MICROCONTROLLER BASE VOTING MACHINE

A REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the

degree

Of

Master of Science

In

Applied Physics

BY

Neha Chaudhary

Supervised By:

Mrs. Meenakshi

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS

MUKAND LAL NATIONAL COLLEGE,
YAMUNA NAGAR-135001
APRIL-2016
CANDIDATE DECLARATION

1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2
Our overriding debt is to Dr. Harsh Mohan (HOD, App. Phy. Deptt.) and

Mrs. Meenakshi (Asstt. Prof.) for their valuable guidance all through the

Successful Completion of the project. We are extremely thankful to thm for

providing us all the guidance and support. Their constant encouragement and

appraisal has helped us a lot in completing the project.

Neha Chaudhary

Roll no.-144163

Msc. App.Phy.Final

ABSTRACT

3
This report at giving an insight to the project entitled Microcontroller Base
Voting Machine. This project report is prepared for the partial fulfillment of
M.Sc. App. Physics.

The primary objective of report is:

To maintain the right blend of theory and in mythological way in analyzing a

given circuit.

To develop the understanding and ability to design the practical circuit.

To expose to the reader this practical circuit which has been build and laboratory
tested. A glance at the contents reveals that the report is logically subdivided into
number of topics. The first topic gives a brief introduction to the project. The
second topic covers the complete list of components and third one explains the
approximate cost of the project and also the problems faced during fabrication.

CONTENTS
Introduction

4
 Hardware and software requirement

Block diagram of power supply

Schematic diagram

Components used in the project

Microcontroller

PIC microcontroller

Pin diagram of PIC microcontroller

Soldering

Advantages & disadvantages

Applications

5
 INTRODUCTION
An Embedded system is combination of computer hardware and software, and
perhaps additional mechanical or others parts, designed to perform a specific task.
An embedded system is a computer system designed to do one or a few dedicated
and/or specific functions often with real-time computing constraints.Example:
microwave oven, AC etc..Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,
rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Embedded systems
are not always standalone devices. The program instructions written for embedded
systems are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash
memory chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources. Embedded C is
nothing but a subset of C language which is compatible with certain
microcontrollers. Some features are added using header files like <pic16f887.h>,
<util/delay.h>. Scanf() and printf() are removed as the inputs are scanned from the
sensors and outputs are given to the ports. Control structures remain the same like
if-statement, for loop, do-while etc.

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this project is to reduce manual work and time and give result
without any delay. A very low cost and effective voting machine has been
implemented using pic16f887 based microcontroller. This voting system avoids
multiple polling by a single user and also provides instantaneous results which are
displayed on the PC.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
India is the largest democracy of the world. Peoples active participation in the
formation of the government is an important aspect of a democratic government. This is
ensured by elections. Conducting free and fair elections in a populous country like India
is an uphill task. Its a challenge to conduct elections for selection of candidates to
represent the people of the country at different levels. Even more important is the timely
declaration of results. This is necessary to bring stability in the governance and steady
economic growth of the nation.Till now we have been using the paper and ballot system
for conducting. The loop holes in this traditional system are gradually widening .Its more
susceptible to booth capturing and result manipulation. Even more tedious is the task of
counting the votes and declaring the results.An ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE is
an answer to all these problems. Its a technological masterpiece. Many countries world
over have shown their interest in learning the mechanism behind this simple yet powerful
machine. Its got a very simple interface, its tamperproof, prevents bogus voting and it
has helped in getting rid of the time consuming task of counting.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

6
In the modern industrial world, new technologies and innovations provide the ability to
get more intelligence out of a process. Process and condition monitoring are essential
tools for every efficiency improvement attempt because of their capability to provide key
information that is necessary to plan production in a strategic and efficient way. Cost and
time reduction, leaner and more competitive processes as well as improvement of Overall
Equipment Effectiveness are results of effective and intelligent monitoring .As the
control system and automation has become an important part of the life these
days.Taking into consideration the following project is designed as Micro Controller
Electronics Voting Machine System which is used to monitor the entry/exit of persons
and switch the load according to requirement. In industries it is very essential to maintain
these parameters.

