns of indexes and even when such col- ‘umn are set to measures which cnnotbe considered particularly narrow in relation tothe bose ofthe ype employed, senting vwithanuneven right-hand edge improves the appearance of these pages enormously and therefore thee capacity fr being ely used and read. Far to many scholarly works ster spot, un- Alstnguished endings because of the publisher's insistence on squaring up dese clams Excelent examples of apparenty-unustiied sting are ap= pearingin our newspapers. tsa trend that one hopes will grow Pom ida arn ni in ding a ‘ruins iecer ni he tnd sn eso tok we ‘hethetrm re erie histoire t mnnee Intent ange aay ders ptoamy ‘cuponne ohn er sings ite woe eter to Gitomer dur rena wharoapen Soman igh ‘en pena eps ns h 4 Conwy, eae of te “tacsornd py sour hear ss etn or {at aly, ot nh ‘apenaooterepbeneeat te fa Kh, but aso Tn se stig he cig Be tree wei ely de [Suny fae le Sen es sonst Pe ‘nt tee ling acy oe worse en ot Tint ice uate wth thet ‘eho In neon mes Fetus and he ae a (tbe sd ye reality onthe ah-bad eof ecnann Howean ype ovr amet rien of a ‘Bol etre are se ‘pen auow mere Convene carla se “eo apy coud, seroma oto ‘tty otontynaemraes| otc epbeer ines ‘seer afin bahia ‘ibe Warton {esti heceneeen sordnuereiv seinem Tact es weiner ‘boceessit Peuetoe length weds Ss tenetodoateiheter Trea ieee ‘eurow eae rod beaks ealtoonnrteiety ‘udeecuse srs pb: ‘hander epaiy ‘catbegthandaeatbe ‘Howean opener sone ie patemfrenped ‘ene? Ofna one shoal Severs slarerstet pe ina ea arsine fk epi edn 6 ‘Tal et me ef ha sto he eo ‘iti el err ets oe ‘hen me dou ating ey hay teem ope Da in a ah) al depeoone lar fotze mone ea fe ‘svpaespis ”PERCE EG ae bias Ease cEigPheesagbeigdaze pepe TPese ts e223 bie Pr ESsuscecisziyaese es Ee ae UulPPLI eae cide BBeEG coauezsiegleet cas Ebegrees ia tegiese eeeS Eee Skee seen yee BERs cig es eG eh aes e SRR, eG SSE REE TE RE RSS SRT ELSGPEEe Ee Sees HELE LEE EERE: an Beeareeeddegtes TPL Ga Pia Nn rn ge iti Ppt Eg pie ie ‘ny Tn propa rie ore as he sae nn Iecersemth alt pan ufc aan a qn The Seng of Tet Mater THE SPACING BETWEEN WORDS, om the tine ofthe invention of printing from movable rypesin Europe, that cr 1440, up tothe present day, one ofthe ball ‘mark of god printing, and ofthe good printer, has heen the care and tention pad tothe seting of text mater An examination of the best work ofthe most famous printers since the mid-ieenth century seems to indicate that one bli was held commonly, and adhered to consistently, by them ll: the believed, asl good ‘ypesetersnowadaysbelive that when words rest forcontin- ‘us reading they should alwaysbe clash spaced and not enor em squadded! ‘Burwhy’has this practice been followed allthe hes printing houses for over five hundred years? And why does this tation survive in the liveliest of our contemporary printing estabish- Upto the time ofthe invention of printing, writnghad been he ‘only means of recording men's thoughts & of malting the texts of hooks The originators of movable metal types seem to have boon alive to their opportunities for they were son immersed in the verylucrativebusiness of mass producing pagesin imitation of seseribes work, Naualy the based theirtypesdirety on con ‘erporary manuscripts whichatthattime&intharplace were Be- ingriten na hand known ts now a he gotic or blakleter hand These fist ypefounder did their thorough reproducing in metal the seribes' mulitadinos ligatures ® contractions ure ther insettngthee types the ear founder-prntrs atl re- produced the beautifully close spacing of the scribes pages. The finishing ofthe printed vests, thai, thee ilaminaton, eg. the {rawing in of illsminated intl, marginal dcortions and ine finishings was completed by the illuminators. tis tothe seribes, therefore, that we cme this tradition f else spacing in printing.Misbwiou that wither feieent wide and word diferent length isnot posible gemstone Inall eines of wordeon