Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145

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Composites: Part B
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb

Static stress analysis of carbon nano-tube reinforced composite (CNTRC)

cylinder under non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads and uniform
electro-magnetic elds
A. Ghorbanpour Arani a,b,, E. Haghparast a, Z. Khoddami Maraghi a, S. Amir a
a
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
b
Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Static stresses analysis of carbon nano-tube reinforced composite (CNTRC) cylinder made of poly-
Received 20 October 2013 vinylidene uoride (PVDF) is investigated in this study. Non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads
Received in revised form 10 August 2014 are applied on cylinder in presence of uniform longitudinal magnetic eld and radial electric eld. The
Accepted 20 August 2014
surrounded elastic medium is modeled by Pasternak foundation because of its advantages to the Winkler
Available online 27 August 2014
type. Distribution of radial, circumferential and effective stresses, temperature eld and electric
displacements in CNTRC cylinder are determined based on MoriTanaka theory. The detailed parametric
Keywords:
study is conducted, focusing on the remarkable effects of magnetic eld intensity, elastic medium, angle
A. Polymermatrix composites (PMCs)
A. Smart materials
orientation and volume fraction of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) on distribution of effective stress. Results
B. Thermomechanical demonstrated that fatigue life of CNTRC cylinder will be signicantly dependent on magnetic intensity,
C. Analytical modeling angle orientation and volume fraction of CNTs. Results of this research can be used for optimum design
of thick-walled cylinders under multi-physical elds.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction uxes in a functionally graded (FG) hollow circular cylinder and

Recently, polymer/carbon nano-tube composites have become
one of the hot topics for researchers [1]. CNTs have demonstrated
exceptional mechanical, thermal and electrical properties and the
most important features of CNTs are their extremely high stiffness
combined with excellent resilience. It has been reported that CNTs
possess very high elastic modulus and sustain large elastic strain
up to 5%. CNTs are considered as one of the most promising rein-
forcement materials for high performance structural and multi-
functional composites with extremely application potentials [2,3].
In the present decades, analytical thermo-mechanical stress cal-
culations for thick-walled cylinder have been investigated. Tzeng
and Chien [4] investigated the mechanical and thermal response
of multilayered composite cylinders. They examined thermal and
mechanically induced stress elds for various cylinder ply lay-up
congurations with axial-to-hoop layer thickness ratio using
numerical method and computer model. Lee et al. [5] estimated
the unknown time-dependent inner and outer boundary heat
Corresponding author at: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Kashan, Kashan, Iran. Tel.: +98 31 55912450; fax: +98 31 55912424.
E-mail addresses: aghorban@kashanu.ac.ir, a_ghorbanpour@yahoo.com
(A. Ghorbanpour Arani).
determined distributions of temperature and thermal stresses in
it. They used an inverse algorithm based on the conjugate gradient
method and the discrepancy principle and also shown an excellent
estimation on the time-dependent heat uxes, temperature distri-
butions, and thermal stresses. A stressstrain model for concrete
conned by ber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is devel-
oped by Youssef et al. [6] based on the results of a comprehensive
experimental program including large-scale circular, square and
rectangular short columns conned by carbon/epoxy and E-glass/
epoxy jackets. They found ultimate stress, rupture strain, jacket
parameters and cross-sectional geometry and compared with a
semi-empirical model as well as other papers. Dai et al. [7] pre-
sented electro-magneto-thermo-elastic behavior of a hollow cylin-
der composed of functionally graded piezoelectric material
(FGPM), placed in a uniform magnetic eld, subjected to electric,
thermal and mechanical loads. They showed that applying suitable
electric, thermal and mechanical loads could optimize the FGPM
hollow cylindrical structures. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. [8] investi-
gated the nonlinear vibration and stability analysis of a polymeric
composite smart micro-tube reinforced by boron- nitride nano-
tubes (BNNTs). They found that stability of the micro-tube is
strongly dependent on imposed electric potential, where increas-
ing the imposed positive electric potential signicantly increases

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.036
1359-8368/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145 137

