DESI(;N OF WHPOSITE BRIDGES

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USE OF BS 5400: PART 5: 1979 ET33 DEPIWXEMI! OF TRANSPORT

This document has been produced by the Department of

Transport, combining BS 5400: Part 5: 1979 (as amended by AMD
3998 dated 31 May 1982) and Appendix A of the Departmental
Standard BD 16/82 (as amended by Amendment No 1 dated
December 1987 1.
Users of this document will be advised by the British
Standards Institution when t h e revision of BS 5400: Part 5:
1979 is available; at that point this document will be
withdrawn.

Department of Transport December 1987

St Christopher House
LONDON SE1 OTE
CONTENTS
Foreword

Recommendations

1 Scope

2 References

3 Definitions and symbols

3.1 Definitions
3.2 Symbols

4 Design : general 13
4.1 Design philosophy
4.1.1 General
4.1.2 Design loads due t o shrinkage of concrete
4.1.3 Design loading e f f e c t s
4.1.4 Verification of s t r u c t u r a l adequacy
4.2 Material p r o p e r t i e s
4.2.1 General
4.2.2 Structural s t e e l
4.2.3 Concrete, reinforcement and p r e s t r e s s i n g steels
4-3 L i m i t s t a t e requirements
4.3.1 General
4.3.2 Serviceability l i m i t s t a t e
4.3.3 Ultimate l i m i t s t a t e

5 Design and d e t a i l i n g of superstructure f o r the service- 15

ability l i m i t state
5.1 Analysis of s t r u c t u r e
5.1.1 Distribution of bending moments and v e r t i c a l shear
forces
5.2 Analysis of s e c t i o n s
5.2.1 General
5.2.2 Analysis
5.2.3 Effective breadth of concrete flange
5.2.4 Deck s l a b s forming flanges of composite beams
5.2.5 S t e e l section
5.2.6 Control of cracking i n concrete
5.3 Longitudinal shear
5-3.1 General
5.3.2 Shear connectors
5.3.3 Design of shear connection
5.4 Temperature e f f e c t s and shrinkage modified by creep
5.4.1 General
5.4.2 Temperature e f f e c t s
5.4.3 Shrinkage modified by creep
5.5 Dcflec t i o n s
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Calculation of d e f l e c t i o n s

6 Design and d e t a i l i n g of s u p e r s t r u c t u r e f o r the ultimate 30

l i m i t state
6.1 Analysis of s t r u c t u r e
6.1.1 General
6.1.2 Deck s l a b s forming t h e flanges of composite beams
6.1.3 Composite a c t i o n

1
 6.1.4 Distribution of bending moments and vertical shear forces
6.1.5 Temperature effects and shrinkage modified by creep
6.2 Analysis of sections
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Bending resistance of compact sections
6..2.3 Bending resistance of non-compact sections
6-3 Longitudinal shear
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Deck slab
6.3.3 Transverse reinforcement
6.3.4 Shear connectors

7 Composite box girders 39

7.1 General
7.2 Effective span
7.3 Effective breadth
7.4 Distribution of bending moments and vertical shear forces
7.5 Longitudinal shear
7.5.1 Spacing of shear connectors
7.5.2 Design of shear connectors
7.6 Torsion
7.7 Composite plate

8 Cased beams and filler beam construction 42

8.1 Scope
8.2 Limit state requirements
8.3 Analysis of structure
8.3.1 Transverse moments in filler beam decks (approximate
method)
8.4 Analysis of sections
8.5 Longitudinal shear
8.5.1 Serviceability limit state
8.5.2 Ultimate limit state
8.6 Temperature and shrinkage effects
8.6.1 General
8.6.2 Longitudinal stresses and strains
- 8.6.3 Longitudinal shear
8.7 Control of cracking
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Cased beams
8.7.3 Filler beams
8.8 Design and construction

I 9 Permanent formwork 46
9.1 General
9.2 Materials
9.3 Structural participation
9.4 Temporary construction loading
9.5 Design
9.5-1 General
9.5.2 Non-participating formwork
9.5.3 Participating formwork
9.6 Precast concrete or composite precast concrete permanent
formwork
9.6.1 Design
9.6.2 Welding of reinforcement
9.6.3 Interfaces c

9.6.4 Cover to reinforcement

2
10 The use of friction grip bolts as shear connectors in 48
composite beams
10.1 General
10.2 Design requirements: static loading
10.2.1 Serviceability limit state
10.2.2 UlcimatA limit state
A0.3 Fatigue
10.4 Other considerations

11 Composite columns 50
11.1 General
11.1.1 Scope
11.1.2 Materials
11.1.3 Shear connection
11.1.1) Concrete contribution factor
11.1.5 Limits on slenderness
11 .2 Moments and forces in columns
11.2.1 General
11.2.2 Semi-empirical design method for restrained composite
columns
11.3 Analysis of column cross section
11.3.1 General
11.3.2 Axially loaded columns
11.3.3 Columns under uniaxial bending about the minor axis
11.3.4 Columns under uniaxial bending about the major axis
restrained from failure about the minor axis
11.3.5 Columns under uniaxial bending about the major axis
unrestrained against failure about the minor axis
11.3.6 Columns under biaxial bending
11.3.7 Ultimate strength of axially loaded concrete filled
circular hollow sections
11.3.8 Tensile cracking of concrete
11.3.9 Design details

12 Influence of method of construction on design 58

12.1 Sequence of construction
12.2 Permanent formwork

13 Prestressing in composite construction 59

13.1 General
13.2 Methods of prestressing ,

13.3 Liyit state requirements

13.4 Prestressing the steel beam
13.5 Stress limitations in concrete at transfer
13.6 Loss of prestress
Appendix

C Formulae and tables for the design of composite columns 61

c. 1 Coefficient K1
c.2 Coefficient K2
c.3 Coefficient K3
(2.4 Ultimate moment of resistance Mu of composite columns

Tables

7. Nominal static strengths of shear connectors for 20

different concrete strengths
9. Shrinkage strains and creep reduction factors 28

3
12. Values of constants C1 and C2 for axially loaded concrete 57
circular hollow sections
Figures

2. Shear connectors 21
3. Dimensions of haunches 23
4. Dimensions of specimens for test on shear connectors 23
5. Range of concrete mixes for which table 9 can be used 28
6. Shear planes and transverse reinforcement , 35
7. Coefficient K 41
a. Force diagram for calculating Mu 66
9. Chart for evaluating Mu of concrete filled circular 67
hollow sections
Standards publications referred to 68

4
BS 5400 i s a document cwnbining c o d e s of p r a c t i c e t o c o v e r t h e d e s i g n and
c o n s t r u c t i o n of s t e e l , c o n c r e t e and c o m p o s i t e b r i d g e s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r
l o a d s , materials and workmanship.

It c o m p r i s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g Parts :

Part 1 General statement

Part 2 Specification f o r loads

Part 3 Code o f p r a c t i c e f o r d e s i g n o f s t e e l b r i d g e s

Part 4 Code of p r a c t i c e for d e s i g n of c o n c r e t e b r i d g e s

Part 5 Code of p r a c t i c e for d e s i g n of composite b r i d g e s

. .
Part 6 S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r m a t e r i a l s , a n d workmanship, s t e e l

I Part 7 S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r materials and workmanship, concrete,

r e i n f o r c e m e n t and p r e s t r e s s i n g t e n d o n s

Part 8 Recommendations f o r materials and workmanship, concrete,

r e i n f o r c e m e n t and p r e s t r e s s i n g tendons

Part 9 Code o f p r a c t i c e f o r b e a r i n g s

Part 10 Code o f p r a c t i c e f o r f a t i g u e

I n t h e d r a f t i n g of BS 5400 i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s have been made i n r e s p e c t of

l o a d i n g and e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s u m p t i o n s , d e s i g n p h i l o s o p h y , l o a d f a c t o r s ,
s e r v i c e stresses and s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s . Furthermore, r e c o u r s e h a s been
made t o r e c e n t t h e o r e t i c a l and e x p e r i m e n t a l research and s e v e r a l d e s i g n
s t u d i e s have been made on components and on c o m p l e t e b r i d g e s . It i s t o be
e x p e c t e d t h a t as d e s i g n e x p e r i e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t b r i d g e t y p e s i s accumulated,
f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s w i l l be r e q u i r e d .

It s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h i s Part o f BS 5400 s u p e r s e d e s CP 117: P a r t 2.

The r e l a t i o n s h i p between P a r t 3 and P a r t 5. The d e s i g n o f composite b r i d g e s

r e q u i r e s t h e combined u s e o f Part 5 and Part 3 o f BS 5400.

Part 5 was p u b l i s h e d i n 1979, t h e major d e c i s i o n s on s c o p e and approach

having been t a k e n some y e a r s p r e v i o u s l y ; Part 3 was p u b l i s h e d i n 1982. It
i s n a t u r a l t h e r e f o r e t h a t some d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l e x i s t between Part 3 and
Part 5 .

Part 3 h a s been d r a f t e d on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t f o r t h e d e s i g n of s t e e l w o r k
i n b r i d g e s w i t h e i t h e r s t e e l o r c o n c r e t e d e c k s t h e methods of g l o b a l
a n a l y s i s and a l l t h e p r o c e d u r e s f o r s a t i s f y i n g t h e l i m i t s t a t e c r i t e r i a w i l l
b e as p r e s c r i b e d i n Part 3 . For beams Part 3 may be used w i t h o u t any
m o d i f i c a t i o n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h o s e p r o v i s i o n s of Part 5 t h a t are
a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e c o m p o s i t e s l a b and i t s c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e
steel s e c t i o n .

It w i l l be n o t e d t h a t more s e r v i c e a b i l i t y c h e c k s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r composite
than f o r steel bridges. T h i s d i f f e r e n c e is due t o t h e s p e c i a l

5
characteristics of composite construction, such as the large shape factor of
certain composite sections; the addition of stresses in a two-phase
structure (bare steel/wet concrete and composite); and the effects of
shrinkage and temperature on the girders and on the shear connectors.

It is intended to revise Parts 3 and 5 to coordinate them fully after there

has been sufficient experience of their application.

6
1 SCOPE

T h i s P a r t o f t h i s B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d s u p e r s e d e s CP 117: P a r t 2 and augments

t h e p r o v i s i o n s of BS 5400: Parts 3, 4 and 10 f o r s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l and
r e i n f o r c e d o r p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e when components o f t h e s e materials are s o
interconnected t h a t they act compositely.

It g i v e s recommendations f o r r o l l e d o r fabricated s t e e l s e c t i o n s , cased o r

uncased, and f o r f i l l e r beam s y s t e m s . C o n s i d e r a t i o n is g i v e n t o s i m p l y
s u p p o r t e d and c o n t i n u o u s composite beams, composite columns and t o t h e
s p e c i a l problems o f composite box beams. The recommendations f o r t h e
c o n c r e t e element c o v e r normal and l i g h t w e i g h t aggregate, cast i n s i t u and ,
precast concrete. P r e s t r e s s i n g and t h e u s e of permanent formwork d e s i g n e d
t o a c t c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h i n s i t u c o n c r e t e are a l s o covered.

2 REFERENCES

The t i t l e s of t h e s t a n d a r d s p u b l i c a t i o n s referred t o i n t h i s P a r t . o f BS 5400

are l i s t e d i n t h e i n s i d e back c o v e r .

3 DEFINITIONS AND SYHBOLS

3.1 Definitions

For t h e p u r p o s e s of t h i s P a r t o f t h i s B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d t h e f o l l o w i n g
d e f i n i t i o n s , and t h o s e g i v e n i n Part 1 , a p p l y .

3.1.1 Cased composite beam. A beam composed of e i t h e r r o l l e d o r

b u i l t - u p s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s e c t i o n s , w i t h a c o n c r e t e encasement, which
a c t s i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a c o n c r e t e s l a b where t h e two e l e m e n t s are
i n t e r c o n n e c t e d so as t o form a composite s e c t i o n .

3.1.2 Uncased coitposite beam. A beam composed o f e i t h e r r o l l e d o r

b u i l t - u p s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s e c t i o n s , w i t h o u t a c o n c r e t e encasement,
which acts i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a c o n c r e t e s l a b where t h e two e l e m e n t s
a r e i n t e r c o n n e c t e d so as t o form a composite s e c t i o n ,

3.1.3 Composite box beam. A s t e e l box g i r d e r a c t i n g c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h

a concrete slab.

NOTE. I n a c l o s e d s t e e l box t h e c o n c r e t e i s cast on t h e t o p s t e e l

f l a n g e whereas i n an open s t e e l box t h e box i s c l o s e d by t h e c o n c r e t e
slab.

3.1.4 Composite.column. A column composed e i t h e r o f a hollow steel

s e c t i o n w i t h a n i n f i l l o f c o n c r e t e o r o f a s t e e l s e c t i o n cased i n
c o n c r e t e s o t h a t i n e i t h e r case t h e r e is i n t e r a c t i o n between s t e e l and
concrete.

3.1.5 Composite plate. An i n s i t u c o n c r e t e s l a b cast upon, and acting

compositely with, a s t r u c t u r a l steel p l a t e .

3.1.6 Concrete slab. The s t r u c t u r a l c o n c r e t e s l a b t h a t forms p a r t o f

t h e deck of t h e b r i d g e and a c t s c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h t h e s t e e l beams. The
s l a b may be o f p r e c a s t , c a s t i n s i t u o r composite c o n s t r u c t i o n .

3.1.7 Composite slab. An i n s i t u c o n c r e t e s l a b t h a t a c t s c o m p o s i t e l y

w i t h s t r u c t u r a l l y p a r t i c i p a t i n g permanent formwork.
 3.1.8 Participating permanent formwork. Formwork t o i n s i t u concrete,
when t h e s t r e n g t h of the formwork is assumed t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
s t r e n g t h of t h e composite s l a b .

3.1.9 Non-participating penaaent formwork. Permanent formuork t h a t

may or may not a c t compositely w i t h the i n s i t u concrete b u t where t h e
formwork is neglected i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r e n g t h of the s l a b .

3.1.10 Filler beam construction. Rolled or b u i l t - u p steel s e c t i o n s

t h a t a c t i n conjunction w i t h a concrete s l a b and which a r e contained
w i t h i n the s l a b .

3.1.11 Interaction

3.1.11.1 Complete interaction. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t no s i g n i f i c a n t

s l i p occurs between the s t e e l and the concrete s l a b or encasement.

3.1.11.2 Partial interaction. T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t s l i p occurs a t

the i n t e r f a c e between s t e e l and concrete and a d i s c o n t i n u i t y i n
s t r a i n occurs.

3.1.12 Shear connector. A mechanical device t o ensure i n t e r a c t i o n

between concrete and s t e e l .

3.1.13 Connector modulus. The e l a s t i c shear s t i f f n e s s of a shear

connector.

The symbols used i n t h i s Part of t h i s standard a r e as follows:

Cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement in the bottom of

the s l a b

Abs Cross-sectional area of other transverse reinforcement i n the

bottom of t h e s l a b

*bv Cross-sectional area of a d d i t i o n a l t r a n s v e r s e reinforcement

*C Cross-sectional area of concrete

I Ae Effective cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement
I
Af Cross-sectional area of top flange of s t e e l s e c t i o n

Ar Cross-sectional area of reinforcement

AS Cross-sectional area of the s t e e l s e c t i o n

A st Area of the encased tension flange of the s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l member

I At Area of tension reinforcement, cross-sectional area of transverse

reinforcement near t h e top of t h e s l a b

Distance from the compression face t o the point at- which t h e crack
w i d t h is calculated

8
 acr Distance from the point considered t o the surface of the nearest
longitudinal bar

b Width of section or portion of flange or least lateral dimension

of a column

Effective breadth of portion of flange

Breadth of flange

External dimension of the wall of the RHS

Effective breadth of the composite section at the level of the

tension reinforcement

bW Half the distance between the centre lines of webs

I

C A constant (with appropriate subscripts)

Minimum cover to the tension reinforcement

Diameter

External diameter

Depth to neutral axis in composite column

Separation of symmetrically placed reinforcing bars

Thickness of the concrete cover of encased steel section

Depth of steel web in compression zone

Static secant modulus of elasticity of concrete

Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement

ES Modulus of elasticity of structural steel

FT Tensile force per unit length

fC Concrete strength

fcc Enhanced characteristic strength of triaxially contained concrete

f ci Concrete strength at (initial) transfer

fcu Characteristic concrete cube strength

f L Longitudinal stress

fmax Maximum longitudinal stress in concrete flange

rY Characteristic strength of reinforcement

\

ftc Tensile stress in uncracked concrete flange

'Y Reduced nominal yield strength of the steel casing

9
fY
Nominal y i e l d s t r e n g t h of s t r u c t u r a l steel

h Thickness (with appropriate subscripts), greatest lateral

dimension of a column

hC T h i c k n e s s of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b forming t h e f l a n g e o f the c o n c r e t e
beam

I S6cond moment o f area ( w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s c r i p t s )

K A constant (with appropriate subscripts)

k A c o n s t a n t (with a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s c r i p t s )

LS Length o f t h e shear p l a n e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n

1 D i s t a n c e from face of s u p p o r t t o . t h e end of a c a n t i l e v e r , o r

e f f e c t i v e s p a n of a beam ( d i s t a n c e between c e n t r e s of s u p p o r t s ) o r
l e n g t h of column between c e n t r e s of end r e s t r a i n t s

1E Length o f column for which t h e E u l e r load e q u a l s t h e s q u a s h load

le E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f a column or 1, o r ly a s a p p r o p r i a t e

1, D i s t a n c e from end o f beam

1 ss One-fifth of the e f f e c t i v e span

1, Length o f wheel p a t c h

M Bending moment ( w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s c r i p t s )

Mmax Maximum moment

MU Ultimate moment of r e s i s t a n c e

Nux Ultimate moment o f r e s i s t a n c e a b o u t t h e major a x i s

MUY
Ultimate moment o f r e s i s t a n c e a b o u t t h e minor a x i s

MX Monent a c t i n g a b o u t t h e major a x i s , l o n g i t u d i n a l bending moment

p e r u n i t w i d t h o f f i l l e r beam d e c k

MY Moment a c t i n g a b o u t t h e minor a x i s , l o n g i t u d i n a l bending moment

p e r u n i t w i d t h o f f i l l e r beam d e c k

m Constant

N Ultimate a x i a l l o a d a t t h e s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d

Nax 9 Nay Axial f a i l u r e loads

NU Squash load o f a column

NX Design f a i l u r e l o a d o f a column s u b j e c t e d t o a c o n s t a n t d e s i g n
momen t Mx

NXY
S t r e n g t h o f a column i n b i a x i a l bending

10
 *Y Design failure load of a column subjected to a constant design
moment My

n Total number of connectors per unit length of girder

n' Number of connectors per unit length placed within 200mm of the
centre line of the web

PU Nominal static strength

P Failure load of the connectors at concrete strength fc

Q Longitudinal shear force

'Q Design load

4 Longitudinal shear per unit length

qP Design longitudinal shear force per unit length of beam on the

particular shear plane considered

R' Design resistance as defined in Part 1

s Plastic section modulus

S' Design loading effects

S A constant stress of 1 N/m2 re-expressed where necessary in units

consistent with those used for other quantities
I
Sb Spacing of bars
I
I
TU Tension

t Wall thickness

tf Flange thickness

tW Web thickness

V1 Ultimate longitudinal shear stress of concrete

X Neutral axis depth, coordinate, distance

Coordinate

Plastic section modulus of beams as defined in Part 3

Concrete contribution factor

Modular ratio

Ratio of the product of the partial safety factors YfL yf3 for HB
loading to the corresponding product for HA loading for the limit
state being considered

Ratio of the smaller to the larger of the two end moments acting
about each axis with appropriate subscripts

11
P L C o e f f i c i e n t o f l i n e a r thermal expansion

YfL Partial s a f e t y f a c t o r f o r l o a d s and l o a d e f f e c t s

iff1,rff2&-3 Partial s a f e t y f a c t o r s f o r loads and load e f f e c t s .

rm Partial safety factor for strength

Af D i f f e r e n c e between t h e f r e e s t r a i n s a t t h e c e n t r o i d of the
c o n c r e t e s l a b and t h e c e n t r o i d of t h e steel beam

Free shrinkage s t r a i n

Average s t r a i n

S t r a i n at the l e v e l considered

I m p e r f e c t i o n c o n s t a n t f o r composite columns

S l e n d e r n e s s f u n c t i o n (with a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s c r i p t s )

Euler slenderness function

Coefficient of f r i c t i o n

R a t i o o f t h e a v e r a g e compressive s t r e s s . i n t h e c o n c r e t e a t f a i l u r e
to the design y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e steel, t a k e n as
0.4 fcu/0.95 f y

Stress of s t e e l member ( w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e s u b s c r i p t s ) as d e f i n e d i n
Part 3.

