12th Std Class - Importance questions

with Answer Key

TamilNadu Higher Secondary Second Year 2018-2019 Syllabus

Botany

TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS
-:- TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification -
Click Here
-:- Biosystematics nomenclature - Click Here

-:- Binomial nomenclature - Click Here

-:- Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Click Here

-:- Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae,

Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Click Here

-:- Merits and Demerits of Bentham and Hooker's classification of

plants - Click Here

-:- DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Click

Here
-:- Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Click Here

-:- FABACEAE - the bean family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Click

Here
-:- RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic Importance of Ixora coccinea

- Click Here
-:- ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Tridax

procumbens - Click Here

-:- SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Datura metal -

Click Here
-:- EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Ricinus

communis - Click Here

-:- MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Click

Here
-:- Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa

paradisiaca - Click Here

-:- ARECACEAE - the palm family - Click Here

-:- Botanical description and Economic importance of Cocos nucifera

- Click Here

PLANT ANATOMY
-:- Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells - Click
Here
-:- Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue -
 Click Here
-:- Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, collenchyma and

sclerenchyma - Click Here

-:- Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Click

Here
-:- Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma,

Phloem fibres - Click Here

-:- Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Click Here

-:- Vascular tissue system - Click Here

-:- Ground or fundamental tissue system - Click Here

-:- Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Click

Here
-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Click Here

-:- Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Click Here

-:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem - Click

Here
-:- Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Click Here

-:- Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Click Here

-:- Secondary growth in dicot stem - Click Here

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

-:- Structure of chromosome - Click Here
-:- Types of chromosomes - Click Here

-:- Special types of chromosomes - Click Here

-:- Gene and genome - Click Here

-:- Linkage and crossing over - Click Here
-:- Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Click

Here
-:- Recombination of chromosome - Click Here

-:- Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents -

Click Here
-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here

-:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here

-:- Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Click Here

-:- Structure of DNA - Click Here

-:- Function and Replication of DNA - Click Here

-:- Structure of RNA and its types - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogma of molecular

biology - Click Here

BIOTECHNOLOGY
-:- Recombinant DNA technology - Click Here
-:- Gene transfer in plants - Click Here

-:- How DNA is cut? - Click Here

-:- Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants -

Click Here
-:- Practical application of genetic transformation - Click Here

-:- Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Click Here

-:- Concept of Plant tissue culture - Click Here

-:- Applications of plant tissue culture - Click Here

-:- Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Click Here
-:- Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and

Enzymatic method - Click Here

-:- Single cell protein (SCP) - Click Here

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Click Here
-:- Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Click Here

-:- Significance of photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- Site of photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, Mechanism of

photosynthesis - Click Here

-:- EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light

screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Click Here

-:- Plant Mode of nutrition - Click Here

-:- Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs -

Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Click Here

-:- Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Click Here

-:- Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle -

Click Here
-:- Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Click Here

-:- Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Click Here

-:- Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Click Here

-:- Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Click Here

-:- auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Click Here
-:- Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Click Here

-:- Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Click

Here
-:- Photoperiodism and vernalization - Click Here

BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

-:- BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Click
Here
-:- Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Click

Here
-:- Plant Breeding : Selection - Click Here

-:- Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Click Here

-:- Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Click Here

-:- Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Click Here

-:- Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa - Click Here

-:- Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea -

Click Here
-:- Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Click Here

-:- Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Click Here

-:- Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies -

Click Here
-:- Bio-war - Click Here

-:- Bio-piracy - Click Here

-:- Bio-patent - Click Here

-:- Sustained agriculture - Click Here
-:- Medicinal plants including microbes - Click Here

-:- Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Click Here

-:- Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber

yielding plant - Click Here

Physics
Electrostatics
-:- Electrostatics - frictional electricity - Click Here
-:- Basic properties of electric charge - Click Here

-:- Definition of Coulomb's law , Principle of Superposition, Electric

Field, Electric Field Intensity (E) - Click Here

-:- Electric Field: Definition of Electric lines of force and Properties

of lines of forces - Click Here

-:- Electric potential: Definition of Electric potential and Relation

between electric field and potential - Click Here

-:- Gauss's law and its applications - Click Here

-:- Electrostatic induction - Click Here

-:- Principle of a capacitor and Energy stored in a capacitor - Click

Here
-:- Lightning conductor -Van de Graaff Generator- working principle

and construction - Click Here

Current Electricity
-:- Definition of Electric current and discription of Current Electricity
- Click Here
-:- Combination of resistors: Resistors in series and parallel - Click

Here
-:- Kirchoff's law and Potentiometer - Click Here

-:- Superconductivity Defination and Applications of

superconductors - Click Here

-:- Carbon resistors and Colour code for carbon resistors - Click Here

-:- Temperature dependence of resistance and Internal resistance of a

cell - Click Here

-:- Electric energy and electric power - Click Here

-:- Faraday's laws of electrolysis | Chemical effect of current |

Verification of Faraday's laws of electrolysis - Click Here

-:- Electric cells and Voltaic cell - Click Here

-:- Primary Cell - Daniel cell, Leclanche cell - Click Here

-:- Secondary Cells - Lead - Acid accumulator - Applications of

secondary cells - Click Here

Effects of Electric Current

-:- Applications of Joule heating - Click Here
-:- Seebeck effect - Click Here

-:- Neutral and Inversion temperature - Click Here

-:- Peltier effect and Peltier Co-efficient () - Click Here
-:- Thomson effect and Thomson coefficient () - Click Here

-:- Thermopile - Click Here

-:- Biot - Savart Law - Click Here

-:- Tangent galvanometer : Theory and Construction of Tangent

galvanometer - Click Here

-:- Solenoid and Right hand palm rule - Click Here

-:- Magnetic Lorentz force - Click Here

-:- Cyclotron- Principle, Construction, Working and Limitations of

Cyclotron - Click Here

-:- Moving coil galvanometer : Principle, Construction, Pointer type

moving coil galvanometer, Current sensitivity of a galvanometer -

Click Here
-:- Heating effect : Joule's law - Click Here

-:- Verification of Joule's law - Click Here

-:- Magnetic effect of current - Click Here

-:- Magnetic field around a straight conductor carrying current -

Click Here
-:- Magnetic field due to a circular loop carrying current - Click Here