the stability of the system. Also, their results showed that using 2. Non-axisymmetric thermal stresses analysis
BNNTs as a piezoelectric bers and its orientation angle with
respect to micro-tube axis have signicant effects on the vibration Fig. 1a illustrates a thick-walled cylinder subject to temperature
response and stability of the system. In this regard, Poultangari distribution T(r, h) and uniform longitudinal magnetic eld which
et al. [9] studied an analytical method to obtain the solution for is reinforced by CNT ber in axial direction.
the two-dimensional steady state thermal and mechanical stresses Temperature distribution has been applied in a hollow
in a hollow thick sphere made of functionally graded material cylinder under a non-axisymmetric heat conduction caused by
(FGM). Their results indicated that the radial, tangential, and shear non-axisymmetric thermal boundary conditions. This is like to
stress distributions can be reduced in magnitude when the power having a cylinder exposed to a given heat ux on a part of its outer
law index assumes smaller values. Electro-thermo-elastic stress boundary while on the other part a specied temperature is
analysis of a piezoelectric polymeric thick-walled cylinder rein- applied. The general distribution of temperature (T(r, h)) in hollow
forced by BNNTs subjected to electro-thermo-mechanical elds is cylinder with inside and outside radii a and b, respectively, can be
presented by Ghorbanpour Arani et al. [10] who showed that written as [16]:
increasing DWBNNTs content reduces stresses associated with
mechanical, thermal and electrical elds, in descending order. Also, r X1 X1
Tr; h A0 B0 ln F n r cos nh Gn r sin nh; 1
Ghorbanpour Arani et al. [11] studied thermal stress analysis of a a n0 n0
thick-walled cylinder reinforced with FG single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNTs). The higher order governing equations were where A0 and B0 are arbitrary constants and the functions Fn(r) and
solved in order to obtain the distribution of displacement and ther- Gn(r) can be determined for different boundary conditions. The rst
mal stresses in radial, circumferential and longitudinal directions. term at the right-hand side of Eq. (1), A0, produces a uniform axial
FG distributions of SWCNTs have signicant effect on displace- stress for the thick-walled cylinder in the plane strain condition.
ments and thermal stresses of composite cylinder, so that in incre- The second term, being a function of the radius and the terms under
mentally increasing layout, the radial and circumferential stresses
are lower than other FG structures. Axisymmetric mechanical and
thermal stresses in thick short length FGM cylinders was reported
by Jabbari et al. [12] who considered temperature as a function of
radial and longitudinal directions and governing equations solved
analytically using the generalized Bessel function. In their work a
standard method was developed to solve a non-homogeneous sys-
tem of partial differential Navier equations with non-constant
coefcients using Fourier series.
Recently, Jafari Fesharaki et al. [13] developed the general the-
oretical analysis of a FG piezoelectric hollow cylinder subjected to
two-dimensional electro-mechanical load. They used separation of
variables method and complex Fourier series, to derive and solve
the Navier equations in terms of displacements. Their study
revealed, using this method and considering the special boundary
conditions and material properties for a hollow cylinder, the
mechanical and electrical displacements and stresses can be con-
trolled and optimized. Jabbari et al. [14] investigated the general
theoretical analysis of two-dimensional steady-state thermal stres-
ses for a hollow thick cylinder made of FGM. Their results showed
that all components of stresses follow a harmonic pattern on the
outside surface.
The analytical solution of FG piezoelectric hollow cylinder
which is under radial electric potential and non-axisymmetric
(a)
thermo-mechanical loads are presented by Atrian et al. [15] who
used complex Fourier series to indicate distributions of stresses,
displacement and the effect of electric potential eld on the cylin-
der behavior.
Despite of done works that some of them mentioned above,
its felt the need to investigation about smart CNTRC cylinder
made of PVDF which is a piezoelectric material that utilized as
matrix of composite. In this regard, the effect of different
parameters on static stresses of CNTRC cylinder while placed
under non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical and uniform elec-
tro-magnetic elds has been studied. Its worth to be noted that
non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads applied on CNTRC
cylinder as T(r, h) and P(r, h). Since PVDF and CNT have electric
and magnetic properties respectively, effect of magnetic intensity
and variation of electric displacement take into account. Results
of this study show, considering the special boundary conditions
(b)
for CNTRC cylinder, the mechanical stresses and electrical dis- Fig. 1. The schematic of composite cylinder (a) under non-axisymmetric thermo-
placement can be controlled and optimized to design and used mechanical loads and uniform electro-magnetic elds (b) embedded in Pasternak
this kind of structures. foundation.
138 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145

the summation signs produce non-axisymmetric thermal stresses. where k, m, l, p and n are stiffness coefcients which are dened as
All terms automatically satisfy Michell condition and they do not follows [17]:
contribute the thermal stresses, except for the terms associated
Em fEm cm 2kr 1 tm 1 cr 1  2tm g
with n = 0 and n = 1. Therefore Eq. (1) can be simplied to k    ; 7a
21 tm Em 1 cr  2tm 2cm kr 1  tm  2t2m
Tr; h F 0 r F 1 r cos h G1 r sin h; 2
Em Em cm 2mr 3 cr  4tm 1 tm 
where the functions F0(r), F1(r) and G1(r) are determined by bound- m    ; 7b
21 tm Em cm 4cr 1  tm  2cm mr 3 cr  4t2m
ary conditions. Using stress boundary condition in inner and outer   
radii, non-axisymmetric temperature distribution can be expressed Em tm cm Em 2kr 1 tm  2cr lr 1  t2m
l    ; 7c
as follows: 1 tm 2cm kr 1  tm  2t2m Em 1 cr  2tm
A0 B0 Em fEm C m 21 cr pr 1 tm g
Tr; h cos h sin h: 3 p ; 7d
r r 21 tm Em 1 cr 2C m pr 1 tm 
In axisymmetric heat conduction, T(r) = Td ln(r/a) + Ta, (Td = Ta  Tb)

