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CHAPTER SUMMARY QUIZZES

Chapter 1 Political Thinking and Political Political thinking is the careful gathering and sifting of True and False Quiz
Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen information in the process of forming knowledgeable views of
political developments. Political thinking is a key to responsible http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
I. Learning to Think Politically citizenship, but many citizens avoid it by virtue of paying scant 073526401/student_view0/chapter1/true
A. Obstacles to Political Thinking attention to politics. The tools of political science can _or_false_quiz.html
B. What Political Science Can contribute to effective political thinking. The United States is a
Contribute to Political Thinking nation that was formed on a set of ideals. Liberty, Multiple Choice Exam
II. Political Culture: Americans' Enduring individualism, equality, and self-government are foremost
Beliefs among these ideals. These ideals became Americans' common http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
A. Core Values: Liberty, bond and today are the basis of Americans' political culture. 073526401/student_view0/chapter1/mult
Individualism, Equality, and Although imperfect in practice, these ideals have guided what iple_choice_quiz.html
Self-Government generations of Americans have tried to achieve politically.
B. The Limits and Power of Politics is the process by which it is determined whose values
America's Ideals will prevail in society. The basis of politics is conflict over scarce
III. Politics and Power in America resources and competing values. Those who have power win
A. A Democratic System out in this conflict and are able to control governing authority
B. A Constitutional System and policy choices. In the United States, no one faction controls
C. A Free-Market System all power and policy. Majorities govern on some issues, while
D. Who Does Govern? other issues are dominated by groups, elites, corporations,
IV. The Text's Organization individuals through judicial action, or officials who hold public
office.

Chapter 2: Constitutional Democracy: The Constitution of the United States is a reflection of the True and False Quiz
Promoting Liberty and Self-Government colonial and revolutionary experiences of the early Americans.
Freedom from abusive government was a reason for the http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
I. Before the Constitution: The Colonial colonies' revolt against British rule, but the English tradition 073526401/student_view0/chapter2/true
and Revolutionary Experiences also provided ideas about government, power, and freedom _or_false_quiz.html
A. The Declaration of that were expressed in the Constitution and, earlier, in the
Independence Declaration of Independence.
B. The Articles of Confederation The Constitution was designed in part to provide for a limited Multiple Choice Quiz
C. A Nation Dissolving government in which political power would be confined to
II. Negotiating Toward a Constitution proper uses. The framers wanted to ensure that the http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
A. The Great Compromise: A Two- government they were creating would not itself be a threat to 073526401/student_view0/chapter2/mult
Chamber Congress freedom. To this end, they confined the national government iple_choice_quiz.html
B. The Three-Fifths Compromise: to expressly granted powers and also denied it certain specific
Issues of Slavery and Trade powers. Other prohibitions on government were later added to
C. A Strategy for Ratification the Constitution in the form of stated guarantees of individual
D. The Ratification Debate liberties in the Bill of Rights. The most significant constitutional
E. The Framers' Goals provision for limited government, however, was a separation
III. Protecting Liberty: Limited Government of powers among the three branches. The powers given to each
A. Grants and Denials of Power branch enable it to act as a check on the exercise of power by
B. Using Power to Offset Power the other two, an arrangement that during the nation's history
C. Separated Institutions Sharing has in fact served as a barrier to abuses of power.
Power: Checks and Balances The Constitution, however, made no mention of how the
1. Shared Legislative powers and limits of government were to be judged in practice.
Powers In its historic ruling in Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court
2. Shared Executive assumed the authority to review the constitutionality of
Powers legislative and executive actions and to declare them
3. Shared Judicial Powers unconstitutional and thus invalid.
D. The Bill of Rights The framers of the Constitution, respecting the idea of self-
E. Judicial Review government but distrusting popular majorities, devised a
IV. Providing for Self-Government system of government that they felt would temper popular
A. Democracy versus Republic opinion and slow its momentum so that the public's "true
B. Limited Popular Rule interest" (which includes a regard for the rights and interests of
C. Altering the Constitution: More the minority) would guide public policy. Different methods
Power to the People were advanced for selecting the president, the members of the
1. Jeffersonian House and the Senate, and federal judges as a means of
Democracy: A insulating political power against momentary majorities.
