Thermodynamics (EGGN 371)

Equation Sheet
Air Standard Cold Air Standard Process
(variable specific (const. specific heats)
heats)
OTTO 1-2 v v
( k 1) isentropic compression
vr2 = vr1 2 T2 = T1 1
v1 v2
2-3 qin = u3 u 2 qin = Cv (T3 T2 ) const. v heat addition

3-4 v
( k 1) isentropic expansion
v
vr4 = vr3 4 T4 = T3 3
v3 v4
4-1 qout = u 4 u1 qout = Cv (T4 T1 ) const. v heat rejection

q otto = 1 r (1k ) v1 v
otto = 1 out r= r= 4
qin v2 v3

DIESEL 1-2 v v
( k 1) isentropic compression
vr2 = vr1 2 T2 = T1 1
v1 v2
2-3 qin = h3 h2 qin = C p (T3 T2 ) const. P heat addition

3-4 v
( k 1) isentropic expansion
v
vr4 = vr3 4 T4 = T3 3
v3 v4
4-1 qout = u 4 u1 qout = Cv (T4 T1 ) const. V heat rejection

q rck 1 v1
diesel = 1 out diesel = 1 r (1 k )

r=
qin v2
k (rc 1)

BRAYTON 1-2 P
( k 1 ) isentropic compression
Pr2 = Pr1 2 P2 k
T2 = T1
P1 P1
2-3 qin = h3 h2 qin = C p (T3 T2 ) const. P heat addition

3-4 P
( k 1) isentropic expansion
Pr4 = Pr3 4 P k
T4 = T3 4
P3 P3
4-1 qout = h4 h1 q out = Cp(T4 T1 ) const. P heat rejection

q brayton = 1 rp
(1 k )
P2 P
brayton = 1 out k
rP = rp = 3
qin P1 P4

h2 s h1 h3 h4 a T2 s T1 T3 T4 a
12 = 3 4 = 12 = 3 4 =
h2 a h1 h3 h4 s T2 a T1 T3 T4 s
JET PROPULSION

1-2 DIFUSER: V 2 V12 V 2

q12 w12 = h2 h1 + 2 ; 0 = C p (T2 T1 ) 1 ;
2 2
( k 1)

Pr2 P T P k

= 2 ; 2 = 2
Pr1 P1 T1 P1
2-3 COMPRESSOR: ( k 1)

Pr3
P T P k

P3 = rp P2 ; = 3 ; 3 = 3
Pr2 P2 T2 P4
3-4 COMBUSTION: qin = h4 h3 = C p (T4 T3 )
4-5 TURBINE: wcomp ,in = wturb ,out ; h3 h2 = h4 h5 ; (T3 T2 ) = (T4 T5 );
( k 1)

Pr5 P T P k
= 5 ; 5 = 5
Pr4 P4 T4 P4
5-6 NOZZLE: V 2 V52 V 2
q56 W56 = h6 h5 + 6 ; 0 = C p (T6 T5 ) + 6 ;
2 2
( k 1)

T6 P6 k

=
T5 P5
wp (Vexit Vinlet )Vaircraft
Propulsion Efficiency = =
qin qin

RANKINE
1-2 PUMP: h1 = h f ; h2 = h1 + win ; win = v1 ( P2 P1 ) = h2 h1 isentropic compression

2-3 BOILER: qin = h3 h2 ; h3 = hsv at T & P for S.V. const. P heat addition

3-4 TURBINE: s4 s f isentropic expansion

wout = h3 h4 ; x 4 = ; h4 = h f + x4 h fg
s fg
4-1 CONDENSER: qout = h4 h1 const. P heat rejection

w q qout
rankine = net = in
qin qin

REFRIGERATION
1-2 COMPRESSOR: w in = m (h2 h1 ); s g = s1 ; hg = h1 isentropic compression

2-3 CONDENSOR: s2 = s1 ; h3 = h f ; Q H = m (h2 h3 ) const. P heat rejection

3-4 THROTTLING: h4 h3 throttling in an expansion device

4-1 EVAPORATOR: Q = m (h h ) const. P heat absorption

L 1 4

h2 s h1 Q L
comp = C.O.P.R =
h2 h1 w in