Buckling:

1- Oilers Calculation:
Its a deformation Perpendicular to the elements compression load and its the main problem
in every compressed steel element.
The first scientist who has studied the buckling is Oiler and gave us a force which called
Oiler Critical Force that at its exact value, the element starts to buckle.
(Then its Preferable to keep this force as far to rich as we can)
2
=
2
: Elasticity Modulus
: Buckled elements cross sections Inertia on the operating direction
: count of Buckling waves (usually n=1)
: Critical Length of the element (Effective Length).
The Critical Length: is the length which exactly gets deformed under the buckling accidents,
and it depends on the conditions of the elements supports.
Oiler has put four main supports conditions, due to a ratio () which express the percentage
of how much of the length is getting buckled.
=
He found out that a free rotation pin doesnt prevent buckling, while a fix prevent 15% of the
length from buckling, and a cantilever element will be a doubled length when it buckles.
The General four main conditions are:
1- Pinned-Pinned Element: =
2- Pinned-Fixed Element: = 0.85
3- Fixed-Fixed Element: = 0.7
4- Cantilever Element: = 2
Now as we can see the from the Oilers Law, We have Constants: (, , = 1)
And The Variables Remains: ( , )
Oilers Force decreases when the Critical Effective length Increases, and thats not good
because when the Oilers force is smaller, then the element will buckle quicker.
The Inertia: that as we can see when it increases, Oilers force increases too.
As we know every cross section has two main inertia directions, (Y and Z for the EC1993)
so its always better to try to make the major axis as an operating one, so the inertia increase
which increases Oilers force as well.

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 2- Euro Code Calculations:
Elements Resistant against Compression considering Buckling: }EN1993.1.1-6.3.1.1{

, =
1
1
: General Buckling Coefficient: = 2
1
+2

: Slenderness: =
93.9
: A coefficient gathers both imperfection and slenderness:
= 0.5 [ + ( 0.2) + 2 ]
: Imperfection Coefficient: what is imperfection ?
There will never be absolutely an exact straight rolled element, there must be some
very small deformations that cant be seen, those prior-deformations can be taken in
consideration in calculating.
This can be known due to the Buckling curves of the element {Table6.2}
In conclusion and until now, the buckling gets effected by the Slenderness, and by the
Imperfection.
Section Classification:
As there is a slenderness for an elements there is also a local slenderness for the cross section,
and it depends also on Length to Thickness ratio.
As thick as a section is, as better it is.
This classifications are made due to the applied stresses on a section:
1- The applied stress is a lot larger than Yielding, and the section here buckles, then this
section is Class#1 = Plastic Section.
2- The applied stress is almost larger than Yielding, and the section here buckles, then
this section is Class#2 = Compact Section
3- The applied stress is almost less than Yielding, and the section here buckles, then this
section is Class#3 = Semi-Compact Section
4- The applied stress is a lot less than Yielding, and the section here buckles, then this
section is Class#4 = Compact Section
Those classifications car be also made by the C\T ratio (EN93.1.1-5.6-Table5.2)
In case of slender sections, then some of the sections parts will surely buckle, then they will
be not working anymore and need to be taken of it.
The exact way of calculating how much should we take off, can be found in {EN93.1.5-4}.
But a Simplified way can be taken as (only for Slender sections):
= 0.8

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Summary:
In Conclusion, Buckling is related to three main points:
1- Slenderness
2- Imperfection
3- Cross Sections Classification
As long as we can take care of these three points, we will be fine and stronger against
buckling.

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 ( :)
-1 :

.



.
2
=
2

: ( )

: ( ).

: ( ) = 1
:
:
( )
.

4
.
=



%15 ( ):

= -1
= 0.85 -2
= 0.7 -3
= 2 -4

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 (, , = 1) : ) ( ,

.
:
.

( Y )Z
( )

( ).

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 -2 :

= ,
1

: 1
1
= 2
+2
: :

=
93.9

: :
] = 0.5 [ + ( 0.2) + 2

:
.


.

.
:

.
.
:
-1

-2

-3

-4

5.2



EC1993.1.5-4 :
= 0.8

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 :
:
-1
-2
-3 ( )

References:
1- EN1993.1.1
2- EN1993.1.5
3- Steel Detailers Manual Book

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