Revolution of the Spirit Since the adoption of the Constitution, the public gradually has
2. Jacksonian Democracy: assumed more direct control of its representatives, particularly
Linking the People and through measures that affect the way officeholders are chosen.
the Presidency Presidential popular voting (linked to the Electoral College),
3. The Progressives: direct election of senators, and primary elections are among
Senate and Primary the devices aimed at strengthening the majority's influence.
Elections These developments are rooted in the idea, deeply held by
V. Constitutional Democracy Today ordinary Americans, that the people must have substantial
direct influence over their representatives if government is to
serve their interests.
Chapter 3: Federalism: Forging a Nation A foremost characteristic of the American political system is its True and False Quiz
division of authority between a national government and state
I. Federalism: National and State governments. The first U.S. government, established by the http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
Sovereignty Articles of Confederation, was essentially a union of the states. 073526401/student_view0/chapter3/true
A. The Argument for Federalism In establishing the basis for a stronger national government, _or_false_quiz.html
1. Protecting Liberty the U.S. Constitution also made provision for safeguarding
2. Moderating the Power state interests. The result was the creation of a federal system
of Government in which sovereignty was vested in both national and state Multiple Choice Quiz
B. The Powers of the Nation and governments. The Constitution enumerates the general
States powers of the national government and grants it implied
1. Enumerated Powers powers through the "necessary and proper" clause. Other http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
and the Supremacy powers are reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment. 073526401/student_view0/chapter3/mult
Clause From 1789 to 1865, the nation's survival was at issue. The iple_choice_quiz.html
2. Implied Powers: The states found it convenient at times to argue that their
Necessary and Proper sovereignty took precedence over national authority. In the
Clause end, it took the Civil War to cement the idea that the United
3. Reserved Powers: The States was a union of people, not of states. From 1865 to 1937,
States' Authority federalism reflected the doctrine that certain policy areas were
II. Federalism in Historical Perspective the exclusive responsibility of the national government,
A. An Indestructible Union (1789- whereas responsibility in other policy areas belonged
1865) exclusively to the states. This constitutional position validated
1. The Nationalist the laissez-faire doctrine that big business was largely beyond
View: McCulloch governmental control. It also allowed the states to discriminate
v. Maryland against African Americans in their public policies. Federalism in
2. The States' Rights View: a form recognizable today began to emerge in the 1930s.
The Dred Scott Decision In the areas of commerce, taxation, spending, civil rights, and
B. Dual Federalism and Laissez- civil liberties, among others, the federal government now plays
Faire Capitalism (1865-1937) an important role, one that is the inevitable consequence of the
1. The Fourteenth increasing complexity of American society and the
Amendment and State interdependence of its people. National, state, and local
Discretion officials now work closely together to solve the nation's
2. Judicial Protection of problems, a situation known as cooperative federalism. Grants-
Business in-aid from Washington to the states and localities have been
3. National Authority the chief instrument of national influence. States and localities
Prevails have received billions in federal assistance; in accepting federal
III. Contemporary Federalism (Since 1937) money, they also have accepted both federal restrictions on its
A. Interdependency and use and the national policy priorities that underlie the granting
Intergovernmental Relations of the money.