a page- But by seriicing ‘ten spacing beeen eters and words shor Lin ‘abe made flout tothe same length as ong toe When te measure, ete width of page ery “iin roprton othe of ypeto be we te ace “ice even pacing ot noicebleson te other hand when the mente very narrow uneven lpacing becomes obvious Now uneven pacing ‘in futfbjeionable~moreobjcionablethan uneven length one, which snot ave objectionable, We ‘keno bjecon to uneven length of ns in lank ‘ase orina handwrien or eyporien eter. nthe ‘ther and uneven length oflne ina pager prose ot “ttyou nnd t dig books in al ee cemens then yor should make dae sely of paps, noe neesaiy the acta proces ftir mana fr te beter papcemiker of today maybe rsd to fr you any Kind ofshet you waar bat ahr you sould dy de printing quale of dient apts andthe adspeion of ‘able pper tothe syper you ste about to we. Paper fone ofthe fines peodars an sev vested The fist books remember obave sen on Bun-made pope wile sypogrpbiely of wo mers, seemed ery atraive to {he So much phe ar een been pron ep dat {he guction of pape, which tomy mad seven more Iimporatin bookmaking, as been somewhat nel? useage am she Round Swirl ew Tepe ie AE pat hl sia ase eh re ‘Str Ph ef Ca to Tp Tied on i ron Br ergo Pin es Neale acta aly np 2 The Seingof Tet Mater AreyeeTLY-UNJUSTIFIED SETTINGS TO NORMAL MEASURES Inthe esteitionof his bok we wroe:"Oxcasionally even when setting to moral measures, an instruction to the printer [type= Sere to set wit thin or middle word-spacing (or their nearest ‘uitalents throughout andallow one or other ofthe edgesof the tentemass to end unevenly sone way of ensuring high quality in the resolant sting though the work maybe handed by ann erent printer eypesster)’, later The setting o pages inthis ‘manne selves one ofthe greatest problems facing any competent esiqnerofbooks-thatof dbtaning close word-spacingthrough- ‘ut the text. But it rises other problems...” which have been ‘net in seting considerably varied wok to normal but aparently tijd measures. isthe irregularity of theuneven edge mustbekepttoa mi mum for two teasons (1) so thatthe thythm established by the reader's eyes shall note disturbed by too great disparities in ine Fength and (2) so that the formation of unpleasant shapes may be reduced if not altogether avoided. A soft and Dowingedgeistobe timed at Having determined themasimmum measure requested the ypesetter to use a space band af fourth (4) ora ith (/5) ofan em, certain general guiding principles shoud then be ad ‘down. For empl, the commencing lines of apage—say the fist Four or five should neerbe driven out fllortoneary full mea sure then followed by severalshortelines for thiscrestesahard ‘Shape often ugly begining the page singe lines, especially ‘he irstline(orirsttwoline) are setn thsmanner, ie with con- siderably shorter ins following thers, then ination ton ugly Shape there willbe weakness, forthe openinglineswllappear an ‘supported, Comsersely the frstline ones of apageshould notbe ‘elton shorvofthe maximum measure otherwise thatcorer of the page willbe weakened, Similarly atthe oot ofthe page succeeding Tines of diminishing measures wil produce the same res 8Hard satis, angular, rigid shapes and also fs shapes arto be aoided.They are distracting. Convex shapes are to be pre= ferred w capeave bt even the convex shapes should nt be to prominent. A gente regularity is undoubtedly best but inthe ‘course of any lengthy work there are almost bound tobe some pagesinwhichthematterisintratableand theshapingof the page edges unsatisfactory “Two quotation are apposite here,J.H. Mason, writing onthe length ofline sid: Approximate uniformity lengths desirable; ‘pu not absolute uniformity Its doubt whether the power of ‘ary rapid inellgentreadingcan be tained without the uncon- scious periormance ofthe swing from near the end ofeach in to ‘ear the beginning ofthe next... A slight indentation nthe lines Inet the reader