P Bar s i z e

@ Creep c o e f f i c i e n t

- @c Creep r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r

x Non-dimensional c o o r d i n a t e

9 Effective breadth r a t i o , coefficient

12
4 DESIGN: GENERAL
4.1 Design Philosophy

4.1.1 General. D e s i g n , s h o u l d be i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 1 ,

4.1.2 Design loads due. to shrinkage of concrete. For shrinkage

m o d i f i e d by c r e e p t h e p a r t i a l s a f e t y f a c t o r T f L s h o u l d be t a k e n a s 1.0
f o r t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e and 1.2 f o r t h e ' u l t i m a t e l i m i t
state.

NOTE. For t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e p a r t i a l s a f e t y f a c t o r , see Part 1.

~

4.1.3 Design loading effects. The d e s i g n l o a d i n g e f f e c t s S* f o r

d e s i g n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s Part o f t h i s B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d may be I

d e t e r m i n e d from t h e d e s i g n l o a d s Q* i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 1.

The p a r t i a l f a c t o r o f s a f e t y ?ff3 s h o u l d be t a k e n as 1.10 a t t h e

u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e and 1.0 a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e .

4.1.4 V e r i f i c a t i o n of s t r u c t u r a l adequacy. For a s a t i s f a c t o r y d e s i g n

t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h o u l d be s a t i s f i e d :

R* > S* (1)

where R* is the. d e s i g n r e s i s t a n c e .

i e function

where f k , ' j ( m , XffL and Qk are d e f i n e d i n Part 1 .

When t h e r e s i s t a n c e f u n c t i o n i s l i n e a r , and a s i n g l e v a l u e of dcm i s

i n v o l v e d , t h i s r e l a t i o n may be r e a r r a n g e d as:
7
1 .

'zff3

I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e f o r m a t of e q u a t i o n 2a i s u s e d i n Part 4
whereas t h e f o r m a t g i v e n i n e q u a t i o n 2b i s used i n P a r t 3. T h e r e f o r e
when u s i n g t h i s Part i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h e i t h e r Part 3 o r Part 4 care
must b e t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t rf3 i s a p p l i e d c o r r e c t l y .

4.2 Material Properties

4.2.1 General. In analysing a s t r u c t u r e t o determine t h e load

e f f e c t s , t h e material p r o p e r t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u n f a c t o r e d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h s h o u l d b e u s e d i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e l i m i t s t a t e
b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d . For a n a l y s i s of s e c t i o n s , t h e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e of
the p a r t i a l f a c t o r of s a f e t y rn, to be use9 i n determining the design
s t r e n g t h , s h o u l d be t a k e n from Part 3 o r P a r t 4 depending on t h e
materials and l i m i t s t a t e . It s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e stress
l i m i t a t i o n s g i v e n i n Part 4 a l l o w f o r vmm For shear c o n n e c t o r s t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s of m
r are e x p l i c i t l y given i n t h e expressions f o r
d e s i g n r e s i s t a n c e i n t h i s P a r t . F o r t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear r e s i s t a n c e
of r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b s o v e r s t e e l beams t h e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s
of m
r f o r t h e c o n c r e t e and r e i n f o r c e m e n t a r e a l r e a d y i n c o r p o r a t e d i n
t h e expressions given i n t h i s Part.
 4.2.2 Structural steel. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c or n o m i n a l p r o p e r t i e s of
s t r u c t u r a l . s t e e l s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 3.

4.2.3 Concrete, reinforceeent and p r e s t r e s s i n g steels. The

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s of c o n c r e t e , r e i n f o r c e m e n t and p r e s t r e s s i n g
s t e e l s s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 4. F o r s u s t a i n e d
l o a d i n g , it s h o u l d be s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e t o assume a modulus of
e l a s t i c i t y of c o n c r e t e e q u a l t o o n e h a l f of t h e v a l u e used for s h o r t
term l o a d i n g .

4.3 L i m i t State R e q u i r e m e n t s

4.3.1 G e n e r a l . A l l s t r u c t u r a l steelwork i n c o m p o s i t e beams s h o u l d be

checked f o r c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of P a r t 3 i n r e l a t i o n t o
b o t h l i m i t states. Where r e q u i r e d by P a r t 3 t h e effects of c r e e p ,
s h r i n k a g e and t e m p e r a t u r e s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
recommendations of t h i s P a r t , f o r t h e r e l e v a n t l i m i t s t a t e .

The c o n c r e t e and reinforcement i n concrete s l a b s should s a t i s f y the

l i m i t s t a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s of P a r t 4 i n c l u d i n g t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t
s t a t e stress l i m i t a t i o n s g i v e n i n 4.1.1.3 of P a r t 4; where t h e y are
p a r t of a composite beam s e c t i o n t h e y s h o u l d also s a t i s f y t h e l i m i t
s t a t e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h i s Part. The method of c a l c u l a t i n g c r a c k
widths at the s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state should follow t h e
recommendations o f t h i s P a r t .

Shear c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o meet t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e
s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e g i v e n i n t h i s Part a n d , where s p e c i f i e d i n
t h i s p a r t , t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e .

Both shear c o n n e c t o r s and s t r u c t u r a l steelwork s h o u l d s a t i s f y the

f a t i g u e r e q u i r e m e n t s of Part 10.

4.3.2 S e r v i c e a b i l i t y limit state. A s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e is

reached when a n y of t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s o c c u r :

(a) t h e stress o r d e f o r m a t i o n i n s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l reaches t h e

l e v e l s i n d i c a t e d i n P a r t 3;

(b) the stress i n c o n c r e t e or reinforcement reaches the

a p p r o p r i a t e l i m i t given i n P a r t 4;

( c ) t h e w i d t h of a c r a c k i n c o n c r e t e , c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h 5.2.6, reaches t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l i m i t g i v e n i n Part 4;

( d ) t h e s l i p a t t h e i n t e r f a c e between s t e e l and c o n c r e t e becomes

excessive;

NOTE. T h i s i s assumed t o o c c u r when t h e c a l c u l a t e d load on a

shear c o n n e c t o r e x c e e d s 0.55 times i t s nominal s t a t i c s t r e n g t h .

( e ) t h e v i b r a t i o n i n a s t r u c t u r e s u p p o r t i n g a footway o r cycle
t r a c k reaches t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l i m i t g i v e n i n Part 2.

4.3.3 U l t i m a t e l i m i t state. G e n e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s for c o m p o s i t e

, s t r u c t u r e s a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e are as g i v e n i n P a r t 1.

14
5 DESIGN hHD DETAILING OF TEE SUPERSTRUCIUBE FOR TEE SEBVICEABUITI L M T
STATE
5.1 A n a l y s i s of Structure

5.1.1 D i s t r i b u t i o n of bending moments and v e r t i c a l shear forces

5.1.1: 1 General. The d i s t r i b u t i o n s of bending moments and

v e r t i c a l shear forces, due t o l o a d i n g on t h e c o m p o s i t e member, may
be c a l c u l a t e d by an e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s assuming t h e c o n c r e t e t o be
u n c r a c k e d and u n r e i a f o r c e d . The e f f e c t s of shear l a g may be
neglected.

5.1.1.2 Continuous beams. I n c o n t i n u o u s beams, a t e a c h i n t e r n a l

s u p p o r t , t h e a p p a r e n t t e n s i l e stress i n t h e c o n c r e t e a t t h e t o p
s u r f a c e of t h e s l a b d u e t o t h e greatest d e s i g n h o g g i n g ( n e g a t i v e )
moment o b t a i n e d from 5.1.1.1 s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d . For t h i s
c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n s h o u l d be t a k e n as t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e s t e e l member a c t i n g c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h a c o n c r e t e f l a n g e
e q u a l i n breadth to t h e e f f e c t i v e breadth determined i n accordance
w i t h 5.2.3. The c o n c r e t e s h o u l d be assumed t o be uncracked a n d
unreinforced. I f t h i s t e n s i l e stress f t c e x c e e d s 0.1 fc, t h e n
either:

(a) a new d i s t r i b u t i o n of b e n d i n g moments s h o u l d be

d e t e r m i n e d as i n 5.1.1.1 b u t n e g l e c t i n g t h e s t i f f e n i n g e f f e c t
of t h e c o n c r e t e o v e r 15% of t h e l e n g t h of t h e s p a n on each
s i d e of each s u p p o r t so affected. For t h i s purpose,
l o n g i t u d i n a l t e n s i l e r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e s l a b may be
included. O r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y ,

(b) p r o v i d e d a d j a c e n t s p a n s do n o t d i f f e r a p p r e c i a b l y i n
l e n g t h , t h e maximum d e s i g n s a g g i n g .moments i n each s p a n
a d j a c e n t t o each s u p p o r t so affected s h o u l d be i n c r e a s e d by
40 f t c / f c u % t o allow for c r a c k i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b a t t h e
support. I n t h i s case, no r e d u c t i o n s h o u l d be made i n t h e
s u p p o r t moment.

5.1.1.3 Prestressing in continuous beams. Where t h e c o n c r e t e

f l a n g e i n t h e hogging ( n e g a t i v e ) moment r e g i o n of a c o n t i n u o u s
c o m p o s i t e beam is l o n g i t u d i n a l l y p r e s t r e s s e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of
b e n d i n g moments and v e r t i c a l shear forces s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.1.1.1.

5.2 Analysis of Sections

..
5 2 1 General. The stresses i n c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n s s h o u l d be
d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.2.2 t o 5.2.5. Crack widths should be
checked i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.2.6.

5.2.2 Analysis. Stresses due t o b e n d i n g moments and v e r t i c a l shear

forces may be c a l c u l a t e d by e l a s t i c t h e o r y u s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
e l a s t i c p r o p e r t i e s g i v e n i n 4.2 and e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h s as g i v e n In
5.2.3, assuming t h a t there is f u l l i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e s t e e l beam
and t h e c o n c r e t e i n c o m p r e s s i o n . Vertical shear. s h o u l d be assumed t o
be r e s i s t e d by t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n a l o n e and t h e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of
c o n c r e t e s h o u l d be n e g l e c t e d .
 When t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f a beam and t h e a p p l i e d l o a d i n g i n c r e a s e by
s t a g e s , a check f o r adequacy s h o u l d be made for each stage o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.2.3 t r e a t i n g a l l s e c t i o n s a s non-
compact. The bending stresses s h o u l d n o t exceed t h e a p p r o p r i a t e limits
g i v e n i n 6.2.3 u s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e s of rn and yf3 f o r t h e
I s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e e x c e p t t h a t t h e l i m i t i n g t e n s i l e stress i n
t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be r e p l a c e d by 0.75fry/ Yf3.

5.2.3 E f f e c t i v e breadth of concrete flange

5.2.3.1 General. I n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e stresses i n a f l a n g e , and i n

t h e a b s e n c e of r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s , t h e e f f e c t of i n - p l a n e shear
f l e x i b i l i t y ( i e shear l a g ) s h o u l d be allowed f o r by assuming a n
e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h o f f l a n g e i n accordance w i t h 5.2.3.2, 5.2.3.3
and P a r t 3.

5.2.3.2 E f f e c t i v e breadth of cracked flange. For a c o n c r e t e

f l a n g e i n t e n s i o n t h a t i s assumed t o be cracked t h e mean e f f e c t i v e
b r e a d t h r a t i o ( t o b t a i n e d from P a r t 3 s h o u l d be m o d i f i e d by a d d i n g
(1 - w/3.

5.2.3.3 Width over which slab reinforcement i s effective. Only

r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d p a r a l l e l t o the s p a n o f t h e s t e e l beam w i t h i n
t h e e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b s h o u l d be assumed t o be
effective i n analysing cross sections.

5.2.4 Deck s l a b s forring flanges of composite beams

5.2.4.1 E f f e c t s t o be considered. The s l a b s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o

resist:

(a) t h e e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n g a c t i n g d i r e c t l y on i t , and

(b) t h e e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n g a c t i n g on t h e composite member o r

members o f which i t forms a p a r t .

Where these e f f e c t s c o - e x i s t , they should be combined in

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 4.8 o f Part 4.

5.2.4.2 Serviceability requirements. The s t r e s s e s i n t h e

c o n c r e t e s l a b and r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d by e l a s t i c
a n a l y s i s and s h o u l d n o t exceed t h e a p p r o p r i a t e limits g i v e n i n
Part 4 . 'Crack w i d t h s s h o u l d be c o n t r o l l e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
5.2.6.
5.2.4.3 Co-eds t e n t stresses. I n c a l c u l a t i n g co-exi s t e n t
stresses i n a deck s l a b , which a l s o forms t h e f l a n g e o f a
composite beam, t h e g l o b a l l o n g i t u d i n a l bending stress a c r o s s t h e
deck w i d t h may be c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Appendix A.6 o f
Part 3 .

5.2.5 Steel section

5.2.5.1 General. The s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e s h o u l d be

checked i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 3; i n c a r r y i n g o u t such c h e c k s
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e e f f e c t s n o t e d i n 5.2.5.2 to
5.2.5.4.

16
 5.2.5.2 Unpropped construction. Except as n o t e d i n 5.2.5.4,
where t h e steel s e c t i o n carries load p r i o r t o t h e development of
composite a c t i o n , t h e r e s u l t i n g stresses and d e f l e c t i o n s s h o u l d be
added a l g e b r a i c a l l y t o those l a t e r i n d u c e d i n t h e composite
member, of which t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n forms a p a r t , and t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e l i m i t s t a t e s s h o u l d be s a t i s f i e d .

5.2.5.3 Propped construction. Where c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n has been

assumed for t h e whole of t h e d e s i g n load, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be
g i v e n t o t h e n a t u r e and l a y o u t of t h e p r o p s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e ,

a s s u m p t i o n s made i n t h e d e s i g n w i l l be a c h i e v e d . Where
s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p s e t t l e m e n t c a n n o t be a v o i d e d t h e r e d u c t i o n i n
p r o p p i n g force s h o u l d be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .

5.2.5.4 Slab cast I n specified sequence. Where t h e deck s l a b is

cast i n a s p e c i f i e d s e q u e n c e the dead load stresses may be
c a l c u l a t e d on t h e composite s e c t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 12.1, u s i n g
t h e e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h d e t e r m i n e d from P a r t 3 and t h e r e l e v a n t
d e s i g n procedures.

NOTE. For t h e p u r p o s e of e s t i m a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h of t h e
f l a n g e , where t h e c o m p l e t e s p a n h a s n o t been c o n c r e t e d , t h e
e f f e c t i v e s p a n s h o u l d be t a k e n as t h e c o n t i n u o u s l e n g t h of
c o n c r e t e i n the f l a n g e c o n t a i n i n g t h e s e c t i o n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n
which i s ' a s s u m e d t o a c t c o m p o s i t e l y .

5.2.6 Control of cracking in concrete

5.2.6.1 General. Adequate r e i n f o r c e m e n t should b e p r o v i d e d i n
composite beams t o p r e v e n t c r a c k i n g from a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i n g t h e
appearance or d u r a b i l i t y of t h e s t r u c t u r e .

NOTE. Special recommendations for cased beams and f i l l e r beams

are g i v e n i n c l a u s e 8.

5.2.6.2 Loading. F o r t h e crack w i d t h l i m i t a t i o n s g i v e n i n

5.2.6.3, load c o m b i n a t i o n 1 o n l y of P a r t 2 s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d .
Where t y p e HB l o a d i n g is t o be' t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , o n l y 25 u n i t s
s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d .

5.2.6.3 L i m i t i n g c r a c k width. The e n g i n e e r s h o u l d s a t i s f y

himself t h a t c r a c k i n g w i l l n o t be e x c e s s i v e w i t h regard t o t h e
r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e p a r t i c u l a r s t r u c t u r e , i t s e n v i r o n m e n t and t h e
l i m i t s t o t h e w i d t h s of cracks g i v e n i n P a r t 4. Surface c r a c k
w i d t h s i n a c o m p o s i t e beam u n d e r t h e a c t i o n of t h e l o a d i n g s
s p e c i f i e d i n 5.2.6.2 may be c a l c u l a t e d by t h e a p p r o p r i a t e method
g i v e n i n 5.8.8.2 o f P a r t 4. I n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r a i n due t o
g l o b a l l o n g i t u d i n a l b e n d i n g a c c o u n t may be t a k e n of t h e b e n e f i c i a l
e f f e c t of shear l a g i n r e g i o n s remote from t h e webs i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h Appendix A.6 of P a r t 3.

Where it i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e c o n c r e t e may be s u b j e c t t o
a b n o r m a l l y h i g h s h r i n k a g e s t r a i n s (>0.0006) c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d
be g i v e n t o t h e i n c r e a s e d t e n s i l e s t r a i n i n t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b . I n
t h e a b s e n c e of a r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s , t h e v a l u e o f l o n g i t u d i n a l
s t r a i n a t t h e l e v e l where t h e c r a c k w i d t h is b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d
s h o u l d be i n c r e a s e d by a d d i n g 50% of t h e e x p e c t e d s h r i n k a g e
strain.

17
5.3 Longitudinal Shear

5.3.1 General. L o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r p e r u n i t l e n g t h of t h e composite

beam q , whether s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d o r c o n t i n u o u s , s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d
f o r t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e on t h e b a s i s o f e l a s t i c t h e o r y u s i n g
t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e d composite cross s e c t i o n c a l c u l a t e d
assuming t h e c o n c r e t e f l a n g e t o b e uncracked and u n r e i n f o r c e d i n both
s a g g i n g and hogging moment r e g i o n s . The e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h o f c o n c r e t e
f l a n g e may b e assumed t o b e c o n s t a n t o v e r any s p a n and may b e t a k e n as
t h e q u a r t e r s p a n v a l u e f o r u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d l o a d i n g g i v e n i n Part
3.
Where t h e second moment of area of t h e c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n , t h u s
o b t a i n e d , v a r i e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l o n g t h e l e n g t h o f any s p a n a c c o u n t
s h o u l d be t a k e n o f t h e v a r i a t i o n o f s t i f f n e s s i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l shear flow.