B. Government Revenues and Throughout the nation's history, the public through its
Intergovernmental Relations demands on government has influenced the boundaries
1. Fiscal Federalism between federal and state power. The devolutionary trend of
2. Categorical and Block the 1990s, for example, was sparked by Americans' sense that
Grants a rollback in federal power was desirable, whereas the
C. Devolution subsequent expansion of federal power has been a response to
1. The Republican Americans' concerns about terrorism and economic recovery.
Revolution
2. The Supreme Court's
Contribution to
Devolution
3. Nationalization, the
More Powerful Force
IV. The Public's Influence: Setting the
Boundaries of Federal-State Power

Chapter 4: Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution shortly after its True and False Quiz
Rights ratification. These amendments guarantee certain political,
procedural, and property rights against infringement by the http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
I. The Constitution: The Bill of Rights and national government. 073526401/student_view0/chapter4/true
the Fourteenth Amendment The guarantees embodied in the Bill of Rights originally applied _or_false_quiz.html
A. Selective Incorporation of Free only to the national government. Under the principle of
Expression Rights selective incorporation of these guarantees into the
B. Selective Incorporation of Fair Fourteenth Amendment, the courts extended them to state Multiple Choice Quiz
Trial Rights governments, though the process was slow and uneven. In the
II. Freedom of Expression 1920s and 1930s, First Amendment guarantees of freedom of http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
A. The Early Period: The Uncertain expression were given protection from infringement by the 073526401/student_view0/chapter4/mult
Status of the Right of Free states. The states continued to have wide discretion in criminal iple_choice_quiz.html
Expression proceedings until the early 1960s, when most of the fair-trial
B. The Modern Period: Protecting rights in the Bill of Rights were given federal protection.
Free Expression Freedom of expression is the most basic of democratic rights.
1. Free Speech People are not free unless they can freely express their views.
2. Free Assembly Nevertheless, free expression may conflict with the nation's
3. Press Freedom and security needs during times of war and insurrection. The courts
Prior Restraint at times have allowed government to limit expression
4. Libel and Slander substantially for purposes of national security. In recent
5. Obscenity decades, however, the courts have protected a wide range of
III. Freedom of Religion free expression in the areas of speech, press, and religion. They
A. The Establishment Clause have also established a right of privacy, which in some areas,
B. The Free-Exercise Clause such as abortion, remains a source of controversy and judicial
IV. The Right to Bear Arms action.
V. The Right of Privacy Due process of law refers to legal protections that have been
A. Abortion established to preserve individual rights. The most significant
B. Consensual Sexual Relations form of these protections consists of procedures designed to
among Same-Sex Adults ensure that an individual's rights are upheld (for example, the
VI. Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes right of an accused person to have an attorney present during
A. Suspicion Phase: Unreasonable police interrogation). A major controversy in this area is the
Search and Seizure breadth of the exclusionary rule, which bars the use in trials of
B. Arrest Phase: Protection against illegally obtained evidence.
Self-Incrimination
C. Trial Phase: The Right to a Fair The war on terrorism that began after the attacks on
Trial September 11, 2001, has raised new issues of civil liberties,
1. Legal Counsel and including the detention of enemy combatants, the use of harsh
Impartial Jury interrogation techniques, and warrantless surveillance. The
2. The Exclusionary Rule Supreme Court has not ruled on all such issues but has
D. Sentencing Phase: Cruel and generally held that the president's war-making power does not
Unusual Punishment include the authority to disregard provisions of statutory law,
E. Appeal: One Chance, Usually treaties (the Geneva Conventions), and the Constitution.
F. Crime, Punishment, and Police Civil liberties are not absolute but must be judged in the
Practices context of other considerations (such as national security or
VII. Rights and the War on Terrorism public safety) and against one another when different rights
A. Detention of Enemy conflict. The judicial branch of government, particularly the
Combatants Supreme Court, has taken on much of the responsibility for
B. Surveillance of Suspected protecting and interpreting individual rights. The Court's
Terrorists positions have changed with time and conditions, but the Court
VIII. The Courts and a Free Society is usually more protective of civil liberties than are elected
officials or popular majorities.

Chapter 5: Equal Rights: Struggling toward During the past half-century, the United States has undergone True and False Quiz
Fairness a revolution in the legal status of its traditionally disadvantaged
groups, including African Americans, women, Native http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
I. Equality through Law Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. Such 073526401/student_view0/chapter5/true
A. The Fourteenth Amendment: groups are now provided equal protection under the law in _or_false_quiz.html
Equal Protection areas such as education, employment, and voting.