-:- Biot Savart Law and Magnetic induction - Click Here

-:- Ampere's Circuital Law - Click Here

-:- Magnetic induction due to a long solenoid carrying current - Click

Here
-:- Magnetic Lorentz force and Cyclotron - Click Here

-:- Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field - Click

Here
-:- Force on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field -
Click Here
-:- Force between two long parallel current-carrying conductors -

Click Here
-:- Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field

- Click Here
-:- Conversion of galvanometer into an ammeter - Click Here

-:- Conversion of galvanometer into a voltmeter - Click Here

-:- Current loop as a magnetic dipole - Click Here

-:- The magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron - Click Here

Electromagnetic Induction and

Alternating Current
-:- AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase and AC generator
(Alternator) - Three phase - Click Here
-:- Eddy currents and Applications of Eddy current - Click Here

-:- Transformer Principle - Efficiency of a transformer - Energy

losses in a transformer - Click Here

-:- Electromagnetic induction - Click Here

-:- Magnetic flux - Click Here

-:- Induced emf and current - Electromagnetic induction - Click Here

-:- Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction - Click Here

-:- Lenz's law - Click Here

-:- Self Induction - Click Here

-:- Coefficient of self induction - Click Here
-:- Self inductance of a long solenoid - Click Here

-:- Mutual induction and Coefficient of mutual induction - Click Here

-:- Methods of producing induced emf - Click Here

-:- AC generator (Dynamo) - Single phase - Click Here

-:- Eddy currents - Click Here

-:- Transformer - Click Here

-:- Long distance power transmission - Click Here

-:- Alternating current - Click Here

-:- AC Circuit with resistor, inductor and capacitor - Click Here

-:- Choke coil: Construction and Working - Click Here

Electromagnetic Waves and Wave Optics

-:- Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman(C.V.Raman) Life - Click Here
-:- Uses of electromagnetic spectrum - Click Here

-:- Types of spectra - Emission spectra, Line spectrum, Band

Spectrum, Absorption Spectra -Click Here

-:- Fraunhofer lines - Fluorescence - Phosphorescence - Click Here

-:- Theories of light : Corpuscular theory, Wave theory,

Electromagnetic theory, Quantum theory -Click Here

-:- Scattering of light : Tyndal scattering, Raman effect - Click Here

-:- Wave front : Huygen's principle - Click Here

-:- Condition for sustained interference and Young's double slit

experiment - Click Here

-:- Newton's rings : Experiment, Theory - Click Here
-:- Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction - Click Here
-:- Diffraction grating explanation with Theory - Click Here

-:- Polarisation of transverse waves - Click Here

-:- Double refraction - Click Here

-:- Polaroids explanation and Uses of Polaroid - Click Here

-:- Nicol prism and Types of crystals - Click Here

-:- Optical activity - Click Here

-:- Specific rotation - Click Here

-:- Electromagnetic Waves and Wave optics - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of electromagnetic waves - Click Here

-:- Hertz experiment - Click Here

-:- Types of spectra - Click Here

-:- Theories of light - Click Here

-:- Scattering of light - Click Here

-:- Wave front - Click Here

-:- Superposition principle - Click Here

-:- Diffraction - Click Here

-:- Polarisation - Click Here

Atomic Physics
-:- Discharge of electricity through gases at low pressure - Discovery
of electrons - Click Here
-:- Properties of Cathode rays - Click Here

-:- Canal rays and Properties of Positive rays (or) Canal rays - Click

Here
-:- Thomson's method - Determination of specific charge (e/m) of an
electron - Click Here
-:- Millikan's oil drop experiment - Determination of charge of an

electron - Click Here

-:- Thomson atom model and its Drawbacks - Click Here

-:- Rutherford's - particle scattering experiment - Click Here

-:- Rutherford atom model and its Drawbacks - Click Here

-:- Bohr atom model - Click Here

-:- Spectral series of hydrogen atom and Energy level diagram - Click

Here
-:- Excitation and ionization potential of an atom - Click Here

-:- Shortcomings of Bohr's theory - Click Here

-:- Sommerfeld atom model and its Drawbacks - Click Here

-:- Production of X-rays - Modern Coolidge tube - Click Here

-:- Types of X-rays: Soft and Hard X-rays - Click Here

-:- Properties of X-rays - Click Here

-:- Detection, Diffraction and Absorption of X-rays - Click Here

-:- Laue experiment - Click Here

-:- Bragg's law for X-ray diffraction - Click Here

-:- Bragg's X-ray spectrometer - Click Here

-:- X-ray spectra - continuous and characteristic X-ray spectra - Click

Here
-:- Moseley's law and Applications of Moseley's law - Click Here

-:- Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of X-rays - Click

Here
-:- Spontaneous and stimulated emission of Laser - Click Here
-:- Ruby laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Click Here
-:- Helium neon laser - Generation Process and Energy Level - Click

Here
-:- Medical, Industrial and Scientific Applications of laser - Click

Here

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

and Relativity
-:- Photoelectric effect - Dual Nature of Radiation - Click Here
-:- Hallwachs Experiment - photo electric effect - Click Here

-:- Effect of potential difference on the photoelectric current - Click

Here
-:- Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential -

Click Here
-:- Laws of photoelectric emission - Click Here

-:- Einstein's photoelectric equation - Click Here

-:- Photoelectric cells and their types, applications - Click Here

-:- de Broglie wavelength of matter waves and an electron - Click

Here
-:- Electron microscope: Construction, working, Uses, Limitations -

Click Here
-:- Relativity: Concept of Space and Frame of reference - Click Here

-:- Special theory of relativity - Click Here

-:- Einstein's mass-energy equivalence - Click Here

Nuclear Physics
-:- Classification of nuclei and Properties of nucleus Nuclear size -
Click Here
-:- Explanation of Nuclear binding energy curve - Click Here