5.3.2 Shear connectors

5.3.2.1 Nominal strengths of shear connectors embedded in n o m a 1

density concrete.

( a ) Static strengths. T a b l e 7 g i v e s t h e nominal s t a t i c

s t r e n g t h s o f commonly used t y p e s of c o n n e c t o r s , which are
i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g u r e 2, i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s p e c i f i e d
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cube s t r e n g t h s o f t h e normal grades o f
c o n c r e t e . The nominal s t r e n g t h s g i v e n i n t a b l e 7 may b e used
where t h e s l a b i s haunched p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e haunch c o m p l i e s
w i t h 6.3.2.1. For o t h e r haunches r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d be made t o
5.3.2.3.
(b) Fatigue strengths. The f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h of c o n n e c t o r s
s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 10.

( c ) Strengths of connectors not included in table 7. S t a t i c

s t r e n g t h s s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by push-out
tests i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3.2.4. Where t h e c o n n e c t o r t y p e
i s i n c l u d e d i n t a b l e 7, b u t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s i z e i s n o t
given, the f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h should be determined i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 10.

5.3.2.2 Nominal strengths of shear connectors embedded in

lightweight concrete. The s t r e n g t h s g i v e n i n ( a ) and ( b ) may b e
used where t h e s l a b i s haunched p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e haunch c o m p l i e s
w i t h 6.3.2.1.

NOTE. For o t h e r haunches see 5.3.2.3.

(a) Static strengths. The nominal s t a t i c s t r e n g t h s o f

headed s t u d c o n n e c t o r s embedded i n l i g h t w e i g h t c o n c r e t e of
d e n s i t y greater t h a n 1400 kg/m3 may b e t a k e n as 15% less t h a n
t h e v a l u e s g i v e n i n t a b l e 7. S t a t i c s t r e n g t h s o f o t h e r s i z e s
of s t u d and of o t h e r t y p e s of c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d
e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by push-out tests made i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
5.3.2.4.
(b) Fatigue strengths. The f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h of shear
c o n n e c t o r s embedded i n l i g h t w e i g h t c o n c r e t e of d e n s i t y

18
 greater t h a n 1400 kg/m3 s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h P a r t 10.

5.3.2.3 laainsll strengths of shear connectors in bunched slabs.

Where t h e haunch does n o t comply w i t h 6.3.2.1 t h e nominal s t a t i c
s t r e n g t h of t h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s Pu s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d
e x p e r i m e n t a l l y by push-out tests (see 5.3.2.4).

The f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t
10.

5.3.2.4 Tests on shear connectors

( a ) Narindl strength. The nominal s t a t i c s t r e n g t h o f a

shear c o n n e c t o r may be d e t e r m i n e d by push-out tests. No
fewer t h a n three tests s h o u l d be made and t h e nominal s t a t i c
s t r e n g t h Pu may be t a k e n as t h e lowest v a l u e of f c u P / f c f o r
a n y of t h e t e s t s , where P is t h e f a i l u r e load of t h e
c o n n e c t o r s a t c o n c r e t e s t r e n g t h f c , and f,, is t h e s p e c i f i e d
characteristic c u b e s t r e n g t h a t 28 d a y s .

( b ) Details of tests. S u i t a b l e d i m e n s i o n s f o r t h e push-out

s p e c i m e n s are g i v e n i n f i g u r e 4. Bond a t t h e i n t e r f a c e s of
t h e f l a n g e s o f t h e s t e e l beam and t h e c o n c r e t e s h o u l d be
p r e v e n t e d by g r e a s i n g t h e f l a n g e or by o t h e r s u i t a b l e means.
The s l a b and r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be e i t h e r as g i v e n i n
f i g u r e 4 or as i n t h e beams f o r which t h e test is d e s i g n e d .

The s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n c r e t e f,, a t t h e time of t e s t i n g ,

s h o u l d n o t d i f f e r from t h e s p e c i f i e d cube s t r e n g t h f c u of t h e
c o n c r e t e i n t h e beams by more t h a n + 20%. The rate of
a p p l i c a t i o n .of load s h o u l d be u n i f o r m a n d s u c h t h a t f a i l u r e
is reached i n n o t l e s s t h a n 10 mins.

(c) Resistance to separation. Where t h e c o n n e c t o r is

composed of two s e p a r a t e e l e m e n t s , o n e t o resist l o n g i t u d i n a l
s h e a r and t h e o t h e r t o resist forces t e n d i n g t o s e p a r a t e t h e
s l a b from t h e g i r d e r , t h e t i e s which resist t h e forces of
s e p a r a t i o n nay be assumed t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y s t i f f and s t r o n g
i f t h e s e p a r a t i o n measured i n push-out t e s t s does n o t exceed
h a l f of t h e \ l o n g i t u d i n a l s l i p a t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g load
level. Only load l e v e l s up t o 80% of t h e nominal s t a t i c
s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n n e c t o r need be c o n s i d e r e d .

5.3.2.5 Design resistance of shear connectors. The d e s i g n

r e s i s t a n c e of shear c o n n e c t o r s a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e
s h o u l d be t a k e n as Pu/ m
r where Pu is t h e nominal s t a t i c s t r e n g t h
d e f i n e d i n 5.3.2.1, 5.3.2.2 or 5.3.2.3 as a p p r o p r i a t e and rm =
1.85.
TypF3 of c o m t o r Naninal static strergths
i n kN per connector for
c-te S t r e g t h s fa,
N / d
---
20 30 40
---
M&eria.l with a characte~.
i s t i c yield stress of
385 N / d rninirmm el~rga-
tion of 18% and a charac-
teristic tensile strwgth
Dimter, mn Overall height, mn af 495 N/&

25 100 139 154 168

22 100 112 126 139
i 19 100 90 100 109
19 75 78 87 96
16 75 66 74 82
13 65 42 47 52
-
Bars with h q s (e
figures 2(b) Grade 43 of Bs 4360
and a c ) )
50 mn x 40 w x 200 w bar 697 963
25 w x 25 mn x 200 mn bar 348 482
- -
(=hannels (see figure 2(d)) Grade 43 of Bs 4360
12'7 rrm x 64 m x 14.90 kg x 1% mn 351 419
102 m x 51 ruu x 10.42 kg x 150 urn 293 364
76 mn x 38 w x 6.70 kg x 150 mn 239 305
- -
Friction g r i p bolts Bs 4395 see clause 10

NOIE 1. fcu is the specifid characteristic a.& st-h a t 28 days.

NOTE 2. Stmgths for c m t e of intermediate m e my be obtain4 by linear

inteqmlation.

NOTE 3. For bars (see figures 2(b) and 2(c)), and channels (see figure 2(d)) of lergths
different fkrm t h e qmted above, the capacities are prprtional to the lergths for
lergths greahr than 100 urn.

NO?E 4. For std c m t o r s of overall hewt greater than 100 m the ncmindl static
strength shaild be taken as the values given in table 7 for 100 m high connectors
unless the static strerlgth is determine3 Pan push-cut tests i n acco- With 5.3.2.4.

20
 Automatic stud weld

f
Not less than 1.5 D
n/
, D d 1 a . v

(a) Stud connector

Welds to' develop the tensik

r s t r i n g t h of the hoop

I 1 , I

(b) 50 mm x 40 mm bar connector

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 2. Shear connectors

-21
 Welds to develop the tensile
/-strength of the hoop

dia.

25

4
(e) 25 mm x 25 mm bar connector

~ 6 m m fillet welds
full width

, A! ' ,

(d) Channel connector

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 2. Shear connectors (concluded)

22
b 50 minimum
concrqte cover : 'L
\'
,<L50
f

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 3. Dimensions of haunches

id Load
r
I

15
c-
7 2% x1L6 x L3 UB
50

60
e 1 5 cover

'Bedded in mortar
or solid b a s e

All dimensions are in millimetres.

NOTE. Reinforcement should be of 10 mm diameter mild steel.

F i g u r e 4. Dimensions of specimens for test on shear connectors

23
S.3.3 Design of shear connection

5.3.3.1 General. The l o n g i t u d i n a l s p a c i n g of t h e c o n n e c t o r s

s h o u l d be n o t greater t h a n 600mm o r t h r e e times. t h e t h i c k n e s s of
t h e s l a b or f o u r times t h e h e i g h t of t h e c o n n e c t o r , i n c l u d i n g any
hoop which is a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e c o n n e c t o r , w h i c h e v e r is t h e
least.

The d i s t a n c e between t h e edge of a s h e a r c o n n e c t o r and t h e edge of

t h e p l a t e t o which it is welded s h o u l d be n o t less t h a n 25 mm (see
f i g u r e 2).

The diameter of s t u d c o n n e c t o r s welded t o a f l a n g e p l a t e , which i s

s u b j e c t t o t e n s i l e stresses, s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d o n e and a h a l f
times t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e p l a t e . Where a p l a t e is n o t s u b j e c t t o
t e n s i l e stresses t h e diameter of s t u d c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d n o t exceed
twice t h e p l a t e t h i c k n e s s .

The leg i e n g t h of t h e weld j o i n i n g o t h e r t y p e s of c o n n e c t o r s t o

t h e f l a n g e p l a t e s h o u l d n o t e x c e e d h a l f t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e
flange plate.

E x c e p t where otherwise p e r m i t t e d f o r e n c a s e d and f i l l e r beams

shear c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h of t h e
beam.

5.3.3.2 Horizontal cover to connectors. The h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e

between a f r e e c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e and a n y shear c o n n e c t o r s h o u l d be
n o t less t h a n SOmm (see f i g u r e 3)., A t t h e end of a c a n t i l e v e r , as
f o r example i n a c a n t i l e v e r - s u s p e n d e d s p a n s t r u c t u r e , s u f f i c i e n t
t r a n s v e r s e and l o n g i t u d i n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be p o s i t i o n e d
a d j a c e n t t o t h e free edge of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b t o t r a n s f e r t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l shear c o n n e c t o r loads back i n t o t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b .

5.3.3.3 Resistance to separation. The s l a b s h o u l d be p o s i t i v e l y

tied to the girder in accordance . x i t h the following
recommendations.

( a ) The o v e r a l l h e i g h t of a J c o n n e c t o r , i n c l u d i n g any hoop

which is a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e c o n n e c t o r , s h o u l d be n o t
l e s s t h a n 100 mm or t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e s l a b less 25 mm
whichever is the lesser.

(b) The s u r f a c e of a c o n n e c t o r t h a t resists s e p a r a t i o n

forces, i e t h e i n s i d e of a hoop, t h e i n n e r . face of t h e t o p
f l a n & e of a c h a n n e l or t h e u n d e r s i d e of t h e head of a s t u d ,
s h o u l d n e i t h e r extI2nd l e s s t h a n 4Omm clear a b o v e t n e bottom
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t (see f i g u r e 6) n o r less t h a n 40m
i n t o t h e compression zone of the c o n c r e t e f l a n g e i n r e g i o n s
of s a g g i n g l o n g i t u d i n a l moments. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , where a
c o n c r e t e haunch i s u s e d between t h e s t e e l g i r d e r s and t h e
s o f f i t of t h e s l a b , t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c i n g bars, s u f f i c i e n t
t o s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of 6.3.3, s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d i n
t h e haunch a t least 40mm c l e a r below t h e s u r f a c e of t h e
c o n n e c t o r t h a t resists u p l i f t . Where t h e shear! c o n n e c t i o n is
a d j a c e n t t o a l o n g i t u d i n a l edge of a c o n c r e t e s l a b ,
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t . p r o v i d e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.3.3
s h o u l d be f u l l y a n c h o r e d i n t n e c o n c r e t e between t h e edge of
t h e s l a b and t h e a d j a c e n t row of c o n n e c t o r s .
 (c) Where t h e s l a b is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e g i r d e r by two
s e p a r a t e e l e m e n t s , o n e t o resist l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r and t h e
o t h e r t o resist forces t e n d i n g t o s e p a r a t e t h e s l a b from t h e
girder, t h e t i e s which resist t h e forces of s e p a r a t i o n s h o u l d
be i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h ( a ) and ( b ) .

5.3.3.4 Design procedure: general. S h e a r c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be

designed i n i t i a l l y t o s a t i s f y t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3i3.5. The i n i t i a l d e s i g n s h o u l d be checked i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 10 f o r f a t i g u e .

S h e a r c o n n e c t o r s need n o t be checked for s t a t i c s t r e n g t h a t t h e

u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e e x c e p t when r e q u i r e d by 5.3.3.6 o r 6.1.3, or
when r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of stresses from t h e t e n s i o n f l a n g e h a s been
made i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 3.

5.3.3.5 Design procedure: spacing and design resistance. The

s i z e and s p a c i n g of t h e c o n n e c t o r s a t e a c h end o f e a c h s p a n s h o u l d
be n o t less t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e maximum l o a d i n g c o n s i d e r e d .
T h i s s i z e and s p a c i n g s h o u l d be m a i n t a i n e d f o r a t l e a s t 10% of t h e
l e n g t h of each span. E l s e w h e r e , t h e s i z e and s p a c i n g of
c o n n e c t o r s may be k e p t c o n s t a n t o v e r any l e n g t h where, u n d e r t h e
maximum l o a d i n g c o n s i d e r e d , t h e maximum shear force p e r u n i t
l e n g t h does n o t e x c e e d t h e d e s i g n shear r e s i s t a n c e / u n i t l e n g t h by
more t h a n 10%. Over e v e r y s u c h l e n g t h t h e t o t a l d e s i g n
l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r force s h o u l d n o t exceed t h e p r o d u c t of t h e
number of c o n n e c t o r s and t h e d e s i g n s t a t i c s t r e n g t h per c o n n e c t o r s
as d e f i n e d i n 5.3.2.5.

5.3.3.6 U p l i f t on shear connectors. Where t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s

are s u b j e c t t o s i g n i f i c a n t d i r e c t t e n s i o n due e i t h e r to:

(a) forces t e n d i n g t o s e p a r a t e t h e s l a b from a g i r d e r

c a u s e d , f o r example, by d i f f e r e n t i a l b e n d i n g of t h e g i r d e r s
o r of t h e two s i d e s of a box g i r d e r or t e n s i o n - f i e l d a c t i o n
i n a web, or

(b) t r a n s v e r s e moments on a g r o u p of connectors resulting

from t r a n s v e r s e b e n d i n g of t h e s l a b p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the
r e g i o n of d i a p h r a g m s or t r a n s v e r s e c r o s s b r a c i n g , o r from t h e
forces g e n e r a t e d a t t h e c o r n e r s when t h e s l a b a c t s as p a r t of
'U' frame,

then a d d i t i o n a l ties, s u i t a b l y anchored, s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d t o

resist these f o r c e s .

Where s t u d c o n n e c t o r s are used and are s u b j e c t t o b o t h shear U and

t e n s i o n due t o u p l i f t Tu t h e e q u i v a l e n t shear Qmax t o be used i n
c h e c k i n g t h e c o n n e c t o r s f o r s t a t i c s t r e n g t h and f a t i g u e s h o u l d be
t a k e n as:

I n a d d i t i o n t h e s t u d c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be a l s o checked a t t h e
u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e i n a c c o r d a n c e 'r3ith 6.3.4 using the
a p p r o p r i a t e v a l u e o f Umax.
5.4 Temperature E f f e c t s and Shrinkage Modified by Creep

5.4.1 General. L o n g i t u d i n a l stresses due t o t h e e f f e c t s of

t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e m o d i f i e d by c r e e p s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a t t h e
s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e f o r t h e beam s e c t i o n as r e q u i r e d under Part
3. S e r v i c e a b i l i t y c h e c k s are however essential f o r s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s .
I n such checks account s h o u l d be t a k e n of t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e s
a r i s i n g from t h e s e e f f e c t s , Where a p p r o p r i a t e , v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e
s t i f f n e s s of a composite beam a l o n g i t s l e n g t h , e.g. due t o changes i n
t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e s t e e l member o r where t h e c o n c r e t e f l a n g e i s
cast i n stages, should be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t when c a l c u l a t i n g t h e
longitudinal shear force per unit length.

5.4.2 Temperature effects

5.4.2.1 Effects t o be considered. L o n g i t u d i n a l stresses and

l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e s due t o t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s should be
taken i n t o account where a p p r o p r i a t e , The effects t o be
c o n s i d e r e d are:

(a) primary e f f e c t s due t o a t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e through

t h e d e p t h o f t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e composite member;

( b ) p r i m a r y e f f e c t s due t o a uniform change of t e m p e r a t u r e

i n a composite member where, t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f thermal
expansion of t h e s t e e l and c o n c r e t e are s i g n i f i c a n t l y
d i f f e r e n t ; and

(c) secondary e f f e c t s , i n c o n t i n u o u s members, due t o

r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e moments and s u p p o r t r e a c t i o n caused by
temperature e f f e c t s o f t h e t y p e s d e s c r i b e d i n (a) o r ( b ) .

I n t h e absence of a p a r t i a l i n t e r a c t i o n a n a l y s i s , l o n g i t u d i n a l
stresses and s h e a r f o r c e s due t o t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s should be
c a l c u l a t e d by e l a s t i c t h e o r y assuming t h a t f u l l i n t e r a c t i o n exists
between t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b and t h e s t e e l beam. The s t i f f n e s s
should be based on t h e transformed composite c r o s s s e c t i o n u s i n g a
modular r a t i o o f & , a p p r o p r i a t e t o s h o r t term l o a d i n g . No account
need be t a k e n of s h e a r l a g . Concrete s h o u l d b e assumed t o b e
uncracked, except t h a t f o r c a l c u l a t i n g l o n g i t u d i n a l bending
stresses due t o t h e s e c o n d a r y e f f e c t s i n ( c ) above t h e c o n c r e t e i n
t e n s i o n may be i g n o r e d .

5.4.2.2 C o e f f i c i e n t of l i n e a r e x p a n s i o n

( a ) S t r u c t u r a l s t e e l and r e i n f o r c e r e n t . The c o e f f i c i e n t o f
l i n e a r expansion PL,may be t a k e n as 12 x 10'6/oC.

(b) Concrete. The c o e f f i c i e n t of l i n e a r e x p a n s i o n BL,

of
normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e (2300 kg/m3 o r g r e a t e r ) made w i t h
a g g r e g a t e s o t h e r t h a n l i m e s t o n e o r g r a n i t e , may be taken as
12 x 10'6/oC. The use of l i m e s t o n e o r c e r t a i n g r a n i t e
a g g r e g a t e s may r e d u c e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t of l i n e a r expansion o f
t h e c o n c r e t e t o a s low as 7 x 10'6/oC. In these
circumstances a value appropriate t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r aggregate
s h o u l d be used. For l i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e c o n c r e t e ( d e n s i t y
1400 k g h 3 t o 2300 kg/m3) t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f l i n e a r expansion
may normally be t a k e n as 8 x 10'6/oC.