PROJECT WORK:
This project uses seven switches in which six switches assigned to six individual
marks and seventh switch is used to reset. When a person presses a switch the
counter is incremented by one for that particular switch which is pressed. So the
record is stored in controller memory. A 16x2 LCD is also interfaced with
microcontroller to display the message that the process is successful.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:
Micro controller(16f887)

Lm 7805(Regulator)

Switches

LEDs

Three .1 uf ceramic capacitors

Three 100 uf electrolytic capacitors

Four p-n junction diodes

12-0-12v 500mA transformer

LCD

Transistor

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:
ORCAD for PCB designing

7
 Functionality of all above components

Embedded C programming

Pic C compiler

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY:

S
16X2
W
P
LCD
S
1
W
S2
I
W
S
3 C
W
S
4SW5
1 Regulated
W
Power
S5
W
6
Supply
6S

W F
7
8
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
8

8
COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT:
RESISTANCE: Resistance refers to the property of a substance that impedes
the flow of electric current. Some substances resist current flow more than other. If

9
a substance offers very high resistance to current flow it is called an insulator. If its
resistance to current flow is very low, it is called a conductor. Resistivity refers to
the ability of substance to resist current flow. Good conductors have low resistivity
and insulators have high resistivity.

OHMS LAW: George Simon Ohm (1789-1854), a German physicist,

formulated the relationships among voltage, current, and resistance into what is
referred to as Ohms law: The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the
applied potential difference and inversely proportional to the resistance of the
circuit.The International Standard (SI) unit of resistance is the ohm, designated by
the Greek letter one ohm of resistance is equal to the resistance of a circuit in which
a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere.

Mathematically Ohms law is written as: I = E/R

Where I is the current in amperes, E is the applied voltage (difference in potential)

in volts and R is the resistance in ohms

RESISTORS: Most of the resistance in circuit is found in components that do

specific work, such as bulbs or heating elements, and in devices called resistors.
Resistors are devices that provide precise amount of opposition or resistance to
current flow. Resistors are very common in electric circuits. They are used to
provide specific resistivity to limit current and to control voltage in a circuit.

TYPES OF RESISTORS: Resistors come in variety of values and types. The

most common type is fixed resistor. Fixed resistor have single value of resistance,
which remain constant. There are also variable resistors that can be adjusted to vary
or change the amount of resistance in a circuit.The value of resistance of resistors is
given in ohms. Resistors can have values from less than one ohm up to many
millions of ohms.

1. Fixed Resistors: The most common fixed resistor is the composition type. The
resistance element is made of graphite, or some other form of carbon, and alloy
materials. These resistor generally have resistance values that range from 0.1 to
22 M.Another kind of fixed resistor is the wire wound type. The resistance
element is usually made of nickel-chromium wire wound on aceramic rod. These
resistor generally have resistance values that range from 1 to 100 k.
2. Variable Resistance: Variable Resistors are used to adjust the amount of resistance
in a circuit. A variable resistor consists of a sliding contact arm that makes contact
with a stationary resistance element. As the sliding arm moves across the element,
its point of contact on the element changes, effectively changing the length of the
element. The rating of a variable resistor is its resistance at its highest
setting.Variable resistors are also called rheostats and potentiometers. The
resistance elements of rheostats are usually wire wound. They are most often used
to control very high currents, such as in motors and lamps. Potentiometers

10
 generally have composition elements. They are used as control devices in radios,
amplifiers, televisions, and electrical instruments.

TRANSISTORS: Transistors amplify current, for example they can be used to

amplify the small output current from a logic IC so that it can operate a lamp, relay
or other high current device. In many circuits a resistor is used to convert the
changing current to a changing voltage, so the transistor is being used to amplify
voltage. A transistor may be used as a switch (either fully on with maximum
current, or fully off with no current) and as an amplifier (always partly on). The
amount of current amplification is called the current gain, symbol hFE.Prior to
invention of transistors, digital circuits were composed of vacuum tubes, which has
many disadvantages. They were much larger, required more energy, dissipated more
heat, and were more prone to failures. Its safe to say that without the invention of
transistors, computing as we know it today would not be possible.

Figure: Transistor circuit symbols

Modern transistors are divided into two main categories: Bipolar Junction
Transistors (BJTs) and Field Effect Transistors (FFTs). Application of current in
BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the
conductivity between the common and output terminals, there by controlling
current flow between them.

LED (LIGHT EMITTENG DIODE):

11
 Figure : Blue, green and red LEDs.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode that emits incoherent

narrow-spectrum light when electrically biased in the forward direction of the p-n
junction. This effect is a form of electroluminescence.

An LED is usually a small area source, often with extra optics added to the chip
that shapes its radiation pattern. [1] The color of the emitted light depends on the
composition and condition of the semiconducting material used, and can be
infrared, visible, or near-ultraviolet. An LED can be used as a regular household
light source.

ADVANTAGES OF USING LED:

LEDs produce more light per watt than do incandescent bulbs, this is useful in
battery powered or energy-saving devices.

LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that
traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial
costs.

The solid package of an LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent
and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct
it in a usable manner.

When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their
color tint as the current passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent
lamps, which turn yellow.

12
 LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling,
unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or
HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.

LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock.
Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken if dropped on the ground.

LEDs have an extremely long life span.

LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt burn-out of
incandescent bulbs.

REGULATOR: Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12

and 15V) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the maximum
current they can pass. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in
dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive
current ( 'overload protection') and overheating ( 'thermal protection'). Many of
the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors,
such as the780+5V1A regulator shown on the right. They include a hole for
attaching a heatsink if necessary.

Figure : Regulator

MICROCONTROLLER:
A microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devices.
It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-effectiveness, in
contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical
microcontroller contains all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application,
whereas a general purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these
functions.

INTRODUCTION: Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of

microcontrollers had their beginnings in the development of technology of integrated
circuits. This development has made it possible to store hundreds of thousands of
transistors into one chip. That was a prerequisite for production of microprocessors ,

13
and the first computers were made by adding external peripherals such as memory,
input-output lines, timers and other. Further increasing of the volume of the package
resulted in creation of integrated circuits. These integrated circuits contained both
processor and peripherals. That is how the first chip containing a microcomputer , or
what would later be known as a microcontroller came about.

INTRODUCTION TO PIC MICROCONTROLLER:

Circumstances that we find ourselves in today in the field of microcontrollers had their
beginnings in the development of technology of integrated circuits. This development
has made it possible to store hundreds of thousands of transistors into one chip. That
was a prerequisite for production of microprocessors, and the first computers were made
by adding external peripherals such as memory, input-output lines, timers and other.
Further increasing of the volume of the package resulted in creation of integrated
circuits. These integrated circuits contained both processor and peripherals. That is how
the first chip containing a microcomputer, or what would later be known as a
microcontroller came about.

PIC MICROCONTROLLER:
PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip
Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General
Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to
"Programmable Interface Controller .PICs are popular with both industrial
developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user
base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free
development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash
memory) capability. The original PIC was built to be used with GI's new 16-bit
CPU, the CP1600. While generally a good CPU, the CP1600 had poor I/O
performance, and the 8-bit PIC was developed in 1975 to improve performance of
the overall system by offloading I/O tasks from the CPU. The PIC used simple
microcode stored in ROM to perform its tasks, and although the term wasn't used at
the time, it is a RISC design that runs one instruction per cycle (4 oscillator
cycles).The PIC microcontroller family is manufactured by Microchip Technology
Inc. Currently. They are one of the most popular microcontrollers, used in many
commercial and industrial applications. Over 120 million devices are sold each
year. The PIC microcontroller architecture is based on a modified Harvard RISC
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer) instruction set with dual-bus architecture,
providing fast and flexible design with an easy migration path from only 6 pins to
80 pins, and from 384 bytes to 128 Kbytes of program memory.PIC
microcontrollers are available with many different specifications depending on:

Memory Type:- Flash,OTP (One-time-programmable),ROM (Read-only-

memory),ROM less

InputOutput (I/O) Pin Count

14
 Memory Size

Although there are many models of PIC microcontrollers, the nice thing is that they
are upward compatible with each other and a program developed for one model can
very easily, in many cases with no modifications, be run on other models of the
family. The basic assembler instruction set of PIC microcontrollers consists of only
33 instructions and most of the family members (except the newly developed
devices) use the same instruction set. This is why a program developed for one
model can run on another model with similar architecture without any changes.

SPECIAL FEATURES:

All PIC microcontrollers offer the following features:

RISC instruction set with only a handful of instructions to learn

Digital I/O ports

On-chip timer with 8-bit prescaler

Power-on reset

Watchdog timer

Power-saving SLEEP mode

High source and sink current

Direct, indirect, and relative addressing modes

External clock interface

RAM data memory

EPROM or Flash program memory

15
Figure:PIC16F887 PIN DIAGRAM

SOLDERING

16
SOLDERING: It is process of joining two or more metals to give physical bonding and
good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry.
Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal room temperatures and
become liquid at between 180 and 200 degrees Celsius. Solder bonds well to various
metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to
successfully build electronics circuits. It is the primary way how electronics components
are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes directly to other components.
To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electrical soldering iron consists of a
heating element, a soldering bit (often called the tip), a handle and a power cord. The
heating element can be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube, or a thick
film resistance element printed onto a ceramic base. The element is then insulated and
placed into a metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally insulated from
the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around
370 to 400 Celsius degrees (higher than needed to melt the solder). The soldering bit is a
specially shaped piece of copper plated with iron and then usually plated with chrome or
iron. The tip planting makes it very resistant to aggressive solders and fluxes. The
strength or power of a soldering iron is usually expressed in Watts. Irons generally used
in electronics are typically in the range 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered iron will not run
hotter, but it will have more power available to quickly replace heat drained from the iron
during soldering. Most irons are available in a variety of voltages, 12V, 24V, 115V, and
230V are the most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons
which operate at 24V (powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering iron
or by a separate low voltage outlet). You should always use this low voltage where
possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work (like very tiny very sensitive
electronics components), you will need a soldering iron with a temperature control. In
this type of soldering irons the temperature may be usually set between 200 deg C and
450 degrees C. Many temperature controlled soldering irons designed for electronics
have a power rating of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give enough power for
operation, but are mechanically small (because the temperature controller stops them
from overheating when they are not used).

The solders designed for electronics work are usually a mixture of tin and lead. Tin melts
at 450 degree F and lead at 621 degree F. Solder Made from 63% tin and 37% lead melts
at 361?F, the lowest melting point for a tin and lead mixture. Solder construction is
designated by two numbers representing the percentages of each metal in that specific
mix. The first number always refers to the percentage of tin, the second is the percentage
of lead. Currently, the best commonly available, workable, and safe solder alloy is 63/37.
That is, 63% tin, 37% lead. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable
characteristic is that its solidest ("pasty") state, and its liquid state occur at the same
temperature -- 361 degrees F (around 183 degree C). This is the lowest possible
temperature for lead and tin combination to melt. You will often find "63/37" solder
referred to as a quick set solder or eutectic solder. Other commonly used mixture ration is
60/40, (60% tin/40% lead). Look for solders that are sold as "free of impurities" in the
component metals. Impurities cause a "scum" on your solder bead, degrade soldering
iron tips, and interfere with the proper soldering. For all electrical work you need to use
rosin core solder. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed core solder commonly is used. This

17
consists of 60% Lead and 40% Tin, with flux cores added through the length of the
solder.

There are two main classifications for the methods of soldering in use today:

Mechanical or non-electrical (using primarily acid flux).

Electrical (using primarily rosin flux).
For more than 50 years lead-containing solders have been used almost exclusively
throughout the electronics industry for attaching components to printed circuit boards
(PCBs). Such solders are inexpensive, perform reliably under a variety of operating
conditions, and possess unique characteristics (e.g. low melting point, high strength
ductility and fatigue resistance, high thermal cycling and joint integrity) that are well
suited for electronics applications. Solder is usually identified by its tin-to-lead
composition. If you look at a solder roll, you will probably find the figures 40/60, 50/50,
60/40 or 63/37. These are the ratios of tin-to-lead, given in percent. Solder with a higher
tin content melts at a lower temperature, and is usually desirable. The so-called "eutectic
alloy" of 63% tin and 37% lead has a melting or eutectic temperature of 361 degrees
Fahrenheit (183 degrees Celsius). That composition is the standard for electronic
purposes, being approximated by 60/40 solder, and has a pronounced melting point. The
60Si-40Pb is the traditional soldering tin used in electronics work. Solders with a 63/37
or 60/40 composition are the most free-flowing kinds and are particularly good for
working on delicate printed circuit boards. Other solder compositions have a flexible or
plastic range running from the 361 degrees eutectic temperature up to the melting points
of either pure lead (621 degrees), or pure tin (450 degrees). Since tin is a more active
metallic solvent than lead, the quality of the joint is very closely related to its tin content.
The alloy quality curve reaches its peak with about 60% tin, which approximately
corresponds to the composition of the eutectic alloy we described.

Figure: Soldering Joints

18
19
ADVANTAGES:
1.It is economical.

2.Less manpower required

3. Time conscious, as less time required for voting &

counting

4.Avoids invalid voting

5.Saves transportation cost due to its compact size

6.Convenient on the part of voter

7.easy transortation, storage, and maintenance

8.easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the

counting centre

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Limited no. of candidates.

2. More candidates mean implies complicated circuit.

APPLICATION:
1. This could be used for voting purpose at any
required place.

2. It is used in general elections for choosing

candidates to represent people at various stages.

3. It can be used in school, college student union

elections.

4. It can be used to find the general opinion of people

on various issues.

5. Anywhere where majority is to be foundout.

REFERENCES:
Ignizio, J.P. and cavilier, T.M., 1994,embedded C Programming, Englewood
cliffs, new jerky.
20
Hand Book for Digital ICs from Analogic Device
21