-:- Bainbridge mass spectrometer - Determination of isotopic masses

of nuclei - Click Here

-:- Nuclear force and Radioactivity - Click Here

-:- Properties of Alpha , beta and gamma rays - Click Here

-:- Radioactive displacement law - Click Here

-:- Neutron - Discovery and Properties of neutrons - Click Here

-:- Artificial radioactivity - Click Here

-:- Applications of radio-isotopes - Click Here

-:- Biological hazards of nuclear radiations - Click Here

-:- Artificial radioactivity transmutation and Particle accelerators -

Click Here
-:- Geiger - Muller counter: Construction and Operation - Click Here

-:- Energy released in Nuclear fission - Click Here

-:- Radioactive Chain reaction - Click Here

-:- Atom bomb - Principle and construction - Click Here

-:- Nuclear reactor: Design and Function of parts, Uses - Click Here

-:- Nuclear power programme in India - Click Here

-:- Nuclear fusion: Hydrogen bomb and Stellar energy - Click Here

-:- Cosmic Rays: Latitude effect, Altitude effect, Cosmic ray showers

- Click Here
-:- Elementary particles of atom - new nuclear particles - Click Here
Semiconductor Devices and their
Applications
-:- Semiconductors: Energy band in solids - Click Here
-:- Semiconductors: Valence band, conduction band and forbidden

energy gap - Click Here

-:- Insulators, semiconductors and conductors - forbidden energy gap

- Click Here
-:- Electrons and holes in semiconductors - Click Here

-:- Intrinsic semiconductor - Click Here

-:- Extrinsic semiconductor: N and P -type semiconductor - Click

Here
-:- PN Junction diode: Forward and Reverse bias characteristics -

Click Here
-:- PN junction diode as Half wave and Bridge wave rectifier - Click

Here
-:- Avalanche and zener Breakdown mechanisms - Click Here

-:- Zener diode and Zener diode as voltage regulator - Click Here

-:- Light Emitting Diode (LED) - Click Here

-:- Junction transistor - Click Here

-:- Working of a PNP transistor - Click Here

-:- Transistor circuit configurations - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of an NPN transistor in common emitter

configuration - Click Here

-:- Transistor as a switch - Click Here
-:- Transistor amplifier - Operating point, Working - Click Here
-:- Transistor biasing - Voltage divider bias - Click Here

-:- Single stage CE amplifier - Click Here

-:- Multistage amplifiers - Click Here

-:- Feedback in amplifiers- Principle of feedback and - Click Here

-:- Transistor oscillators - Barkhausen condition for oscillation -

Click Here
-:- Generation of sinusoidal waves by a tuned LC circuit - Click Here

-:- Essentials of LC oscillator - Click Here

-:- Colpitt's oscillator - Click Here

-:- Integrated circuit (IC) - Click Here

-:- Digital electronics - Analog signal, Digital signal and logic levels

- Click Here
-:- Basic logic gates using discrete components - Click Here

-:- Operational amplifier (OP - AMP) - Click Here

-:- Circuit symbol and Pin-out configuration of an OP-AMP - Click

Here
-:- Basic OP-AMP circuits: Inverting, Non-inverting, Summing,

Difference amplifier - Click Here

-:- Cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) - Click Here

-:- Multimeter - Click Here

Communication Systems
-:- Propagation of electromagnetic waves - Click Here
-:- Amplitude modulation (AM): Modulation factor, Analysis,
Advantages, Limitations - Click Here
-:- Frequency modulation (FM): Advantages and Disadvantages -

Click Here
-:- Phase modulation (PM) - Click Here

-:- Radio transmission - AM, FM transmitter and AF, RF section -

Click Here
-:- Radio reception: simple, AM and FM receiver - Click Here

-:- Television: Construction and Working of Vidicon camera tube -

Click Here
-:- Television: Scanning and synchronising - Click Here

-:- Monochrome picture tube - Click Here

-:- Monochrome TV transmission - Click Here

-:- Monochrome TV receiver - Click Here

-:- RADAR: Principle, Applications, Transmission and reception of

radar - Click Here

-:- Analog communication and digital communication - Click Here

-:- Modem and Fax (or) Facsimile - Click Here

-:- Wire and Cable - Click Here

-:- Fiber optical communication: Advantages, Applications - Click

Here
-:- Satellite Communication: Merits and Demerits - Click Here

Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Atomic Structure II
-:- Chronology Of Atomic Structure - Click Here
-:- Dual Property of an Electron - Click Here

-:- Difference between a particle and a wave - Click Here

-:- Experiments to prove particle and wave property of Electrons -

Click Here
-:- The Uncertainty Principle - Click Here

-:- de-Broglie Relation and Significance of de-Broglie waves - Click

Here
-:- The Wave Nature Of Electrons - Click Here

-:- Shapes of orbitals: s, p, d Shapes - Click Here

-:- Molecular Orbital Theory: Energy level diagram for molecular

orbitals - Click Here

-:- Electronic configuration of a molecule and its correlation with

molecular behaviour - Click Here

-:- Molecular orbital energy level diagrams -Hydrogen, Hypothetical,

Nitrogen, Oxygen - Click Here

-:- Hybridization : Salient Features, Type, Example - Click Here

-:- Importance, Strength, Types of Hydrogen bonds - Intermolecular

Forces - Click Here

Periodic Classification II
-:- Review Of Periodic Properties - Click Here
-:- Calculation Of Atomic Radius (Covalent Radius) - Click Here
-:- Calculation of ionic radii - Pauling's Method, Slater rules - Click

Here
-:- Factors governing ionization energy - Click Here

-:- Electron Affinity or Electron gain enthalpy (E.A.) - Click Here

-:- Factors affecting electron affinity - Click Here

-:- Electronegativity Scales - Click Here

-:- Applications of electronegativity - Click Here

p Block Elements
-:- General characteristics of p-block elements - Click Here
-:- Electronic configuration of the Boron family elements - Click

