g

SPE 28904

Reliability Anal ysis on PVT Correlations

Giambattista De Ghetto,' Francesco Paone, and Marco Villa, AGIP SpA

'S PC Member

CoDyr ~ 9hl 1994, 80cl01y of Pelro)eum EnOlne,", ,: Inc .

. Tn,s paper wu prepared lor pre,en!atlon aT Iil. EUiooean PsuoJlum Conl.,.nc.e held In londOn. U.K.. 25-27 Oclob4lr ,Sl9-4.

Th,g DODer WI' sele ctttd tor pr o.,e n1.llon by an $PE PrOQrllm (;.()mmllleo following r ..... ow 0 1 LnformaUon contalnad In an .b~ 'tact submHllid by 'he 8ulhOf(-,) . Coole n it or !he pe po r.
a~ o(o, . n l .o. havo no! be en (.... ,awed by The SOCI.,y ot PetrOleum Engln ,. and ar. I Vb ltd 10 cOtT.clion by (he a U1Mr(IJ) . 1118 mlliettel, ItS prU flnl9d . dO", nOI noc:"".r llv (811nCI
ar. y paSIIIon of Ina $OClol y of P91foleum Engineers. U, orrlcers. or m.mb8f3. Paoer. Pfu e nled at SPE meettnos ar . SUOjecl ~o DubUcallon tll view oy EdllQrlal Commllle9s ollr, e SOelOl)
o ~ PSIrolBum Engln9019 PorTTlIss ro n 10 coo.,. 1& r8'lIicled 10 ao aO SlIncl of nc>4 mor.lhiln.3CX) words . Illustratloni moy nol ~ OOPIOO. Th. ab Slracl Sf"tOuJd COnlBl.fl conspIcuous acknowloo gmoni
01 'NrH". ano by whom Ine paper I. prosen18d. Writ. LJof .rt.trn, SPE. P.O . Box 8.3.J6J6. Rlchatd.arr. TX 75083--39.36, U.S.A. TOlex l6J.24S SPEUT .

A1JSTIlACT: 11us paper evuJunles We re1.iability of !be most common empirical corrc:Jations used for tlelcl1nllUng re servou Quitl properues
whencver laboralory PVf dnUl arc not available: bubblcpoint pressure, solution GOR, bubblepoint OFVF, iso!b=nl compressibility, demj-oil
nswsity, gus-SJlturated oil viswsilyand underSJlturalcd oil viscosity.
The reliability of the correlations has been e valWlted against a set of 195 crude oil samples colleCled from the MeiliterrnnCilll Busin, Africa, We
Persian Gul f and the North Sea. About 3700 measured datn points M ve bc= wlicct.c:rl and investigaled. All mc.:tsured data poi.nts arc reportecJ
J..i] We paper. F or nll the correlations, We [oliowing statistical poramcters have been calculated: a ) relative deviation between eslilllaletl llll d

expcrllnent.nJ vnlues, b) a vcrnge absolu te percent error, c) standard deviation.

Oil SlIIIlples hnve been divided into the [ollowin& [our diITcrent API gravity clnsses: extm-heuvy oils for APrs: 10, lIC1lVY oils [or lO <oAPI S:
22.3, medium oils for 22.3 < APl~ 31.1. liglJt oils for API> 3 1. L
The best correlations boUI for encll class and for !be whole runge of API gravity have been evnllUlled for each oil-property.
The fULctioruU fonus of lbe correlations Ulal gave !be best rc:suJts [or each oil property have been used for fmding a better correlation ,villi
a\'er.lJ;e errors rcxiuCG<..l by 5-10%. In particular, for extm-henvy oils, since no correlations are availabl e: in li terature (ex cept [or viscosity), U
spaiw invcsliption has been performed nnd new equations arc proposed,

l,-mom;cno/\
Tile c.aJculalion of resef>'es in an oil reservoir or tbe detennination of
Its [lcrformnncc and economics, requires a good knowledge of tbe
flui d's pbvsical properties. Bubblepoinl pressure, GOR, OFVF and
comorcs:;ibilily arc or primnry imponnnce in mnlerilll balance
c.aJ;.uULJon, whercns visasity plays an importnnl role: in production
{cst J-ll.cTpretntion and in we U probl= analysis. Idca1ly, lbese
p;opctUes arc delcrmined from laborotory sludies OIl' samples
wllcclcJ from Ule bonom of the weUbore or from !be surface. Suc!l
cxpcriment.nJ tiuta arc however not nlways avnilablc because of one
c; IDore of such rcu.soos : a) samples coUccted are not re1.iable, b)
= plcs have not been tnke:n bealUsc o f cost saving, c) PVI il.IllIlysc:s
arc no: av.:t.i.lJblc whcrt d.1tn are needed , this sitlUltion oilen occurs in
j1:oduction-tesl inlcrpretntion in exploration wells.
ill sucit mscs PVI properties mus t be de lenuined bv using empiricul
u::nvw CO:TelatioIlS. Obviously Ute accurucy of such correlatiol1.'l is
cnuc.aJ [or !be above mentioned calculations nnd il is not of\cn
~ . .
knOv.TI lJt JcJvnncc.
De SPite the g:renl number o[ work performed in the pUSl 50 years on
P VT co;relations, each of Wem seems to be applicable with II good
reiiability only in' a weU-defin ed rnnge o[ resCTVoir fluid
characlensties. This is due to the fact lhnt each correlation bas been
cJeveloped by using samples belonging to n rcstricted gcographicnl
area, wiUt similar fluiJ compositions and API grovilY.
TIus work is aimed at DJL:J.lysing the reliability of literalure
w rreL1tio :lS, hslcJ in tnble I, not only in the runge of input dntn
dciined b\' C8ch Aulbo;, but even in Ute v.idcr rllllge of Agip's
reservoir iJuids, ~lIowu in table 2. The reason for this is to delc:nnine
Ule penormaIlcc o[ a correlation de veloped for a pnrticular area, the
North Sen [or eXllITlple, wlten it is uppLied ltl oils [WlLl Ntlrti l Nriw
, or the M editornnCilll Sen. .
In addition, this will muke it possible to ex lCnd We usc of some
correlations in ranges of API gravily itl whidl no corrclulious !lavc
been proposed yet (except [or viscosi ly): [or oils \viw deu.sily lower
!luJU 10 APL
TIle following presents " review of We most kn owll correJaLions
publishw in literature, The range of inpul dntn used in tlevel opillg
encll corrclalioll and We corresponding errors rcport.cJ by c.uc!l
Author arc provided in tables J, 4 and 5.
In 1947 StanJing'lfllJI published lWO correlations for cJetcrmin.in[; ,
respectively, the bubb!cpoint pressure (Pb) und We oil-formation
volume factor (OFVF) at bubblcpoinl, from knowll vuJues of
reservoir tanpc.rnture (Tr), soluLJon gns-oil mtio (GOR) at bubble
poinl, oil grnvily (yo) ancJ gus gra vity (yg). In all , 105 e xpcrirocntnlly
delermined dntn point.s on 22 c.WTerent crucJc-oil101ltural-gns mixtures
from Culifornia were used.
In 1958 LasD ter'41 presented a new correlation for Pb. ' ill nll, 15 8
e xpcrimc.n!alJ y mCCl5illed bubb Icpo in I pressures from !3 7
indepeDde:lt crude oil sySlWl.S frOlIl Crutn.dJi, wes lc.m and rnicJ
conlinent.nJ U. S. , ClIld Souw A.-::-.mc.n were U!iCi.l in Iu s work.
ill 1959 Chew and Co nn ally51 proposed a correiatioll 10 predict We
gus-saturated oil viscosily (~ol) us u function of dwd-oil viscosily
(~od) and GOR The correlatioll W!lS de veloped from 457 cruu e oil
samples from Cruuldn, USA and Souw Amcric.n. TIle stucJy showed
" llIlll ala fixed GOR, Ule relatiou between ~ol and We corresjlour.ling
~o<.l is a strniglJt line on 10gnriUwuc co-orilinulCS.

J(cfcrcuce, and i lluslraLJoIlS at Ule ClJ d of We paper

g 375
 RELIABILITY ANA ,YSIS ON PVT CORRELATIONS

ill 1975 Deg!:' lIo d Robio500 16: published two new correlatio[ , foe
calculating fwd and >,-01. 'The equations resulted from a study of ,533
viscosity measurements involving bOO dill"eren t crude oil sysc :ms.
An accuracy of -D.64% for the dead-oil viscosi ty corrdation was
found wben test e{} ~.in.st the dalll used for i ts w ork. When te.ted
against 93 cases from li ~ ture, the average error in==d to
114 .27%. The A uthors did not explain the reason for the large en)rs
but simply warned tllat the extrapolation outside the: range of ~he
cialn. used to develop the correlation should be done with care.
In 19 77 Vn <q ue1. a n d Deggsnl presented correlations for predicti:g
GOR and OfVJ7 of a gas-saturated crude oil , as a function of crud :
oil API gravity, yr" reservoir temperature and pressure (Pr). In tota .
GO(M min. POints were used, distributed into two groups (lc.ss than 3C
a API and gre.1tcr than 30 a API) because of vruintioll.'l in the volatilit)
of crude oil. The Authors found yg to be a strong correlnting
parameter in the development of the GaR correlntion. B=use yg is
dependent on the conditioru under w hich the gas is s eparated from
oil, a correlation to normalise yg to a separation pressure of 114.7
psin was also rieveloped by the Authors and ~ against 124 data
points from 27 diITerent Duids. Vasquez and Beggs also investigated
il,e vIscos ity (>'-0) and the isothermal compressibility (Co) of under
saturate<.! oils, using 4486 daln. points for the Co correlation and 3593
Min. points for the >,-0 correlation.
ill 198 0 GI IIsol1!i presented corre latioru for estimating Pb, OFVF and
>'-D:l, as [! function of Tr, totnl surface gas gravity, GOR and API
p1lviry. Bccausc til e first two correlatioru were de ve loped using dalll
(rOJll 45 oil samples ,'li th paraffinicitiC3 eq ui valent to North Sea Oll,
an adjusWlcnt to the API gravity term was suggestro for using the
corr el ations ,'li th oils of a d.iJIc.rent composition.a.lll1lture. Glaso also
provided J. meLhoJ for correcting Ute predicted Pb for the presence of
C02, N 2 and illS in the totnl surface gases. The correlation for fwd
was developed from daUl obtained from 26 erudC' oil srunples.
in I ~88 EglJo(!au nnd Jnck.J91 proposed two dill"e,ent correlations for
reservoir Quids, as a function of easi ly-m<'aSurnblc ficlJ \ tir:
sln.ge separa tor pressure und GOR. API, Pr and T r. PVT l ~ I:
samples were collected from Libya, Nigeria and Anf!oln rcser, Ol:
Only the compressibility correlation has been considered in ti.
study.
In 1990 Kart oatmodjd 13J presc:nted new empirical correlations f,
predicting OFYF, Pb, fwd, flO I , flO and Co as a function \
measurable parameters &Uch as Tr. sepamtor gns gravity (GGPsp
API and GOR.. A tOlal of about 1400 dill"e ren t samples were used;
develop the correlations. Most of them were extrocle<.! by PV
reports from South East Asia, Californi a and Alaslcn nnd
reasonable group from literature. The ne w corrClations WeI
developed using the functionnl farm of the previously publishe<.! one
which gave the best. estim.nte. The Author also presented
correiallon to convert OFYF and GOR from dill"erc:nlilll to Oas
liberation process Ilt the separator conditiofL The OFYF, GOR on.
Pb correlations were developed using both Dash vaporisation ciaL
and dilfcrential vaporisation data, (the latter coovcrted to Dasll usin,
tbe above mentioned conversion factor) . Kartoatmoc.ljp s~ted thn
these correlations are applicable to a Oash process only. i\pplvinr
these equatio!l.'l to /I dill"erential process might lcml to errors of u'[l t:
20%.
In 1990 M ajeed, Knttan and S nlm :lc ll41 proposed a ne\v gcnera:
correlation for estimating flO as a function of Pr, Pb, flo1. GOR an~
API. The correlation was developed usiDg 253 experimeotallY
det.ermined oil viscosity values on 4 1 dill"erent oil s:jIIlples from
North Afrien and Middle-East oil r eservoirs. TI,e correlation is
derived from plotting (Pr-Pb) Vs (flO-flOl) on a log-log paper. The
plot shown II series of strn.ight lines of u corutant slope who~
intcrccpls could be represrn ted as a function of API and GOR.
In 1990 RoIUns, ; Mc CalD Jr. aDd Crccgcr l51 deve loped an
empirical equation to estim.atc stock-tonk GOR as :J funr '; ~'l of
separator pressure and tempcrnture (psp, Tsp), API IUJd Gr i'lIC

