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Chapter -03

Since its beginning in the early twentieth century, civil aviation

has become one of the most fascinating, important, and
complex industries in the world.
The civil aviation system, particularly its airports, has come to
be the backbone of world transport and a necessity to twenty-
first-century trade and commerce.
In 2008, the commercial service segment of civil aviation,
consisting of more than 900 airlines and 22,000 aircraft,
carried more than 2 billion passengers and 85 million tons of cargo
on more than 74 million flights to more than 1700 airports
in more than 180 countries worldwide.
General operations were conducted at thousands of
commercial and general aviation airports throughout the world.

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a) To ensure aviation safety, security

b) Effective regulation of air transport in the country in the safe
environment.
c) Safe, efficient, reliable and widespread quality air transport services
are provided at reasonable prices
d) Flexibility to adapt to changing needs and circumstances
e) To provide all players a level-playing field
f) Encourage Private participation
g) Encourage Trade, tourism and overall economic activity and growth
h) Security of civil aviation operations is ensured through appropriate
systems, policies, and practices

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It also manages a total of 125 Airports,

including 18 International Airports, 7 Customs
Airports, 78 Domestic Airports and 26 Civil enclaves at
Military Airfields. AAI also has ground installations at
all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of
aircraft operations.

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1. Explorationofissuesthatimpactaviationinthestudyarea.
2. Databaseofthecurrentsystem
3. Identification ofairtransportationneeds.
4. Forecast ofsystemdemand
5. Considerationofalternativeairportsystems
6. Definitionofairportrolesandpolicystrategies
7. Recommendationofsystemchanges,funding strategies,andairport
development
8. Preparationofanimplementationplan.

Althoughtheprocessinvolvesmanyvariedelements,thefinalproductwill
resultintheidentification,preservation,andenhancementoftheaviation
systemtomeetcurrentandfuturedemand.

Airport:Anyaerodromeatwhichapermanentcustomandimmigrationfacilities
Airport Terminology areprovided.

definitionsadoptedbyInternationalCivilAviation
Organization.
Aerodrome :Adefinedareaonlandorwater(includinganybuilding,
installationsandequipment)intendedtobeusedeitherwhollyorinpartfor
thearrival,departureandsurfacemovementofaircraft.
Aeroplane :Apowerdrivenheavierthanairaircraftwhichderivesitslifein
airthroughaerodynamicreactionsonitssurface.
Aircraftmaintenancearea:Allthegroundspaceandfacilitiesprovidedfor
aircraftmaintenance.Itincludesaprons,hangers,buildings,workshops,vehicle
parksandroadsassociatedtherewith.
Aerodromeidentificationsign:Asignplacedonanaerodrometoaidin
identifyingtheaerodromefromtheair,
Airplanereferencefieldlength:Theminimumfieldlengthrequiredfortakeoff
atmaximumcertificatedtakeoffmass,sealevel,standardatmospheric
conditions,stillairandzerorunwayslope

Aircraft:Anymachinewhichcanderivessupportintheatmospherefrom
thereactionsoftheairandisintendedforaerialnavigation.Itmaybe
heavierorlighterthanair.
Airfield:Thelandingareaincludingtaxiways,runwaysandholdingaprons.
Aircraftclassificationnumber(ACN):Anumberexpressingtherelativeeffectof
anaircraftonapavementforaspecifiedstandardsubgradestrength.
Airportreferencecode:Itisacodingsystemusedtorelateairportdesign
criteriatotheoperationalandphysicalcharacteristicsoftheaeroplanes
intendedtooperateattheairport.

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AirportTerminology
Airsidewaitingarea:Spacebetweenthedeparturesconcourseandairsideexists
fromthepassengerbuilding.
Aircraftmovement:Anaircrafttakeofforlandingatanaerodrome.
Foraerodrometrafficpurposesonelandingandonetakeoffiscountedastwo
movement.
Airportcapacity:Themaximumnumberofaircraftoperationsthatcantakeplace
inanhour.Alandingortakeoffoperationiscountedasoneoperation.
Airportestablishedelevation:Theelevationofthehighestpointofthelanding
area(airport'susablerunway)abovemeansealevel.
Airportpavement:Itisthepreparedanddesignedthicknesslaidoverthe
subgrade;tocarrytheaircraftwheelloads.
Airship:Apowerdrivenlighterthanairaircraft.

Airstrip:Alongcomparativelynarrowstripsuitableforlandingandtakeoffof
aircrafts.
Aircrafttrafficdemand:Thehourlydemandisthesumofnumberofaircrafts
desiringtolandandthenumberofaircraftsdesiringtodepart,fromthe
aerodromeduringthathour.