Here
-:- Group - 14 Elements - The Carbon Family - Click Here

-:- Silicones - structure and uses - Click Here

-:- Metallurgy of Lead: Ores, Properties, Extraction, Purification,

Uses - Click Here

-:- Group - 15 Elements - The Nitrogen Family - Click Here

-:- Compounds of Phosphorus - Click Here

-:- Halides of Phosphorus: Phosphorus TrichlorideII. Phosphorus

pentachloride - Preparation, properties, Structure - Click Here

-:- Oxides of phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure - Click

Here
-:- Oxy-Acids of Phosphorus: Preparation, properties, Structure -

Click Here
-:- Phosphine - PH3: Preparation, properties, Structure - Click Here
-:- Group 16 The 'Oxygen' Family - Click Here

-:- Group 17 - The Halogen Family - Click Here

-:- Anamalous Nature of Fluorine - Click Here

-:- Isolation, Physical, Chemical Properties, Uses Of Fluorine - Click

Here
-:- Structures of interhalogen compounds - Click Here

-:- Group 18 Noble Gases Or Inert Gases - Click Here

-:- Isolation Of Noble Gases: Ramsay - Raleigh's and Dewar's

Method - Click Here

-:- Uses Of Noble Gas - Click Here

d Block Elements
-:- Classification and Electronic configuration of d-block Elements -
Click Here
-:- General characteristics of d-block elements - Click Here

-:- Copper: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses

- Click Here
-:- Chromium: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties, Uses

and alloys - Click Here

-:- Zinc: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -

Click Here
-:- silver: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -

Click Here
-:- Gold: Occurrence, principles of extraction, Properties and Uses -
 Click Here
-:- Extraction from Gold Ores - Mac Arthur Forrest Cyanide Process

- Click Here
-:- Potassium dichromate: Preparation, Properties and Uses - Click

Here
-:- Copper Sulphate or Blue vitriol: Preparation, Properties and Uses

- Click Here
-:- Silver nitrate or Lunar caustic: Preparation, Properties and Uses -

Click Here
-:- Zinc carbonate and Purple of cassius: Preparation, Properties and

Uses - Click Here

f Block Elements
-:- General Characteristics of f-block elements and extraction - Click
Here
-:- General properties of Lanthanides - Click Here

-:- General Properties of Actinide Series - Click Here

-:- Comparison of Lanthanides and Actinides - Click Here

-:- Uses of Lanthanides and actinides - Click Here

-:- Simple salt and Molecular (or) addition compounds - Click Here

Coordination Compounds and

BioCoordination Compounds
-:- Terminology Used In Coordination Chemistry - Click Here
-:- IUPAC Nomenclature Of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds

- Click Here
-:- Types of Isomerism: Structural and Stereo isomerism - Click Here

-:- Theories Of Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, Valence

bond theory - Click Here

-:- Uses of coordination compounds - Click Here

-:- Bio Coordination Compounds - aemoglobin, Chlorophyll - Click

Here

Nuclear Chemistry
-:- Nuclear Chemistry - Indroduction - Click Here
-:- Difference between chemical reactions and nuclear reactions -

Click Here
-:- Type Of Nuclear Reaction - Click Here

-:- Radiocarbon Dating and Uses - Click Here

-:- Uses Of Radioactive Isotopes - Click Here

Physical Chemistry
Solid State II
-:- Types of Cubic System - Click Here
-:- Bragg's Equation and spectrometer method - Click Here
-:- Types Of Crystals - Click Here

-:- Imperfections In Solids - Click Here

-:- Super conductors property of Crystalline solids - Click Here

-:- Glasses - Amorphous solids - Click Here

Thermodynamics II
-:- Limitations Of First Law Of Thermodynamics - Click Here
-:- Second law of thermodynamics - Click Here

-:- Entropy And Entropy Change - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of entropy 'S' - Click Here

-:- Gibbs free energy 'G' and Standard free energy (G) - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of Free energy 'G' - Click Here

-:- Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Click Here

Chemical Equilibrium II
-:- Le Chatelier's Principle: Haber's and Contact Process - Click Here
-:- Attainment Of Equilibrium In Chemical Reactions - Click Here

Chemical Kinetics II
-:- Rate And Order Of A Reaction - Click Here
-:- Rate equation for first order reactions - Click Here
-:- Pseudo-First Order Reactions - Click Here
-:- Determination of rate constant of acid catalysed hydrolysis of an

ester - Click Here

-:- Temperature Dependance Of Rate Constant - Click Here

-:- Simple And Complex Reactions : Difference and Types - Click

Here

Surface Chemistry
-:- Classification, Factors affecting of adsorption of gases on solids -
Click Here
-:- General characteristics and Types of catalytic reactions - Click

Here
-:- Types of catalysts - Click Here

-:- Theories Of Catalysis - Click Here

-:- Colloids and Types of Colloids - Click Here

-:- Preparation Of Colloids : Dispersion and Condensation method -

Click Here
-:- Purification Methods Of Sols - Click Here

-:- Properties of Colloids - Click Here

-:- Natural and Technical Applications Of Colloids - Click Here

-:- Emulsions and Types of emulsions - Click Here

Electro Chemistry I
-:- Electro Chemistry: Conductors , Insulators And Semi Conductors
- Click Here
-:- Theory Of Electrolytic Conductance - Click Here

-:- Postulates of Arrhenius Theory - Click Here

-:- Evidences of Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation - Click

Here
-:- Ostwald's dilution law for weak electrolytes - Click Here

-:- Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis - Click Here

-:- Electrical Conductance Quantities - Click Here

-:- Variation Of Equivalent Conductance With Concentration - Click

Here
-:- Kohlraush's Law - Application with example - Click Here

-:- Ionic Product Of Water : The pH of solutions - Click Here

-:- Buffer Solutions - Click Here

-:- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and its Significance - Click Here

-:- Selection of pH indicators and Titration - Click Here

-:- Ostwald's theory and Quinonoid Theory - Click Here

Electro Chemistry II
-:- Electrochemistry - Cells and Daniel cell - Click Here
-:- Electro Chemistry - Cell Terminology - Click Here

-:- Single Electrode Potential - Click Here

zoology
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
-:- Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.),
Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Click Here
-:- Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Click Here