2
introduces the symmetric temperature distribution in which Ta and
E2m cm 1 cr  cm tm 2cm cr kr nr  lr 1 tm 2 1  2tm
n   
Tb are the inside and outside temperatures of cylinder respectively. 1 tm 2cm kr 1  tm  2t2m Em 1 cr  2tm
Therefore, the general solution for heat conduction can be  
expressed as [16]: Em 2c2m kr 1  tm cr nr 1  2tm cr  4cm lr tm
  ; 7e
2cm kr 1  tm  2t2m Em 1 cr  2tm
Tr; h T nonaxisymmetric T axisymmetric
in which Cm and Cr are the volume fractions of matrix and bers,
A0 B0 r
cos h sin h T d ln T a : 4 respectively. tm is Poissons ratio of matrix, Em is Youngs modulus
r r a
of matrix. mr, kr, nr, pr, lr are Hills elastic modulus for the SWCNTs
with 10 and 20 radii are listed in Table 1 [17,18].
3. Mechanical stresses with non-axisymmetric boundary Assuming plane strain condition and unidirectional electric
conditions eld along the radius of cylinder Eq. (6) reduced to [8]:
8 9 8 9
>
>
rrr >
> >
>
err >
>
Composite cylinder reinforced by CNTs under non-axisymmet- >
< >
= >
< >
=
ric thermo-mechanical loads and uniform electro-magnetic elds rhh ehh
Q  ; 8
embedded in an elastic medium has been demonstrate in Fig. 1a >
>
> srh >
>
>
>
>
> c >>
: ; : rh >
;
and b.The straindisplacement relations in cylindrical coordinate Dr Er
can be written as [14]:
where matrix [Q] is dened as [8]:
@u 2 3
err ; C rrrr C rrhh 0 errr
@r 
6C C hhhh 0 erhh 7
1 @v u 6 rrhh
Q  6
7
9
ehh ; 5 7:
r @h r 4 0 0 C rhrh 0 5
   
1 1 @u @v v errr erhh 0 2r
erh  ;
2 r @h @r r Electric eld in radial direction of cylindrical coordinate for pie-
where u and v are components of displacement in radial and zoelectric materials is [13]:
circumferential, respectively. Based on MoriTanaka method, @/
nano-composite characteristics are assumed to be transversely Er  ; 10
@r
isotropic which can only be applied, where SWCNTs are uniformly
distributed [11]. According to the MoriTanaka method [17] the where / denotes the scalar function of electric potential. To
stressstrain relations can be expressed as: consider the effects of orientation angle of the CNTs with respect
8 9 2 38 9 to longitudinal axis, the following transformation matrix can be
>
> r1 > > km l km 0 0 0 0 0 e31 > > e1 > > employed as [8]:
>
> > 6 l 7 > >
>
>
> r2 > >
>
> 6 n l 0 0 0 0 0 e32 7>>
>
> e2 > >
>
> e  TQTT :
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
> Q 11
>
> r >
> 6k  m l km 0 0 0 0 0 7
e33 7>> e >
>
>
>
3 >
> 6 >
>
3 >
>
>
> >
> 6 7>> >
> The transformation matrix [T] is:
>
< s >
= 6 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 e24 0 7> c >
7< =
23 23
6 2 3
s31 66 0 0 0 0 m 0 e15 0 0 7 c
7> 31 >; cos2 a sin a
2
2 sin a cos a 0
>
> >
> 7>
>
> s >
>
6
6 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 0 0 7> >c > > 6 7
12 > 6 2
>
> 12 >
> 6 7>> >
> sin a cos 2
a 2 sin a cos a 07
>
> >
> 6 0 >
> E1 > > T 6 7; 12
>
> D > 0 0 0 e15 0 211 0 0 7 > > 6 2
4  sin a cos a sin a cos a cos2 a  sin a
7
> 1>
> > 6
> 6
7>
7>>
>
>
>
05
>
> D >
> 4 0 0 0 e24 0 0 0 222 0 5> >
> E2 > >
>
> 2> > > > 0 0 0 1
: ; : > ;
D3 e31 e32 e33 0 0 0 0 0 233 E3
where a is the angle of CNTs with respect to longitudinal axis of
6
cylinder.
The equilibrium equations in the radial and circumferential
directions, regarding the body forces are [11]:
@ rrr 1 @ rrh rrr  rhh
Table 1 F bodyforce 0; 13a
Hills elastic modulus for the CNTs [17,18]. @r r @h r
@ rrh 1 @ rhh 2rrh
CNT radius () kr (GPa) lr (GPa) mr (GPa) nr (GPa) pr (GPa) 0; 13b
@r r @h r
10 30 10 1 450 1 @Dr Dr
20 4 2 0.1 250 0.1 0: 13c
@r r
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145 139