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Airway : The air route along which navigational aids are provided and
maintained.
Amphibian : An aeroplane which is designed to take off and land on
water as well as on the ground,
Approach area : The wide clearance areas of ground beyond both
ends of runways.
Approach surface : The imaginary inclined plane representing the
obstruction clearance line and located directly above the approach
area.
Apron : A defined area on land intended to accommodate aircraft for
purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fueling,
parking, or maintenance etc.
Arrival concourse : Space between baggage claim area on customs
inspection and landside exists from the passenger building.
Aspect ratio : It is the relationship between the wing chord and the
wing span, A short wing span and wide chord means a low aspect ratio,
Asphalticconcrete(Bituminousconcrete):Agradedmixtureof
aggregateandfillerwithasphaltorbitumen,placedhotorcold
androlled.
Baggagecontainer:Areceptacleinwhichbaggageisloadedfor
conveyanceaircraft.
Baggagestoragearea:spaceinwhichbaggageisstoredpending
transporttoaircraft.
Blastfence:Abarrierusedtodivertordissipatejetblastor
propellerwash.
Blastpads:Specialshouldersprovidedatthetakeoffendsof
runwayandalongtaxiwaytoprotectthemfromerosiondueto
highvelocityofthejetblast.
Boundarymarker:Linesormarkersusedtoindicatethe
boundaryofalandingarea.
Buildingrestrictionline:Alinewhichidentifiessuitablebuilding
arealocationsonairports.

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Base course (Base) : The layer or layers of specified or selected
material of designed thickness placed on a sub-base or subgrade to
support a surface course.
Bearing strength (bearing capacity, pavement strength) : The
measure of the ability of a pavement to sustain the applied load.
Cargo : Freight other than passenger baggage and mail, which is
carried by aircraft.
Cargo area : All the ground space and facilities provided for cargo
handling. It includes aprons cargo buildings and warehouses, vehicle
parks and roads.
Cargo building : A building through which cargo passes between air
and ground transport and in which processing facilities are located.
Cargo warehouse : A building in which cargo is stored pending
transfer to air or ground transport'
Check in concourse : The space between the passenger building
landside entrance and the check in position.
Check in position : The location of facilities at which check in is carried
out.
Departure concourse : The space between the cheek in position and
the airside waiting area.
Domestic flight : A flight having exclusively destinations within the
country by an airline of that country.
Domestic scheduled airline : An airline, registered in a country
which operates any scheduled services within the country but which
does not operate scheduled international services.
Declared distances :
(a) Take-off run available (TORA) : The length of runway declared
available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off.
(b) Take-off distance available (TODA) : The length of the take off
run available plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
(c) Accelerate stop distance available (ASDA) : The length of the
take-off run available plus the length of the stop way if provided.
(d) Landing distance available (LDA) : The length of runway which
is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane
landing.
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Clear way (C WY) : A defined rectangular area at the end of the landing
strip (runway) in the direction of take off, selected or prepared as
suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial
climb to a specified height.
Conical surface :-An imaginary surface which extends upwards and
outwards from the periphery of the horizontal surface with a slope of I :
20 measured in a vertical plane.
Control area : The air space within which regulations of air traffic
control are applicable.
Control tower : Situated usually on the top of the terminal building, it is
a room from which air traffic within the airport is controlled, by directing
and supervising the arriving and departing aircrafts.
Cross wind component : It is the component of wind at right angles to
the direction of travel of an aircraft, when wind blows in an inclined
direction to the direction of landing and take off.
C TOL : It represents conventional take off and landing.
Commercial air carrier : A carrier performing scheduled or non-
scheduled air transport services or both, available to the public for the
carriage of passengers, mail or cargo for remuneration.
Hanger : Large shed erected at the airports for parking, servicing
and repairing of aircrafts.
Heliport : An area for landing and take off of helicopter.
Holding apron : The portion adjacent to the end of runways to
allow check of aircraft instruments and engine operation prior to
take off and to enable the aircrafts to wait for take off clearance.
Horizontal surface : It is the imaginary horizontal surface
located at a level of 45 m above the airport established elevation.
It is circular in plan.
Holding bay : A defined area where aircraft can be held, or
bypassed, to facilitate efficient surface movement of aircraft.
IFR flight : The flight in accordance with the instrument flight
rules.
Instrumental landing system (ILS) : A navigational aid which
facilitates landing with the help of radio beams. It provides lateral
and vertical guidance to the aircrafts and also indicates the
distance of the aircraft from the runway threshold.
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Instrumentalrunway:Therunwayofanairportwhichis
providedwithinstrumentallandingfacilitiestolandunder
conditionsofpoorvisibility.
Internationalairservice:Anairservicewhichpassesthrough
theairspaceovertheterritoryofmorethanonecountry.
Internationalairport:Anyairportinthecountrywhichisan
airportofentryanddeparturewhereformalitiesincidentto
customs,immigration,publichealth,agriculturequarantineand
similarproceduresarecarriedout.
Internationalflight:Aflightthatcontainsoneormore
internationalflightstages.
Immigrants:Theseincludenewimmigrants,returningresidents,
visitorsonholidays,visitorsonbusinessandpersonsintransit.
Immigrationcontrol:Theimmigrationand/orpoliceinspection
ofarrivalpassengers.
Independentparalleldepartures:Simultaneousdepartures
fromparallelornearparallelinstrumentrunways,
Rudder : An air control in the aircraft which helps the pilot to turn the nose of
the aeroplane in any particular direction. It can move to and fro about a
vertical axis through about 30 degrees.
Runway : A long and narrow defined rectangular strip which is prepared for
landing and take off
Runway threshold : The beginning of the runway that is available for landing.
Runway strip : A defined area including the runway and stop way if provided,
intended to reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off the runway and to
protect aircraft flying over it during take off or landing operations.
Runway visual range (RVR) : The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on
the center line of a runway can see the runway surface marking or the lights
delineating the runway or identifying its center line.
Runway blast pad : A surface adjacent to the ends of runway provided to
reduce the erosive effect of jet blast and propeller wash.
Rigid pavement : A pavement structure that distributes load to the subgrade
having as its surface course a Portland cement concrete slab of relatively high
bending resistance.
Saturation of an airport : Reached when the aircraft traffic demand equals or
exceeds the corresponding airport capacity.