-:- Proteins(Polypeptides) - Click Here

-:- Lipids - Click Here

-:- Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency

Ailments - Click Here

-:- Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Click

Here
-:- The digestive system and The process of digestion - Click Here

-:- Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment -

Click Here
-:- Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of

Hernia - Click Here

-:- Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Click

Here
-:- Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in

fracture, Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation,

Arthiritis , Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Click Here
-:- Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Click Here

-:- Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Click Here

-:- Benefits of aerobic exercise - Click Here
-:- Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Click Here

-:- Process of pulmonary respiration - Click Here

-:- Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Click

Here
-:- Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Click Here

-:- Herring - Breuer reflex - Click Here

-:- Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute

and Chronic Bronchitis -Click Here

-:- Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Click

Here
-:- Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Click

Here
-:- Angina pectoris - Click Here

-:- Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty -

Click Here
-:- Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) -

Click Here
-:- ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Click Here

-:- Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Click Here

-:- Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Click Here

-:- Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Click Here

-:- Human Nervous system - Click Here

-:- Human brain - Click Here

-:- Types of memory - Click Here

-:- Types of sleep - Click Here

-:- Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Click Here
-:- Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex

- Click Here
-:- Right and Left Human brain concept - Click Here

-:- Spinal cord functioning - Click Here

-:- Functions of Endocrine glands - Click Here

-:- Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Click

Here
-:- Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Click Here

-:- Human Insulin - Click Here

-:- Human Glucagon - Click Here

-:- Gonads : Testis and Overies - Click Here

-:- Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Click Here

-:- Human eye : Errors of refraction - Click Here

-:- Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Click Here

-:- Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Click Here

-:- Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections,

Symptoms, Treatment - Click Here

-:- EAR - Some Information - Click Here

-:- Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Click Here

-:- Defects of the Human ear - Click Here

-:- Human Hearing Aid - Click Here

-:- Noise pollution - Click Here

-:- Human Skin and Functions of skin - Click Here

-:- Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Click Here

-:- Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Click Here

-:- Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Click Here
-:- Human Excretion - Click Here

-:- Mechanism of urine formation - Click Here

-:- Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Click Here

-:- Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation -

Click Here
-:- Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Click Here

-:- Functioning of male reproductive system - Click Here

-:- Functioning of female reproductive system - Click Here

-:- Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Click Here

-:- In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Click

Here
-:- Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Click Here

MICROBIOLOGY
-:- History of Medical microbiology - Click Here
-:- Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Click Here

-:- Viral Diseases - Click Here

-:- Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Click Here

-:- Bacterial structure And Culture - Click Here

-:- Bacterial Genetics - Click Here

-:- Bacterial Diseases - Click Here

-:- Protozoan microbiology - Click Here

-:- Larval microbiology - Click Here

 AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms,
-:-

Diagnosis, Control and Management - Click Here

IMMUNOLOGY
-:- IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired
Immunity (Specific immunity) -Click Here
-:- Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Click Here

-:- Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Click Here

-:- Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid

tissues (MALT) - Click Here

-:- Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains,

Transplantation immunology -Click Here

-:- Classification of grafts - Click Here

-:- Immune system disorders - Click Here

MODERN GENETICS
-:- Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Click Here
-:- Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Click

Here
-:- Genetic Diseases - Click Here

-:- Human Genome Project (HGP) - Click Here

-:- Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical

Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Click Here

-:- Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
- Click Here
-:- Gene therapy - Click Here

-:- Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Click Here

-:- Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Click Here

-:- Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome

sequencing, DNA library - Click Here

-:- Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Click Here

-:- Human population and explosion - Issues - Click Here

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
-:- Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and
Environmental - Click Here
-:- Global warming : Green house effect - Click Here

-:- Types of Greenhouse Gases - Click Here

-:- Effects of Global warming - Click Here

-:- Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of

Ozone depletions - Click Here

-:- Waste management - Click Here

-:- Waste management : Classification of wastes - Click Here

-:- Management of hazardous wastes - Click Here

-:- Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management

- Click Here
-:- Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and

non Governmental organizations - Click Here

-:- Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Click Here
-:- Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Click Here

-:- Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar

energy, Fossil fuels - Click Here

-:- Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Click Here

-:- Fresh water crisis and management - Click Here

-:- Freshwater resources - Click Here

-:- Freshwater shortages - Click Here

-:- Freshwater Management - Click Here

APPLIED BIOLOGY
-:- Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Click Here
-:- cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose

breeds, Draught breeds - Click Here

-:- Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red

Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Click Here

-:- Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Click Here

-:- Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Click Here

-:- Common diseases and control for Cattle - Click Here

-:- Poultry Breeds - Click Here

-:- Poultry Farming methods - Click Here

-:- Factors involved in brooding - Click Here

-:- Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Click Here

-:- Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and

Feeding - Click Here

-:- Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Click Here
-:- Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Click Here

-:- Sphygmomanometer - Click Here

-:- Haemocytometer - Click Here

-:- Urine - Sugar analysis - Click Here

-:- ECG-Electrocardiogram - Click Here

-:- Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial

tomography (CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Click Here

-:- Types of Endoscopy - Click Here

-:- Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Click Here

THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
-:- THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Click Here
-:- THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Click Here

-:- THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Click Here

-:- Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory

of Evolution - Click Here

Economics
1 Nature and Scope of Economics
-:- Nature and Scope of Economics - Click Here
-:- Definitions of Economics - Click Here
-:- Adam Smith's Definition (Wealth Definition) - Click Here

-:- Alfred Marshall's Definition (Welfare Definition) - Click Here

-:- Lionel Robbins' definition (Scarcity Definition) - Click Here

-:- Samuelson's Definition (Modern Definition of Economics) - Click

Here

2 Basic Economic Problems

-:- Main Divisions of Economics - Click Here
-:- Economics : positive or normative science ? - Click Here