26
 5.4.2.3 Longitudinal shear. The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e Q, d u e
t o e i t h e r a t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e through t h e d e p t h o f t h e c r o s s
s e c t i o n or d i f f e r e n t i a l thermal e x p a n s i o n between t h e c o n c r e t e and
s t e e l beam, may be assumed t o be t r a n s m i t t e d from t h e c o n c r e t e
s l a b t o t h e steel beam by c o n n e c t o r s a t each end o f t h e beam
i g n o r i n g the e f f e c t s of bond. The forces on t h e c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d
be c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s t h a t t h e rate o f t r a n s f e r of l o a d
v a r i e s l i n e a r l y from 2W1, a t e a c h end of t h e beam t o z e r o a t a
d i s t a n c e 1, from e a c h end o f t h e beam, where

1, = 2J*
where

Q i s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e due t o the primary

e f f e c t s of t e m p e r a t u r e

Af i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e f r e e s t r a i n s a t t h e
c e n t r o i d o f t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b and t h e c e n t r o i d of t h e
s t e e l beam, and

K = s p a cc oi nngn eof t h e c o n n e c t o r s (mm)

c t o r modulus ( N / m m )

The v a l u e o f K i n m2/N w i l l v a r y w i t h t h e c o n n e c t o r and c o n c r e t e

t y p e and may b e t a k e n as f o l l o w s :

Stud Other
connectors connectors

Normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e 0.003 0.0015

Lightweight aggregate c o n c r e t e 0.006 0.003

4

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , where s t u d shear c o n n e c t o r s a r e used t h e r a t e o f

t r a n s f e r o f l o a d may be assumed t o be c o n s t a n t f o r a d i s t a n c e , 1
from each end of t h e beam where lSsi s e q u a l t o o n e - f i f t h o f the
e f f e c t i v e span.

5.4.2.4 Longitudinal stresses. L o n g i t u d i n a l stresses due t o

t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s may be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e a s s u m p t i o n s g i v e n
i n 5.4.2.1.

5.4.3 Shrinkage modified by c r e e p . When t h e e f f e c t s o f s h r i n k a g e

m o d i f i e d by c r e e p a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e maximum r e s u l t a n t f o r c e s on t h e
shear c o n n e c t o r s or t h e maximum r e s u l t a n t stresses i n t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b
and t h e s t e e l beam, t h e y s h o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e manner d e s c r i b e d
f o r t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s i n 5.4.2.1, 5.4.2.3 and 5.4.2.4, but using
v a l u e s of E,, t h e f r e e s h r i n k a g e s t r a i n and a modular r a t i o d e ,
a p p r o p r i a t e t o l o n g term l o a d i n g , which may b e t a k e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y as
2 Es/Ec o r more a c c u r a t e l y as, Es/$bcEc.

27
 where

E, i s t h e s t a t i c s e c a n t modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y of c o n c r e t e

E, is t h e e l a s t i c i t y o f s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l .

NOTE. Values of E,, and #c are given i n t a b l e 9.

The v a l u e s i n t a b l e 9 s h o u l d o n l y be used where t h e c o n c r e t e

s p e c i f i c a t i o n c o m p l i e s w i t h t h e limits g i v e n i n f i g u r e 5. For
s i t u a t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e o f f i g u r e 5 and t a b l e 9 o r where'a b e t t e r
e s t i m a t i o n of t h e e f f e c t of s h r i n k a g e m o d i f i e d by c r e e p i s r e q u i r e d ,
t h e v a l u e of free s h r i n k a g e strain E,, and t h e c r e e p coefficient 4 may
b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h appendix C of P a r t 4.

The v a l u e o f #c s h o u l d t h e n be t a k e n as
1
9c = l+d

Environment ECS #C

t
1
I
Very humid, e.g. d i r e c t l y , -100 x 10-6
o v e r water

G e n e r a l l y i n t h e open a i r -200 x 10-6

Very d r y , e.g. d r y i n t e r i o r -300 x 10-6 0-3
enclosures

5.5 Deflections

5.5.1 G e n e r a l . Recommendations f o r d e f l e c t i o n s and g e n e r a l g u i d a n c e

on t h e i r c a l c u l a t i o n are g i v e n i n Part 1. The p a r t i a l l o a d f a c t o r f L
i s g i v e n i n Part 2 and 7ff3 i s g i v e n i n 4.1.3.

Cement
content
( Kg Im31

F i g u r e 5. Range of concrete mixes for which table 9 c a n be u s e d

28
 5.5.2 Calculation of deflections. In calculating deflections
' c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e sequence of c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d ,
where a p p r o p r i a t e , p r o p e r a c c o u n t s h o u l d be t a k e n o f t h e d e f l e c t i o n s o f
t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n due t o l o a d s a p p l i e d t o i t p r i e r t o t h e development
o f composite a c t i o n and o f p a r t i a l composite a c t i o n where deck s l a b s
are cast i n stages.

D e f l e c t i o n s may be c a l c u l a t e d by e l a s t i c t h e o r y u s i n g t h e e l a s t i c
p r o p e r t i e s g i v e n i n 4.2 and assuming f u l l i n t e r a c t i o n between the
c o n c r e t e and s t e e l beam. Allowance f o r i n - p l a n e shear f l e x i b i l i t y
(shear l a g e f f e c t s ) i n t h e f l a n g e s h o u l d be made i n c a l c u l a t i o n s based
on t h e e l e m e n t a r y t h e o r y of bending by u s i n g a n e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h o f
f l a n g e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 3.

I n t h e absence o f a more r i g o r o u s a n a l y s i s of t h e e f f e c t s o f c r e e p , t h e
d e f l e c t i o n s due t o s u s t a i n e d l o a d i n g may be c a l c u l a t e d by u s i n g a
modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y of c o n c r e t e a p p r o p r i a t e t o s u s t a i n e d l o a d i n g
determined i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 4.2.3. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , under s u s t a i n e d
l o a d i n g , t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y may be t a k e n as 1 / ( 1 + # ) times t h e
s h o r t term modulus g i v e n i n 4.2.3 where 9 i s t h e c r e e p c o e f f i c i e n t
determined i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h appendix C o f Part 4 o r as #, times t h e
s h o r t term modulus where $c i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 9 f o r c o n c r e t e mixes
complying w i t h f i g u r e 5.

29
6 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE FOR THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

6.1 Analysis of S t r u c t u r e

6.1.1 General. Except where a l t e r n a t i v e methods are g i v e n i n 6.1.2

e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s s h o u l d be used t o d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of
bending moments, s h e a r f o r c e s and a x i a l loads due t o t h e d e s i g n
u l t i m a t e l o a d i n g s s p e c i f i e d i n Part 2, The u s e o f a l t e r n a t i v e methods
s h o u l d be i n accordance w i t h 8.2 of Part 1 and s h o u l d o n l y b e
u n d e r t a k e n where t h e y can be shown t o model a d e q u a t e l y t h e combined
e f f e c t s o f l o c a l and g l o b a l l o a d s due t o c o m b i n a t i o n s 1-5 as g i v e n i n
Part 2.

6.1.2 Deck slabs forming t h e flanges of composite beams. The deck

s l a b s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o resist s e p a r a t e l y t h e effects of l o a d i n g
g i v e n i n 5.2.4.1 b u t d e s i g n loads r e l e v a n t t o t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e
s h o u l d b e used. I n g e n e r a l , t h e e f f e c t s of l o c a l wheel l o a d i n g on t h e
s l a b s h o u l d b e determined by e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s . Alternatively , an
i n e l a s t i c method o f a n a l y s i s , e g y i e l d l i n e t h e o r y , may be used where
a n a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n e x i s t s s u b j e c t t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s i n 6.1.1.

The r e s i s t a n c e t o g l o b a l e f f e c t s s h o u l d be determined i n accordance

' w i t h 6.2. For l o c a l e f f e c t s t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s l a b c r o s s s e c t i o n
s h o u l d b e i n accordance w i t h Parc 4. The combined e f f e c t s o f g l o b a l
bending and l o c a l wheel l o a d i n g s h o u l d b e t a k e n . i n t o account i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h P a r t 4.

P r o p e r a c c o u n t s h o u l d be taken o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between l o n g i t u d i n a l
shear f o r c e s and t r a n s v e r s e bending of t h e s l a b i n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e
shear c o n n e c t i o n . The methods g i v e n i n 6.3 may be deemed t o s a t i s f y
t h e s e recommendations.

6.1.3 Cwposite a c t i o n . Where, f o r a beam b u i l t i n s t a g e s , t h e e n t i r e

l o a d i s assumed t o a c t on t h e f i n a l c r o s s s e c t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
9.9.5 of Part 3 , or where t e n s i l e stresses are r e d i s t r i b u t e d from t h e
t e n s i o n f l a n g e i n accordance w i t h 9.5.5 o f Part 3 , t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s
and t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
l o n g i t u d i n a l shear i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.3.

6.1.4 D i s t r i b u t i o n of bending moments and v e r t i c a l shear forces

6.1.4.1 Elastic a n a l y s i s . The d e s i g n e n v e l o p e s of bending

moments and v e r t i c a l shear f o r c e s which a r e produced by t h e whole
o f any p a r t i c u l a r combination o f l o a d s a p p l i e d t o t h e composite
member may b e found by e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s , assuming t h e c o n c r e t e t o
b e uncracked. The e f f e c t s o f shear l a g may b e n e g l e c t e d .

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e s t i f f e n i n g e f f e c t o f t h e c o n c r e t e o v e r 15% of
t h e l e n g t h o f t h e span on each s i d e o f each i n t e r n a l s u p p o r t may
be n e g l e c t e d b u t t e n s i l e r e i n f o r c e m e n t may b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .

6.1.4.2 R e d i s t r i b u t i o n of moments i n p r i n c i p a l l o n g i t u d i n a l
members. If t h e c o n c r e t e i s assumed uncracked o v e r t h e whole
l e n g t h , up t o 10% o f t h e s u p p o r t moments may be r e d i s t r i b u t e d t o
t h e s p a n provided t h a t e q u i l i b r i u m between t h e i n t e r n a l f o r c e s and
e x t e r n a l l o a d s i s m a i n t a i n e d under e a c h a p p r o p r i a t e combination o f
ultimate loads.

30
 6.1.5 Temperature effects and shrinkage modified by creep. The
e f f e c t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e modified by c r e e p on t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l stresses i n t h e composite s e c t i o n s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a t
t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e where r e q u i r e d by P a r t 3. The methods g i v e n
i n 5.4.2 and 5.4.3 may be used b u t t h e p a r t i a l f a c t o r s o f s a f e t y s h o u l d
be a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e .

No a c c o u n t need bp t a k e n of t h e e f f e c t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e
modified by c r e e p i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s a t t h e u l t i m a t e
l i m i t s t a t e b u t t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e s a r i s i n g from t h e s e
e f f e c t s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i g n of t h e t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t (see 6.3.1 and 6.3.3).
4
I

6.2 A n a l y s i s of Sections

6.2.1 General. The s t r e n g t h o f composite s e c t i o n s s h o u l d be a s s e s s e d

by u s i n g t h e p l a s t i c moduli o f compact s e c t i o n s o r t h e e l a s t i c moduli
of non-compact s e c t i o n s a s s p e c i f i e d i n Part 3 f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e
bending r e s i s t a n c e of beams.

When t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n of a beam and t h e a p p l i e d l o a d i n g i n c r e a s e by

s t a g e s , a . c h e c k f o r adequacy s h o u l d be made f o r each stage of
c o n s t r u c t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.2.2 o r 6.2.3.

6.2.2 Bending resistance of compact sections. For a beam t h a t i s o f

compact s e c t i o n a t t h e stage under c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e bendingq r e s i s t a n c e
s h o u l d be determined i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 9.9.1.2 of Part 3 assuming t h a t
t h e e n t i r e l o a d a c t s on t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n of t h e beam a p p r o p r i a t e t o
t h e stage under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The p l a s t i c modulus Zpe s h o u l d i n c l u d e
t h e t r a n s f o r m e d area of t h e c o n c r e t e i n compression which s h o u l d be
o b t a i n e d from:

The g r o s s area o f t h e c o n c r e t e x 0.4 fCy

ryc/gm

where

fcu i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n c r e t e cube s t r e n g t h

byc i s t h e nominal y i e l d stress o f t h e s t e e l c o m p r e s s i o n f l a n g e

a s d e f i n e d i n Part 3

fm is t h e p a r t i a l material f a c t o r f o r s t e e l i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
Part 3.

C o n c r e t e i n t e n s i o n s h o u l d be i g n o r e d b u t t h e t r a n s f o r m e d area of t h e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n c o n c r e t e s u b j e c t t o t e n s i o n s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d and
s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d from:

The g r o s s area o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t x
0.87 frv
ryc/fm

where f r y i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f t h e reinforc'ement.

6.2,3 Bending resistance of non-compact sections. For a beam t h a t is

n o t o f compact s e c t i o n a t t h e stage under c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e stresses
s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d a t each stage o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , u s i n g t h e
a p p r o p r i a t e l o a d i n g and s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s based on t r a n s f o r m e d e l a s t i c

31
 s e c t i o n moduli. The t r a n s f o r m e d area of t h e c o n c r e t e compression
f l a n g e s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d u s i n g e i t h e r t h e s h o r t term o r t h e l o n g term
modular r a t i o , as a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e t y p e of l o a d i n g , Concrete i n
t e n s i o n s h o u l d be i g n o r e d b u t t h e area o f t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n c o n c r e t e
s u b j e c t t o t e n s i o n s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d . A t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e extreme
f i b r e s , t h e sum o f these stresses a t any stage s h o u l d n o t exceed:

(a> L for s t e e l compression f l a n g e

m
r Xf3
- f o r steel tension flange
m
r 'z(f3
(C) ' - 5 feu f o r c o n c r e t e compression f l a n g e
3f3
(d) 7'0' fry f o r reinforcement i n tension
3f3
where

glc and rytare a s d e f i n e d i n 9.9.1.3 o f Part 3 a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e

c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h e s t a g e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,

fcu i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o n c r e t e cube s t r e n g t h

fry i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t

ETf3 i s t h e p a r t i a l s a f e t y f a c t o r i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 3

rm . i s t h e p a r t i a l material f a c t o r f o r s t e e l i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
Part 3.

6.3 L o n g i t u d i n a l Shear

6.3.1 General. L o n g i t u d i n a l shear p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f t h e c o m p o s i t e

beam q s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n accordance w i t h 5.3.1 b u t u s i n g t h e
d e s i g n l o a d i n g s a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e and n e g l e c t i n g
t h e e f f e c t s o f shear l a g .

6.3.2 Deck s l a b . The deck s l a b and i t s r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be

d e s i g n e d t o resist t h e f o r c e s imposed on i t by t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s
w i t h o u t e x c e s s i v e s l i p or s e p a r a t i o n and w i t h o u t l o n g i t u d i n a l
s p l i t t i n g , l o c a l c r u s h i n g o r b u r s t i n g . P a r t i c u l a r care s h o u l d be t a k e n
where t h e r e is a free c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e a d j a c e n t t o a c o n n e c t o r , eg a t
a n end o r a s i d e of a s l a b o r i n a haunch.

NOTE. Designs i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.3.1 t o 6.3.3 s a t i s f y t h e s e

recommendations f o r t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e and may b e deemed t o
s a t i s f y t h e f a t i g u e and s e r v i c e a b i l i t y recommendations f o r t r a n s v e r s e
r e i n f o r cemen t . Where s e p a r a t e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e c h e c k s are
n e c e s s a r y f o r shear c o n n e c t o r s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s are g i v e n i n 6.3.4.
S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o d e t a i l s which are n o t i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3 and 6.3.1 t o 6.3.3.

6.3.2.1 Haunches. Where c o n c r e t e haunches are used between t h e

s t e e l f l a n g e and t h e s o f f i t o f t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b t h e s i d e s o f t h e
haunch s h o u l d l i e o u t s i d e a l i n e drawn a t 4 5 O from t h e o u t s i d e

32
 edge o f t h e c o n n e c t o r s as shown i n f i g u r e E The recommendations
o f 5.3 and 6.3 t o 6.3.3.7 i n c l u s i v e should a l s o apply.

6.3.3 Transverse reinforcement

6.3.3.1 Definitions and general requirements

(a) The d e s i g n method g i v e n i n 6.3.3.2 t o 6.3.3.5 is

a p p l i c a b l e t o haunched and unhaunched composite beams of
normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e o r l i g h t w e i g h t aggregate c o n c r e t e .
The method t a k e s a c c o u n t o f i n t e r a c t i o n between l o n g i t u d i . n a 1
s h e a r and t r a n s v e r s e bending o f t h e s l a b .

A t t e n t i o n i s drawn t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e mean'ing o f

t h e symbols q and qp:

q i s the t o t a l l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h
o f composite beam a t t h e s t e e l / c o n c r e t e i n t e r f a c e ,
d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.3.1;

qp i s t h e d e s i g n l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e p e r u n i t
l e n g t h of beam on t h e p a r t i c u l a r s h e a r p l a n e c o n s i d e r e d .
It may b e e q u a l t o o r d i f f e r e n t from q , depending on t h e
shear plane.

( b ) Only r e i n f o r c e m e n t t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e s t e e l beam t h a t i s
f u l l y anchored on b o t h s i d e s of a p o s s i b l e p l a n e of
l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f a i l u r e (shear p l a n e ) s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d
i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n s g i v e n below. C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l areas of
t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f beam a r e d e f i n e d
thus :

A t i s r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d n e a r t h e t o p of t h e s l a b
forming t h e f l a n g e o f t h e composite beam and may i n c l u d e
t h a t provided f o r f l e x u r e ;

Ab i s r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d i n t h e bottom o f t h e s l a b o r
haunch a t a clear d i s t a n c e n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 50mm from
t h e n e a r e s t s u r f a c e o f t h e s t e e l beam, and a t a c l e a r
d i s t a n c e o f n o t less t h a n 4Omm below t h a t s u r f a c e o f
e a c h s h e a r c o n n e c t o r t h a t resists u p l i f t f o r c e s ,
including that bottom r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r o v i d e d f o r
f l e x u re ;

Abs i s o t h e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e bottom of t h e s l a b
p l a c e d a t a c l e a r . d i s t a n c e greater t h a n 50mm from t h e
n e a r e s t s u r f a c e o f t h e s t e e l beam;

Abv i s r e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a c e d i n t h e bottom o f t h e s l a b o r
haunch, b u t e x c l u d i n g t h a t p r o v i d e d f o r f l e x u r e , which
c o m p l i e s i n a l l o t h e r r e s p e c t s w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f Ab
above ;

NOTE 1 . Where t h e d e p t h of a haunch does n o t

e x c e e d 50mm, r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e bottom o f a s l a b
may be i n c l u d e d i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f Ab and Ab
provided t h a t i t i s placed a t a clear d i s t a n c e 08
n o t l a s s t h a n 40mm below t h a t s u r f a c e o f each s h e a r

33
 c o n n e c t o r which resists u p l i f t f o r c e s and a t a
clear d i s t a n c e n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 80mm from t h e
nearest surface of t h e s t e e l beam.