1. Segregation in the Discrimination by race, sex, and ethnicity has not been
Schools eliminated from American life, but it is no longer substantially
2. Judicial Tests of Equal backed by the force of law. This advance was achieved against Multiple Choice Exam
Protection strong resistance from established interests, which only
B. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 begrudgingly and slowly responded to demands for equality in http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
1. The Black Civil Rights law. 073526401/student_view0/chapter5/mult
Movement Traditionally disadvantaged Americans have achieved fuller iple_choice_quiz.html
2. The Movement for equality primarily as a result of their struggle for greater rights.
Women's Rights The Supreme Court has been an instrument of change for
3. Hispanic Americans and disadvantaged groups. Its ruling in Brown v. Board of Education
the Farm Workers' (1954), in which racial segregation in public schools was
Strikes declared a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal-
4. Native Americans and protection clause, was a major breakthrough in equal rights.
Their Long-Delayed Through its affirmative action and other rulings, such as those
Rights providing equal access to the vote, the Court has also
5. Asian Americans and mandated the active promotion of social, political, and
Immigration economic equality. However, because civil rights policy
C. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 involves large issues concerned with social values and the
D. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 distribution of society's opportunities and benefits, questions
E. Affirmative Action of civil rights are inherently contentious. For this reason,
II. The Continuing Struggle for Equality legislatures and executives have been deeply involved in such
A. African Americans issues. The history of civil rights includes landmark legislation,
B. Women such as the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act.
C. Native Americans In more recent decades, civil rights issues have receded from
D. Hispanic Americans the prominence they enjoyed during the 1960s. The scope of
E. Asian Americans affirmative action programs has narrowed, and the use of
F. Gays and Lesbians forced busing to achieve racial integration in America's public
G. Other Disadvantaged Groups schools has been nearly eliminated. At the same time, new
III. Discrimination: Surface Differences, issues have emerged, including the question of whether same-
Deep Divisions sex couples will have the same rights as opposite-sex couples.
The legal gains of disadvantaged groups over the past half-
century have not been matched by material gains. Although
progress in areas such as education, income, and health care
have been made, it has been slow. Tradition, prejudice, and the
sheer difficulty of social, economic, and political progress stand
as formidable obstacles to achieving a more equal America.
Chapter 6: Public Opinion and Political The process by which individuals acquire their political opinions True and False Quiz
Socialization: Shaping the People's Voice is called political socialization. During childhood, the family,
schools, and church are important sources of basic political http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
Political Socialization: The Origins of attitudes, such as beliefs about the parties and the nature of 073526401/student_view0/chapter6/true
Americans' Opinions the U.S. political and economic systems. Many of the basic _or_false_quiz.html
orientations that Americans acquire during childhood remain
A. Primary Socializing Agents: Family, with them in adulthood, but socialization is a continuing
School, and Church process. Adults' opinions are affected mostly by peers, the new Multiple Choice Exam
B. Secondary Socializing Agents: Peers, media, and political leaders. Events themselves also have a
Media, and Leaders significant short-term influence on opinions. http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0
The frames of reference that guide Americans' opinions include 073526401/student_view0/chapter6/mult
Frames of Reference: How Americans Think political ideology, although most citizens do not have a strong iple_choice_quiz.html
Politically and consistent ideological attachment. In addition, individuals
develop opinions as a result of group orientationsnotably,
A. Party Identification religion, economic class, occupation, region, race and ethnicity,
gender, and age. Partisanship is a major source of political
B. Political Ideology opinions; Republicans and Democrats differ in their voting
C. Group Orientations behavior and views on many policy issues.
1. Religion Public opinion can be defined as those opinions held by
2. Economic Class ordinary citizens that they openly express. Public officials have
3. Region many ways of assessing public opinion, such as the outcomes
4. Race and Ethnicity of elections, but they have increasingly come to rely on public
5. Gender opinion polls. There are many possible sources of error in polls,
6. Generations and Age and surveys sometimes present a misleading portrayal of the
7. Crosscutting Groups public's views. However, a properly conducted poll can be an
accurate indication of what the public is thinking.
The Measurement of Public Opinion Public opinion has a significant influence on government but
seldom determines exactly what government will do in a
A. Public Opinion Polls particular instance. Public opinion serves to constrain the
B. Problems with Polls policy choices of officials but also is subject to their efforts to
mold and channel what the public is thinking. Evidence
The Influence of Public Opinion on Policy indicates that officials are particularly attentive to public
opinion on highly visible and controversial issues of public
A. Limits on the Public's Influence policy.
B. Public Opinion and the Boundaries of
Action
C. Leaders and Public Opinion

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