In nal solution of the equilibrium equations, non-axisymmet- where un(r) and vn(r) are the coefcients of complex Fourier series
ric boundary conditions apply and thermo-mechanical stresses of u(r, h) and v(r, h), respectively, that can be expressed as:
investigate for different parameters. More explain present in
Z p
1
Section 5. un r ur; heinh dh;
2p p
Z p 19
1
3.1. Elastic medium v n r v r; heinh dh:
2p  p
Thick-walled cylinder surrounded by elastic medium that is and electric potential just depend on radius of composite cylinder.
simulated with Pasternak foundation where the effect of elastic Therefore, Eq. (17c) is valid only for n = 0 and will be omitted from
medium has been considered as body force on the outer surface the system of Eqs. (17) for n 0 [15].
of cylinder as bellow [8]: (a) For n 0
! Substituting Eq. (18) into Eqs. (17) gives:
2 @ 2 u 1 @u 1 @ 2 u  
F Pasternak K w u  Gp r u K w u  Gp : 14 d2 0 d3 d4 d5 d6
@r 2 r @r r 2 @h2 d1 u00n un 2  n2 2 un in v 0n in 2 v n 0; 20a
r r r r r
 
d 10 0 d d d d
3.2. Magnetic eld d9 v 00n v 112  n2 122 v n in 13 u0n in 142 un 0: 20b
r n r r r r

The uniform magnetic eld vector H ~ 0; 0; Hz generates The solution of the above equations is assumed as [14]:
Lorentz force in radial direction and like elastic medium it can be un r Ar g ;
consider as a body force in equilibrium equation. The governing 21
v n r Brg :
electro-dynamic Maxwell equations for a perfectly conducting
elastic body can be written as [19]: where A and B are constants and obtain from boundary conditions.
Substituting Eq. (21) into Eqs. (20), yields:
~ r ~ @~
h
~
J r  h; e lr ; div~ h 0; bd1 gg  1 d2 g d3  n2 d4 cA ind5 g ind6 B 0; 22a
! @t
~ 15 2
@U ~ ; ~ ~  H:
~ bd9 gg  1 d10 g d11  n d12 cB ind13 g ind14 A 0: 22b
e lr
~ H h r  U
@t
To obtain the nontrivial solution of Eq. (22), the determinant of
Applying a uniform longitudinal magnetic eld vector on the system should be equal to zero [13]. Therefore, four roots, gn1 to
thick-walled composite cylinder, yields the Lorentz force as [19]: gn4, are achieved and the general solutions are:
  X
4
f z l~ ~ l H2 @ @u u ;
J  H 16 un r Anj r gnj ;
0 z
@r @r r j1
23
where l0 is the magnetic permeability of composite. X
4

Substituting Eqs. (14) and (16) into Eq. (13) and by using Eqs. v n r Mnj Anj r gnj ;
j1
(5) and (7), the nal equilibrium equations in terms of displace-
ments and electrical potential can be written as follows: where
2 2 2
@ u d2 @u d3 d4 @ u d5 @ v d6 @ v d1 gg  1 d2 g d3  n2 d4
d1 u 2 Mnj  ; 24
@r 2 r @r r2 r @h2 r @r@h r 2 @h ind5 g ind6
2
@ / d8 @/ (b) For n = 0
d7 2 0; 17a
@r r @r In this case, the equilibrium Eqs. (17) are reduced to:
2
@ v d10 @ v d11 d12 @ 2 v d13 @ 2 u d14 @u
d9 2 2 v 2 d2 0 d3 d8
@r r @r r r @h2 r @r@h r2 @h d1 u000 u u0 d7 /000 /00 0; 25a
d15 @ 2 / r 0 r2 r
2 0; 17b d10 0 d11
r @r@h d9 v 0
00
v 2 v 0 0; 25b
2 r 0 r
@ / d17 @/ @ 2 u d19 @u d20 @ 2 v
d16 2 d18 2 0; 17c 00 d17 0 d19 0
@r r @r @r r @r r @r@h d16 /0 / d18 u000 u 0; 25c
r 0 r 0
where the constants d1 to d20 are given in Appendix A.
where the subscript zero indicates the solution for n = 0. Two Eqs.
(25a) and (25c) are a coupled ordinary differential equations and
4. Analytical solution the solution of these are considered as [15]:

Eqs. (17a)(17c) are governing equations for a thick-walled u0 r A0 r g0 ; /0 r C 0 r g0 : 26

composite cylinder under electro-magneto-mechanical elds. In Substituting Eq. (26) into Eqs. (25a) and (25c) yields:
general solution of Eqs. (17), the radial, circumferential displace-
ments and electric potential are presumed according to complex d1 g0 g0  1 d2 g0 d3 A0 d7 g0 g0  1 d8 g0 C 0 0;
Fourier series form [14]: d16 g0 g0  1 d17 g0 C 0 d18 g0 g0  1 d19 g0 A0 0:
X
1 27
ur; h un reinh ;
n1 To obtain the nontrivial solution of Eq. (27), the determinant of
X1 system should be equal to zero. So the four roots, g01 to g04, are
v r; h v n reinh ; 18 achieved and the general solutions are:
n1
X1 X
4 X
4

/r; h /n reinh /0 r; u0 r A0j r g0j ; /0 r N0j A0j r g0j ; 28

n1 j1 j1
140 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145

where 5. Results and discussion

d1 g0 g0  1 d2 g0 d3
N0j  : 29 Consider a thick-walled cylinder with inner radius a = 1 m and
d7 g0 g0  1 d8 g0 outer radius b = 1.2 m [14]. The cylinder embedded in a Pasternak
For n = 0 Eq. (25b) is a decoupled ordinary differential equation foundation with Gp = 2.071273 N/m [20]. In this study, the PVDF
and the solution of this equation is considered as: and CNT have been taken into account for smart matrix and ber
of the composite cylinder, respectively. In the axisymmetric part
X
6 of temperature distribution, temperature at the inner and outer
v 0 r A0j r g0j ; 30 surfaces have been assumed Ta = 350 K and Tb = 300 K, respectively.
j5
The thermal expansion coefcients of composite cylinder in r, z and
where h directions can be written as [11]:
 
q ar 1 tCN z cr aCN m
r 1 tm c m a  tn  az ; 36a
2 CN m
d10  d10  4d9 d11 az cr az cm a ; 36b
g05;06 : 31
2d9 ar ah ; 36c
Finally substituting Eqs. 23, 28 and 30 into Eq. (18), general tn cr tCN
z c m tm ; 36d
solutions for u(r, h), v(r, h) and /(r) are expressed as: CN CN
where a and a are thermal expansion coefcients of SWCNTs in
z r
" #
X
4 X
1 X4 longitudinal and radial directions, respectively, and am is the ther-
ur; h A0j r g0j Anj r gnj inh
e ; 32a mal expansion coefcient of matrix [21]. However, aCN z and aCN
r
j1 n1;n0
"
j1
# are not expected to vary signicantly for the temperature range of
X
6 X
1 X4 200 K < T < 400 K considered in this work. Hence, their average
v r; h A0j rg0j M nj Anj r gnj einh ; 32b values are taken at 300 K. Therefore, they are assumed to be
j5 n1;n0 j1 6 6
aCN CN
z 3:4584  10 =K and ar 5:1682  10 =K [3]. tz
CN
and tm
X
4
are Poissons ratios of SWCNTs and matrix and are taken as
/r N0j A0j rg0j : 32c
j1
tCN
z 0:175 and the material properties of matrix have been
reported in Table 2.
Substituting Eqs. (32a)(32c) into Eq. (5), the strains are The magnetic permeability of composite in terms of magnetic
obtained as: permeability of matrix and reinforcement can be written as [3]:
" # " # l0 lCN cr lm cm : 37
X
4 X
1 X
4
M g0j 1 gnj 1
e
rr g0j A0j r gnj Anj r einh ; 33a
j1 n1;n0 j1
It is considered that magnetic permeability of matrix is equal to
the magnetic permeability of the surrounding medium (lm = 4p 
" # " # 107 and lCN = 0.25) [11]. Following [19] the magnetic intensity is
X
4 X
1 X4
eMhh A0j r g0j 1 Anj r gnj 1 einh taken as Hz = 2.23  109A/m. The elastic modulus parallel and
j1 n1;n0 j1 normal to CNTs are related to Hills elastic modulus by following
" # equation [17]:
X
1 X4
gnj 1
in M nj Anj r einh ; 33b l
2
4mkn  l
2
n1;n0 j1 Ek n  ; E? 2
: 38
k kn  l mn
( " # )
1 X1 X 4 X 6 Fig. 2a and b show the distribution of temperature in radial and
M gnj 1 inh g0j 1
erh in Anj r e g0j A0j r circumferential directions where temperature distribution is com-
2 n1;n0 j1 j5
( " # " # bination of axisymmetric and non- axisymmetric temperature
1 X1 X4 X 6
terms. Fig. 2b depicts temperature distribution in particular angle
gnj Mnj Anj rgnj 1 einh  A0j rg0j 1 where the curves have logarithmic distribution based on Eq. (4).
2 n1;n0 j1 j5
" # ) As mentioned in the previous sections, in order to achieve the
X1 X4
total stresses, the thermal and mechanical stresses are calculated
 Mnj Anj rgnj 1 einh : 33c
n1;n0 j1
separately and nally are superposed. The complete solution for
stresses due to the temperature distribution (Eq. (2)) is obtained
Substituting Eqs. (33a)(33c) into Eq. (7) and using Eqs. (9) and by the superposition of the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric
(13c), yields the stress components and the electrical displacement stresses. Hence, these stresses are calculated as follows [16]:
in radial direction presented in Appendix B. " 2   #
It is recalled that stress components contain six unknown EaT d r b a2 b
rrr  ln 2 1  2 ln
constants Anj(j = 1, . . . , 6) and therefore to evaluate these constants, 21  m a b  a2 r a
six boundary conditions that may be either the given displace-   !
2
Ear a2 b
ments or stresses, or combinations are required. Expanding the 1 2 1 2
2 r r
given boundary conditions in complex Fourier series gives: 21  ma b
2