-:- Economics in relation to other social sciences - Click Here

-:- Economics and Politics , Economics and History - Click Here

-:- Economics and Ethics , Economics and psychology - Click Here

-:- Economics, mathematics and statistics - Click Here

-:- Economics as a science - Click Here

-:- Methods of Economic Analysis - Click Here

-:- Economic Laws and Importance of Economic Laws - Click Here

-:- Characteristics and Classification of Wealth - Click Here

-:- Goods - Click Here

-:- Income and Types of Income - Click Here

-:- Economics : Value and Price - Click Here

-:- Markets and Classification of Markets - Click Here

-:- Importance of Economics - Click Here

-:- Basic Economic Problems and Economic Systems - Click Here

-:- Capitalist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages -

 Click Here
-:- Socialist Economy : salient features, Merits and Disadvantages -

Click Here
-:- Mixed Economy : salient features, Merits and Demerits - Click

Here
-:- Production Possibility Curve - Click Here

3 Theory of Consumer Behaviour

-:- Theory of Consumer Behaviour - Click Here
-:- Economics : Consumer Behaviour : Characteristics of wants -

Click Here
-:- Economics : Consumer Behavior : Classification of Wants - Click

Here
-:- Concept of Utility : Total, Marginal Utility - Click Here

-:- Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility(DMU) - Definition,

Explanation, Importance, Criticism - Click Here

-:- Law Of Equi-Marginal Utility - Definition, Explanation,

Importance, Criticism - Click Here

-:- Limitations of the Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Click Here

-:- Importance of Equi-Marginal Utility Law - Click Here

-:- Consumer's surplus : Definition, Explanation, Importance,

Criticism - Click Here

-:- Indifference Curve Approach : Definition, Schedule, curve, map -

Click Here
4 Demand and Supply
-:- Law of Demand with Schedule and curve - Click Here
-:- Exceptions to the Law of Demand - Click Here

-:- Factors determining demand - Click Here

-:- Elasticity of Demand and Types of Elasticity of Demand - Click

Here
-:- Importance of Elasticity of demand - Click Here

-:- Factors determining supply - Click Here

-:- Elasticity of supply : concept, Types, Factors determining - Click

Here

5 Equilibrium Price
-:- Equilibrium Price - Click Here
-:- Shift in Demand and Supply - Click Here

-:- Economics : Time Periods and Price Fixation - Click Here

6 Production
-:- Production - Click Here
-:- Factors of production : Land, Labour, Capital and Organisation -

Click Here
-:- Forms of Capital and Characteristics of capital - Click Here

-:- Labour : Characteristics and Division of Labour - Click Here

-:- Identifying the optimum combination of factors of production -
Click Here
-:- Short-run and Long-run production function - Click Here

-:- Short-run production function - The law of variable proportions -

Click Here
-:- Long-run production function - Increasing, Constant, Decreasing

Returns to Scale - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of an isoquant - Click Here

-:- Producer's Equilibrium and The Cobb Douglas Production

Function - Click Here

-:- Economies of Scale - Internal - Internal, External economies -

Click Here

7 Cost and Revenue

-:- Cost function, concepts and classifications - Click Here
-:- Short run average cost curves - Average Fixed, Average variable

and Average Total Cost -Click Here

-:- Marginal Cost - Click Here

-:- Long run Average Cost Curve (LAC) - Click Here

-:- Accounting Cost and Economic cost - Click Here

-:- Concepts Of Revenue : Average, Marginal Revenue(AR,MR) -

Click Here
-:- Measurement of Profit - Click Here
8 Market Structure and Pricing
-:- Meaning, Definition and Characteristics of Market - Click Here
-:- Classification of Markets according to Area, time, Competition -

Click Here
-:- Features and Conditions of perfect competition - Click Here

-:- Nature of Revenue curves - Click Here

-:- Monopoly : Characteristics and Causes - Click Here

-:- Monopoly : Price and Output Determination : Advantages,

Disadvantages - Click Here

-:- Methods of Controlling Monopoly - Click Here

-:- Definition and Conditions of Price Discrimination - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition - Click Here

-:- Determination of Equilibrium price and output under monopolistic

competition - Click Here

-:- Wastages of Monopolistic competition - Click Here

-:- Characteristics of Oligopoly - Click Here

9 Marginal Productivity Theory of

Distribution
-:- Marginal Productivity Theory of Distribution - Click Here
-:- The Ricardian theory of Rent - Click Here

-:- Modern Theory of Rent and Quasi-Rent - Click Here

-:- Theories of wages - Click Here

-:- Early theories of wages - Click Here
-:- Recent Theories of wages - Click Here

-:- Theories of Interest - Click Here

-:- Loanable funds theory (Neo - classical theory) of Interest - Click

Here
-:- Liquidity preference theory (Keynesian theory) of interest - Click

Here
-:- Rent theory of profits - Click Here

10 Simple Theory of Income

Determination
-:- Simple Theory of Income Determination - Click Here
-:- Say's Law of Market - Click Here

-:- Keynesian Theory of Income Determination - Click Here

-:- Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Consumption Function -

Click Here
-:- Keynesian Theory Aggregate Demand : Inducement to invest

(Investment function) - Click Here

-:- Rate of interest: Liquidity Preference Theory - Click Here

-:- Functions of Money - Click Here

-:- Economics : Importance of Money - Click Here

-:- Money supply and Reserve Money of India - Click Here

11 Monetary Policy
-:- Monetary Policy of India - Click Here
-:- Monetary Transmission - Click Here

-:- Economics : Inflation and Deflation, Types of Inflation - Click

Here
-:- Effects of changes in prices - Click Here

-:- Definition of Fiscal Policy or public finance - Click Here

-:- Subject matter of public finance(Fiscal Policy) - Click Here

-:- Meaning and definition of a tax - Click Here

-:- Canons of Taxation - Click Here

-:- Kinds or Types of tax - Click Here

-:- Meaning, Definition and Kinds(Types) of Budget - Click Here

12 Fiscal Policy
Fiscal policy : Meaning, Objectives, Limitations of Fiscal policy -
-:-

Click Here

History

India Under the English East India

Company: Warren Hastings (1772 1785)
-:- India Under The English East India Company: Warren Hastings -
Click Here
-:- The English East India Company - Click Here

-:- The Regulating Act of 1773 and Merits and Demerits of the Act -

Click Here
-:- First Anglo-Maratha War - Click Here

-:- The Second Anglo-Mysore War - Click Here

-:- The Impeachment and Estimate of Warren Hastings - Click Here

Lord Cornwallis (1786 1793)