Examples of f i v e t y p e s of s h e a r p l a n e a r e g i v e n i n
f i g u r e 6 w i t h t y p i c a l arrangements o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t
t h a t s a t i s f y t h e d e f i n i t i o n s of Ab, A t and Abs
given above.

A, is t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t crossing a s h e a r p l a n e t h a t i s
assumed t o b e e f f e c t i v e i n r e s i s t i n g s h e a r f a i l u r e a l o n g
t h a t plane.

NOTE 2. For p l a n e s i n unhaunched beams t h a t d o n o t

c r o s s t h e whole t h i c k n e s s of t h e s l a b ( p l a n e t y p e
2-2 i n f i g u r e 6 ) A, = 2Ab.

For p l a n e s t h a t cross t h e whole d e p t h o f t h e s l a b

( s h e a r p l a n e t y p e 1-1 i n f i g u r e 6) A, i s t h e t o t a l
area of f u l l y a n c h o r e d r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t e r s e c t e d by
t h a t p l a n e , i n c l u d i n g reinforcement p r o v i d e d f o r
f l e x u r e , eg i n s h e a r p l a n e t y p e 1-1 i n f i g u r e 6(a)
A, = A t + Ab.

F o r p l a n e s i n haunched beams t h a t d o n o t c r o s s t h e
whole d e p t h o f t h e s l a b ( s h e a r p l a n e t y p e s 3-3, 4-
4 , o r 5-5 i n f i g u r e 6 ) A, i s t h e t o t a l area of
f u l l y a n c h o r e d r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t e r s e c t e d by t h a t
p l a n e , which i s p l a c e d a t a c l e a r d i s t a n c e o f n o t
less t h a n 40mm below t h a t surface of e a c h s h e a r
c o n n e c t o r t h a t resists u p l i f t f o r c e s and may
i n c l u d e t h e area o f t h e hoop i n a b a r and hoop
c o n n e c t o r where a p p r o p r i a t e .

F o r p l a n e s of t y p e 5-5 ( s e e f i g u r e 6 ( d ) ) i n c a s e d
beams A, i s t h e t o t a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area o f
s t i r r u p s (both l e g s ) crossing the shear plane (see
8.5.2 and 8.8).

(c) Ls i s t h e l e n g t h of t h e s h e a r p l a n e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n :
f r y i s the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e transverse
r e i n f o r c e m e n t b u t n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 460 N / m m 2 ;

fcu i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cube s t r e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e o r t h e
cube s t r e n g t h u s e d i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s l a b , i f a c c o u n t i s
t a k e n of l o a d i n g a t a g e s o t h e r t h a n 2 8 d a y s , b u t n o t g r e a t e r
t h a n 45 N/mm2;

s i s a c o n s t a n t stress o f 1 IJ/mm2 r e - e x p r e s s e d where

n e c e s s a r y i n u n i t s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e used f o r t h e o t h e r
quantities.

( d ) The s i z e and s p a c i n g o f transverse r e i n f o r c e m e n t a t e a c h

end o f e a c h s p a n s h o u l d b e n o t less t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r
t h e maximum l o a d i n g c o n s i d e r e d . T h i s s i z e and s p a c i n g s h o u l d
be m a i n t a i n e d f o r a t l e a s t 10% o f t h e l e n g t h of e a c h s p a n .
E l s e w h e r e , t h e s i z e and s p a c i n g may b e k e p t c o n s t a n t o v e r

34
 I 1
1 I
I
I
I
I,
h

At
I A0 min.

As defined i n
6.3.3.1 (b)
Ab

(d) I

NOTE. For shear p l a n e t y p e 5-5 L,=total l e n g t h of shear p l a n e minus

one t h i r d bf

Figure 6 . Shear planes and transverse reinforcement

35
 any l e n g t h where, u n d e r t h e maximum l o a d i n g c o n s i d e r e d , t h e
maximum s h e a r f o r c e p e r unit l e n g t h does n o t exceed t h e
d e s i g n v a l u e o v e r t h a t l e n g t h by more t h a n 10%.

6.3.3.2 Longitudinal shear. The l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e p e r

u n i t l e n g t h qp on any s h e a r p l a n e through t h e c o n c r e t e s h o u l d n o t
exceed t h e lesser o f t h e f o l l o w i n g :

where

kl i s a c o n s t a n t e q u a l t o 0.15 f o r normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e
and 0.12 f o r l i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e c o n c r e t e

VI i s t h e u l t i m a t e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r stress i n t h e
c o n c r e t e f o r t h e s h e a r p l a n e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , t o be
t a k e n as 0.9 N/m2 f o r normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e and 0.7
N/mm2 f o r l i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e c o n c r e t e

I f fcu is t a k e n t o b e less t h a n 20 N/m2, t h e term vlLs i n ( b )

s h o u l d be r e p l a c e d by k2fcuLs where k2 i s a c o n s t a n t e q u a l t o 0.04
f o r normal d e n s i t y c o n c r e t e and 0.03 f o r l i g h t w e i g h t a g g r e g a t e
concrete.

I n haunched beams, n o t lass t h a n h a l f t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e q u i r e d

t o s a t i s f y ( b ) above i n r e s p e c t of s h e a r p l a n e s through t h e haunch
( p l a n e s 3-3 and 4-4 i n f i g u r e 61, s h o u l d b e bottom r e i n f o r c e m e n t
t h a t c o m p l i e s w i t h t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f Abv i n 6.3.3.1(b).

6.3.3.3 Interaction between longitudinal shear and transverse

bending

(a) Beans with shear planes passing througb the full depth
of slab. Where t h e shear p l a n e p a s s e s through t h e f u l l d e p t h
o f t h e s l a b no a c c o u n t need b e t a k e n o f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n
between l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r and t r a n s v e r s e bending.

(b) Unhaunched bears with shear planes passing round the

connectors. I n unhaunched beams where t h e d e s i g n l o a d i n g a t
the ultimate l i m i t state causes transverse tension i n the
s l a b i n t h e r e g i o n o f t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s , a c c o u n t s h o u l d be
t a k e n o f t h e e f f e c t of t h i s on t h e s t r e n g t h o f shear p l a n e s
t h a t do n o t c r o s s t h e whole d e p t h o f t h e s l a b ( p l a n e 2-2 i n
f i g u r e 6) by r e p l a c i n g 6.3.3.2(b) by

Where t h e d e s i g n l o a d s a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e c a n c a u s e
t r a n s v e r s e compression i n t h e s l a b i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e shear
c o n n e c t o r s a c c o u n t may b e . t a k e n o f t h e b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t o f
t h i s on t h e s t r e n g t h of shear p l a n e s t h a t do n o t cross t h e
whole d e p t h o f t h e s l a b ( s h e a r p l a n e t y p e 2-2' i n f i g u r e 6),
by r e p l a c i n g 6.3.3.2(b) by

36
 where

FT is t h e minimum t e n s i l e force p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f beam i n

t h e t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e t o p o f t h e s l a b due
t o t r a n s v e r s e bending o f t h e s l a b . Only l o a d i n g t h a t i s
of a permanent nature should be considered when
c a l c u l a t i n g FT.

NOTE. For r e m a i n i n g symbols see 6.3.3.1(a), (b) and (c).

(c) h u n c h e d beams. I n haunched beams, where t h e d e s i g n

loading a t the ultimate l i m i t state causes transversg tension
i n t h e s l a b i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s , no
a c c o u n t of t h i s need be t a k e n , provided t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t
r e q u i r e d t o s a t i s f y 6.3.3.3(a) is reinforcement that I
s a t i s f i e s t h e d e f i n i t i o n of Abu and t h e haunch dimensions - I

s a t i s f y t h e recommendations o f 6.3.2.1. I
I
Where the design loading at the ultimate l i m i t state causes
t r a n s v e r s e compression i n t h e r e g i o n of t h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s , no
a c c o u n t need be t a k e n p r o v i d i n g t h e recommendations of 6.3.3.2 are
satisfied.

6.3.3.4 Minimum t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t . The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l '

area, p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f beam, o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e s l a b
t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e s t e e l beam s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n

0.8 s h C / f p y

where

hc i s t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b forming t h e f l a n g e
o f t h e c o m p o s i t e beam.

Not less t h a n 50% of t h i s area o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d b e p l a c e d

n e a r t h e bottom of t h e s l a b s o t h a t i t s a t i s f i e s t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f
Abv g i v e n i n 6.3.3.1(b).

Where t h e l e n g t h o f a p o s s i b l e p l a n e of shear f a i l u r e around t h e

c o n n e c t o r s (shear p l a n e 2-2 i n f i g u r e 6 ) i s less t h a n o r e q u a l t o
twice t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e s l a b hc r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n a d d i t i o n t o
t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r f l e x u r e s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d i n t h e bottom o f t h e
s l a b t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e s t e e l beam t o p r e v e n t l o n g i t u d i n a l
s p l i t t i n g around t h e c o n n e c t o r s . The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area o f t h i s
a d d i t i o n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t , p e r u n i t l e n g t h of beam, Abv s h o u l d b e
n o t less t h a n 0.8 s h c / f r y . T h i s a d d i t i o n a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t need n o t
be provided i f t h e minimum compressive f o r c e p e r u n i t l e n g t h of
beam, a c t i n g normal t o and o v e r t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e shear p l a n e , i s
g r e a t e r t h a n 1.4 sh,.

6.3.3.5 Minimum transverse r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n haunched beams. The

c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area of t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n a haunch p e r
u n i t l e n g t h of beam Abv as d e f i n e d i n 6.3.3.1(b) s h o u l d be n o t
less t h a n

37
 0.4 s L s / f r y

where

L, is t h e l e n g t h o f a p o s s i b l e p l a n e o f shear f a i l u r e
around t h e c o n n e c t o r s (see shear p l a n s t y p e 3-3 o r 4-4
i n f i g u r e 6).

6.3.3.6 Curtailment of transverse reinforcerent. The t r a n s v e r s e

r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r o v i d e d t o resist l o n g i t u d i n a l shear may be
c u r t a i l e d p r o v i d e d t h e recommendations o f 6.3.3 are s a t i s f i e d i n
a l l r e s p e c t s f o r t h e shear p l a n e s through t h e s l a b o f t y p e 1-1 i n
f i g u r e 6. For t h i s p u r p o s e t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e p e r u n i t
l e n g t h qp f o r s u c h a p l a n e , may be assumed t o v a r y l i n e a r l y from
t h e c a l c u l a t e d maximum f o r c e on t h e r e l e v a n t p l a n e , which i s
a d j a c e n t t o t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s , t o z e r o mid-way between t h e
c e n t r e - l i n e of t h e beam and t h a t o f a n a d j a c e n t beam o r t o z e r o a t
a n a d j a c e n t f r e e edge,

6.3.3.7 Detailing of t r a n s v e r s e reinforcement, The s p a c i n g o f

bottom t r a n s v e r s e r e i n f o r c e m e n t bars, i f p r o v i d e d t o s a t i s f y t h e
recommendations o f 6.3.3, s h o u l d b e n o t g r e a t e r t h a n f o u r times
t h e p r o j e c t i o n o f t h e c o n n e c t o r s ( i n c l u d i n g any hoop which i s a n
i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e c o n n e c t o r ) above t h e bars n o t greater t h a n
600 mm.

6.3.4 Shear c o n n e c t o r s . The d e s i g n of t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s need n o t

be considered a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e e x c e p t a s . directed i n
5.3.3.6, 6.1.3 o r where r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f stresses from t h e t e n s i o n
f l a n g e i s c a r r i e d o u t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h p a r t 3. Then t h e s i z e and
s p a c i n g of shear c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
5.3.3.5 e x c e p t t h a t l o n g i t u d i n a l shear p e r u n i t l e n g t h s h o u l d be
d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 6.3.1 and t h e d e s i g n s t a t i c s t r e n g t h , p e r
c o n n e c t o r a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e , s h o u l d b e t a k e n as

where

Pu i s t h e nominal s t r e n g t h a s d e f i n e d i n 5.3.2.1 o r 5.3.2.2

38
I 7 C W O S I T E BOX GIRDERS

7.1 General

The d e s i g n o f composite box g i r d e r s s h o u l d s a t i s f y t h e r e l e v a n t recommenda-

t i o n s f o r s t e e l box g i r d e r s g i v e n i n Part 3 t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e recommenda-
t i o n s f o r uncased beams g i v e n i n t h i s Part of t h i s B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d and a l s o
those given i n t h i s clause..

7.2 Effective Span

The e f f e c t i v e s p a n s f o r bending of l o n g i t u d i n a l o r t r a n s v e r s e box g i r d e r s

s h o u l d be as d e f i n e d i n Part 1.

7.3 E f f e c t i v e Breadth

The e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h of c o n c r e t e f l a n g e f o r s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e
c a l c u l a t i o n s s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 3. For c l o s e d box
g i r d e r s when t h e s t e e l t o p f l a n g e , which i s c o n t i n u o u s between webs, a c t s
c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h t h e c o n c r e t e deck s l a b t h e e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h of t h e
composite p l a t e may a l s o be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 3.

7.4 D i s t r i b u t i o n of Bending Moments a n d Vertical Shear F o r c e s

I n t h e a b s e n c e of more exact a n a l y s i s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of l o n g i t u d i n a l
bending moments and v e r t i c a l shear f o r c e s may b e c a l c u l a t e d i n accordance
w i t h 5.1.1 o r 6.1 a s a p p r o p r i a t e .

7.5 Longitudinal Shear

7.5.1 S p a c i n g of s h e a r connectors. The c o n c r e t e s l a b should be

p o s i t i v e l y t i e d down t o t h e t o p s t e e l f l a n g e p l a t e i n accordance w i t h
t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of 5.3.3.3 and 5.3.3.6.

I n c l o s e d box g i r d e r s , shear c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d be provided o v e r t h e

whole area of t h e t o p f l a n g e p l a t e a t s p a c i n g s l o n g i t u d i n a l l y and
t r a n s v e r s e l y n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 600mm o r t h r e e times t h e t h i c k n e s s of t h e
c o n c r e t e s l a b o r f o u r times t h e h e i g h t of t h e c o n n e c t o r ( i n c l u d i n g any
hoop which i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e c o n n e c t o r ) , whichever i s t h e
least. The l o n g i t u d i n a l s p a c i n g o f these s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s should n o t
exceed t w e n t y - f i v e times, and t h e t r a n s v e r s e s p a c i n g s h o u l d n o t exceed
f o r t y times, t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e t o p f l a n g e p l a t e .

I n open-top box g i r d e r s t h e s p a c i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s
a r e a s g i v e n i n 5.3.3.1 f o r composite I beams.

The d i s t a n c e from t h e edge o f t h e t o p f l a n g e p l a t e t o t h e n e a r edge o f

t h e n e a r e s t row of s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d n o t exceed twelve times t h e
thickness of the p l a t e .

7.5.2 Design of s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s , The s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s i n box g i r d e r s

s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h clause 5 f o r t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y
l i m i t s t a t e , e x c e p t t h a t i n c l o s e d box g i r d e r s t h e number of s h e a r
connectors required t o s a t i s f y 5.3.3.4 and 5.3.3.6 and t h e i r
d i s t r i b u t i o n o v e r t h e b r e a d t h o f t h e s t e e l f l a n g e p l a t e s h o u l d be
determined as f o l l o w s .

39
 NOTE 1. The c o n n e c t o r s a t a n y cross s e c t i o n are assumed t o b e a l l
of t h e same t y p e a n d s i z e . The d e s i g n of t h e s h e a r c o n n e c t o r s
b e t w e e n e a c h s t e e l web a n d i t s a s s o c i a t e d c o n c r e t e f l a n g e s h o u l d
b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r e a c h web s e p a r a t e l y .

The l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r force Qx o n a c o n n e c t o r a t d i s t a n c e x f r o m t h e
web c e n t r e l i n e s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d from

Qx =+[K (1 - ")
bW * I+ 0.15

where

q i s t h e d e s i g n l o n g i t u d i n a l shear d u e t o g l o b a l and l o c a l
l o a d i n g s p e r u n i t l e n g t h of g i r d e r a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y
l i m i t s t a t e f o r t h e web c o n s i d e r e d , c a l c u l a t e d a s s u m i n g f u l l
i n t e r a c t i o n between the steel p l a t e and t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b ( i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3.1)

K is a c o e f f i c i e n t determined from f i g u r e 7

bw i s e q u a l t o h a l f t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e centre l i n e s of
a d j a c e n t webs, o r , f o r p o r t i o n s p r o j e c t i n g beyond a n o u t e r
web, t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e l i n e of t h e web t o t h e free
edge o f t h e s t e e l f l a n g e

n is t h e t o t a l number of c o n n e c t o r s p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f g i r d e r
w i t h i n b r e a d t h bw, i n c l u d i n g any provided i n accordance w i t h
7.5.1 or 7.7.(a)
n' i s t h e number o f c o n n e c t o r s p e r u n i t l e n g t h p l a c e d w i t h i n
200mm of t h e c e n t r e l i n e of t h e web c o n s i d e r e d .

NOTE 2. The f o r c e on a n y c o n n e c t o r d u e t o c o e x i s t e n t g l o b a l a n d
local loadings should not exceid its design s t r e n g t h at the
s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e d e t e r m i n e d from c l a u s e 5.

I f t h e c o n n e c t o r d e n s i t y (number of shear c o n n e c t o r s p e r u n i t area of

s t e e l f l a n g e ) i n a n y area o u t s i d e t h e e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h of t h e s t e e l
f l a n g e exceeds t h e least d e n s i t y w i t h i n t h e e f f e c t i v e breadth a t t h e
c r o s s s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d , t h e c o n n e c t o r s a d d i t i o n a l t o t h o s e t h a t would
g i v e e q u a l d e n s i t i e s s h o u l d be o m i t t e d when c a l c u l a t i n g n i n t h i s
d e s i g n method.

NOTE 3. T h i s method i s n o t a p p l i c a b l e when c o n n e c t o r s a r e p l a c e d

i n g r o u p s o r when t h e number of c o n n e c t o r s i n a n y t r a n s v e r s e row
across t h e f l a n g e i s small.

7.6 Torsion

I n o p e n box g i r d e r s w i t h n o s t e e l t o p f l a n g e c o n t i n u o u s between webs

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e e f f e c t of c r a c k i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e
f l a n g e i n n e g a t i v e ( h o g g i n g ) moment r e g i o n s on t h e t o r s i o n a l r i g i d i t y o f t h e
box g i r d e r a n d o n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t o r s i o n a l shear f o r c e s .

I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s e f f e c t on t h e g l o b a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of moments and s h e a r
forces, t h e c r a c k i n g may a l s o n e e d t o b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t when a s s e s s i n g
t h e t o r s i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e of t h e p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n .