utalarge on hinders the acquisition ofa goad. habit sing” In Eri Gill's An sey on Tipography published in 13 by ‘Sheed & Ward Ld the right-hand edges of the pags were n= «ven In this book Gil wrote: Equality of (ine) length cannot be sltaned without the sacrifice of even spacing. Buteven spacings. ‘oftmore importance typographical than equallength Even pac~ Ingisareatassstance wo easy reading; hence it plasantness fo the ee snot vexed by the ahs jerkiness, restlessness and spstiness which nevenspacingentils, evenifsuch things bere- ‘duced toa minimum by careful sting I may be ad down that cvenspacingsinitsel desirable thar uneven lngthoflinesisnot in sel desirable, tha both apparently even spacing and eal Tenth of ines maybe obtained when the measure allow of over fitien word tthe in, but that the best length or reading fs not ‘more than 12 word, 8 that therefore its better to sacrifice acl equality of length rather than evenness of spacing, though ames- sure of compromises posible so that apparent evenness of spac- “ sno sempre tutto quello che ‘na cle molto pcla weit € 413 serline nu an vi rimangono 36 sea. Ya cdi questo guadagno vie [= Slit fine per gi zionist ponte ‘Alcane agenaie chiedono ac 15% si tempt in ci rl prezzo. Uno che ida un altro che, dopo aver teva lavorare per il 3h 20 womo che aveva per uf, « fceo a gara nel avrebero speo To stesso ano ote in cambio del frocuraa migho [ai asmision ado. saone competent Ia raion [e"sgenas, € molto pit baso Ltd, da unativitd com- juscito. B" certo che ogg 5 trovano prevalente= fr della nostra e non nelle Tar lone avwensta nella Iscerche di mereato tra ¢ eur i serviai di persone a > profesore ai ticerche ai [i no def pit not psicologi Iroporaioni vastsime, ma & {nici Gallup, Nielsen, Sramente un inaiatore, Oggi lo che metiono a nudo da 6Inge obtained without unpleasant aggedness ofthe ight-hand edge. ln other words, working with a 10-12 word line you ean have absolute even spacing ifyu sacrifice equal length, btasthis ‘will generallyenail avery raggedrigh-hand edge thecompasitor ‘may compromise and without making his spacing visibly uneven, he can so vary the spaces berween word in diferent lines a6 make the right-hand edge notunpleasanty uneven nay case it isclearthat the 0-12 word ine and even spacing beoween words are in themselves of real and paramount importance, while the ‘quality he length olines sno the same importance "Eric Gil's book was handset, andin hand-setingtis posible ‘ocontoltosomeextentthe shape ofthe edge ofthe pages ‘bleinthe metal Incomputerized page make-upitsalsotheoret «ally posible wo vary the word-spacing from one ne othe nex, but practically speaking the more or less exact contra which the hand-compositors able to exercise oer the settings impossible fom dhe keyboard. The eelly intelligent keyboard operator can nevertheless doa great dea to mitigate an ugly eppeess onthe right-hand edges ofthe pages. ‘Word-iison in thisknd of sting cannot be dispensed with as some writers on ephemeral printing sugges, without mos pleasant variations in ine lengths Buitshould be kepe to 2 min ‘im, The endo lines should be watched not ony fr divisions but forthe article and indefinite aril. All sem to gain an un- wanted prominence in regularly -edged sting "The student-typographer wil ealze that alle proof are, at bes, only a general guide tothe quality of he raging fr appar tly unsatisfactory shapesin the intl proofing mas be perfectly stsfctory inthe made-up page: the converses of ours, true so, Paragraphing in rregulary-edge settings even more neces- sary than tison the comentonall Set page fr withoutsome kind 6 The Seng of Test Mater of signalling paragraphs will end to run oni a confusing way. ‘Normal paragraph indention, especially in pages containing a ‘numberof shor paragraphs wil cea the eect ofan regula ‘edge on bth ses ofthe pag. For this reason paragraph marks (whic need choosing with