correlation was obtained using a lognrilhmic model on a to JO I

cswnalUlg >,-od . The llrs~ one was a modified Beggs and Robinson
black oil samples. The solution GOR. obtained by Ildding U,e sloc.k
correlal1c:1 ob i1J.llJ e<.! bv using 394 oil systems from laboratories of
tank GOR from equation to Ule field-<lelermined scparnlqr GOR, has
AGi\T Eugin~. LtcL TI,e sccond one introduced a new
been afTected by an average error of less th!lll 3%.
pru-J1ll etc to eslJ.Ill1lte thc >,-oJ: the pour point tempcrnture (Tp)

In 1992 Lnbedl1l6l published a n"w se t of correlations to predict

wiucl.! is . bv deflniLion, the lowest temperature at wmcu the oil is

flad, >,-01 and flO. The dala-bnok: for the develo[lDlcnt of rom:iatiO[lS
obs erved to Dow. J:lecause Tp seemed to be relate<.! to crude oil

cousisted of about one llUodrcti laboratory IiIILllvses, represenlin~ Ule

paroITlI1 content (It increase s \vith the parniIin content), tlJc Authors

flwds of the entire producing reservoirs in Libyu . [.uch cqual10n

l>,::uevcu Lhnt I1J1port1lnt chemical compositioo.n..l o.spcclS of crude oil

could Dc consid ered 10 U:e viscosity correlation by introducing this

developed is a function of e.1Sily-oblainable dal1l, sucb os APL Pr illJd
P :J.IJillClCI. 11,e avcroge error of U,e e<:Juation \vith Tp was slighUy

Tr. In particular, with regard to tile flol correl.n.tion, ull cquatiOl.L'

lowcr UUl.J1 Ule modified Bcggs and Robinson correlation (-4 .3% vs. previously published correlntc )tOl {o >,-ad and GOR. In tlJ.is study ~o '
5.13 %). Since T~ is not an eas,ily-m=urnble pnrurneter on field the
is n direct function or >,-ad, API and P r, parnmetcrs more c.:J.S ih
lullCC corrclauou 113 5 not been investigp.ted i.u titis stUdy.
mc.nsurnblc in tile fielu tiUlD GOR. Lnbcd.i also pul.>li shc:U "
[n 198 8 !\!Jrhoun/lo.' publisJled empirical correla tions for estirru:lting rciallonswp be tween dill"erential and Dasll APL Even if the APl used
Pl!. OFVF Q~ bubbicroinl and totnl OfVF for the Middle East cruuc in nil of the oil viscosity corrclntions devclopcJ in U,is stud \" "'11S
oLlD.ined by flushing tile fluiu sample to U,C alruospucne prn"Ilf c ,
oils. as a fWlction or Tr, yg , GO;\' und API. i\ totnl of 69 PYT
:U13ivscs 0; boltomhoJc Quid SAmples were DvoiJablc for the w!J.ic.h can be c<J.Sily done in the field by Dashing the well cllrectJv lo
<.Ic,c lopmcat of corrci allon.s. Only the correlation for Pb has been the: stock- tank, this relntion IDLLkes 1t possible to utilise U,e viScOSlty
cormdcred i.ll this work. dalll from the samples Ulot arc not flusued to the atmospheri~
prC3sure, but d.i1Tac:n tinlly liberated.. The new correlal1ons can be
11 1988 As~arpour, 1\1c.Loucl.!lin, W ong and C heung lll presented
applied 10 other geograpwcul areas sucll as the Middle East, U,e
J new sci of correlations to estimate Pb, OFYF and GOR (at und
North Sea and some parts of North and South America, but tlJey
below bubbJcpoint) as Q function of yg, yo, Tr ' and GOR. The should be: used within the limit of iDput dnln., in particular Lhey
correlJtion.s were based on more ti11ill 310 dill"erent crude oil samples should not be extrapolated for crudes ofless than 32 0 API.
from WestCTI1 Carulili: Bccause the physical properties of c<Jch
f!co iof:lc.11 formation UI Western Canada ex.lllbited dilfereot
In 19 93 P et ros ky and Fanhadll71 prese~ted new empiJ ienl PYT
correlations for es timating Pb, GaR., Ofvr IUJd Co, as u function of
bch:mou:, II was ncussarv to devClop correlations for 3 diITerent
co=only available field da~. A total of 81 luborntory pvr
geoiopcal formal1ons. Although the average errors of the
lllllIlysls, IlllIde on crude o ils extracted from reservoirs oITshore Texas
co:TelJuons arc ver\' low, the paper has Dol been considered in lliis
wor l srn::.c UlfcfUl1Ition about U1e gcological formation of crude oil and Louisinna were used to develop the correlations. AuUlors found
that their correllltloDS could predict the PYT [lropcrtics witlJ average
$.1ITlples wcr e not aVaLiable, and beciJuse this infol1Jl1ltion IS OOl =y
absolute errors ranging from 0 .64% for OfYF to 6.66% for C ""-hc
10 guul on field
correlations w ere d eveloped spccUicull y for Gulf of Mex.ic' e
11_1989 La bed 1111 publi sh ed a new sct of c:qU.'ltion.s for estimating
oils but Authors said thnt the same equations could be used UI ~ ..!ler
OJ Yr. od densIly al anc.l below bubblcpoint, and Co of the African