40
 K

025 0.50 0.75 1.0

n'/n
Figure 7. Coefficient K

7.7 Composite plate

Where t h e c o n c r e t e deck s l a b i s cast on t h e t o p s t e e l f l a n g e p l a t e o f a

c l o s e d box g i r d e r t h e p l a t e and t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b , i n c l u d i n g t h e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t , may b e c o n s i d e r e d as a c t i n g c o m p o s i t e l y i n r e s i s t i n g
l o n g i t u d i n a l and t r a n s v e r s e e f f e c t s o f l o a d i n g on t h e d e c k , p r o v i d e d t h a t :

( a ) a d e q u a t e shear c o n n e c t o r s a r e p r o v i d e d t o t r a n s m i t t h e r e s u l t i n g
shear f o r c e a t t h e i n t e r f a c e , i g n o r i n g t h e e f f e c t o f bond;

( b ) a d e q u a t e t i e s are p r o v i d e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3.3.3 and 5.3.3.6

t o p r e v e n t s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e two e l e m e n t s ;

( c ) t h e c o m b i n a t i o n of c o e x i s t e n t e f f e c t s is t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n ,
as r e q u i r e d by 5.2.4.1 and 6.1.2, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e e f f e c t s c a u s e d by
t h e w e i g h t o f wet c o n c r e t e a c t i n g on t h e s t e e l f l a n g e p l a t e a l o n e
during construction. C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e e f f e c t s of
temporary c o n s t r u c t i o n l o a d i n g i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 9.4.

Where t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s are n o t s a t i s f i e d t h e deck s l a b and t h e s t e e l t o p

f l a n g e p l a t e s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d as non-composite e l e m e n t s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
Part 3 o r P a r t 4 as a p p r o p r i a t e . P r o p e r a c c o u n t s h o u l d be t a k e n of t h e
a d d i t i o n a l shear f o r c e s due t o t r a n s v e r s e bending of t h e deck and t h e
e f f e c t s o f l o c a l wheel l o a d i n g t h a t may be imposed on t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s
p r o v i d e d t o resist l o n g i t u d i n a l shear i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 7.5.

The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e s due t o l o c a l wheel l o a d s i n t h e r e g i o n s of a

composite p l a t e s u p p o r t e d by cross-members may be d e t e r m i n e d by c o n s i d e r i n g
t h e p l a t e as a n e q u i v a l e n t s i m p l y s u p p o r t e d beam s p a n n i n g between t h e s e
c r o s s - f r a m e s ; t h e w i d t h o f t h e e q u i v a l e n t beam, b , s u p p o r t i n g t h e wheel load
s h o u l d b e t a k e n as:
4
b =-x + 1,
3

where

x i s t h e d i s t a n c e from c e n t r o i L of w h e e l p a t c h t o L e n e a r e s t c r o s s -
frame

1, i s t h e l e n g t h of wheel p a t c h which i s p a r a l l e l t o cross-frame.

41
8 CASED BEAHS AND FILLER BEAM CONSTRUCTION

8.1 Scope

This clause applies to simply supported filler beam decks, with or without
the soffit of the tension flange of the steel member exposed, and to simply
supported or continuous cased beams. The recommendations apply only where
the encasement or filling is of normal density concrete (2300 kg/m3 or
greater).

8.2 L i m i t S t a t e Requirements

Except where special requirements are given in the following clauses cased
beams and filler beam decks should be designed for the serviceability and
ultimate limit states in accordance with clauses 4, 5 and 6 .

8.3 Analysis of Structure

The distributions of bending moments and vertical shear forces, due to the
design loadings at the serviceability and ultimate limit states, should be
determined by an elastic analysis in accordance with 5.1 and 6.1.
Redistribution of moments at the ultimate limit state (see 6.1.4.2) should
not be permitted in cased beams.

In simply supported filler beam decks transverse bending moments may be

determined by a distribution analysis of the deck as an orthotropic plate or
by the method given in 8.3.1.

8.3.1 Transverse moments i n f i l l e r beam decks (approximate method).

This method is applicable to filler beam decks subject to standard
highway loading type HA and/or up to 45 units of type HI3 loading where
the following conditions are satisfied:

(a) the construction consists of simply supported steel beams

solidly encased in normal density concrete;

(b) the span in the direction of the beams is not lass than 6m
and not greater than 18m .and the angle of skew does not exceed
200;

(c 1 the clear spacing between the tips of the flanges of the

steel beams does not exceed two-thirds of their depth;

(d) the overall breadth of the deck does not exceed 14m;

(e) the amount of transverse reinforcement provided in the top of

the slab is not less than 300mrn2/m if mild steel is used or
200mm2/m if high yield steel is used.

The maximum design transverse sagging moment per unit length of deck My
due to either HA or HB loading, a t any point not less than 2m from a
free edge, may be taken as

My = (0.95 - 0.041) M,O(L

where

4.2
 K, is t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l bending moment p e r u n i t w i d t h of deck a t
t h e p o i n t c o n s i d e r e d due t o t h e d e s i g n HA l o a d i n g f o r t h e
l i m i t state considered

1 is t h e s p a n of t h e beams i n metres

d~ i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e p r o d u c t of t h e p a r t i a l s a f e t y
factors rfL rf3 f o r M l o a d i n g t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g product,
for HA l o a d i n g f o r t h e l i m i t s t a t e b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d .

L o n g i t u d i n a l b e n d i n g moments p e r u n i t w i d t h o f deck due t o HA l o a d i n g

may be found by a n a l y s i s of t h e d e c k as a s e t of separate l o n g i t u d i n a l
s t r i p s each of w i d t h n o t e x c e e d i n g t h e w i d t h of one t r a f f i c l a n e .

It may be assumed t h a t there is a l i n e a r r e d u c t i o n i n My from t h e v a l u e

a t 2m from t h e free edge of t h e d e c k t o zero a t t h e edge.

The t r a n s v e r s e h o g g i n g moment a t any p o i n t may be t a k e n as 0.1 My p e r

u n i t l e n g t h o f deck.

8.4 Analysis of Sections

The moments of r e s i s t a n c e of cased and f i l l e r beams shoilld be checked i n

a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.2 and 6.2 a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y and u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e s
respectively. For t h i s p u r p o s e a beam s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d as compact
p r o v i d e d any p a r t of t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n n o t e n c a s e d i n c o n c r e t e s a t i s f i e s t h e
c r i t e r i a g i v e n i n Part 3. Vertical shear s h o u l d be assumed t o be r e s i s t e d
by t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n a l o n e and t h e e f f e c t s o f shear l a g i n f i l l e r beam d e c k s
may be n e g l e c t e d a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e .

8.5 L o n g i t u d i n a l Shear

8.5.1 S e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state. The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear force p e r

u n i t l e n g t h between t h e c o n c r e t e and s t e e l beam s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d by
e l a s t i c t h e o r y , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3.1 e x c e p t t h a t , i n p o s i t i v e
( s a g g i n g ) moment r e g i o n s of cased beams and i n f i l l e r beams, c o n c r e t e
l - i n t e n s i o n s h o u l d be n e g l e c t e d . Shear lag e f f e c t s may be n e g l e c t e d i n
f i l l e r beaa d e c k s . The shear f o r c e t o be t r a n s f e r r e d s h o u l d be t h a t
a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e area of c o n c r e t e and s t e e l r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n
compression.

F o r highway b r i d g e s and f o o t b r i d g e s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s h e a r f o r c e , o t h e r
t h a n t h a t due t o t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e e f f e c t s , may be assumed t o
be resisted by bond between t h e s t e e l and c o n c r e t e provided t h e local
bond stress nowhere e x c e e d s 0.5 N/m2 i n cased beams o f 0.7 N/mm2 i n
f i l l e r beams. The bond may be assumed t o be d e v e l o p e d u n i f o r m l y o n l y
o v e r b o t h sides o f t h e web and t h e u p p e r s u r f a c d k 3 f t h e t o p and bottom
f l a n g e s of t h e s t e e l beam, where there is c o m p l e t e encasement, and o v e r
b o t h sides o f t h e web and t h e upper s u r f a c e of t h e t o p f l a n g e of t h e
s t e e l beam where t h e beam s o f f i t i s exposed. Where t h e local bond
stress, c a l c u l a t e d i n t h e manner d e s c r i b e d , e x c e e d s 0.5 N/m2 i n cased
beams o r 0.7 N/mm2 i n f i l l e r beams t h e bond s h o u l d be i g n o r e d e n t i r e l y
and shear c o n n e c t o r s p r o v i d e d , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.3.2 and 5.3.3, t o
t r a n s m i t t h e whole o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear.

8.5.2 Ultimate l i m i t 'state. The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear force p e r u n i t

l e n g t h of beam s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 8.5.1 b u t f o r
t h e design loading a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t state. I n cased beams other

43
 t h a n f i l l e r beams, where shear c o n n e c t o r s are n o t p r o v i d e d t o t r a n s m i t
t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear force due t o v e r t i c a l l o a d i n g (see 8.5.1),
p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o shear p l a n e s o f t y p e 5-5
s ( f i g u r e 6 ( d ) ) . The t o t a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f beam
o f f u l l y anchored r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t e r s e c t i n g t h e s h e a r s u r f a c e A,,
s h o u l d b e n o t less t h a n

where

qp i s t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear force p e r unit l e n g t h a t t h e

u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e a c t i n g on t h a t shear p l a n e

L, i s t h e t o t a l l e n g t h o f shear p l a n e minus o n e - t h i r d b f .

NOTE, The r e m a i n i n g terms are as d e f i n e d i n 6.3.3.

8.6 Temperature and S h r i n k a g e E f f e c t s

8.6.1 General. Temperature and s h r i n k a g e e f f e c t s need n o t be

c o n s i d e r e d i n f i l l e r beam c o n s t r u c t i o n . I n cased beams, o t h e r t h a n
f i l l e r beams, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e e f f e c t s of
t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e . I n the
a b s e n c e o f more p r e c i s e i n f o r m a t i o n t h e e f f e c t s o f t e m p e r a t u r e i n cased
beams s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s g i v e n i n Part
2 f o r a similar r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e . The e f f e c t s of
s h r i n k a g e as m o d i f i e d by creep s h o u l d be assessed u s i n g t h e v a l u e s o f
f r e e S h r i n k a g e s t r a i n E,, and t h e r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r f o r c r e e p #c as
g i v e n i n 5.4.3.

8.6.2 L o n g i t u d i n a l stresses and s t r a i n s . L o n g i t u d i n a l stresses and

s t r a i n s due t o t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s and s h r i n k a g e m o d i f i e d by c r e e p
s h o u l d b e c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.4.2 and 5.4.3.

8.6.3 Longitudinal shear. Shear c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d a t t h e

e n d s o f cased beams, t o t r a n s m i t t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e Q, due t o
t e m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t s and s h r i n k a g e m o d i f i e d by c r e e p as d e s c r i b e d i n
5.4.2.3 and 5.4.3. The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear force t o be t r a n s m i t t e d by
t h e c o n n e c t o r s s h o u l d b e t h e n e t l o n g i t u d i n a l f o r c e i n t h e s t e e l beam
d u e t o t e m p e r a t u r e and s h r i n k a g e e f f e c t s c a l c u l a t e d on a n e l a s t i c b a s i s
assuming f u l l i n t e r a c t i o n . It may b e assumed t o be d i s t r i b u t e d a t t h e
e n d s of t h e beam i n t h e manner d e s c r i b e d i n 5.4.2.3. The c o n c r e t e
s h o u l d b e assumed t o be uncracked. The e f f e c t i v e b r e a d t h o f t h e
c o n c r e t e f l a n g e s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 5.4.2.1.

8.7 C o n t r o l of Cracking

8.7.1 G e n e r a l . Subject t o t h e recommendations o f 8.7.2 and 8.7.3, t h e

methods g i v e n i n 5.2.6 may be used t o e n s u r e t h a t c r a c k i n g i s n o t
excessive a t the s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state. Tensile reinforcement,
p r o v i d e d t o s a t i s f y t h e recommendations o f t h i s c l a u s e , may be assumed
t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s e c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e c o m p o s i t e beam.

8.7.2 Cased beams. L o n g i t u d i n a l b a r s p l a c e d i n t h e s i d e face o f beams

t o c o n t r o l f l e x u r a l c r a c k i n g s h o u l d b e of a diameter +'such t h a t :

44
 \

where

sb i s t h e s p a c i n g o f b a r s i n t h e s i d e face o f t h e beam

b i s t h e b r e a d t h o f t h e s e c t i o n a t t h e p o i n t where t h e c r a c k
width i s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d

s . i s a c o n s t a n t stress o f 1 N/mm2, r e - e x p r e s s e d where n e c e s s a r y

i n u n i t s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h o s e used f o r o t h e r q u a n t i t i e s

fry i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y i e l d stress o f t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t .

Where t h e o v e r a l l d e p t h o f a c a s e d beam e x c e e d s 750mm l o n g i t u d i n a l b a r s

a t 250mm s p a c i n g o r c l o s e r s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d i n t h e s i d e faces o f t h e
beam o v e r a d i s t a n c e o f t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e o v e r a l l d e p t h measured from
t h e t e n s i o n face, unless t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of c r a c k w i d t h s (see 5.2.6)
shows t h a t a g r e a t e r s p a c i n g i s a c c e p t a b l e .

8.7.3 Filler beam. The w i d t h s of c r a c k s due t o t r a n s v e r s e bending o f

a f i l l e r beam deck s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h Part 4, as
f o r a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s l a b , n e g l e c t i n g any c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e
s t e e l beams t o t h e c o n t r o l o f c r a c k i n g .

8.8 Design and Construction

The c o n c r e t e c o v e r t o t h e s t e e l beam s h o u l d nowhere b e l e s s t h a n 50mm e x c e p t

t h a t t h e u n d e r s i d e o f t h e bottom f l a n g e s o f f i l l e r beams may be exposed.
T h e s o f f i t and upper surface of exposed f l a n g e s o f f i l l e r beams s h o u l d be
protected against corrosion.

I n cased beams, o t h e r t h a n f i l l e r beams, s t i r r u p s formed by r e i n f o r c i n g b a r s

s h o u l d e n c l o s e t h e s t e e l beam and t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r o v i d e d f o r c o n t r o l o f
c r a c k i n g of t h e beam encasement. The s p a c i n g o f s t i r r u p s i n c a s e d beams
s h o u l d n o t exceed 600mm. The t o t a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area of s t i r r u p s ( b o t h
l e g s ) c r o s s i n g a p o s s i b l e p l a n e o f shear f a i l u r e o f t y p e 5-5 ( f i g u r e 6 ( d ) ) ,
s h o u l d be n o t l e s s t h a n

0.8 S L s / f r y p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f beam

where

Ls i s a s d e f i n e d i n f i g u r e 6 ( d )

s i s d e f i n e d i n 6.3.3.1.

NOTE. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , mesh of e q u i v a l e n t area may be used.

Concrete cover t o reinforcement should be in accordance with the

recommendations o f Part 4 .

45
 The recommendations of this clause apply to formwork for in situ concrete
generally supported from the steelwork, which becomes part of the permanent
construction. Where the steel plate forming the top flange of a closed box
girder acts as permanent formwork to the concrete deck slab separate
recommendations are given in 7.7.

Special attention should be given to the provision of a suitable seal

between the steelwork and the permanent formwork to minimize the possibility
of corrosion throughout the life of the bridge. This seal should be placed
along the edges of steelwork which have been previously painted.

9.2 Materials

Materials suitable for use as permanent formwork are as follows:

(a) reinforced or prestressed precast concrete;

(b) precast concrete acting compositely with a steel girder or lattice

which is eventually embedded in the overlying in situ concrete;

(c) profiled steel sheeting;

(d) reinforced plastic or asbestos cement sheeting or similar.

Particular care should be exercised by construction staff and operatives to
prevent accidents from occurring when materials of a fragile nature (eg
those given in (d)) are used as permanent formwork.

9.3 Structural Participation

Permanent formwork may be considered as either:

(a) structurally participating with the overlying in situ concrete

slab under the action of loading imposed upon the slab after casting;
or

(b) structurally non-participating.

Permanent formwork made from the materials given in 9.2(d) should be

considered as structurally non-participating.

I 9.4 Temporary Construction Loading

The design loads due to temporary construction loading should be determined
in accordance with Part 2. Consideration should be given to the mounding of
concrete that may occur during casting as well as the loads from
construction plant and personnel.

9.5 Design

9.5.1 General. The permament formwork should be capable of carrying

the design loads due to temporary construction loading without failure
or excessive deflection. The design should satisfy the relevant limit
states given in Part 3 or Part 4 as appropriate.

46
 9.5.2 Non-participating formwork. Where t h e permanent formwork i s
s t r u c t u r a l l y n o n - p a r t i c i p a t i n g a c c o u n t s h o u l d b e t a k e n o f any e f f e c t s
of d i f f e r e n t i a l s h r i n k a g e o r composite a c t i o n t h a t may a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t
the structure. Requirements f o r c o v e r t o r e i n f o r c e m e n t and crack
c o n t r o l a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e i n s i t u s l a b should be satisfied ignoring t h e
p r e s e n c e o f t h e formwork. Connection between t h e permanent formwork
and t h e i n s i t u c o n c r e t e s h o u l d be a d e q u a t e t o p r e v e n t s e p a r a t i o n
during the l i f e of the bridge.

9.5.3 Particikting folrwork. Where c o m p o s i t e a c t i o n between t h e

permanent formwork and i n s i t u s l a b i s r e l i e d upon t h e d e s i g n o f t h e
c o m p o s i t e s l a b s h o u l d s a t i s f y a l l r e l e v a n t recommendations o f t h i s P a r t
of t h i s B r i t i s h Standard. P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n should be paid t o the
f o l l o w i n g a s p e c t s o f any d e s i g n :

(a) f a t i g u e behaviour;

(b) durability;

( c ) bond between permanent formwork and c o n c r e t e s l a b ' b o t h under

l o n g term and under impact l o a d i n g ;

(d) corrosion protection.

P a r t i c i p a t i n g formwork s h o u l d o n l y be u s e d w i t h t h e p r i o r a p p r o v a l o f
t h e a p p r o p r i a t e T e c h n i c a l Approval A u t h o r i t y .

1
I I
9.6 Special Requirements for Precast Concrete or Composite Precast Concrete
Permanent Pomwork

9.6.1 Design. Precast c o n c r e t e u n i t s s h o u l d comply w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t

c l a u s e s g i v e n i n Part 4. C o n t i n u i t y between u n i t s may be provided by
l a p p i n g r e i n f o r c e m e n t p r o j e c t i n g from u n i t s , by p o s t - t e n s i o n i n g o r by
using high-strength b o l t s .

9.6.2 Welding of reinforcement. Welding o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d o n l y

b e p e r m i t t e d when t h e e f f e c t s o f r e p e a t e d l o a d i n g c a n b e shown n o t t o
be d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e permanent s t r u c t u r e . Design and c o n s t r u c t i o n i n
accordance with P a r t s 10 and 7 may be deemed t o s a t i s f y t h i s
recommendation.

9.6.3 Interfaces. I n t e r f a c e s between precast and i n s i t u c o n c r e t e

s h o u l d d e v e l o p s u f f i c i e n t shear r e s i s t a n c e t o e n s u r e composite a c t i o n
i n b o t h t h e t r a n s v e r s e and l o n g i t u d i n a l d i r e c t i o n s .

9.6.4 Cover to reinforcement. The c l e a r d i s t a n c e between a p r e c a s t

u n i t and r e i n f o r c e m e n t t o be embedded i n t h e i n s i t u c o n c r e t e s l a b
s h o u l d exceed t h e maximum nominal s i z e o f aggregate used i n t h e i n s i t u
c o n c r e t e by n o t l e s s t h a n 5 mm.