Service rate : The maximum aircraft movement rate which could be

leached at an airport.
Sustainable capacity : The highest movement rate of an airport which
could be continuously maintained for three hours or more under defined
conditions.
Standard atmosphere : An imaginary atmosphere when air is perfectly
dry, the temperature and pressure at sea level is 150C and 760 mm of
mercury respectively.
STOL : Short take off and landing,
STOL port : It is an area used for landing and take off of STOL aircrafts.
Streamline : To give a body such a shape that its head resistance to
motion through the air is lessened.
Stop way : Rectangular area at the end of the runway in the direction of
take off in which an aircraft can be stopped after an interrupted take off.
Subsonic aircraft : Aircraft which travels at speed less than the speed of
sound.
Supersonic aircraft : Aircraft which travels at speed greater than the
speed of sound.
Surveillance radar : Provides an overall picture of the surrounding
atmosphere. The information about the aircraft within its range is received
on its scope.
Shoulder : An area adjacent to the edge of paved runways, taxiways or
aprons providing a transition between the pavement and the adjacent
surface, support for aircraft running off the pavement, enhanced
drainage and blast protection.
Tail : The rear portion of an aircraft to which rudder, elevator and fin are
usually attached.
Take off runway : A runway intended for-take off only.
Taxiway : A defined path over which an aircraft may taxi to and from the
runway and loading apron, and to provide link between one part of the
aerodrome and another.
Terminal area : Portion of the airport other than the landing area. It
includes terminal building, facilities for loading and unloading the
passengers, cargo and mail, apron for parking of aircrafts, vehicle
parking area, cargo storage buildings and hangers.
Terminal building : It provides space for airline operations, facilities for
passengers, offices for airline operations, facilities for passengers,
offices for airport management and other non-aeronautical functions.

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Transporter : Any vehicle used to convey passengers between aircraft

and passenger building.
Traffic : For air transport purpose, traffic means the carriage of
passengers, freight and mail.
Theoretical airport capacity : The maximum movement rate which
could be reached with the mix of aircraft and of take offs and landings
under defined conditions for that airport. Airports are presently classified in the following manner:
Threshold : The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for 1. International Airports:
landing. When the threshold is located at a point other than at the 2. Custom Airports:
beginning of the pavement, it is called as either a displaced or a
relocated threshold depending on how the pavement behind the 3. Model Airports:
threshold may be used. 4. Other Domestic Airports:
Taxi-holding position : A designated position at which taxiing aircraft
5. Civil Enclaves in Defence Airport:
and vehicles may be required to hold in order to provide adequate
clearance from a runway.
Taxiway intersection : A junction of two or more taxiways.