376 D

 SPE 0289().1 G. DE GHETTO, F. PAONE,1{ VILLA
rq;ions of the worlc', Only the compressibility correlation hns been
considered in this work.
Ru.lAnILITY ANALYSIS ON un:RATUJU CORRELATIONS
This work analyses tile most well-known correlations described. in
literature for estima.Ling PVT properties such as bubblepoull
pressure, oil formation volume foe tor and soluLion gas-oil ratio at
bubblcpoint, dead-oil viscosity, gas-sa tumlul 011. VlSCOSlty, lWdc.r
Saturated oil viscosity and isoUlermal compressIbility. It does not
however include those correlations whicll require, ns inpu t data,
parnroctcrs wlllcb nrc not easily measurable on Geld or not
oblIlinablc from pvr reports. Table 1 shows schcmnucnlly the
Author.; and tbe rdative correlaLioDS cons idered for eaclJ property
exrun.i.ned .
Sl1ll1.i.ng eXClusively witil the PVT studies carried out ovcr the last 30
YcaIS on Agip oils, a selection was IDilde excluding those lacking all
ilie inpul dalJl necessary to uSC PVT correlations. In this way, a very
heterogeneous snrople of 195 crude oils was set up, rcpresenl.nllve of
divcr.;e rescrvoir conditions und production SCCllllllOS, III order to
ensure that tile conclusions obtained from this analysis would be
generally valid and lwve un exten.sive applica bility to wide runge of
opemti ve Slluations.
Tc~ 195 oil s corue from the Mcditc.rroneun Basin, Africa, llie Pcrsian
Gulf and th e N orlli Se.a.. Table 2 lists the range of input and outpu t
parameters of all Agip's oil snrnples while table 6 reports tile
experiment.u.llv-m=ed PVT data involved in the present study
(about 3700 d.JlJl POUlts).
Tables J and 4 list the range of input and output pnramcters upon
which C-1ch I\ullior based the development of his correlation
(Autilor's defined runge). The first table shows the: bubbkpoint
pressurc, ti le solution gas-oil mtio , the oil fOITlllltion volume: wctor
und comprcssibilit)-, the sec:ond shows the visc:osity. On c:ompuring
tl:e values of these tables with those in table 2 , it can be observed .
how we /Uoup of Agip oils c:ovc:r.; 11 much wider range of physiCJJ.!
chnroC1enstics. For exrunpk, with regard to t1Je API ~mvity: all the:
Cl:Ju;Jtious. ,vitll the exccpLion of Egbogah and JocJc'9 for VlSCOSlty,
.were lesled 011 oils having an API l.J.igbcr Uuw 14 (Tab.3 unci 4),
wiule thc group tested here lul.s 2 8 samples witil API < 14 (Tab.6).
Tne dellsitv of llil oil is a fWlcUuncntal charocteristic as it rellccts its
chemical ~mposition, on which all the fluid's lIlIlin properues
c.iepend. r or titis rcason, the API gravity wru cbosen in this study
llIDOn& ull tile ciillerent 'parrunet crs used for classifying oils; therefore
Abip'S oil SIlfllple WllS divided into 4 diiTcrcnt clllSSCs of API gravity
liS follows:
e1 (n.L-uen vy oils API ~ 10
heuv), oils 10< API ~ 22.3
medium oils 22.3< API ~31.1
ligllloil> API > 31.1
Tne iasl three clusscs correspond 10 a slJilldnrd classification of
otlf3 01J lion we bas.Ls of the API gravity. the eXUCllles of llie ranges
witiei.! icientify the iliITercnt classes can vary as lhcre is no
UDlver5.1lly recognised classification. TIle first class WLl.5 "desif;Iled"
Ul this study mainly for the: followin g reasons: .
,,:mations ill the properties of 9illdes depend chiefly on the
presencc of ilie mOSl heavy hydroc{fbo~7IJ&lJ1lI40;
in t1Je :;JLl.5t few years, oil companies have: become increasingly
. mlcresu:J in rescrvoirs with tile extra-heavy oils'lSIJ7/.
there arc no correlations in litc.rature Which c:ovcr tile runge of oils
,\~th API ~ 10, except [or vis c:osi lies.
The reliability of each correlaLion and for each parnrne:tcr was
lnercfore tested both [0: Agip's entire sample and for each API
gIa,it!' clLl.5S , The results obu:.ined for ench gravity class llfe believed
La be very significant Ll.5 il is plausible that samples belcuging to the
s.:unc class arc phvslculJy und chemically more comparable tilllil
samples from LliITerent classes. On the othe:r hone!, the: study of the
c.nLire group of oils rn.nkes it possibl e to verify the behaviour of the:
377
-- ..-
.:.
c:orrc:lation in a runge iliat is diITerent and, in most =, \\loce.
tiulnlh.ut considered by the Author who proposed iL
The: reliability study for indi vidual classes and on Ule enure p-oup o[
oils, was carried out usi?g gropl.J.ie und s w tistical instruments
Calculated vs. measured-value diagrams were ereated for each
purametcr srudied (Cj vs. Mi) in order to have II cleur und inunecllulc
view of the behaviour of eaeh correlation.. For rcnsons of spuce, not
aU tile calculated value vs. measured-value grnphs, relutive to CIlClt
correlation, Mve bee.n included III this paper. illsteae!, it was decideo (
to show a 6inglC diagram ""fuell gathers the best results obtained for
individual classes of oil . The di:JgrllfnS for each property cslimat.cJ
nre shown in figures 1,3,5,7,9, II, J3 and 14.
The qualitative llDJllysis carried out by means of diaf:JUIDS ~ s
acwmpanied by a statistical u.naJysis, of whiclJ the starting POUll
was the relative de-viarioll between cslimaled anJ c.xpcrinzcllwl value
(E). thus defined:
EI~ICi~.M;ilOO (I)
Afu:.r b aving CJJ.!culated the Ei for all the available snroples, results
were subjected to a statistical unalysis calculaLing th" a verage
arithmetical value (E,.,,) of the Ei and llieir slUDdnrd deViuuon (SD),
i.e., the dispersion orthe Ej nround tileir average value Em, using
t1Je following cqUlltiOns:
N E
E =
10 2: 1.1
-=:L
N
(2)
" , I< 1
)
~ i -)
[lO I - E m J
SD - (3 )
N-J
TIle correlation providing the smallest Sn
value was Judged to be
the best. When equal Em w us found for more correlatious, the lowest
standard deviation value defined llie best one. Table 7 provides llie
best results obwined frOID the statistical unnlysis, [or tile iliITerent
parametCl1l estimated, on the wbole group of ous und for wcb API
gravity class. In addition to this lJlblc, it wa' decided to show all tile
statistical results oblJlined from the c:orrclations stuc.lJw for wclt
property, in order to have a general idea of tile beh.aviour of ule
cWTen:nl cqlllltions chosen from literature. TIle resul1.9 cau Ix: seeil Ul
tile diagrams of figures 22 to 28.
A statistical study similnr LO the previous ODe was carrico out..
excluding those snrnples with chn.r<Jctcnstics whic!J dill not fa U
,\vi lhin th-: ranges proposed by tile dilIerent Authors (ran)l.cs dll c<ldy
'defuled in wbles 3 8.Dd 4). Table 8 provides tile best results oblULned
ill this &CCOnd study. We slJould !Jowever stress lliat llie exclusiou of
oils willi cb.arnctcristies wwch 9~ E~t fall within the rollge propose<.!
by llie Authors has onen led to huge reductions in tile number of
snrnplcs an.aJysee!, som etimes more llillll 70%. The slJllistical results
obl1l.ined on s!lDlples with less Uw.n 10 oils were not presented us
lliey were nOl c:onsidered to be represenl.ntivt:. The results provided
by this scwnd unalysis llfe tilcrefore to be considerw less
r~prcsentative thall the C.1Ili cr ones, Below is a discussion of llie
results obtained for each property cslJmntcd, \vith rq~ard to llie
!lIl1llysis of the entire group of Agip oils. The same procedur e will be
applied latcr to describe the results of llie llJ.lJllysis Ul the . J.nge
proposed by the AutilofS.
REsuLTS OFRRUJJJILITY ANALYSLS PERFOIu\{!) ON AGU" s S MlP LE.S
Ali the results nrc discussed with reference to lJlble 7 Illld to figures
1,3,5,7,9, I I, J3 8.Dd 14.
lJubbkpoinl pres.mrt!
Slrulding's corrclation /l /2/31 has given tile Oesl r<:sWls, botil ill the
e.ntire group of oils, willi un average error of 16.1 %, illld in ule class
of eXtra-heavy oils (average error 9.1%) and bCllvy oils (average
error 15.1 %). However, tile unalysis b as shown that ill geueral, t1Jc
errors of the diiTc.rent correlaLions dec rease as Ule API dq:ree
incrc:nses. This bclu!viour wus obscrvc<.l in nlmosl nll Ule properties
esLirnnted (sec figs. 22 to 28 for couflIITlLlLion), The behaviour of
)
REUABILITY ANALYSIS 0;\ PVf CORRELAnONS
Slmlillm:'s eorrelauon [or extrB -hcavy and heavy oils should therefore
be considered as Jairl;: anumaJous. For tlte medium and light oils, the
best results were obt1J..i.ned wi lli Kart8atmodjo and Glaso's
corre auons respecLively.
It should be po iJlted out thnt the errors found here were. always
grcnter th1ln those gi ven by the Authors in tileiI' origirull pubhcnllOns
shown in table 5, except for Kartoatmodjo. TIlls behavlOllf WO'
found in tlle majority of cases for all the properties llIl1llysed.
So luJiol/ gas-oil ratio
The best results are provided by th e Vasquez-Beggs a t:l
Kllrtoatmodjo corrdaLions with crTors al WllYs hie.her thau 20 ;0.
Sl1iIldirlg's corrciaLion for extra-heavy oils is the exceptioll wi th an
average error of 13.7%. '
OiljormaJioJl voUunejacJor aJ bubbLepoillJ . .
Of the seven properues lUllllys ed , tlus one was cstunated ill the xst
wa)'. Tne iDglJest CITors did not exceed 2.5%. Vasquez-Beggs's
correlation guve errors of less thau lllllf of those indicated by the
Authors \fab. 5).
!soll, crmal compressibility
Th e cst..imatlOn crrors range from 14 .8% in Lnbedi's correlation for
li ght oils to 38 .7 in Vusquez-Beggs's correlation for extra-heavy oils.
The best resul t [or the entire sample was that of Vasquez-Beggs WIth
Jll average error of 24.5%.
Deod-oil viscosity , SolLUion gas-oil raJiD
Tbis property was llie one eslirn.ntcd in the worst 1ll0000er for all the
correlaLiollS. Tnc lowest errors are gfClller tl Ul.J1 25% with the
overall nve'"ge error JG.2%. TIle crTors arc very iDgh especially with
reQllnl to the classes of henvy and medium oils. This behaviour is
J~:.iJJDble bearing ill mind thnt tlle correIa Lions estimate this
while, bearing in mind the rnnges of the input variables, tl,e average
property witll only two input variables: API and reservoir
0 enur was 4.3% for light oils and 8.7% for the entire !!Joup .
tunouarure. The correct measurement of this property is dilIieult to
However, the number of somples in tlle onalysis of Roll ins'
nell;eve even III the laboratory.
correia Lion droppro to 42 compared with the: 187 samples used in the
Cas-saJuraJcd oil viscositv
TIle avernge errors of tii-:;-~s t correlnLions range between 14 and
OilformcrIion voiume facJor at bubblepourJ I
~2% . Tue best results were provicicd by Knrtoatmodjo's correlution
The correilltioos which estimate this property seem to be geh
witn au ovcrall error only 3 perceOl1lge points greater UlS11 that found
valid as the analysis of the range led to lUI average erro r decrCJ.Se or
b\: t.iJe AuLhor in ills own work \fab. 5)'.
less than the per=tage point (witb llD already good accuracy).
fi!2UIe') sholl's LilC distribuLion or Ule points calculat.cd willi the best
Isof/r u mal cOlllpressibil.iJy
co;'cluLions where the input variables (cicnd-oil VIscosity and
TIle nnalysis led to au error decrease or not more than 5 perccnwgc
soluLion ga.s-oil ratio) arc measured values obt1J..i.ncd from PVT
reports.
r i[:urr. 1'1 shows tlle results of the = e corre:laLio;t.S where: the
CJJlcuJnled value was used a:. input dnlO 'of th " dend-<til viscosity.
Noteworthy is Ule wcrease in dispcrsion.3 of the points around the
bisector wiDch corresponci.9 lD an average crTor increase of more ULIUl
20 percenl1J ge points. TIle diITerc:nce is due: to the fact that by
lDcl ucitng a calculated rather than a mensured input in an equntioo,
the es lunnLion error of the equation in some way combines with that
ruade on Ule calculuted input even if the latter h.ns b=n calculnted
v.'ith lit e bcot correl ation. The greater the error 00 this input, the
p'C<ller Ule eO;TelalloD error. S ince the cllrrel ations which csllmate
Lile viscosity values at cWIcrcnt pressures are all in tcr-<:onncc ted , Ule .
lower Lbe cstironllon crror of the dead-oil viscosity, the better the
cslillwLion of wc gas-snturated oil viscosity. The s!llllc applies to the '
corrclallOfLQ relative to Ule underS1lturn ted oil viscosity whieh have
Ule gas-sarurated oil vi scosity among the inputs . This proves the
iropof11lIlcc of corrcctly determini.ng the dend-oil viscosity, which on
Lile otber hand, is the property calculated in th e worst way. The .
observati ons made mn be nnrurally and easily extended to all the
owe.- propcrues; in fnct, II qWlULity estimnted by using mea.sured
wout variables will undoubtcdJy be more reliuble tllan one estimated
\\1W calculated inputs.
ullderscrIuraJed oil "iscosity
Toc best corrdaLions showed B JJL1.Ximuru error or ;2.3% (LBbeJi,
e.\Lrd-ilCllV\' oils), willI cxcellent results for medium and light oils.
NOLC thllt Labcdi's coiTelaLioo / 16: which hnd in wet been gauged with
oils with /\p1 > 32 (Tab 4), showed exceUent results evell for the
378
otber classes of oil (so:: also fig.28). It shoul d also be poinl eJ au:
Uult the error in estimaliog the viscosi ty normnlly becomes , ' jc~
and smnller as we go from atmospheric pressure vis ' te
reservoir pressure: viscosity (see fig. 26, 1 7 and 28). It is like .' tlUll
the input variables which estimate the reservoir oil viscosity (bubble
point pressure, reservoir pressure and GOR), ch:unct.crise the
phenomenon beu.er than the inputs of the dead-oil viscosity (0 API
and reservoir temperature).
REsuLTS OF RRUABILrIl' AN ALYSts" PERFOlUtED WITHIN TUX
A UTHOR'S Dl1INRD RANGE-
The results are discussed with reference to tables 7 alld 8.
lJubbLepoinJ pressur~
Compared with the analysis above meotioned, the errors decfCIIsed
by a mnx.i.mum of 5.S per-....entage points (medium oils). Ho wever ,
they increased by 8 points in tbe case of hea vy oils. It should be
stressed that for all the properties examined the e:xtra-hCIIVY oi ls
were completely excluded from tllls analysis. Literature is rather
lacking in equations fOf these oils; among those analysed, 001)'
Egbogah lUId Jack's correlation l9l for dead-oil viscosity considered
srunples with densities of up to 5 "API. Howe ver, these results w ere
not included as ~eyAw,ere considered to be of little sit;nilicnnce,
since th~ wac obutiva from less lhn.n 10 =ples.
The most significant improvements were: fOWld in the class of liglJt
oils, where tile error decreased by 16 percentage points. Worth\' of
note is the bc:hnviour ofRollins-McCuin-Cree:gers correlation which,
applied to all tile oil samples gave very hi gh errors (sec also fig. 2 3),
study on Agip's srunple.
ly
points. The most sig.oilimnt improvements for tile entire s!llllplc of
oils wc:.rc from 24.5% to 19.8%. '
Dl!aa-<Jil viscosity
The most significant improvemeots were founu in Ule clus~ or h<2VY
oils where the error fell by 7 percentage points. In llie other coscs ilie
variaLions were lower than the perc~nlnge poin L
Gas-saJUraJl!d oil ~iscosity
TIle analysis produced DO appr~iable error decreases; in filet the
errors increased by 1.7 percen tage points in ilie cose or ltcavy oils
and 1.2 points on the whole Agip srunple.
UlldusaJuraJe:d oil viscDsity
Even in this case, the lIl1lliysis in tlJe ranges produced results which
wcre at times worse thn.o those of the p re vious study on llie entire
=plc. Ciearly, the corre:laLions which es timate th'ese properties are
more easily extendible or at least, are less aiIcctw by the oils'
ehnmcte:ristics.
D KVE:LO P~ITNT 0 F l\! 0 DrFll:D co IUU:.J.J. n o N s
The results obt1J..i.ned from the above-expluineu reliability analysis
shows thaL., except for the OFW correlation , tile average errors in
dcterrnini.og P VT properti es are sLill higb especially when oi ls arc
beyolld the Author's defin ed ran ge. Furthermore, many fields owned
or operated by Agip (especially in Italy and the M ed.iterranea.n Sen )
produce heavy and extra-heavy oils lll1It arc not extensively studied,
in t.cnns of PVT correl ations, in literature. For these reasOI' . ':
need to impro ve the reliability of tlle literature eorrelatiollson
oil S6.I!1 pies has been r =glli sed.
 SPE 02090-1 G. DE GHETTO, F. PAONE, M. VlLl..A
, .