47
 10 THE USE OF FRICTION GRIP BOLTS AS SEIEAR CONNECTORS IN COIBOSITE B E N

10.1 General

High s t r e n g t h f r i c t i o n g r i p b o l t s may be used t o p r o v i d e t h e s h e a r connec-

' t i o n between t h e s t e e l member and t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b forming t h e f l a n g e o f
t h e composite beam. The f o l l o w i n g method may be used f o r t h e d e s i g n o f t h e
c o n n e c t i o n where g e n e r a l g r a d e b o l t s complying w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f BS
4395: P a r t 1 are used i n accordance w i t h BS 4604: P a r t 1. The u s e o f h i g h e r
g r a d e s of b o l t s i s n o t excluded where a d e q u a t e tests have been carried o u t
t o determine t h e design c r i t e r i a .

10.2 Design Requirements: Static Loading

10.2.1 Serviceability limit state. The l o n g i t u d i n a l shear r e s i s t a n c e

p e r u n i t l e n g t h developed by f r i c t i o n between t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b and
s t e e l beam s h o u l d b e n o t less t h a n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f o r c e p e r
unit l e n g t h a t t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state c a l c u l a t e d i n accordance
w i t h c l a u s e 5. The d e s i g n f r i c t i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e developed by e a c h b o l t
a t t h e i n t e r f a c e s h o u l d be t a k e n as:
/.' x net tensile force i n the bolt
1.2

where

p, t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n a t f i r s t s l i p , may b e t a k e n as 0.45
provided t h e . recommendations of 10.4 are s a t i s f i e d .

Where t h e c o n c r e t e f l a n g e i s c a s t i n s i t u on t h e s t e e l beam t h e v a l u e
o f p may b e i n c r e a s e d t o 0.50 a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e e r , The
nominal i n i t i a l t e n s i l e f o r c e i n t h e b o l t may be t a k e n as t h e p r o o f
l o a d as g i v e n i n BS 4604: Part 1 provided t h e method o f t i g h t e n i n g
complies w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h a t B r i t i s h S t a n d a r d . In
determining t h e n e t t e n s i l e f o r c e i n t h e b o l t account should be taken'
o f t h e l o s s o f b o l t , t e n s i o n due t o s h r i n k a g e o f t h e c o n c r e t e and c r e e p
o f t h e s t e e l and c o n c r e t e .

Where t h e c o n n e c t o r s a r e s u b j e c t t o e x t e r n a l t e n s i l e forces i n a d d i t i o n
t o shear, eg where l o a d s are suspended from t h e s t e e l w o r k , a c c o u n t
s h o u l d be t a k e n of t h e r e d u c t i o n i n e f f e c t i v e clamping f o r c e i n t h e
bolt.

10.2.2 Ultimate 1imit.state. Designs i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 10.2.1 may be

deemed t o s a t i s f y t h e recornmendations f o r t h e shear c o n n e c t o r s a t t h e
ultimate l i m i t state. When checking f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f
l o n g i t u d i n a l shear f a i l u r e through t h e d e p t h o f t h e s l a b i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h 6.3.3, i t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f p o c k e t s f o r t h e
b o l t s w i l l r e d u c e t h e l e n g t h of t h e e f f e c t i v e s h e a r p l a n e .

10.3 Fatigue

For c o n n e c t i o n s s u b j e c t o n l y t o shear i n t h e p l a n e o f t h e f r i c t i o n i n t e r f a c e
no a c c o u n t need be t a k e n o f t h e e f f e c t s of r e p e a t e d l o a d i n g .

48
10.4 Other Considerations

The d e s i g n of t h e c o n n e c t i o n s h o u l d e n s u r e t h a t there is a uniform b e a r i n g

s u r f a c e between t h e s t e e l beam and t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b and t h a t s u i t a b l e
washers o r b e a r i n g p l a t e s are p r o v i d e d t o s p r e a d t h e l o a d s from t h e b o l t s i n
o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e c o n c r e t e u n d e r n e a t h b e i n g c r u s h e d . Where t h e s l a b i s
p r e c a s t i t may b e n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e s u i t a b l e bedding material between t h e
s l a b and t h e s t e e l beam. Except as r e q u i r e d by 9.1 t h e i n t e r f a c e s h o u l d b e
f r e e of p a i n t o r o t h e r a p p l i e d f i n i s h e s , o i l , d i r t , l o o s e r u s t , loose m i l l
scale , b u r r s and o t h e r defects which would p r e v e n t a uniform s e a t i n g
between t h e two e l e m e n t s o r would i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e development of f r i c t i o n
between them.

Adequate r e i n f o r c e m e n t , u s u a l l y i n t h e form of s p i r a l s , should be p r o v i d e d

t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e l o a d i s t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e b o l t t o t h e i n t e r f a c e
w i t h o u t l o c a l s p l i t t i n g o r c r u s h i n g of t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b , a l t h o u g h t h i s c a n
be d i f f i c u l t t o a c h i e v e w h i l e a t t h e same time m a i n t a i n i n g a d e q u a t e c o v e r
around t h e b o l t h o l e . The d e t a i l around t h e b o l t h o l e needs c a r e f u l
a t t e n t i o n t o e n s u r e t h a t l o c a l c r u s h i n g f o r c e s on t h e c o n c r e t e are n o t
i n c r e a s e d by l o a d s b e i n g d i r e c t l y t r a n s m i t t e d v i a t h e b o l t head. Care must
a l s o ' b e t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t f o r c e s and moments can be a d e q u a t e l y
t r a n s m i t t e d a c r o s s t h e j o i n t s between a d j a c e n t p r e - c a s t units, and t h a t no
gaps are l e f t , o r may o c c u r i n t h e c o u r s e of time, between t h e f l a n g e and
t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b , where c o r r o s i o n c o u l d take p l a c e , I n view of t h e s e and
o t h e r p r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s t h e d e s i g n and method of c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d
o n l y be used w i t h t h e p r i o r a p p r o v a l o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e T e c h n i c a l Approval
Authority.

49
11. COWOSITE COLUHNS

11.1 General

11.1.1 Scope. T h i s c l a u s e g i v e s a d e s i g n method f o r c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d

s t e e l s e c t i o n s and c o n c r e t e f i l l e d c i r c u l a r and r e c t a n g u l a r hollow
s t e e l s e c t i o n s which takes a c c o u n t o f t h e composite a c t i o n between t h e
v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s forming t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n . Bending a b o u t t h e two
p r i n c i p a l a x e s o f t h e column i s c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r e a c h a x i s . A
method i s g i v e n i n 11.3.6 f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e f f e c t o f i n t e r a c t i o n
when bending a b o u t b o t h axes o c c u r s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , The column may b e
e i t h e r s t a t i c a l l y d e t e r m i n a t e o r r i g i d l y c o n n e c t e d t o o t h e r members a t
one o r b o t h ends i n which case t h e l o a d s and moments depend on t h e
r e l a t i v e s t i f f n e s s e s o f a d j o i n i n g members and c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d by
s t a t i c s a l o n e . Members may be assumed t o b e r i g i d l y c o n n e c t e d where,
f o r example, t h e c o n n e c t i o n p o s s e s s e s t h e f u l l r i g i d i t y t h a t c a n b e
made p o s s i b l e by welding o r by t h e u s e o f h i g h - s t r e n g t h f r i c t i o n g r i p
bolts.

11.1.2 Materials

11.1.2.1 Steel. I n columns formed from c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d s t e e l

s e c t i o n s t h e s t r u c t u r a l steel s e c t i o n should be either:

( a ) a r o l l e d s t e e l j o i s t o r u n i v e r s a l s e c t i o n o f grade 43 o r
50 s t e e l which c o m p l i e s w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f BS 4: Part 1
and BS 4360; o r

(b) a s y m m e t r i c a l I - s e c t i o n f a b r i c a t e d from grade 43 o r 50 .

s t e e l complying w i t h BS 4360.

C o n c r e t e f i l l e d h o l l o w s t e e l s e c t i o n s may b e e i t h e r r e c t a n g u l a r o r
c i r c u l a r and s h o u l d e i t h e r :

(1) be a symmetrical box s e c t i o n f a b r i c a t e d from grade 4 3 o r

50 s t e e l complying w i t h BS '4360; o r

(2) comply w i t h BS 4360 and BS 4: Part 2 o r BS 4848: Part 2

a s a p p r o p r i a t e ; and

(3) have a wall t h i c k n e s s o f n o t less t h a n :

b, rgfy73Es f o r each wall i n a r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w

s e c t i o n (RHS), o r

DeJTy/BE, f o r c i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n s ( C H S )

where

b, i s t h e e x t e r n a l dimension o f t h e wall o f t h e RHS

De i s t h e o u t s i d e diameter o f t h e CHS

E, is t h e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y o f s t e e l

i s t h e nominal y i e l d s t r e n g t h o f t h e s t e e l
fY

50
 The s u r f a c e of the s t e e l member i n c o n t a c t ' w i t h t h e c o n c r e t e
f i l l i n g o r encasement should be unpainted and f r e e from d e p o s i t s
o f o i l , g r e a s e and l o o s e scale o r r u s t .

11.1.2.2 Concrete. The c o n c r e t e should b e o f normal d e n s i t y ( n o t

l e s s than 2300 kg/m3j w i t h a characteristic 28 day cube s t r e n g t h
of n o t less than 20 N/mm2 f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d t u b e s nor l e s s than
25 N/m2 f o r c o n c r e t e encased s e c t i o n s and a nominal maximum s i z e
of aggregate n o t exceeding 20mm.

11.1.2.3 Reinforcement. S t e e l reinforcement should comply with

t h e r e l e v a n t c l a u s e s on s t r e n g t h o f materials given i n Part 4.

11.1.3 Shear connection. P r o v i s i o n should b e made f o r l o a d s a p p l i e d

t o t h e composite column t o be d i s t r i b u t e d between t h e steel and
c o n c r e t e elements i n s u c h p r o p o r t i o n s t h a t . t h e s h e a r stresses a t t h e
s t e e l / c o n c r e t e i n t e r f a c e a r e nowhere e x c e s s i v e . It i s recommended t h a t
shear connectors should b e provided where t h i s shear stress due t o t h e
d e s i g n u l t i m a t e l o a d s , would o t h e r w i s e exceed 0.6 N/mm2 f o r cased
s e c t i o n s or. 0.4 N/m2 f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d hollow s t e e l s e c t i o n s .

11.1.4 Concrete contribution factor. The method of a n a l y s i s i n 11.3

i s r e s t r i c t e d t o composite c r o s s s e c t i o n s where t h e c o n c r e t e
c o n t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r aC,as given below, l i e s between t h e f o l l o w i n g
l i m i t s:

f o r c o n c r e t e encased s t e e l s e c t i o n s 0.15 < tYc < 0.8

f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d hollow s t e e l s e c t i o n s 0.1 < a c< 0.8

where
d, = 0.45 A, feu
NU

and t h e squash load Nu i s g i v e n by:

Nu = 0.95 Asfy + 0.87 Arfry + 0.45Acfcu

e x c e p t t h a t f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d c i r c u l a r hollow s t e e l s e c t i o n s de and
Nu should b e determined i n accordance w i t h 11.3.7.

In t h e previous expressions,
A, i s t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area of t h e r o l l e d or fabricated
structural steel section

A, i s t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of reinforcement

A, i s t h e area of c o n c r e t e i n t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n

fy i s t h e nominal y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l

fry i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c y i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e reinforcement

fcu i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 28 day cube s t r e n g t h of t h e c o n c r e t e

51
 11.1.5 Limits on slenderness. The r a t i o o f t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h ,
d e t e r m i n e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 11.2.2.4 t o t h e l e a s t l a t e r a l dimension
of t h e c o m p o s i t e column, s h o u l d n o t exceed:

(a) 30 f o r c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d s e c t i o n s ; or

(b) 55 f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s ; o r

( c ) 65 f o r c o n c r e t e f i l l e d r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s .
11.2 Norents and Forces in Colwms

11.2a1 General. The l o a d s and moments a c t i n g i n t h e two p r i n c i p a l

p l a n e s o f t h e column, due t o l o a d i n g a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e ,
s h o u l d be determined by a n a p p r o p r i a t e a n a l y s i s i n which t h e a c t u a l
l e n g t h of t h e column i s t a k e n as t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e c e n t r e s o f
. end r e s t r a i n t s . P r o p e r a c c o u n t s h o u l d 6e t a k e n of t h e r o t a t i o n a l and
d i r e c t i o n a l r e s t r a i n t a f f o r d e d by a d j o i n i n g members and t h e r e d u c t i o n
i n member s t i f f n e s s due t o i n e l a s t i c i t y and axial compression.
A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e method g i v e n i n 11.2.2 may b e used.

11.2.2 Semi-empirical design method for restrained ccmposite columns

11'2.2.1 Scope. The s e m i - e m p i r i c a l method of a n a l y s i s g i v e n i n

11.2.2.2 t o 11.2.2.6 i s o n l y a p p l i c a b l e t o i s o l a t e d columns or
columns forming p a r t of a s i n g l e s t o r e y frame provided t h a t t h e
r e s t r a i n i n g members a t t a c h e d t o t h e e n d s o f t h e column remain
e l a s t i c under t h e i r d e s i g n u l t i m a t e l o a d ; o t h e r w i s e t h e s t i f f n e s s
o f t h e r e s t r a i n i n g members s h o u l d be a p p r o p r i a t e l y reduced i n
c a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f t h e column and t h e end
moments,

11.2.2.2 Moments and forces on t h e restrained column. 'End

moments and f o r c e s a c t i n g i n t h e two p r i n c i p a l p l a n e s o f t h e
column s h o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d e i t h e r by s t a t i c s , where a p p r o p r i a t e ,
o r by a n e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s n e g l e c t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f a x i a l loads
b o t h on member s t i f f n e s s and on changes i n t h e geometry of t h e
s t r u c t u r e as i t d e f l e c t s under l o a d . The r e l a t i v e s t i f f n e s s o f
members (I/1) s h o u l d be based on t h e g r o s s ( c o n c r e t e assumed
uncracked) transformed composite cross section using an
a p p r o p r i a t e modulus of e l a s t i c i t y d e t e r m i n e d from Part 4 , w i t h 1
t a k e n as t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c e n t r e s o f end r e s t r a i n t s .

11.2.2.3 Equivalent pin-ended column. The a c t u a l column s h o u l d

be r e p l a c e d by a n e q u i v a l e n t pin-ended column of l e n g t h e q u a l t o
t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h of t h e r e s t r a i n e d column i n t h e p l a n e o f
bending and s u b j e c t e d t o t h e same end l o a d s and end moments as t h e
r e s t r a i n e d column, e x c e p t t h a t where t h e column i s f r e e t o sway,
. t h e e q u i v a l e n t pin-ended column s h o u l d a l w a y s be c o n s i d e r e d t o b e
i n s i n g l e c u r v a t u r e bending w i t h t h e smaller end moment i n a
p a r t i c u l a r p l a n e t a k e n as t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o r t h r e e - q u a r t e r s
o f t h e larger end moment, whichever i s g r e a t e r . The s t r e n g t h o f
t h e e q u i v a l e n t pin-ended column s h o u l d t h e n b e d e t e r m i n e d i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 11.3. .

11.2.2.4 Effective length. For i s o l a t e d columns' w i t h s i m p l e

forms of end r e s t r a i n t t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h may be d e t e r m i n e d from
t a b l e 11 of Part 4 .

52
 11.2.2.5 Transverse loads. T r a n s v e r s e l o a d s s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d
i n t h e e l a s t i c , a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s t r a i n e d column i f t h i s r e s u l t s
i n a more s e v e r e l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n . I n a braced frame (or column)
when t h e maximum r e s u l t a n t moment w i t h i n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e column
due t o t h e whole of t h e d e s i g n u l t i m a t e l o a d s , i s greater
t h a n h a l f t h e modulus o f t h e algebraic sum of t h e end moments t h e
a l t e r n a t i v e l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n o f s i n g l e c u r v a t u r e bending s h o u l d
a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d w i t h t h e end moments e q u a l t o Qax. Single
c u r v a t u r e bending i s here assumed t o produce end moments o f t h e
same s i g n a t each end o f t h e column.

11.2.2.6 Column self weight. The axial component o f s e l f weight

may be c o n s i d e r e d as a n a d d i t i o n a l end load acting c o n c e n t r i c a l l y
on t h e column. I n r a k i n g columns, a c c o u n t s h o u l d a l s o be t a k e n of
t h e bending moments i n t h e column due t o t h e normal component o f
i t s s e l f weight,

11.3 Analysis of Column Cross Section

11.3.1 General. For these c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e a c t u a l column s h o u l d be

r e p l a c e d by a pin-ended column, o f l e n g t h e q u a l t o t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h
o f t h e a c t u a l column i n t h e p l a n e of b e n d i n g , u s i n g t h e methods g i v e n
i n 11.2.

The x axis, a l s o c a l l e d t h e major a x i s , s h o u l d be chosen s o t h a t t h e

s l e n d e r n e s s f u n c t i o n h , i s n o t g r e a t e r t h a n Xy where i n g e n e r a l :

1~ is t h e l e n g t h o f column for which t h e E u l e r Load e q u a l s the

squash load

1, i s t h e e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f t h e a c t u a l column i n t h e p l a n e of
bending c o n s i d e r e d ; t h e s u f f i c e s x and y d e n o t e v a l u e s
c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e major and minor a x e s r e s p e c t i v e l y

E, i s t h e modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f c o n c r e t e which, f o r t h e
purpose o f t h i s c l a u s e , s h o u l d b e t a k e n as 450 f C U , where fcu
i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c cube s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o n c r e t e

E,, E r are moduli of e l a s t i c i t y f o r t h e s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l and

reinforcement, respectively

I,, I,, I, are t h e second moments o f area o f t h e uncracked

concrete cross section, t h e steel s e c t i o n , and t h e
r e i n f o r c e m e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y a b o u t t h e a x i s of t h e c o m p o s i t i o n __
column, used w i t h a n a d d i t i o n a l s u b s c r i p t x or y t o d e s i g n a t e
t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p l a n e o f bending

Nu is t h e squash load obtained from 11.1.4 or 11.3.7, as

apprbpriate.

53
11.3.2 Axially loaded columns. I n an a x i a l l y l o a d e d column, f a i l u r e
o c c u r s by b u c k l i n g a b o u t t h e minor a x i s due t o i n i t i a l i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n
s t r a i g h t n e s s of t h e s t e e l member. I n p r a c t i c e , end moments due s o l e l y
t o t h e load a c t i n g a t an e c c e n t r i c i t y may arise from c o n s t r u c t i o n
t o l e r a n c e s . The d e s i g n methods g i v e n i n 11.3.2.1 t o 11.3.7 f o r a x i a l l y
l o a d e d columns t h e r e f o r e i n c l u d e a n a l l o w a n c e f o r a n e c c e n t r i c i t y a b o u t
t h e minor axis n o t e x c e e d i n g 0.03 times t h e l e a s t l a t e r a l dimension of
t h e c o m p o s i t e column. Where t h i s i s i n a p p r o p r i a t e i t may be i n c r e a s e d
a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e e n g i n e e r and t h e f a i l u r e l o a d c a l c u l a t e d i n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h 11.3.3.