 A0 cos h B0 sin h; 39a

X
1
g j h Gj neinh ; j 1; . . . ; 6; 34 " #
2  
n1 EaT d r b a2 b
rhh 1  ln 2 1 2 ln
where 21  m a b  a2 r a
!
2 2 2
Z p Ear 2
a b a b
1 3  4
Gj n g j heinh dh; j 1; . . . ; 6: 35 2
21  ma2 b r2 r
2p p
 A0 cos h B0 sin h; 39b
Constants Anj are calculated using Eqs. (34) and (35).
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145 141

Table 2
Electro-mechanical properties of PVDF [22].

Matrix tm Em (GPa) e31 (C/m2) e33 (C/m2) 233 (F/m) q (g/cm3)

9
PVDF [22] 0.384 2.4 0.13 0.276 0.106  10 1.78

7
x 10
(a) 450 10
Temprature(K)

400

Thermal
5
350
0

r
300

250 -5
-pi -pi
1.2
-pi/2 -pi/2 1.2
1.15
0 1.15
1.1 0
pi/2 1.05 1.1
r/a pi/2
pi 1 1.05 r/a
pi 1

(b) 415 =/3

Fig. 3. Radial thermal stress in composite cylinder under non-axisymmetric
temperature distribution.
=/2
=2/3
410
Temprature (K)

8
x 10
405
2
Thermal

400 0

395 -2
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2 -pi
r/a 1.2
-pi/2
1.15
0 1.1
Fig. 2. Non-axisymmetric temperature distribution.
pi/2 1.05
pi 1
r/a
  2
!
Ear a2 b Fig. 4. Circumferential thermal stress in composite cylinder under non-axisym-
rrh 2
1  1  metric temperature distribution.
21  ma2 b r2 r2
 A0 sin h  B0 cos h: 39c
Therefore, the thermal stresses in radial and circumferential
directions show in Figs. 3 and 4 and thermal shear stress depicts 7
x 10
in Fig. 5 based on Eq. (35).These gures conrm the harmonic pat- 5
tern presented in above equations.
Thermal

In order to examine the proposed solution, it is considered the

effect of two-dimensional thermo-mechanical behavior of piezo- 0
electric composite cylinder. The inside and outside cylinder,
r

boundary conditions are expressed as [15]:

Srr r a 400 cos2 h Mpa; Srr r b 300 cos2 h Mpa; -5
-pi
Srh r a 0; Srh r b 0; 40 1.2
-pi/2
1.15
/r a 0; /r b 300 V: 0
1.1
pi/2 1.05
Figs. 68 demonstrate the distribution of radial, circumferential and pi
r/a
1
shear total stresses. It is evident that all components of stresses and
electric displacement follow from a harmonic pattern. Also, it can Fig. 5. Shear thermal stress in composite cylinder under non-axisymmetric
be seen from Fig. 8, the shear total stress is zero at the inner and temperature distribution.

outer surfaces due to the assumed boundary conditions.

Effective stress as Von-Mises stress has been illustrated in Fig. 9
where the maximum Von-Mises stress occurs in inner radius at According to general boundary conditions (Eq. (36)), the inside
h = p, 0, p. and outside boundary conditions have been simplied to study the
Fig. 10 shows electric displacement distribution along the effect of volume fraction, elastic medium and Lorentz force on
radius and circumferential directions. Von-Mises stress in composite cylinder, as follows:
142 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145

x 10 8 x 10
8

6 6
4

Effective
4
2
r

0 2

-2
-pi 0
1.2 -pi
-pi/2 1.2
1.15 -pi/2
0 1.15
1.1 0
pi/2 1.05 r/a
1.1
pi 1 pi/2 1.05 r/a
pi 1
Fig. 6. Radial total stress in composite cylinder under magneto-electro-thermo-
Fig. 9. The effective stress in composite cylinder under magneto-electro-thermo-
mechanical loads.
mechanical loads.