The [wlctional forms of the CQrrc:latioos that in the previous reliable for estimating oils' bubblcpoint pressure wiw API < 10.
0

reli abilily !lllllIysis ou Agip's =plcs gave the best results, for caw
PVT propeny and for CIlcll API gravity class, hllve been used as
modc.Js for II best-fit acti\1ty c.imcd at = provmg the accurocy of
llterature correlations in prCdicling pvr properties for typical A,gip'6
oils. Those correlatioos which I.uJd produced the best results 00
Agip's entire sumple were chosen (Tab, 7) ~ these results ~ould be
CQosidered as being more generally vali d CQmpared Wlth those
obtainod from the annlysis limi ted to the Authors' ranges (Tab. 8)
and ilierefore, 00 a smallc.r n umber of samples.
ElIeh histogram shows the value of the most impOrtant StLlllsucn.l
Maintnining the same func tionnl pattern of the starting model, the
parnmeter CErn, average absol ute error) both for tlle [our class es of
oumericn.l coefEcieots of the. dillc.rent eq UlltiOns were re-calculated
oil inID which the sample was divi ded and [or llJe entire group.
by opplying multiple, lmear and non-linCllf regressions by means of
SoiuJion gus-ci1 raJio
tlle SA.') program wwch carries out these regrcsSJon analyses usUl8
The equations used as model w= those of Standing for extra-hea vy
ilie minimum sqlUlIed method.
oils, Vasquez-Beggs for benvy oils lllld for the ect.ire group lUld
The modified correlations were obtnined for both each of the four
I<.n.rtoatmodjo for the medium and light oils. The regrcssioc of
classes of density into which the Agip's oil sample was di vided and
Vasquez-Beggs' equation was carried oul keeping fixed the equntion
[or the eotire group, for the sake of compl eteness. Since however,
of the ygCQiT provided by the Auiliors; this was done every time We
oils from the same class are more comparable than oils from
stnrting model was a Vasqucz-Ikggs correlation. The new equations
diITercnt class es, the availability of four dillcrent equations, oce for
reduced the estimation error from a minimum of 5 10 a max.imwn of
CIlch closs, to es limalC the same property, is ccrtn.i.nIy more reliable
13.5 pcr=tage: paints. The CQmpnnsou betwUJ! U,e diagnuns w
lhD.o a single correlatioo for all the oils. For this rcasoD, we belie ve
fig.3 and 4 shows lhllt the most obvious improvenlcnts were l;' thc
tho 1 the equations oblllined for the different classes arc more
GOR range from 500 to 1500 scflSTB. Significant also was ilie clrop
si[;llificant UlDJl those ob tnined for Agip's samples.
of 13.5 error percentage points for the medium oils (Tabs . 7 and 9).
w. order to test the reliability of the: modified equations, the same:
grllphic-slllti!;t.icill instruments as those in the previous study wc.re
usw. The results obtained are shown in Tables 9 and in fig. 2,4, G,
8, 10 nnd 12 prepared in the same way as iliosc for the study on the '
enLirc sample with the literature equations, in order ID be able to
CQmpare the two sets of graphs more adeq Ulllely. In fact , wi th regard
10 the above statements, it was preferred to create measured vs.
'CIllculated wagrnms each CQnLaining the beh aviours of the new
cqULlLJOns for CllCU class, rathcr Ulilll visun.lise the trend of the Dew
cquauons obtnined for Abip'9 sample:. In some: cases, it was
JlCCCSS(lJ)' to ciuninnle some samples from the class being nna.lysed
111 ordc; to make the regression more reliable; howevCf, the
excluslOOS nearlv always involved the more numerous classes llDd
nCl'er exccClJcd S% of tile e.uLire group. TIl e study did not lake into
co:1.S1dcrnLion the corrclaLions which estimate the oil formatioo
volume [octor Ilt bubble po in 1 as the es Limn tion of this property
c;lffiW OUI using the cqll:J.Lions chosen from liternture was felt to be
,,'e=-:o" SJLJs[3ctory. l\ppel::iJX A shows the cnolyticn.l form of the new
CQrTelaLions.
RESULTS OF lllil.lAlllUTY Al"IALYSIS PEIlFORMLD ON MODIFIED
CC'RRELATIONS.
Toe results oCTab. 9 obtained for the different properties arc shown
belOW, and nre compared v,ith those ofTable 7 and, secondly, 8.
iJubblcpoilll prcssure g viscosity, col being a slll te property also depends 00 tile beltovlOill of
Tne slD.f1..i.ng models used for improving thc estimate: of this property
were SL:l.nding's corre lation for the classes of e:ct.ra-heavy, heavy and
llg.bl oils, KArtoaLmodjo's for the class of mediwn oils nnd SlRnding's
agrun for the regrcssiou on Agip's samples. N ote lhllt for the light
oils It was preferred to usc Standing's model, even tlJough for this
cl:l.Ss , We best results were provided Glaso's correlation (Tab. 7). The
rcasoo for thi s was thaI the complexity of Glaso's equatioo (which
also lakes into accounl the conlent of non-hydrocnrbon substances)
made the regressIOn analysis diITicull. Wiili regard to Kartoalroodjo's
corrclaLJon oc the other hnod, tile multiple ooo-linear regression was
curriw out by keeping the equaLion supplied by the Author fued for
tllc input varlablc ygCQrr. Tuis procedure WU3 also foliowod for the
olher properties wheoever th~ starting model was ooe of
J.:..anoauocxJjo's equations . The new correlations reduced the
c.s:.mUlLion errors from 0 mirumum of 2.6 to a maximum of 4.9
pcrCCJ1 t.:lge paWLS (sec Tab. 7 and 9). Regression w the closs of
extra-hea vy oils, having gJveo results worse than the stnrting mcx:lel,
is not shown . St.onCii.:lj;'S correlatioo was eoruideroo sufficienUy
C<Jrnpnring the diagmms in fig . I and 2 il can be seen lhll t tlle ruos:
sign.iiicant improvcme:ol in the cew CQrrclation is in the pressure
range up ID 5000 psin..
In order to allow an easy interp rellltion of the resulLs obtaiued v.-ith
the reliability studies performed in this worl.:, ilie best results of ilie
statisticall1Illl1ysc.s (on Agip's samples and on modified correla ti on s)
nre compared in 0 histogrom for Cllcll pvr propeny (sec fig. IS to
21 ).
From table 8, relative: to the study in the Authors' range, we can sec
that ilie error for lhe class of light oils is lower Uw.n tlUll given by the
Ilew model. However, this is oot of extreme importance SIllCC, us has
already been said, tile results of the nnalysis ill UlC rouges wc.r<.:
obtn.i.ned from a mueh smn.l.ler oumber of samples. Therefore, the
results of the new equ.ntions arc mainly CQmpared with those in
Table 7, obtained from the same: number of samples. This I ~ t
observation is valid for all tile properties estimated.
Isoth umal compressibility
The models to regress were Vasquez-Beggs' correlation for extrs
heavy, heavy and medium oi13 nnd for the entire group nnd J...nl>cdi's
[or lighl oib. This set of new cqUlltiOllS provided ilie wost si~(jcant
improvements. The error dccrcnsed from a minimum of G to a
mnximum of )0 pcrCClltLlge points for extra-lleavy oils .. Comparing
the diagrnms in fig.5 and f-.iJ.,. can seec tl.uJt the j:l'en test
improvements were obtained for compressibilitics between S!llld 20
x 10-<' psia- l
D~ad- oil ~iscosiIy
TIle models chosen were Egbogull-Juck's correlation for tilt: C~LJu
Ii envy, heavy and light oils and' for Ule entire group nud
KNtoatmodjo's correlatioo for medium oils. The dead-oil viscosi ty is
the most critical property to estimate v.-ith empirical equaLiocs. In
fact, aliliough the errors dropp.;a down to 13 pcrcentLlge points \vith
the new equations. values higher tluuJ. 30% (heavy and medium oils
and the eclirC: group) , nre sLill prcsenL On the other hand, Ule
the [luid. All U,e correlaLions n.ssume thai th e [luid can be considered
Newtonian, but this is not always true, especially wuere hig,h
visCQsiLics nre CQncc:med. To attempt to c.sLirnnte Il qU1l.!1Lity of tlli s
kind using cqUlltiOns which only use two input vuriablc:s ("Al'! and
reservoj temperature) becomes even more d.i.fIiculL In any mse, not
cven laboratory measuremeots of viscosity can be considered
completely reliable: in fact, particularly in the range of high
visCQsities, di.fferecces of 10% between two mCllSlll'cments lnken Oll
the same sample by two di.ffcrect equipmcnl, gauged III the same
way, are DOnna!. The diagrams in. figures 7 and 8 compore Ule trend
between the old lllld ilie Dew cqUlltions. The y reveal that U,e most
significant improvements are to be fouad in ilie range of visccsity
lowc.r tho.n 10 cp which confirms everything sUlted above regarJing
tile noo-Newtonian bc.i.J.oviour of a highly viscous fluid.
Gas-saJuraud oil viscosiIy
The starting models for the regressioc were K.o.rtoalmodjo's
correlalion [or the c1asse.s of extra-uea vy, heavy and mcili wn oils and
for the eoLire group, and Beggs-Robinson's correlation [or light oils.