greatcare) mayhavetobe used to indi- ‘ate ne paragraphs Finally, in writing of regulary -edged seingitmustbe tated that we are not advocating the abandonment ofthe conventional ‘method! These notes were writen for hose who decide to set an ‘occasional book or piece of ephemera inthis way~and, wisely, are rot to be discouraged by those who decry (usualy without god. reason all experiment thats a departure rom convention. Although inital eters may be called minor orm of display they arementionedherebecause properly set initial isan integral part ‘ofthe page or column itissetin. Inbooks nial letersaroten used tomark the beginning ofa new chapter. In newspapers ephemera printingofallkindsthey tre sed as subsidiary eye-catching devices to det he reader's te tothe beginning of apiece of copy. Even a casual glance through a book or newspaper eval inital sed in this manner ‘uti many instances it also discloses appalling careless meth- odsof sting ‘Ofthe many interesting was setting nil leters one of the ost sual is a a dropped leterThsis unfortunate, foto judge ‘bythe majorityone sees our compositors find it uncommonly if ful o set ther correct A dropped inital mus iis ext ines smigyits head sould align optically with the top ofthe opening trond or words, which may bein either spaced capitals or small ‘ital. Wf the inl happens be alter finishing in a sharp point rape, asin certain forms ofthe capital A, ort has apexes.38 in certain forms of the lenters Mand N; then the point, of points shoul, of course, projec ale the following eters 0 38 twoachievean optical alignment, Somach forthe head: The foot or feet of dropped initial shoul align withthe bas ofthe height ‘ofthe adjacent of text. Butifthe Yet ofthe leter are pointed as they are frequently in Vand W, then the points must project = Jaw he line in oede to get the necessary visual alignment. The ef-hand ends oflinesindemed wo accommodate dropped Inia should ange exactly, ules te initia is recessed (recess- ingormorisng means the cuting away of patof the shoulder of a capital in oder that an adjacent line canbe fed closely up ot when the eters used asan initia, a necessary treatment in the «se of epital ke Aand Land R when the tai ofthe ater pro- jectsbeyond the bow With nial f this kind the frstlin ofthe Paragraphisbroughtinclesetothelete, the succeedinglines be= Ingranged with the side ofthe body. Ofcourse the droppedinitial A may be teatedin another wa. The lef-hand ends of the Hines ‘succeeding the fisttextlinemay beindentedtofallowtheslope of ‘thestem of hein she body ofthe eter being cutaway tomahe ‘this posible Ire A happens also tobe the indent article the second word inthe fist line will need bringing ou towards the spexoftheiniialsothatthe spacing berweentheapenand the sec ‘ond word is apprenimatly che same asthe spacing beoween the other words inthe ine: The degree of movement ofthis vecond. ‘word efivards wll depend onthe design of theft used forthe Isobe determined wo some extent bythe word tet fo confasion might arise if certain word (especial if they were Sctin capital fllowed the indefinite article too closely Perec iting ofthe fot or fet is necessary with nis which stand onthe ine raised inital). There must be no doubt about them stanng ily on the initial ery 8 The Seino et Mater VEN THOSE HIGH VENTHOSEHIGH about which the ei shoutwhich the rites trouble those paint ferouble, hove paintings ND THE CHILD ND THE CHILDR | Lord, andserved Lord, and served B their fathers, wh heir fathers, whieh Egypt-and followed other ‘Faypt and followed other E GIVE THANKS mention ofyouin ou ‘without eating your patience of hope in ou Lord ( NuRISTOPHE relate, more than Hlowetothe kind ‘wasbornin1699,at Blan 2 GIVE THANK mention of yout without cesing patience of hope in our Lord | Towe to the ki Tus exces Tuts excentest ee An fn elise tn ff en it fad ae be ‘cate deepen Sangster ‘Sur teas ars ath inl an etna namgen Tore at ote ho 0