8
x 10
10 -4
x 10
0
5

0 -2
Dr

-5
-pi -4
1.2 -pi 1.2
-pi/2
1.15
0 -pi/2 1.15
1.1
pi/2 1.05
0 1.1
r/a pi/2 1.05 r/a
pi 1
pi 1
Fig. 7. Circumferential total stress in composite cylinder under magneto-electro-
thermo-mechanical loads. Fig. 10. Radial electric displacement in composite cylinder.

Srr r a 50 Mpa; Srr r b 100 Mpa;
Srh r a 0; Srh r b 0;
/r a 0; /r b 300 V:
Thermal stresses for h = p are added to mechanical stresses.
Fig. 11 shows the effect of volume fraction on Von-Mises stress
in composite cylinder made of PVDF. It can be seen from this gure
that increasing volume content of CNTs causes to decrease effec-
tive stress and leads to raise strength of composite cylinder. Also,
Von-Mises stress is diminished with increasing radius. Designers
could meet their purposes by selecting the suitable percent of ber
41 in composite cylinder.
The effect of elastic medium on effective stress in composite
cylinder is investigated in Fig. 12. Here the Pasternak foundation
has been selected due to considering shear force. As can be seen,
presence of elastic medium is a signicant factor for decreasing
effective stress and increasing stability of composite cylinder.
Fig. 13 shows the effect of Lorentz force on Von-Mises stress
where Lorentz force causes to decrease effective stress. As already
has been mentioned applying magnetic eld in axial direction

8
x 10
2.5
=20%
7
x 10 =10%
2
10 =5%
=0%
1.5
Effective

5
r

0 1

-5
-pi 0.5
1.2
-pi/2
1.15
0 1.1 0
pi/2 1.05 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
r/a
pi 1 r/a

Fig. 8. Shear total stress in composite cylinder under magneto-electro-thermo- Fig. 11. The effect of volume fraction of CNTs on effective stress in composite
mechanical loads. cylinder.
 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145 143

7
x 10 x 107
12
14
with elastic medium 10 7
x 10

Effective
2
without elastic medium 8 1.995
12 1.99
1.985
6

10 4 Magnetic field
Effective

Electric field
2 Thermal load
Electro thermal load
8 Electro magneto thermal load
5 Electro magneto thermo mechanical load
x 10
6
6 4
2
0
4 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
r/a
r/a
Fig. 15. Effective stress distribution under different loads.
Fig. 12. The effect of elastic medium on effective stress in composite cylinder.

been reinforced by CNTs that can be aligned in different direction.

Decreasing orientation angle of CNTs causes to amplify magnetic
x 10
7
eld and subsequently leads to diminish effective stress. This g-
9
ure shows that increasing angle of CNTs with respect to longitudi-
14 Hz=3*10 A/m
nal axis decreases the effective stresses and leads to diminish
9
Hz=2*10 A/m
stability of composite cylinder.
12 9
Hz=1*10 A/m Therefore, by selecting piezoelectric polymeric as a matrix the
fatigue life of composite cylinder can be improved.
Effective

10
Fig. 15 demonstrates Von-Mises stress along the radius of com-
posite cylinder for different load conditions. Magnetic, electric and

8 thermal elds have been applied separately and they are also
employed as the combination of together. The effective stresses
6 associated with magnetic and electric elds have lower value than
the other load conditions. Although, the stresses in this range show
4 two lines but in fact they are curves with low slope. The maximum
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
value of Von-Mises stress is related to electro-magneto-thermo-
r/a
mechanical loading and it can be seen from this gure the corre-
Fig. 13. The effect of Lorentz force on effective stress in composite cylinder. sponding curve is upper each other loading conditions.
It can be seen that the electro-magneto-thermo-mechanical
loads change the effective stress along the radius of cylinder
generates the force in radial direction call Lorentz force. It is found extremely. So by considering the special boundary conditions for
that increasing magnetic intensity (Hz) decreases effective stress a composite cylinder, the mechanical stresses and electrical dis-
and has a signicant effect on stability of composite cylinder. placement can be controlled and optimized to design and use this
Fig. 14 illustrates the effect of orientation angle of CNTs on kind of structures.
Von-Mises stress in composite cylinder. The orientation angle of
ber in composite is very important because it can be affected on 6. Conclusion
mechanical behavior of composite cylinder. This composite has
General theoretical analysis of two-dimensional static stresses
for CNTRC cylinder is developed under non-axisymmetric
thermo-mechanical loads and uniform electro-magnetic elds,
7
x 10 where CNTs are arranged in a longitudinal direction inside of PVDF
14
matrix. The composite cylinder embedded in an elastic medium as
Pasternak foundation which is considering shear effect. Higher
12
order governing equations were solved analytically by Fourier ser-
ies and the results illustrate distribution of thermo-mechanical
10 stresses. 3D gures show harmonic pattern in stress distribution
Effective

inspite of non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads that feature