379

...
 6 RELIABILITY ANALYSlS ON PVT CORRElAnONS SPE 02S90.:

The regression reduced the es timation error from a minimurr:. of 1.8
to a mnximum of 6. 8 pc.rcentilge points (soc tables 7 nod 9). h ea.cll
QSe tlJe mn.ximum estimation error wi th the new correlation:> was
15.2%. Diagmms in fig. 9 and 10 show that the new correln.tions
improve the esli.mat e in the range of higll and low vlsrosities ( '100
cp and < I cp).
Und.ersaJu~aJe{1 oil .ircosiJy
The models to regress w cre Kartoatmodjo's correlation for heavy 'lils
and Lubed.i's for the othe r classes of oils and for the entire grm:p.
The new equations brought the maximum estimntion error to 6.4 lie
(Tab. 9). No new correlation was proposed for the class of light 0: .'.s
as the regression of La bedi's equation gave no error higher than tl ~
sULLing model The diagrams in fig. I1 and 12, which compare th :
lreml of Ule old and new equations, scow that the imp rovemenl3 an.:
di s tributed along Ule e ntire viscosity range.
COKCLUSIONS
The reliability nnalysis of the [iternture PYI correlations carried
ou t on 195 oil somples from Medi tcrranellll Basin, Afr,icn, Persian
Gulf and Nortll SeD.., gave the best results for the esti.rtl.a.te of the
Or-VI', \viw errors lower than 3%. TIle es ti.J:ruues of Ph, ).101 and
J.LO exlll bi tcd avcrnee errors of 16.1%,19.2% nod 7.3%
respectively. The GaR, Co nod ~ estimates were less p
the average errors of the best correlat.ions were 21.6%, 24 .
and 36.2% respecti vely.
The nnalysis sllowod that the errors of the various PVT
corre.lntions, tested against 195 ou samples revealed, on avcrogc.
errors 2-3 times greater thnn iliose claimed by tile Authors in their
original pa per.
The new PVT correlations proposed in the paper gave errors
lower, on average, than 10 pcrc=tage points whc:n compared witil
the best literature correlation for each PYI property. In particulnr.
for the isothermal compressibility of extrn-heavy oils, the new
correlation revealed an error lower than 30 pauntage points.
It is believed that the new correlations are sufficiently eXlencliblc
as they wc:rc oblj)ined on a ve.ry heterogencous sample of oils.
A d~ litcrntuU review has shown tllfit. o:cept fOf viscosity.
there are no P VT correlations for extrn .lleavy oils (oAPI $ 10).
The proposed newoquations for such oil., provide average error of
6.5% for solution GaR. 8.5% for isoth=al compressibility,
17.4% for dead-oil viscosi ty. 12.6% fo ': gns-snturatro oil vi scosity
and 4% for undersaturBted oil viscosity.

..-- --.., ..

t\ 0 MSCLAruRC ~, Vo Und=turn~ oJ viscosity, cpo

API Stock-tank oil ira vi t)', API

)lad. Vod Dead-<Ju or gus-tree oil viscosity. cpo
Ci Calculated value
).101; Vol Gas-saturn/cd oil viscosity. cp o
Co lsothenn al compressibility of undersnturnted

oil. psia- l
51 I'rU:nuc CONVERSIO N FACTORS
l<claLi ve deviation between estimated and

experimental val ue, %

141.5 ) 3
Avemge absolute error, %

( -g1=
131.5+ API 0

GO1\. Rs, Rtot Solution gas-<Ju ratio from Dn.sh test, scUSTE.

Nm3/m 3 x 5.5519 = scJlSTI3

Logarithm on base 10

N;:l[ural 10gari lhm

KPu x 0.14504= psiu
Expcrimentai value
psia - 14 .7 = psig
Number of datil points
C x 1.8 + 32 = OF
O FVI'. Do, Bofb Dubblcpoint oil, formation volume faewe.
KPa -1 x G.894757 = psia -I
bblJSTB

I3ubblepoint pressure. pru..

cp x 1.0 '" mPa x s.

Pb
1>, TJ
l. j Resc;'Voir pressure, psia.
bbl x 0.158'J873 = m 3

Psp Separator pressure, psin.

l(s~ Stocktank gas-oil ratio, scUSTB .

R.Frn..KNCES
JiSp Separator gas-oil ratio. scusm.
Standing ME.: "Volumetric und Phnse Bellaviour of Oil fiel d
S.D SlruJdard deviation
Hydrocarbon System" , SPE-AlME, Ninth PrinLing (1981)
1 r, T RescrvOlT temperature, OF.
2 SUUJding M. B.: 'Oil-System Correlations" Pelroleum Production
Tp Poor point temperature, OF
Handbook, FricJc T.C.(ed.), SPE, Richardson, TX (1962) Vol. 2,
Tsp Separotor temperature, OF.
Cap 19.
YC02 Mole fraction of C02 in total mrface gases, %
3 Slrulcling M B .: "A Pressurc-Volume-Tempcrnturc Correlation [or
mol: Glaso's'41 hubb lepo inl correla tion. Mixtures of California Oils and Gases: Drill & Prod. PracL, API
nus M ole frnction of IDS in total surface gases, % (197), pp 275-87.
mol: Glaso's''"' bubblepo int correLation. 4 Lnsaler JA: "Bubble Pollit Pressure Correlutioll., Tmll.>Dction
Y0:2 Mole fraction of N2 in toW surface gases, % AllvfE (1958) 213, pp 37981.
mol: Glaso'6'"41 bubblepoint correlation 5 Chew J. & Connally CA:"A Viscosity Correlation for Gas
AveNge speciLic gravity of total surface g = . Suturnt.cd Crude Oils" T=ctioru AIME, (1959) Vol. 216 , pp
23-2.5.
) (t;COi'T. GGcorr Gas Specific gravity ut separator pre.ssure of
6 Beggs H.D. & Robinson J.R.:"Es lirrwLing the Viscosity of r
1 14.7 psia
Ou S ystems" lPT, (September 1975). pp 11 4 0-4 J. )
'([1'sp, GGCPsp);ysp Gas Specific gravity at any separ:llor pressure.
7 Vnsqucz ME. & Beg gs ILD.:"Correlations for fluid PbYSlca1
'(0 , y()S~ Stock-tnnk Qil speciLic graVlty. Property Prediction, ' S PE 671 <). (1977) .

380
 G. DE GHETIO, F. PAONI:, M. Vll..LA 7
SPE 028904

8 Glaso 0.: "Generalised Prcssure-Volume-T=pcrature
Correlations" JPT (Mn)' 1980), pp 785-95.
9 Egbogah E.O. 8: Jack T. Ng: "An Improved Tempcmturc-Viscosity
Correlation for Crude Oil Systems: Journal a/Petroleum S cimce
and Engineering. 5 (1990), pp 197-200.
10 Al-Mnrhoun M-A.: "PVf Correlations for Middle East Crude
Oils: JPT (May 1988), pp 650-66.
11 Asgopur S .. McLauchlin L.. Wong D .. Cileung V.: "Pressure
Volume-Tempcmturc Correlations for Western CruulelillD Gases
and oils'" Petroleum Society of Cllvf , paper No 88-39-62 (1988),
pp 61-1/62-14.
12 Lnbcdi R: "Usc of Production Data to Eslimate Volume Foetor,
Dcnsity and Compressibility of Reservoir Fluids." Journal of
Petroleum Science! and Engineen"tlg. 4 (1990), pp 375-90.
13 Knrtoalmodjo T. "New Correlations for Estimating Hydrocilrbon
Liquid Properties" (Thesis), Thc University of Tulsa, The
GrodUlllC Scilool , (1990)
14 MDJecd G.lLA . K..uttan RR and Salman N.H.: "New correlation
for estimnting the viscosity of under saturated crude oils ' , Joum al
of Carwdw/I Petroleum Technology, (May-June 1990), Vol 29.
No.3, pp 80-85
15 Rollins J.B.. McCain W.D.1r., Crcegcr J.T.: "Estimation of
Solution GOR of Dlack Oils", JPT (Janumy 1990), pp 91-94.
16 Labcdi R. "lmprovcd correlations for predicting the viscosity of
lig.ht crudes", Joumal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 8
(1991). pp 121-234
17 PClIosh:y G. E. Jr.. Farshad F.F.: 'Pressurc-Volume-T=pcrnture
Correlations [or Gulf of Mexico Crude Oili," SPE 26644, (1993),
pp 395-'106.
I S Deal c. : ":lte Viscosity of Air. Water. Natural Gas, Crude Oil
and Its Associated Gases nt Oil Field Temperaturcs and
Prcs;-ures. " Oil and Gas ProperTy Evaluation and Reserve
EJtlnlQleJ. Reprint Series, SPE, Ricllllrdson. TX, (1970).
J'J SJoll ~ i.n Frick T.C .: "Petroleum Production Handbook" SP
AL\fE. (1961), Vo12 .
10 CuJ.i10WI J.e. Jr: "Found.:unenllll of Reservoir Engineering,"
Uru\'crsity of Oklahoma Press. N OnDilll, OK (1947) 35.
: I Trube A.S. "Co:npressibiliry of Und ~r sGturatcd I-Iydr=bon
31 Cruerici Gl.:"Prineipi di lngeg:ueria dci Giacimcnti PclIo Wer..
Vol I, Agip-S.P.A, (settc:mbre 1991).
32 Paone F.: "Studio di AlIidobililil delle Correlazioill che S lllIUlnO
I<: Propnelil degli OU cil Giacimc.nto", T esi d.i Laur~ III
Ingegneria Minemrie, Uill versilil degli Studi d.i l:lologllU , ( 13
ottobrc 1993).
33 Closrrw.no P.l., Seba R.D.: "A ccrrclation of viscosity nnw
moleculur weight," The JournuJ of Canad.!an Petr'oJe um
Technology, (July-August 1990), Vol. 29, No.4. pp 115-116.
34 McCain W.D. Jr., 'Reservoir-fluid property correlations-Stotc of
the Art,' SPE R=-voir Enginecru:tg, (May 1991), pp 266-~7~.
35 Putt.uguntB. VR.., Mi8donyc A.. B. Singlt 'Sintple COIlCA:pt
predicts viscosity of heavy oiJ B.ild bitumen," Oil 8:.. Gas Journal
(Mar. I, 1993), pp 71-73.
36 Al-Blehcd M. S., Sayyouh M.I-L , Desou).:y S.M.: "API Gf<J\ltv and
Viscosity D etermine Crude OiJ Sulpilur Conccutrauon.,"
Pctroleum Engincc:r International, (Junc 1993). pp 56-<:;0.
37 Singh B., Miadonye A , Puttnp:uuw V R..: "Heavy oil viscosity
range from ona: tcsl," Hydrocarbon Processing, (August 1993), pp
157-162.
38 McCilln W.D. Jr.: "Chemical Composition Dcte.nnines Bchaviour
of Reservoir Fluids," Petroleum Engineer Internatioual, (October
1993), pp 18-25.
39 M cCIlin W.D. Jr.: "Slack Oils IlDU VolaWc Oils-What's the
Dillcrcncc7" Petroleum Engineer IntCITUlUOnnl, (Novcru\.Jcr 1993).
pp 24-27.
40 McCuin W.D. Jr., Bridg~ B. : "VolaWc oils nnd RClIo[:faue
Gases-What's thc DiITerc.ncc7" PClIolcwn Engwecr lulcrnJuonu.l,
(Jlllluary 1994), pp 35-36.
I-DuuiJlepoin t P re nure:

IZcscrvoir 'r.luiJs: TrunS<l~tioll A.l.M:E (1957) 210, pp 341-44. Heavy 0115: Modifieu Stauuing's corrclulJon

=:: MUlccu G.ll.A &. S:lllJlwt N.IL "An ClJlpirical Correlation [or Oil
f'IF Prcd.ictioo.," Joumal ofPetroleum Tu lrnoiogy. fu ]07885 10o.002(). T
~.3 Obomanu DA 8:.. Okpobori GA : "Correlating Ute PVf PU - 15 7286 -r (;\ - I)
Propcrlles of Nigcrian Crudes," Trnnsnclion ASME (1987) Vol t 0. 0 142API
[
109. pp 21-1-16. 8
2.; Ali 1.1'. .. "EvllluolJono[ ~orrelonon for E.st.inwting UtC Viscosity
l\lcc..llum oils: MoLlificLl KunoutUluujo's correlutioll
of Hydrocurbon flwds. Journal of PeIroieum SCICIIce and
EII!;lIlecnllg. 5 (1991). pp 351-69.
'~ 5 Sutton RP . and forsltnu F.: "EvalUllLion of EmpiricolJy D::.rivcd Pb ~ [ lU j o.9997 (A _ ~)
rVT Propertlcs [or Gulf of Mcxicc Crude Oils," SPE Reservoir
009902{r J O.218110 (7..1153 API) /(T+460 )
Lng,utcerulg, (F cbrunr)' 1990), pp 79-86. gOOfT