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Type of propulsion 1.Typeofpropulsion

Size of aircraft.
Planner and Weight of the aircraft Basedonthetypeofpropulsionandthrust
designer of Capacity of aircraft generatingmediumaircraftscouldbeclassifiedas:
airports must
know the Range of aircraft
following Speed 1. Pistonengine:havereciprocatingenginewhich'is
principal Turning radius
characteristics Tyre-pressure and contact area fittedwithpropellers.
of the air-crafts, Fuel spillage
which can be
accommodated Heat and noise 2. Turbojet:haveturboengineswhicharenotdriven
in design Aircraft circling radius
Weight on gear system and gear arrangement
bypropellers,
Speed of jet blast
3. Turbofanorturboprop:Turboengineshaveafan
eitheratfrontorrearoftheturboengine.

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2.Size
Size of an aircraft can be defined
by the following :
a) wing-span
b) length
c) the maximum height
d) distance between main gear
Wing span decides the apron size, taxiway clearance, turning clearance.
Length decides the width of exit taxiway, apron size, length of hanger.
Height effects the height of hanger and its gate.
Distance between main gear decides the geometrics of exit runway.
3.Capacity
Capacity of an aircraft includes :
a) fuel space
b) passenger space and
c) cargo space
Bigger the capacity, larger are dimension and greater is the weight.

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4.Weight
Structural design of the airport is based on the total load of the aircraft. The
weight of the aircraft may be classified into :
a) Operating weight
Operating weight is the weight of empty aircrafts, its crew and all
equipment ready for flight, excluding the passengers and fuel-load.
b) Payload
It is revenue producing load which consists of passengers, mail and
cargo.
(c) Fuel weight
It consists of weight of the fuel taken by the aircraft required for the trip
and certain reserve. It may vary from 9 to 40% of the total gross weight.
(d) Maximum gross take-off weight
The maximum overall weight of the aircraft is that weight which is
permitted for take-off.
It consists of operating empty weight + payload + fuel reserve + fuel
required for trip. Airport pavement is designed for this load.
(e) Maximum landing weight
At landing aircraft loses weight of fuel consumption in flight.

5. Range
The length of normal haul is called 'range'. The range has important
influence on the frequency of operation, affecting peak hour traffic and
runway capacity.
6. Speed
Although speed has nothing to do with direct planning of the airport, it
gives an idea of the arrival of the aircrafts. Aircraft speed may be defined
as :
ground speed, also called cruising speed
Ground or cruising speed is the speed of the aircraft relative to ground. It is
important to passenger.
Air speed
Air speed is the speed of the aircraft relative to the medium in which it is
travelling. It is important for pilot.
If craft is moving at 1000 k.p.h. and air moving in opposite direction at 100
k.p.h. the air speed is 900 k.p.h.
7. Turning radius
Turning radius would decide the radius of curves at the end of taxiway. It
helps in location of aprons and other installations.
Turning radius is recommended by the manufacturers.

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8. Tyre-pressure and contact area

Maximum tire pressure and contact areas help in arriving at the total
thickness of the airport pavement and suitability of the type of pavement.
Small contact area has the punching effect on pavement.
9. Fuel-spillage
Jet aircrafts issue hot blasts at high temperatures, which may melt the
binder of the flexible pavement Under repetitive loads binder comes out.
Maximum temperatures may be of the order of 3850F. Fuel spillage affects
taxiways, aprons and ends of runway, as it occurs when engine is shut
down or speeded down.
With a view to cope with these high temperatures asphaltic concrete,
rubberized tar concrete or plain concrete may be used. "Epox" is another
material used in USA, with asphalt concrete and is known as "Epoxy
Asphalt Concrete".
10. Heat and noise
In supersonic planes, the speed and fuel economy favors the use of turbo
fan engine which gives greater noise during ground stay. Noise is of
importance in planning and site-selection of the airport. It is considered
advantageous to locate the airports away from the residential areas.

11. Circling radius

In landing operations, bigger aircrafts will have to take longer and bigger
radius circles, before landing. Two aircrafts should be so spaced that
maneuvering path for the aircraft landing simultaneously one at each port
do not interfere.
For jet planes it may be 50 miles (80 kms)
For other planes it may be 5 to 10 miles (8 kms to 15 kms)

12. Gear system and gear arrangements

Aircrafts are supported on nose or tail wheels (gears) and two main gears
located in the wing area on each side of the fuselage. When in stationary
position, the load distribution of the 3 wheel-gear system vary with the
type of plane.
For designing the pavements, it is assumed that :
10% of the weight is on the nose gear
90% of the weight is on the main gears

13. Speed of jet blast

The shoulders are badly affected due to tremendous speed of the jet
blast. Maximum blast occurs at all turnings, taxiways, take-off ends of the
runway. Dense turf or a thin bituminous pavement may save the cohesion
less soils from erosion.

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