-:- Lord Cornwallis (1786-1793) - Click Here
-:- Tipu Sultan and the Third Mysore War - Click Here

-:- Cornwallis : Administrative, Revenue, Judicial Reforms - Click

Here

The Marquess of Wellesley (1798 1805)

-:- The Marquess Of Wellesley (1798-1805) - Click Here
-:- The Marquess Of Wellesley : The Subsidiary System - Click Here

-:- The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) - Click Here

-:- Wellesley and the Marathas - Click Here

-:- The Second Maratha War (1803-1805) - Click Here

Lord Hastings (1813 1823)
-:- Lord Hastings (1813-1823) - Click Here
-:- War against the Gurkhas (1814-16) - Click Here

-:- Suppression of the Pindaris - Click Here

-:- Downfall of the Maratha Confederacy - Click Here

-:- Third Maratha War (1817-1819) - Click Here

Lord William Bentinck (1828 1835)

-:- Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) - Click Here
-:- Charter Act of 1833 - Click Here

-:- Reforms of Lord William Bentinck - Click Here

Lord Dalhousie (1848 1856)

-:- Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) - Click Here
-:- Lord Dalhousie : Policy of Annexation - Click Here

-:- Domestic Reforms of Dalhousie - Click Here

Revenue Administration and Economic

Policy of the British
-:- Revenue Administration And Economic Policy Of The British -
 Click Here
-:- British Agrarian Policy - Click Here

-:- Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari Settlement - Click Here

-:- British Policy towards Indian Handicrafts - Click Here

Educational and Social Reforms

-:- Educational And Social Reforms of British in India - Click Here
-:- Language and Education Policy of British in India - Click Here

-:- Struggle against the Caste System and the related Legislation in

India - Click Here

Palayakkarar Rebellion
-:- Palayakkarar Rebellion - Click Here
-:- Puli Thevar - Click Here

-:- History : Vira Pandya Kattabomman - Click Here

-:- History : Marudu Brothers - Click Here

Vellore Mutiny
-:- Vellore Mutiny - Click Here

The Great Revolt of 1857

-:- The Great Revolt Of 1857 - Click Here
-:- Causes of the Great Revolt Of 1857 - Click Here

-:- Causes for the Failure of the 1857 Revolt and Significance,

Effects of the Mutiny - Click Here

British India After 1858: Lord Lytton

(1876 1880)
-:- History : Lord Lytton (1876-1880) - Click Here

Lord Ripon (1880 1884) And Lord

Curzon (1899 1905)
-:- History : Lord Ripon (1880-84) - Click Here
-:- History : Lord Curzon (1899-1905) - Click Here

Socio Religious Reform Movements

-:- Raja Rammohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj - Click Here
-:- Swami Dayanand Saraswathi and the Arya Samaj - Click Here

-:- Self-Respect Movement and Periyar E.V.R. - Click Here

-:- Indian Socio-Religious Reform Movements - Click Here

Indian National Movement (1885 1905)
-:- Indian National Movement (1885-1905) - Click Here
-:- Factors Promoting the Growth of Nationalism in India - Click

Here
-:- The Indian National Congress (1885) - Click Here

Indian National Movement (1905 1916)

-:- Indian National Movement (1905-1916) - Click Here
-:- Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism - Swadeshi

Movement - Click Here

The Indian National Movement (1917

1947)
-:- The Indian National Movement (1917-1947) : Advent of Gandhi -
Click Here
-:- Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement -

Click Here
-:- Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) - Click Here

-:- Simon Commission (1927) - Click Here

-:- Quit India Movement (1942-1944) - Click Here

Role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian
National Movement
-:- Role Of Tamil Nadu In The Indian National Movement - Click
Here
-:- Non-co-operation Movement in TamilNadu, India - Click Here

The Justice Party Rule

The Justice Party rule in the Madras Presidency constitutes - Click
-:-

Here

Constitutional Development (1858 1947)

-:- Indian Constitutional Development (1858 - 1947) - Click Here
-:- Indian Councils Act of 1861 and 1892 - Click Here

-:- Minto- Morley Reforms of 1909 - Click Here

-:- The Government of India Act of 1935 - Click Here

-:- Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 - Click Here

India After Independence

-:- India After Independence - Click Here
-:- Indian Polity (1947 - 2000) - Click Here
Renaissance
-:- Renaissance - Click Here
-:- Renaissance Literature, Art, Sculpture - Click Here

Geographical Discoveries
-:- The Geographical Discoveries of the 15th and 16th centuries -
Click Here
-:- Impact of the Geographical Discoveries - Click Here

-:- Geographical Discoveries : Portugal and Spain - Click Here

The Reformation and Counter

Reformation
-:- Causes for the Reformation - Click Here
-:- Martin Luther (1483-1546) - Click Here

-:- Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) and John Calvin (1509-1564) - Click

Here
-:- Counter-Reformation - Click Here

-:- Effects of Reformation - Click Here

The American War of Independence
(1776 1783)
-:- The American War Of Independence (1776-1783) - Click Here
-:- The English Colonies in America - Click Here

French Revolution
-:- Causes of the French Revolution - Click Here
-:- French Revolution : The French Philosophers - Click Here

-:- Impact of the American War of Independence - Click Here

-:- Work of the National Assembly (1789 - 1791) - Click Here

-:- The National Convention (1792 - 1795) - Click Here

Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions

-:- Agricultural Revolution - Click Here
-:- Industrial Revolution : Causes, Merits, Demerits - Click Here

First World War

-:- First World War (1914 -1919) - Click Here
-:- First World War - Colonialism - Click Here

-:- Causes of First World War - Click Here

-:- Course of the First World War - Click Here
-:- Results of the First World War - Click Here

Russian Revolution of 1917

-:- Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Click Here
-:- Causes of the Russian Revolution - Click Here

-:- February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917 - Click Here

-:- Results of Russian Revolution Of 1917 - Click Here

The League of Nations

-:- The League Of Nations - Click Here
-:- Establishment of League of Nations - Click Here