26 CoJJego.ri A., Dc Ghetto G.:"Studio d.i AiIidobilil1l di Correlazioni where

pcr la Sllrna deUe PropricUl ill Oli eli Giacimcnto: A~ (rapporto
interno), (Gt:n.nnio 1992). rgeoff - r;;p;p '[1+0 . 1595.APf 0.4078 . (T;prO.2466 . Log ' )jl
(_1'_;/_
27 L:tnr, K..R.. Donohue D.AT.. P.H.D.. J.D, Senior Series 114.7
Eciltor:"PE 406-PelIo!eum Eugincering IHR.DC E and P Video
tibr.J.r\" edi.z.JOnc in LingtW It.ulianu a cum d.i G.Fiarnmcilgo Light oUs: Modified Stunding's correlutioo
o.7857

~
(LAOf) c ADFO. M.R.
2S Davis J.C."StaLislJcs and Data Analysis in Gcology", John Wiley 100.0009.T
[.:. Sons. Ncw York (1973), pp 54-127 Pb = 31.7648 --'-:'---- (A - 3)
29 SptegeJ:'St.utistics". CoUana Schaum, (May 1976). [ IOO.OI4SAl'1

30 Ch.ic:ricl G.L., CtUCCI G .M., Sclocchi 0. : "TwcrPhase Vertical J

Flow in Oils Wells-Prediction of Pressure Drop," .wr (August
1974 ). pp 927-38, Translll;lJon AIME, 257.

381
 RELIAl3lLITY ANALYSIS ON PYI CORRELATIONS SPi.:: O ~ ~~\

-705.2Jl8. 2. 2146 1U. 26.06-4'18 - 208a8~ Yf'W rr - 9. (,So' /IJ".

~~~ ~!fle d Sta ndingj,s correlation
OJ c
Agl p 'J ' rumP le:

r
5
P"I0

r~]
Rs 1000011 9.T where
(A - 4) Jp
Pb " n "". ,,0.0" WI Ygeorr .. YV'sp' . 1+ 0. 5912 API TJp . Uig [ P
114.7
JIO -4 J
lighl oils: Mo dified L lillcdl's correlati on
Co .. (10-61646 .Bo L8789 .'\1'1 0 . 3646 . T&0. 1966)_
2- Solution GOR:
E xtra-heavy oUs : M odifle d Standi ng' s correlation
J 9392 LJ49

Its ~ Y
Pb
. - --10
(0 .0169 API -0. 0 01~6T
lJ
1.1128
(A -.5)
-(1- ::l(1O- 8.98 . Bo .Tg ) (A - lJ )

[
I: 10. 7025 ..t';;:~. Aglp's 5l1mple: Mo dified Vasq ue.z.-Beg gs correlation
-1 6US+ 4. 13310+ 12.12 Tg -lJll8 rgcorr + 10. S API
Henvy 011.5: M od lficr.1 Yo squcz-D cgcs correlation
Co .. (A - l~
L205 7 5
Yccorr_ Pg.I0
Rs ~ .:....;c~_ __ . 10 10.9267'A.PI/( T+460)
Pb
(A - 6)
where
56 . 434

Ygcorr " rgPJP[1+0.~912 ' API 'TJP Log ( Fsp

114. 7
JIO- 4J

i\1 cr.1ium oil s: M od lfiec.l lUJ,rt oalm odj o's correlati on 4-Deac.l-oil vl scoslty
0.2156 0.9168 ( 7.4576 AP I ) / (T+460 )
(
RJ-O.1COSolTgooCT ) Pb 10 . (A-7) Extra-he a vy oils: Modified Egbog ab.Jack' s correlation
wucre log .108("Od + I) - 1. 5',]296 - 0.012619 API - 0.6 1748 lo/;hc)

Ygco0~Yghp' 1+0.1595API
. [
0.4078 (
. 'IP
)- 0.2466 ( PJp
Log - -
114. 7
J]
H cavy oll s: M odl flctl Egbog alJ-Jock's correlation
(A- I S

U ght oils: Modifier.1 Ka rtoatmo dJo 's correlation log .IOg("od + I) .. 2. lJ6492 - 0.0179 API - 0.70226 lolrg) (A - IG
0,]873 L1 7 15 (12.7S3 .API) /( T+460)
RJ ~ O. OJJ47 ( Tgoorr ) Pb 10 (A - 8) M ed ium olls: M od ll1c d K DrWDt modj o'. correlation
where Pod" 220.15 . 10 9 .T-U560 . [Log( API ljl2SUi.l..og(T ) - 4S.7i74 _ 17

0
'Yf;cor r - T"PJp '[1+0.1595'API .4078 . ('J pr
Jp

0.2466 . Log [ P

. 114.7
JlJ where
0.4078 ( _ )- 0.2466 ( r Jp )1j
Ygeorr-TgPJp' 1+0.1595API . ' sp 'Leg l -
[ 114. 7
Ag ip' s . a nl p lc : r.1oulfleu Vnsq ucz-Dcggs correLation
L I~ 3 5 .
Yr.coIT . Pb 9.44IAPI /\ T+460 ) (A _ 9) Light 0115: M odlficu Egbogall..Jock 's corrclatioll
lLs= 10

where
37 . %6 log 10g ( " od + I).. I. 67083 - 0.0 1762S API - 0.6 !J04 . IOcr 11;)
(1\-1 ,
Jp 4
Ygeo rr - YgPJP lr l+0.5912' API " Jp . LeI; l( P ]10- l Agip' s sll m ple: M odIfled EgoogniJ ..Jllck' s correlation
114.7 J
10g'I~G("'od +1) - 1.8513-0. 025548.AP1 -0.562J H. lo!; l't t
(A 19)
J -uolu ctIDol C ompressi bili ty:
LHru-hcJvy oils : l\1oc.lified V as qllcz-Degg.5 correlation
- ~ 89. G 3. l3 74 It. 20 Tg - 627.3 T ~corr - Sl. 4476 API
5Gus-satur:J tcd oil vi scosIty
Co -----------~-~~~---- (A - 10 )
Pg .10
5 Ext r a -heavy oils : M odified K n rt oat ruou j u', corr claLioo

\viJcrc "01 - 2.394S+0 .8927 F+0.O<J 1567r (A - 20 )

where

T" corr = T"PJp ' 1+0.5 9 12 AfI .TJp . Leg -PJO

[
- ' - 10
4
[ 114 .7'

J-J F _ ( -0.0335 + 1.078~ .10-0.000845. RJ ." ~0.5 798 + 0. 3~J2 Y )

Y ; 10- 0.O<J08 I R.r

f1eB''Y oil s: 1I1odifier.1 V:lsqllez-Dcgg. correl a tion
C<>

where
= - "SoIl.!. 2.9646R> - 2).5439 18 -1230 .) Yi ocn .41.91API

Ps .10
5
(/I - II )
Y georr C Y gPsp' [1+ 0.1 595 API 0.4078. (Tsp r 0.2466. Leg l-"::J]
114. ,

r };corr = r r,PJp . L
l
+ O. 5912 API . ';'Jp . Leg (_P_J_P_IIO-
110)
4 J He avy oils: Moc.lificd Kart oa tmoojo's correlation
P ol --O.6JII+I.078.F - O.OOJ653 . r-2 (,A - 21)

l\1euium 0 115: Mor.1ificd Vosqllcz-Ikggs correlation where

F .. (0.2478 + 0.6114 .10- 0.000845.10 } ",LO.47Jl + 0. 515~ y)

382
 SPE 028904 G.DE GHETIO, F. PAONlO, M VILlA

- 0.00081' Rs
Y = 10 TADLE 1: FLUID PROPERTY CORRELATIONS

r georr c r vsp t :
1+ 0.1595 API
0.4078 (
. Tsp
)- 0.2466 [ PSp )]
. Log 114.7
Fluid P rop ertY
Bubblcpoint pres=e
Correlation
SlLuJding !UPJI, Lasater '';', Glll50 h.

Med ium oils; I\lodlfl eu Kartolltmo dj0' ! correlation Kru-toarmodjo 1})/,AJ-l\1.J.rhoun I} 01

"01 =0.0!32+0.9821.F-0.005215. r (A-22) SolutionGOR Slandin b, Vll5qucz-Bcggs n.,

wherc Knrtoormodjo,
. -0.000845- Rs ) (0.3855+0.5664. y) Rollins-McCai.n-Crecgcc IJ5I
F= ( 0.20J8+0.85911O . Pod
OFVF SUlIldin b , Vasquez-Beggs, Glll5o,
-0.OO081N
KartOllrmodj a

: = 10
);corr
= r oP P .[ 1 + 0.1595. API 0.4078 . (TIp r.2466 . Lag [
b' J
Psp
114.7
J] Iso thermal Vasquc.zrBcggs, KnnolltmodJo,
compre.ssibility Labedi /121, Petrosky-Farsb.adl!7l
. Ligb t olls: !\1ouifiell Dcggs & R obinson's correlation
[2..7S1 6.(RJ+150 r O.2IJ5] Dead-<>il viscosity 2o.tte IY:, Bcggs-Robl.O.Son 10.' ,
1'01 = [25.192].(10+ IOOrO.6487}l1od (A - 23) Gluso, Kanoatmodjo,

Ag lp' s sa mple: l\1odifi ed Knnontm odj o's corrcLntion EgbogalJ-Jac\("9/, Lnbedi 116/

1101 = - 0.0)212-1+ 0.9289' I' - 0.0286 5 r2 (A - 24) Gas-satumted oil Cllew-Conmilly 151, Bcggs-RoblIlSon,

w;lcrc viscosity Kurtoatmodjo, Lnbcd.i 116/

-0.000583' Rs ) (O.l72+0.78 8 1 y)
i' = ( 0.IGI5+0. 702410 ' ''od
Undcrsnttmlted oil Vasquez-Beggs, KrutoatrnodJo,

. . .
- 0.000J9u Rs viscosity Mnj<=l-Knlllln-Snlmun 1141,

yo Iv
Y. COrT C Y);,uJP '
[ 0 44\8 (
J+0.1595APf . b' . TJp
)_ 0.2466 ( PJp
. Lag 114.7
)lJ Ln belli I} 6!

(,-Unucrsatura tcu oU viscosl!)';

t:Ltrn-r~CO':r O)iIS( 1:~o~.\~c.:t~~:~::0~73e:allllon TABLE 2: AGIPS RANGE FOR PVI PROPERTIES SAMPLE
T (A - 25)
IlIlk-<>il !!Tfl vi ty (0 APII 6 to 56 .g
;' l . -j.J,,;-~I\ J--;;;-l 100.0099 API
Reservoir pressure (psin) 242.22 to 1530-1.62
Reservoir tem~roture (OF) 80.6 to 3'11.6
llcuvv oils: !\1ou!ficlllu,rtontruollJo's correlation Solution GOR (scfYSTB) 8.61 to 32n.66
F 0 v.Y~iG.j.J J +0.00276J ( P- Pb). Bt:bblepoint pressure (psia) 107 .33 \0 6613.82
u 0
Scpruntor pressure (psill) 1'1.5 to 868 .79
: _00!l))'j.J179J3 +0.OJIG.j.JL59J9) (A - 26)
I. 01 01
Scorunlor tcmrx:mturc (OF) 59 La 1'14
wj;crc
SeparaLor GOR (scf/STB) 8.33 to 29S5.87
Stock-lllnk GOR (scf/STB) <1.39 to 527 .43
i"J;corr-YgPsp ! !+0.1595.API
r 0.4078 ()-0.2466
. TJp
[ PJp )]
Lag- To tnJ surfaee gas !'TIl vi ty (uir- J ) 0.624 to I. 78'1
, 114.7 Scpo.raLor gas l1J"!lvity (uir=I' 0.605 to 1.5 30
L

Mole frnction ofeen in tolllll'.use o (% mol.) o to 98.8

1\lcuioDl oUs l'IlouIncd Lnbcdl's correlation
, Molc froction ofN2 in tollli ~ases (% moll o 10 63.32
( r) Mole froction ofH1S in totnJ Qa<;cs (% rool.) o to 5.65

l
r [. -3.8055 1. 41 31 Pho.69571l
10 ' P od '
J-,. ~ "'01 -ll--;;; . 10-D.002B8.API
(A - 27) Oil fOl1l11ltion volume factor (bbliSTB)
lsotlJermnJ comJlfcssibility (psio 1x 10")
1.034 10 2.887
3.02 to 43
Dcnd-<>il viscosity (ep) 0.46 to 1386.9
GllS-suturatcd oil viscosirv (cp) 0 .0710 295.9
Undcrsntumted oil viscosity (cp) 0.13 [0 35'1.6
(A - 28)
 "-.:. .

TA BLE J : AlrIlI OR:S UF.rL" LO RANG!: fOR UUUULE. I'OI'I T PRESSURfo sown ON GOP~OFVF A.,'H) CO~ II 'RE.sSIOIIJTY COiUlf.LYI IOt-:S

Sl1InJing 1....1..~lcr GI>.'o I.::lft01~;!()"jn V'-,quez lk,,<,;, AJ ~bJbolln Roll ins" kC.in Petrosky f anlud L.J\hcdi
Cruger
lln;'-oiJ grl\il y C,\ 1' 1) 16 5 1o ~j8 17. 9 10 51 I 12 .3 10 18 I I ~ . 4 10 58.95 15 .3 10 59.5 19.4 10 4 ~. 6 18 to 53 .5 IG31045 32.21043
I
B u~-blcrourt pte".:1J IC (psi. ) 130107000 48 1057&0 16510 7 142 010 6010 15 106055 130 t03573 157410 6523 520 106358 I

RC:;CTvolr tcmra"urc (" F) 100 10 258 82102,2 80 I~ 2RO 7510 32 0 170 (me.an) 74 to 240 11 410288 t' 128 10 30<5
OFVF &I bubb lcp<,inl (bbVSTB) 1.014 10 2.15 1.02 5 102.5gg 1.022102.747 1.02810 2.226 1. 03 2 to 1.997 r
Ll I78 10 ,.6229 1.088 10 2.92
Solulioo GOR (xGSTTI) 20 La 1425 3 to 2905 90 1026 37 OtonSlO oto 21 99 26 10 160'2 217101406
Sc-pllf.lor glS grwity (ou- 1) 0.482~ 10 1. 668 0.51 1 \.0 1.3 51 0.579 \0 \.1 2~

TaL,1 <Wi'acc g>s gr",ily (&i1"' I) 0.59 to 0.95 0 .57 4 10 1.1'13 0.65 to 1.276 0.752 to \J 67 0.5781 to 0.85 19
ScpaI . lo< J'f=re (rsi a) 265 to 165
- 15 to 60 5 415 (m< !ttl) 100 60 to 565 29.710310 34.710789.7
~p' ''lO< lc:npcr.:UIc (" F) 100 (me.1Jl) 3410 106 125 (m e.tJl) 3810 291 76 to 150 GO 10 1)0 6010 no
Rc-,.,rvoir p'"",-ure (j ~ il) 1010 6000 14 1 1o 951 5 20103 573 1700 10 10 692
Slockt1l1k GOR (,cI/STD) 410220
&pmJ.or GOR (>dIS IU) 12 to 1742
-
- - - - - - -

. ..
T ADLE 4: AVnl0R'S DEFINED RA.'lGE FOR VISCOSITY CORRLAll0NS
Degg-; Robiruon GllI..lo KAn 01 tmodjo EgbogrJ>-hd: LaWi O", ,,,0:HUU Uy VcquaIk W Mlj w.l- KAtt>n
Salnun
w
CD

l> Tar:k.-o~ gT'l \11y ('AP I) 1610 58 20 .110 48. 1 14.4 to 58.95 5 10 58 32.2 10 48 1531059. 5 15 !o 51
Reservoir \cmpcrrttlrc f'F) 7010295 SO \0 300 8010320 59tol76 100 10}06 72 10 292
I
Re servoir pressurc (PSil) 151052 65 - 151071 71 - 141109515 711 10 7112
Solution GOR (>cflS1l3) 10 10 2070 110 2044 51 \03514 9.310 215 9 60101334
i
flu bblcpo in! pressure (pGi .) - 60106358 132 to S645 49810 48 64
C:>
C:>
D=l-o ~ .viscosity (cp) - 0. 61610 39.1 . 0.5062 10682 - 0.66 \0 4,79 0.3810 SO

Gas S-AtLLn.1=d oil viscooity (cp) 0.09610586 - 0. 11510 3.72

- - - - - - --- -
- 0.117\.0 148 I 0. 09J to 20.5

TAllLE 5: AVE RAGE ERRORS R.E.PORTID BY AUTHOR'S IN TIfEYR ORJ 0 J1;AL PAPER
D ubbl CF)':~1 Solllli""OCR OP/F 1.sot.hmnaJ Dca d-oU viscosit Y (As",tunlcd o~ Un demtunJed oil visco<;ity
p<=e corn.",cssi biJity visco,ity
-
.4I1U,or SUndi.'8 VJ.Sq\J C'Z ' 8e ggs St-'!ld~tg Wedi BcWRob inson !3<gzsRobinsoo Vtsq'JC'Z. lkggs
Av~,!~ mar ('~o) 4.8 .().7 1.17 3 - C~4 1.83 .7.S41
All th~r L=J.cr K.J.rI0atmodj 0 VL'<j\Jc!.Fkg,gs Kartoatroodj 0 Egbog-Jh .jd KMtoAtmOOjo KMt OLlmodjo (f
A\'<1'!"e error (%) 3.8 23 .2 4.7 23 .7 - 5.13 16.1 6.9 ....,
Pe406kyFu-;bad Kzrtoatrnodj 0
Au thC'!'
A v C':'~~e error (~~)
GI=
, 1.28
Rollin> \\cCw, -Cree g<r
3
GUso
0.4 3 6.66 39. 6
Labedi
- 2.3 8
Majced I<B!!.anS ,lm1n
I. ilig r{ I
Au thc r AIl-dllIhOW1 i:utoJ!rGOdjo I~~ di Labedi
A-.-cnee error ~) r. 3.66 2 -2.61 3. 1
Author Karl03tmodjo
~, . : ~: (%) 10 .2 .(
I
.,:, ,; ;
 ~~~;~~~ ~~=== ; 2~ :=i~~; ~~~:Qi;~o~~a~ Q ~ ;~~ ::: ;~ ;~ ~= . ~~~ ~
">
=:: :I ~ ;:! ~
..... <:> .... - -..::