8 the behavior of CNTRC cylinder in different r and h. It can be
observed that using CNTs as a ber and its orientation angle with
6
=0
o respect to composite cylinder axis have signicant effects on the
=30
o mechanical behavior of the CNTRC cylinder. Also, it has been found
4 =60
o that the magnitude of effective stress is strongly dependent on the
=90
o imposed magnetic eld so that increasing the magnetic intensity
2 signicantly decreases the Von-Mises stress. The overall, results
1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.2
demonstrated that fatigue life of the CNTRC cylinder will be signif-
r/a
icantly improved by applying magnetic eld, increasing volume
Fig. 14. The effect of orientation angle of CNTs on effective stress in composite fraction of bers and decreasing orientation angle of CNTs with
cylinder. respect to composite cylinder axis.
144 A. Ghorbanpour Arani et al. / Composites: Part B 68 (2015) 136145

( " #
Acknowledgements X6 X
1 X
4
rrh e 31
Q A0j rg0j 1 Anj r gnj 1
einh
j1 n1;n0 j1
The author would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable " # ) (
comments and suggestions to improve the clarity of this study. The X
1 X4 X6
in e 32
M nj Anj r gnj 1 einh Q g0j A0j rg0j 1
authors are grateful to University of Kashan for supporting this n1;n0 j1 j1
work by Grant No. 363443/9. They would also like to thank the Ira- " # )
X
1 X
4
nian Nanotechnology Development Committee for their nancial gnj Anj rgnj 1 einh
support. n1;n0 j1
( " #
X
1 X4 X
6
Appendix A e
Q 33 in Anj r gnj 1
einh g0j N 0j A0j rg0j 1
n1;n0 j1 j1
" #
2 3 X
1 X
4 X
6
e 11
Q e 12
Q e 13
Q e 14
Q gnj Mnj Anj rgnj 1 einh  N0j A0j r g0j 1
6e e 22 e 23 e 24 7
6 Q Q Q Q 7 n1;n0
"
j1
# ) (
j1
)
e  TQ TT 6 21
Q 7:
6e e 32 e 33 e 34 7 X
1 X
4 X
6
4 Q 31 Q Q Q 5  Mnj Anj r gnj 1
e inh e 0
Q 34  N0j g0j A0j r g0j 1
;
e 41
Q e 42
Q e 43
Q e 44
Q n1;n0 j1 j1

e 11 lH2  Gp ; e 12 Q
e 11  Q
e 21 lH2  Gp ; ( " #
d1 Q z d2 Q z X6 X
1 X4
e 41
Dr Q A0j r g0j 1 Anj r gnj 1
einh
e 22  lH2 ; d4 Q
d3 d12  Q e 33  Gp ;
z j1 n1;n0 j1
e 12 Q e 33 ; e 33 Q
e 22 ; " # ) (
d5 Q d6  Q X
1 X4 X6
in e 42
M nj Anj rgnj 1 einh Q g0j A0j rg0j 1
e 14 ;
d7  Q e 14  Q
d8  Q e 24 ;
n1;n0 j1 j1
e 33 ; e 21 Q e 33 ; " # )
d9 d10 d11 Q d13 Q X
1 X4

e e e gnj Anj rgnj 1 einh

d14 Q 22 Q 33 ; d15  Q 24 ; n1;n0 j1
e 44 ; e 41 ; ( " #
d16 d17  Q d18 Q X
1 X4 X
6
e
Q 43 in Anj r gnj 1
einh g0j N0j A0j rg0j 1
e 41 Q
d19 Q e 42 ; e 42 :
d20 Q n1;n0 j1 j1
" #
X
1 X4 X
6
gnj Mnj Anj rgnj 1 einh  N 0j A0j r g0j 1
Appendix B n1;n0 j1 j1
" # ) ( )
X
1 X4 X
6
( " #  M nj Anj r gnj 1
e inh e
Q 44  N0j g0j A0j r g0j 1
:
X
6 X
1 X
4
rrr Qe 11 A0j r g0j 1 Anj r gnj 1
einh n1;n0 j1 j1

j1 n1;n0 j1
" # )
X
1 X
4
in Mnj Anj rgnj 1 einh References
n1;n0 j1
( " # )
X
6 X
1 X
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