-:- Achievements Of The League Of Nations - Click Here

-:- Causes for the Failure of League of Nations - Click Here

Rise of Fascism and Nazism

-:- Causes for the Growth of Fascism in Italy - Click Here
-:- Rise of Mussolini - Click Here

-:- Mussolini as the Prime Minster of Italy - Click Here

-:- Nazism In Germany : Hitler and the Nazi Germany - Click Here

Second World War

-:- Second World War - Click Here
-:- Causes of the Second World War - Click Here

-:- Course and Results of the Second World War - Click Here

Growth of Asian Nations: China And

Japan
-:- Growth Of Asian Nations: China And Japan - Click Here

United Nations Organisation

-:- United Nations Organisation - Click Here
-:- Achievements of the U N O - Click Here

-:- Organization of the U.N.O. - Click Here

The Cold War

-:- The Cold War - Click Here
-:- Beginning and End of the Cold War - Click Here

World Today
-:- History : World Today - Click Here
Geography

THEORY BIOSPHERE
Plants, Animals and Humans
-:- Biosphere : Plants and Animals, The Biomes - Click Here
-:- The forest biomes : Coniferous, Temperate, Tropical forests -

Click Here
-:- Temperate And Tropical Grassland Biomes - Click Here

-:- Cold and Tropical deserts Biomes - Click Here

-:- Harvesting Forests and Shrinking Forests - Click Here

-:- Sea Ecosystems - Click Here

The Human Potential

-:- Human Evolution and Human Civilisations - Click Here
-:- Growth, Distribution and Density - Click Here

-:- Structure, Composition and Population Explosion - Click Here

-:- Malthus- Population Theory and Marx's Ideas on Population -

Click Here
HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS I
Settlement Systems
-:- Human-made ecosystems : settlement systems - Click Here
-:- Classification of Settlements - Click Here

-:- Urban Growth and Problems - Click Here

-:- Central Place Theory - Click Here

Industrial Systems
-:- Classification of Industrial systems - Click Here
-:- Industrial System : Functional Characteristics and linkage - Click

Here
-:- Factors of Industrial Location - Click Here

-:- Theory of Industrial Location : Weber's Theory of Location -

Click Here

Trade Systems
-:- Role of Geographical Factors in Trade - Click Here
-:- Geographical and Stage of Technological Development - Click

Here
-:- Geographical Trade Types - Click Here
-:- Geographical Trade Blocs - Click Here
-:- Benefits from Trade Blocs and Trade Trap and the Fall of Markets

- Click Here

HUMAN MADE ECOSYSTEMS II

Transport and Communication Systems
-:- Human-made ecosystems : Transport and communication systems
- Click Here
-:- Human-made ecosystems : Transport Systems and Transport

Types - Click Here

-:- Transport Types and Classification : Road, Train, Sea, Air - Click

Here
-:- The Cargo Traffic - Click Here

-:- Ecosystems : Information and Communication Systems :

Technological, Technical Development - Click Here

-:- Importance of Information Technology - Click Here

-:- Communication Revolution - Click Here

Space Technologies
-:- Remote Sensing Systems : Types and Uses - Click Here
-:- Classification of Satellite Remote Sensing : Geo, Sun, Spy

Satellites - Click Here

-:- Elements of Remote Sensing Systems - Click Here
-:- Uses of Remote Sensing - Click Here

-:- Indian Space Programme - Click Here

-:- Water, a Valuable Resource - Click Here

-:- Water: Quantity and Quality - Click Here

-:- Quantity of Water - Click Here

-:- Quality of Water - Click Here

-:- Water Based, Related and Waterborne Diseases - Click Here

-:- Water Supply and Demand and Drinking Water Scarcity - Click

Here

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONS
MANAGEMENT
Global Freshwater
-:- Global freshwater : Urbanisation - Click Here
-:- Global fresh water : Industrialisation - Click Here

-:- Land and Water Pollution - Click Here

-:- Water Ethics and Management, Irrigation, Political Dimension -

Click Here
-:- Water Management and Basin Management - Click Here

-:- Water Supply and Sanitation - Click Here

-:- Disaster, Hazard and Vulnerability, the Meaning - Click Here

-:- Resilience and Emergency - Click Here

Natural Disasters
-:- Disaster Management, Mitigation and Prevention - Click Here
-:- Earthquakes and Landslides - Click Here

-:- The Turkey Earthquake 1999 - Click Here

-:- Disasters and Health Epidemic, Emergency Response to Disasters

- Click Here
-:- Global Warming - Click Here

-:- Floods as Hazard and Major Flood Disasters in world - Click Here

-:- Flood Warning and Emergency Planning - Click Here

-:- Desertification - Click Here

-:- Advancing Deserts of the World - Click Here

-:- Programmes and Projects - Desertification and Drought in India -

Click Here

Conservation and Resource Management

-:- Conservation and resource management - Click Here
-:- History of Conservation and Resource Management - Click Here

-:- History of Conservation and Resource Management In the mid-

20th century - Click Here

-:- Water Resources Management and Conservation Techniques -

Click Here
-:- Rainwater Harvesting and Techniques - Click Here

-:- Inter-State River Linkages - Click Here

MAP INTERPRETATION AND
SURVEYING
Map Interpretation
-:- Map interpretation : Basic Map Components (Parts) - Click Here
-:- Map interpretation : Basic Principles of Map Reading - Click Here

-:- Suggested, Sequential Learning of Map Skills - Click Here

-:- Weather Maps and Images Interpretation - Click Here

-:- Map Symbols for Weather and Clouds - Click Here

-:- Weather Maps : Winds - Low, High - Click Here

-:- Weather Forecasting and its Methods - Click Here

Surveying
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Database Management Systems and
Geographical Information systems
-:- What is Geographical Information System? - Click Here
-:- Database Management Systems - Databases - Click Here
-:- Applications of Geographical Information Systems - Click Here

Global Positioning Systems

-:- Global Positioning System (GPS) is a Satellite Navigation System
- Click Here
-:- Carrier Phase Tracking (Surveying): An Application of GPS -

Click Here