11~o 88!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !! 8 Hg 2S8 !!~ !! ~~~~~3!!5:!!!!! !! !S !~ ~~ !8~ ~! !:~ ~!

~

.J; ~ :::; .::. !i l> :;

;; ;; ~ ~ ~ ~ 0

... .... 0 " ....

~ ~ ~ ~ n~ ~ ~ 8

T~
Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,,~~,,~~,,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~ ~: ~ ~ ~ : ~ : : : ~ : ~ ~; ; ~; 0 ~ 33~ ~ ~ ~ 5 ~ ~ 5; ~ ~ : ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~: ~ ~ ; ~l
~~C~'7~~,7,,,~~-_~_~~~~~;~~"~~~~~~-7~h~~~~~~~_~o~_~~~~~=-~~~~~~-~~~~:~~~~~~N~~~~;~~~~~~~~~~~h-~~,~,~_~~~~~~~n~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~7.~~.~,~.~_-1~;~;~
5 ~ ~ r. - _ - - - ~ ~ = = ~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ =~ ~ ~ 2 ~ =~ ~ ~ ~ _~ _ _~ (

< :; ; :; ;:: :.: _ 0 0 _ _ ."

=~ ~ ~ ~ r. ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~
~

;: =

1- . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = ==~ ~ ~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~
T
0 ~ ~ _ ~ :

385

 "

o
C7" ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~
CO c~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
m
~ ~ ~ ~
-
w ~ - -

~
('J ~~+==-=O'::-::-:-::~'-::;;-::,,"",~:;-;::<""-;~,,",,:;;,,",";;:-'u'--,-=_:
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OAPI R:-.noc
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22] 'OA PI -:= 31 1
ME 16.5 12) 2.5 23 .2
H5 IJ.7 3.5
SD 12 .8
36.) 2.) 25.3 41. 1
11.4 4. 9
\ Auib<Jl' (ilaso IGrt oJhnoojo KJrtoatmo<1jo LabeJi EgI~J1>Ck & ggsRobiruon UMdi
'API I I
AA 16. 3
20 .2
24
IU 25.2 220
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--- Au tho< SunJing Va>quez1kggs VLlqU edkggs VAS<JU C7.. B< ggs Egbogab-J.u:k. Iill1oaJmodjo Lahedi
6 < AP I < 56 .8
AM. 16.1 22.6 2) 24. 5 36.2 19.2 7J
SD 12.7 29 .5 2.6 19.5 30.0 34.6 Il .7
-

T AllL F. 8: BE.ST RESULTS OF STA nrnC AL AN AillY3 PERfORMED wnl 0 N AU1110 R'S DEFIN ED RANGE (ME Avenge Absol ute Error, %; SO - StAndard Deviation)
R=l ll oot.ine<l fo< 1= UwJ 10 UID?ks MY< bea:l oot coos:dcre<i rcvr cscnWi vc>.
API RAn ge Bu bblcpo >nI pr=>.re SOliltiOQ OOR OFVF lsotbamA.1 compr= ibility Dud-<>i.I ~ o..,satu raJ<.d 0 i I vi.srositry Un~ oil vUcooity
correlation COITcl.Lt'on COITeIilioo rorrtLttioo conel K1i on COTTeI tttioo correlotion
<-looAPI not oot 00( 00( oot 00( 00(
available l~l&b!e lV'll ilable ,,'1.iL.ble oV'll.ihblc 1VJ.iWJle l~ lab le
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10 < API <0 22 .3 AA 23 .0 20.1 IA 25.1 34.4 17.8 8.9
SD 23 .2 1).1 1.2 23.4 22.7 15. 7 8.8 (

w AutOOr Standing SLuxiing Sunding Vuqucz.J3ew lWtoaJ:modjo Ckw -CoonaU Y M.jed-KAttan-S .lm1I1
co , 22 .) <oAPI <- 31. 1 I\.A, 11.0 15 .5 1.9 19. 5 44.5 13.7 45
co
SO 7.2 1!.6 1.8 20.6 44 .1 12. 1 3.7
AJJIbor Olaso Ro lJins.M~rcc gO' Vuque-z . Be gg> Lobedi EgOOgah-Jlci( !kggs-Robim OIl LAbcdi
API 1.1 AA 13.9 43 2.0 12.3 , 24.3 21.9 5-9
SO 10.5 63 2.) 9.2 15.6 48.2 18.2
Author SLa.oding RolI lns Mc-Uin-Occger Vasqua Be gg. Va.squ et Be &&1 Gl u o KJ.rt.oomodj 0 IWto atmodj 0
6 < oAr! < 56.8 ME 13 .5 8.7 2.0 19. 8 35 .9 20.4 8.3
SD 10.2 14 .6 2. 1 15.9 28-2 37.' 13.4
- - -

TABLE 9; STAnSn CAL ANALISYS P E~PR..\<ED ON MOO[f1D CORRELAnONS (AA-Aven~e Absolute Error.'/o- SO- Standard Deviation. M ~ modified)
APl~ . Bubbl<j)Oiol pr= SoIutioo GO R OFYF Isotham 0.\ C(){I)jXes5 ibility D"eld-oil vi=ity GOHaIurlll:<! oil vi.! roai try Undcrslhlrrted oil vi>cooity
AutOOr Standing M-S tmding 00( io vdi g' t<.d M-Vt.SqU<:Z. B eggl MEgbogolrJlltk. M K.u1oatxnodj 0 hjlAbedi
<= 10 'API ME 9. 1 6.5 8.5 17.4 12 6 40
SO 9.8 4.5 S. O 8-9 10.0 3.4
Auib<Jr MS Lmdlng M VasquQBe ,w 00( io vc:;tjg.tcd M Vasquez-Bezgs M Egbogabhd: M-K.u1 oWnodjo MKAr!oatrnodjo
10 < Ar l <- 22.3 ME 10.2 l i .O 15 .6 37.8 11. 8 6.0
- SO 8.1 11.3 10.7 21.9 9.9 7.2
Author Ml<Artoatmodjo M\GrtoUm odjo oct iavesti gJ \til M-V;uque-zBegg. MKmo atmodjo M Ka.rto&lmodj 0 MLabMj
223 < 'AP1 <= 3) .1 A.U: 11.7 8.8 12 .5 3S\ 1l.9 3.5
SO 9.9 9.1 1l.8 22.8 9.8 3.7
Author M S1anding MKN1oatm odj 0 001 iovcstigoiM M\..3.OOjj MEgbogahJad: M BewRobLnsoo Labedi
AFI !. 1 ME 13.7 15.2 8.5 2 1.6 152 63
SO 12 .9 13 .8 6.8 15.6 148 168
Author /-.-I. StAnding ~1 V ",quczBc W oot inve:st igolcd M-V as~z- Beggs ~I Egbogw J.ck ~{ . Kartoa lmodj 0 ~H... bed.i

---
, ., l~
6 <oM I < 56 .8 AU:
SO
12.8
10 .0
183
12. 5
..."
30.7
20.0
139
10.8
64
6.6
Q
._
 .::> , :-- L 0 ) V ~l

~ 1~11

Fir,. I : Dubbkpoint pressure. best correlations from liter>lurc Fig. 2: Bubblcpoinl pressure. present work

~ ~--------------------------------~

I
I '......... "' ne
~ ..
~I ~ ~

i
l XU ..L.

! /1 ., ~\
. .... ..
f'
~
/, '.'
L ~
..... IOCO
~ I ~
I
i ,
, 'r'.r~ ..
A')
. ..i /' >OJ
>A T ~.'"
I ""I'
I.

>OJ
D'"
IWl.OD hd/llli

FIE;. 3: Solution GOR. bc.sl corrcialioru from literature Fig. 4: Solution GOR, prescn! work

(
I
I
I
"! ,.,
,..', 1J

~ "1
:
/:
"
, i
:~
.. . '.
II

~. I
r.;1) ..!..
"
.{'"./.
~ ,,~
i ,. ., ~:. 'I
. ..:;.r.. '
I

'''-
~~:
/~:
" "
_t.I.1m (I, ....
JO
, 10 [M.
lJ
" " "

Fib' 6: IsolhcnTI3..1 compressibilit y. prcs.cnl work

389
 "

1-~--------------------------~---7
J ----~ .. .. ~-----~----------~----~

'''' /.:, .
----'---------------------7~~---------
'$..:3'
~, --, i
:-----1I
p o -"I ;i,
\M{-:>U ' .,.
L A
'r'
!1
f----~--. --.- . ."...tr----~:--------- I
~ Ii
~
___ ._~ ________.f~
I
1 rI'~..
,. .

I
:

~.,
/":'. I
1
1
I "
;- . ,

c---)I~- ;_
_--.-;i._ _.
/~' ! !
., ~---------4----------4-----------~--------~
'''' "

F Ig. 7: DC.l.d~iJ VIlCOSiI Y. best COrn:I ~ Lioru. from J,u:r awrc Fig 8; Dud-<lil viscosity, pr=rnt work

~~--------------r------~---~

.. -~ I '

J ~~k{--
/I~
/' ,I

1
1
I

. - ----.-- - - - -1 ,--~'-:
, ,
---.--.---;. ~~ .
J>.'
'I :
---

:i(' ! I
'/
" i '
!

'''' "'" "

FIb- 9: G;1Sutura.te: d oil viscosity, best correl.J.lioru from lit U 4lun: Fig. 10: O ~-utur&t.:d oil viscosity, present work

~,-------------------------------------~

"" -_........!_ - - - --:------

(MW;j
~

.j

FIb- 11. ljno c~(u r;l!ed od Vl SCOSlty. oest

-
co rrelati ons from lil.c.ralure
"

Fig.. 12: Undc~turall!d oil viscos.ity. pres ent w o rk

390
 ,~ ;-----------------------------------------~

r
..... ..

, ~~------_+----------~--------4_--------~
.," ,0:
u
" '''''

F'b' 1J: Dubble polIll OFVF. best correl.ti ons fr om lileralure Fig. 14: G>.S-.... lu ..led oil viscosity. best correi alio n<
from li(mluC"C: (mpul de.d-oil vi.cosilY CJllcul .ted)
g

< 10
T
" Il
" " "
Fi!;-15 Bubvkpoinl pressu re corre l.lion: comparison ofbcst resulLs

>11 .

! A P I
1101 _1' ,' Il,J 1 1.1

10 . ) 1.)

_=::::::;::;:::;:::;::;:;::;;~::::;:_:_------~-'----------------'--'------------'-'-~-'---:...:..:.::......---'--O....~I v ' l -a 1

i"a,X'-t!l';":"l \ 'Bl~,':<j " ..... ... ,

< "

(
10 Il 10 l)
'0 ' ..
Fig, 16 Solution GOR corrcl.lion : CompArison ofl=l rc.suh.

6 hi .' _ 1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_'===_''_-_-__~-___-_-
' -_ __ _ -__--_ __-_'--.11
- v I ' . f I

>} 1 . 1
I: .. "u .. ,.

I A PI
:J.I . n" n }.) \ . 1 !. :' '''
iL _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _~_.,.....~----.J~
~ I: U L , .

l on . )
:../-'-"'-'--'-______" _;._._'-_._._._~ -_' _______-_-_-_.__
_ . J" . .
'. -_-.. JJ~ ., -*411 .. ,. ,
, 10
. " ~. 1 (It . . .

G.'

Fig, 17 OFVF carrel.,ion : companIon o[ vesl rc.su lu

391
 .M!IC~~t~\..:.:?l....:...:~~:i\.:./o.;...::.:.':_'5.;.:..xt:..a.U.'~~',"~:..:
::I~:"::':'~'":":"''::'<
C:: ~ """L-'~"-:-:-
'":-'--:;"-'---;----,1.",." . 'II '
6 H.I
~ -.- -- - .
1
>]1.)

I
I .... PI
IA .... t
:n: . } .11.1

I
) )0.21.J

<JO

Fi g..18 lio ~ l am .1 compressibility comolation: comp.ruon of best resu lt..

etet:i Ni~~'?l:g;zft;', ~k jt'!.tlf,Jj~8 ,.....,....

/I . j ,
!_ _ .... . .'-..
" '.~ .. _ ---.
..,~ ':- _...~" )2......... .' 11
--rms;:; ;::~t1!'~r-'"mw \~-1~ ; i ;'~.P$I " ....,.,
>} 1.1
I ',. . '. - --', ', ... - .' 1... .III., t
APr
. k . " ,.
n .}.j 1.1 r~;::.:t ;Eye:3i;.;:!t:"ti~::~~'~~g;~ "~M~::~',~ I..........,.

10-21.l lew:ot;:; *~;,~~?t4"t!tJ_'J7:::::",~~~~f$rt'~~":.I~.......,...

:r, ~ - .~ L.~~~;-<.' L-__~:t ,,,.... ..,'

IJ 11
10
" "
Fig.. 19 Dcad-<>il viscruity correlation: comparison of best rc:su l!l;

J-. 11.,.,.l'.."I
I
)"
A r l
"11
11 J -~MP!~~~~f~il~:t~~~,t~
I " - ... _""
? ~~~~~~~~1~B~~E.~f~~~~" ~~;; ..;:~:------------------
<0 ' " : .,1 ,_ ,.
I. 1 )(
J
ID-ll.)

iO
" lO

Fig. 20 Ga.s-salur~t~d oil viscosity correlation: comparison ofb~t r~ults

(I H ,I
~:::+-$1iI'!?;ApP,.~~' ~R';QY2:!a;J ,...... ....
~'- - - ..., . __ .- . ] L tllo 11

>JI.J
1 ,.~ 'I L"'"
A p,
I J..l ~ I
l).I)I.1
~~;:;
. ,;;.; .;;;;;;;;;.::':;;~ ';;;..:;:;t~:;~~
__;;_;;l.w; ,~. ~;-:-:.~~.:
_=-~:-=.=-..:-:. ___ --l

)011.)
~jQl~7)t:':;lHJ~W>,:t;o,lg}i(ffi;m! ,.....,....

< '0
It
" \.

Fig. 21 Undersatu rate d oil viscosity corrclatio'n: comparison of best =ults

392
 ,'I, i. -:zJ )lU II - Ill i:J - llJ ) llJ
li1b.ojr

Fib ' 22 : Corrcl,tioru for Pb, "",I)"i& on A.ip'J umplo< fi&- 23: Correlations for GOR. an.I),>" on Agip', <ample.<

11
)

U
~
1",,"
:~ .

i : Clu:
Ol

( 'Ii 10 - ::.J l )I.1

l )1J

( "'1;.24 : Correlalions for OFVF ..".I)"i< on A!;ip's umplcs Fi b _2~: Correl'lion.s for Co, an.l)"is all A!;ip's samples

a' III """;:::------ -- -- - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - --.

;~ I
l
I 1.1

11
i6oi ,
11; 1
101
) ' 901"

I :

t~ J
u ;:~
~
pt
(
'--,
"1i<![.

" Ie 10 - i:J l:l - III ) 11J 10- !U l1l-li.l l llJ LI ill!

iii lu~ r 1I1 1.t{t

"If;' 26: Correl'l ions [or flod, ana lysis on Agip's samples Fig. 27 : Correia liar" [or flol, 4I1, I)"is on Ag.p's slITlplcs

li---------------------------------------,