11.3.2.1 Short columns. Where both t h e r a t i o s l x / h and l y / b do

n o t exceed 12 t h e a x i a l l o a d a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e N s h o u l d
n o t exceed t h e a x i a l l o a d a t f a i l u r e Nay g i v e n by:

where

Kly is d e t e r m i n e d from C . l u s i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r s a p p r o p r i a t e
t o t h e minor a x i s

Nu i s t h e squash l o a d , o b t a i n e d from 11.1.4 o r 11.3.7

h and b are t h e g r e a t e s t and least l a t e r a l d i m e n s i o n s of

c o n c r e t e i n t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e c o m p o s i t e column

The ' f a c t o r 0.85 i s a r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r t o a l l o u f o r t h e moments due

t o c o n s t r u c t i o n t o l e r a n c e s , as g i v e n i n 11.3.2.

11.3.2.2 S l e n d e r columns. Where e i t h e r of t h e r a t i o s l x / h o r

l y / b e x c e e d s 12 a c c o u n t s h o u l d be t a k e n o f t h e e c c e n t r i c i t y due t o
c o n s t r u c t i o n t o l e r a n c e s by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e column i n u n i a x i a l
bending a b o u t t h e minor a x i s . The l o a d a c t i n g on t h e column N
s h o u l d be n o t g r e a t e r t h a n t h e l o a d Ny c a l c u l a t e d from 11.3.3 w i t h
t h e moment a c t i n g about t h e minor a x i s My t a k e n as t h e moment
produced by t h e a p p l i e d l o a d N , a c t i n g a t a n e c c e n t r i c i t y o f 0.03
b , where b i s t h e l e a s t l a t e r a l dimension o f t h e column.

11.3.3 Columns under uniaxial bending a b o u t t h e minor a x i s . Where t h e

end moments a b o u t t h e major a x i s a r e nominally z e r o f a i l u r e o c c u r s by
u n i a x i a l bending a b o u t t h e minor a x i s . The column s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d
so t h a t :

(a) t h e d e s i g n u l t i m a t e moment of r e s i s t a n c e of t h e c o m p o s i t e
s e c t i o n a b o u t t h e minor a x i s Mu,,, calculated i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
C.4, s h o u l d be n o t less t h a n t h e maximum a p p l i e d . d e s i g n moment
a c t i n g a b o u t t h e minor axis My. To a l l o w f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n
t o l e r a n c e s My s h o u l d n e v e r be t a k e n as less t h a n t h e moment
produced by t h e d e s i g n l o a d N a c t i n g a t a c o n s t a n t e c c e n t r i c i t y of
0.03b, where b i s t h e l e a s t l a t e r a l dimension o f t h e column;

(b) t h e d e s i g n l o a d a c t i n g on t h e column N is n o t g r e a t e r t h a n
N y , which is g i v e n by:

54
 Ny = Nu [ Kly - (Kly - Kzy - 4K ) -
MY -
Muy
4K3 (q)
My I
where

Ny i s t h e d e s i g n f a i l u r e l o a d o f a column s u b j e c t e d t o a
c o n s t a n t d e s i g n moment My

Kly and K z y are determined from C.l and C.2, using the
parameters a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e minor a x i s

K3 i s determined from C.3.

11.3.4 Columns under uniaxial bending a b o u t t h e major axis r e s t r a i n e d

from failure about t h e minor axis. Where t h e column i s r e s t r a i n e d from
f a i l u r e a b o u t t h e minor a x i s t h e column s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d s o t h a t :

(a) t h e d e s i g n u l t i m a t e moment o f r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e composite

s e c t i o n about t h e major a x i s MUX, determined i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
C.4, s h o u l d be n o t less t h a n t h e maximum a p p l i e d d e s i g n moment
a c t i n g about t h e major a x i s Mx. M, s h o u l d be t a k e n a s n o t less
t h a n t h e moment produced by t h e d e s i g n l o a d N a c t i n g a t a c o n s t a n t
e c c e n t r i c i t y of 0.03 b , where b i s t h e l e a s t l a t e r a l dimension of ,

t h e column; I

(b) t h e d e s i g n l o a d a c t i n g on t h e column N is n o t greater t h a n

N,, w h i c h i s g i v e n by:

where

N, i s t h e d e s i g n f a i l u r e l o a d of a column s u b j e c t e d t o a
c o n s t a n t d e s i g n moment M, and t h e remaining n o t a t i o n i s as i n
11.3.3 e x c e p t t h a t t h e p a r a m e t e r s s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d f o r
t h e major a x i s .

NOTE. Values o f K l x and K z x are determined from C . l and C.2.

11.3.5 Columns under u n i a x i a l b e n d i n g a b o u t t h e major axis

u n r e s t r a i n e d a g a i n s t failure a b o u t t h e minor a x i s . Where t h e end
moments a b o u t t h e minor a x i s a r e nominally z e r o and t h e column is
u n r e s t r a i n e d a g a i n s t f a i l u r e about t h e minor a x i s t h e column i s l i k e l y
t o f a i l i n a b i a x i a l mode unless t h e a x i a l l o a d i s v e r y small. The
column s h o u l d be designed s o t h a t :

(a) t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f 11.3.4(a) are s a t i s f i e d ; and

(b) t h e d e s i g n l o a d a c t i n g on t h e column N is n o t greater t h a n

t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e column i n b i a x i a l bending Nx c a l c u l a t e d from
t h e e q u a t i o n g i v e n i n 11.3.6(b) except t h a t s h o u l d be
c a l c u l a t e d from 11.3.3(b) t a k i n g My a s e q u a l t o t o allow
f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n t o l e r a n c e s , where b i s t h e least lateral
dimension of t h e column.

11.3.6 Columns under b i a x i a l bending. Where t h e end moments about

b o t h - a x e s are non-zero f a i l u r e o c c u r s i n a b i a x i a l mode.

55
The column should be designed so that:

(a) the maximum moment due to design loads at the ultimate limit
state acting on each axis M, or My is not greater than the design
ultimate moment of resistance of the composite section about the
major axis or the minor axis respectively; and

(b) the design load acting on the column N is not greater than
the ultimate strength of the column in biaxial bending Nxy, which
is given by
- -1 - 1 + - 1- - 1
Nxy - Nx Ny Nax

where

N, is determined in accordance with 11.3.4(b)

Ny is determined in accordance with 11.3.3(b) and

Nax = KlxNu, where Klx is determined from C.1 using the

parameters appropriate to the major axis of the column.

11.3.7 Ultimate strength of axially loaded concrete filled circular

hollow sections. In axially loaded columns formed from concrete filled
circular hollow steel sections account may be taken of the enhanced
strength of triaxially contained concrete in the method given in 11.1.4
and 11.3.2 by replacing the expressions for d C and Nu given in 11.1.4
by the following:
0.45 fc,A,
dc =
NU

Nu = 0.95f'yAs + 0.45 fccAc

where

f,, is an enhanced characteristic strength of triaxially

contained concrete under axial load, given by:
t
fcc = fcu + c1 -fy
De

f V y is a reduced nominal yield strength of the steel casing,

given by :

fty = c2 fy
C1 and C2 are constants given in table 12

De is the outside diameter of the tube

t is the wall thickness of the steel casing and the remaining

symbois are defined as in 11.1 and 11.2.2.4.

56
 Table 12. Values of constants C1 and C 2 for d a l l y
, loaded concrete f i l l e d circular hollow sections I

1
e
De C1 c2

0 9.47 0.76
5 6.40 0.80
10 3.81 0.85
15 1.80 0.90
20 0.48 0.95
25 0 1 .o
,
11.3.8 Tensile cracking of concrete. No check f o r c r a c k c o n t r o l need
b e made i n t h e f o l l o w i n g :
~

( a ) c o n c r e t e f i l l e d hollow s t e e l s e c t i o n s , o r

(b) c o n c r e t e encased s t e e l s e c t i o n s p r o v i d e d t h e d e s i g n axial

l o a d a t t h e u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e i s g r e a t e r t h a n 0.2 f C U A C , where
t h e symbols are as d e f i n e d i n 11.1.4.

Where t h e d e s i g n a x i a l l o a d i n c o n c r e t e encased s t e e l s e c t i o n s i s less

t h a n t h e v a l u e g i v e n i n ( b ) and t e n s i l e stresses d u e t o bending c a n
o c c u r i n one. o r more faces of t h e composite s e c t i o n , t h e column s h o u l d
b e c o n s i d e r e d as a beam f o r t h e purpose o f crack c o n t r o l . Reinforce-
ment s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d i n accordance w i t h 5.2.6 u s i n g t h e bending
moments a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t state.

11.3.9 Design details. To p r e v e n t l o c a l s p a l l i n g o f t h e c o n c r e t e ,

r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d be provided i n c o n c r e t e encased s e c t i o n s .
S t i r r u p s of an a p p r o p r i a t e diameter s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d throughout t h e
l e n g t h of t h e column a t a s p a c i n g n o t e x c e e d i n g 200mm w i t h t h e
p r o v i s i o n o f a t l e a s t f o u r l o n g i t u d i n a l bars which a r e capable of
s u p p o r t i n g t h e r e i n f o r c i n g cage d u r i n g c o n c r e t i n g .

The c o n c r e t e c o v e r t o t h e n e a r e s t s u r f a c e o f t h e s t e e l member s h o u l d be
n o t less t h a n 50mm. Adequate c l e a r a n c e s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d between t h e
steel elements to ensure proper compaction.of t h e concrete.

57
12 INFLUENCE OF METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION ON DESIGN

12.1 Sequence of Construction

The sequence of construction should be considered as an integral part of the

design process, for example, when calculating the stresses of deflections in
a composite section. The engineer should describe, on the drawings, the
particular sequence or method of construction on which his design is based,
including the position of any construction joints.

Where a partially cast slab is assumed to act compositely the shear

connection should be designed for this condition as well as for the final
condition.

Consideration should be given to the speed and sequence of concreting to

prevent damage occurring to partly matured concrete as a result of limited
composite action due to deformation of the steel beams under subsequent
concreting operations.

It-is recommended that, whenever possible, loading of the composite section

should be delayed until the concrete has attained a cube strength of not
less than 20 N/mm2.

Where the composite section is loaded before the concrete has attained its
28 day characteristic cube strength the elastic properties and limiting
compressive stresses of the concrete and the nominal strengths of shear
connectors should be based upon f,, the cube strength of the concrete at the
time considered, except that no reduction in stiffness of the concrete need
be made if

0.75 fcu < fc < fc,

Where the cube strength of the concrete at the time considered fc, is not
less than 20 N/mm2, the nominal strengths of shear connectors may be
determined by linear interpolation of the values given in table 7.

12.2 Permanent Formwork

Recommendations for temporary construction loading, which should be assumed

in the design of permanent formwork, are given in 9.4.

58
 13 PRESTRESSING IN COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

13.1 General
Prestressing can reduce, or in some circumstances prevent, the cracking of
concrete under service loading so increasing stiffness and improving the
protection of steel from corrosion.

13.2 Methods of Prestressing

Among the methods by which prestressing may be achieved are the following:

(a) a system whereby a moment is applied to the steel section in the

same direction as it will act in the structure. The tension flange is
then encased in concrete and the moment relaxed when the concrete has
adequate strength;

(b) the use of jacking to alter the relative levels of the supports of
a continuous member after part or the whole of the concrete deck has
been cast and matured;

(c) prestressing the concrete slab or sections of the slab by tendons

or jacking whilst it is independent of the steel section and
subsequently connecting them;

(d) prestressing the steel beam by tendons prior to concreting. The

tendons may or may not be released after the concrete has matured;
(e) prestressing the composite sections by tendons or jacking.

Special consideration should be given to composite beams which are

prestressed by an external system or by tendons not directly bonded to the
concrete. In these circumstances, the calculation of prestressing forces
should take account of the deformation of the whole structure.

I
13.3 Limit State Requirements

I Composite members which are prestressed should be designed for the

serviceability and ultimate limit states in accordance with the general
recommendations of this and other Parts of this British Standard.

13.4 Prestressing the Steel Beam

Consideration should be given to the stability of the steel beam during

prestressing. The stresses in the steelwork should not exceed the limiting
stresses given in Part 3.

13.5 Stress Limitations i n Concrete at Transfer

Stresses in the concrete at transfer should be calculated in accordance with

5.2.

59
Where t h e c o n c r e t e i s precompressed by t h e release of a temporary p r e s t r e s s
i n t h e s t e e l beam t h e c o m p r e s s i v e stress i n t h e c o n c r e t e a t t r a n s f e r , b e f o r e
l o s s e s , s h o u l d , i n g e n e r a l , n o t exceed 0.5 f c i , where f c i i s t h e cube ' ,

s t r e n g t h a t t r a n s f e r , b u t may b e i n c r e a s e d t o 0.6 f c i when t h e s t r a i n i n t h e

p r e s t r e s s i n g s t e e l before t r a n s f e r d o e s n o t e x c e e d 0.25%.

Where t h e c o n c r e t e s l a b o r a s e c t i o n o f t h e s l a b i s p e r m a n e n t l y p r e s t r e s s e d
b e f o r e i t a c t s c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h t h e s t e e l beam t h e stresses i n t h e c o n c r e t e
a t t r a n s f e r , i n tension or compression, should n o t exceed t h e l i m i t a t i o n s
g i v e n i n Part 4 f o r p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e .

Where t h e composite s e c t i o n i s permanently p r e s t r e s s e d t h e stresses i n t h e

c o n c r e t e a t t r a n s f e r , i n t e n s i o n o r compression, s h o u l d n o t exceed t h e
l i m i t a t i o n s g i v e n i n Part 4 f o r p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e .

13.6 Loss of Prestress

The l o s s o f p r e s t r e s s and t h e e f f e c t s o f s h r i n k a g e i n non-composite

p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e members s h o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e
recommendations o f Part 4.

Where t h e c o n c r e t e a c t s c o m p o s i t e l y w i t h t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n a c c o u n t s h o u l d be
t a k e n o f t h e r e d u c t i o n i n p r e s t r e s s and t h e e f f e c t on t h e stresses i n t h e
c o m p o s i t e s e c t i o n due t o e l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n , s h r i n k a g e and c r e e p o f t h e
c o n c r e t e and r e l a x a t i o n i n t h e p r e s t r e s s i n g s t e e l o r t e n d o n .

60
APPENDH C

FORHDLaE AND TBBLES FOR THE DESIGN OF O S I T E COLulQlS

C.l Coefficient Kl

Values of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t K1 u s e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n a l s u b s c r i p t s x o r y t o
d e s c r i b e t h e p l a n e o f bending may be determined from 10.6 of Part 3. The
v a l u e of K1 s h o u l d be t a k e n as t h e v a l u e o f rC/Cy determined i n a c c o r d a n c e
w i t h f i g u r e 37 of Part 3 f o r a v a l u e of t h e s l e n d e r n e s s p a r a m e t e r

k,,/g
r
g i v e n by 7 5 . 5 x , where xis d e f i n e d i n 11.3.1 of t h i s Part.

C.2 Coefficient K2

Values o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t K2, used w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n a l s u b s c r i p t s x o r y , t o

d e s c r i b e t h e p l a n e o f b e n d i n g , may b e c a l c u l a t e d from t h e e q u a t i o n s g i v e n i n
C.2.1 o r C.2.2, as a p p r o p r i a t e , between t h e f o l l o w i n g limits:

0
'< %K20< 1 and

e x c e p t t h a t i f t h e c a l c u l a t e d v a l u e o f K ~ / K z o i s n e g a t i v e t h e n K2 s h o u l d b e
t a k e n as zero.

C.2.1 Concrete filled circular hollow sections

K20 = 0 . 9 d c 2 + 0.2

where

@ is t h e r a t i o of t h e smaller t o t h e l a r g e r o f t h e two end moments

a c t i n g a b o u t each a x i s , used w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n a l s u b s c r i p t s x o r y
t o d e n o t e t h e p l a n e o f bending c o n s i d e r e d , t h e s i g n c o n v e n t i o n
b e i n g s u c h t h a t f i s p o s i t i v e f o r s i n g l e c u r v a t u r e bending

d, is t h e c o n c r e t e c o n t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r , c a l c u l a t e d from 11.1.4 or
11.3.7 as a p p r o p r i a t e
C3 is a c o n s t a n t , which may be t a k e n as 100

X i s t h e s l e n d e r n e s s f u n c t i o n , calculated from 11.3.1, f o r t h e major

Ay r e s p e c t i v e l y .
o r minor a x i s as a p p r o p r i a t e d e n o t e d %hx,

C.2.2 Concrete Encased Steel Sections and Concrete Filled Rectangular

Hollow Sections

where

C4 i s t a k e n as:

61
 100 f o r columns d e s i g n e d on t h e b a s i s o f c u r v e A
120 f o r columns d e s i g n e d on t h e basis of c u r v e B
140 f o r columns d e s i g n e d on t h e basis o f c u r v e C,

t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c u r v e b e i n g selected i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h f i g u r e 37 o f P a r t 3
and t h e r e m a i n i n g terms are as g i v e n i n C.2.1.

C.3 Coefficient K3

C.3.1 Concrete filled circular hollow sections. The v a l u e o f K3 s h o u l d b e

c a l c u l a t e d from t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :
-
K3 = K30 + [ ( 0 . 5 p + 0.4) (dc2 0.5) + 0.151 C 5 h
1 + (C5N3

where

K30 = 0.04 - (Uc/15) e x c e p t t h a t K30 s h o u l d n o t be t a k e n less t h a n z e r o

d c and fiare as d e f i n e d i n C.2.1

I
C5 i s a c o n s t a n t which may be t a k e n as 1.0

C.3.2 Values of the coefficient 93 for encased sections and concrete filled
I rectangular hollow sections

( a ) f o r b e n d i n g a b o u t t h e s t r o n g a x i s of t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n (which may
n o t b e t h e x-x a x i s a s d e f i n e d i n 11.3.11, K3 s h o u l d b e t a k e n a s z e r o ;

(b) f o r bending a b o u t t h e weak a x i s of t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n , K3 s h o u l d b e

c a l c u l a t e d from:

K3 = 0.425 - 0.075f - 0.005 C4h f o r e n c a s e d s e c t i o n s

I b u t s h o u l d be t a k e n as n o t less t h a n -0.03 ( 1 + ) n o r more t h a n

(0.2 - 0.25%). For minor-axis bending of c o n c r e t e f i l l e d r e c t a n g u l a r
hollow s e c t i o n s t h e v a l u e o f K3 may be t a k e n as z e r o . The symbols are
a s d e f i n e d i n C.2.1 and (2.2.2.

C.4 Ultimate Moment of Resistance of Composite Columns

C.4.1 General. The u l t i m a t e moment o f r e s i s t a n c e i n p u r e bending o f a

composite column formed from a c o n c r e t e e n c a s e d s t e e l s e c t i o n o r c o n c r e t e
f i l l e d hollow s t e e l s e c t i o n may be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
assumptions:

( a ) t h e whole o f t h e area o f s t e e l , i n c l u d i n g t h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t ( i f
a n y ) , i s stressed t o i t s d e s i g n y i e l d s t r e n g t h i n t e n s i o n o r
c o m p r e s s i o n , i e nominal y i e l d s t r e n g t h / b ' , ;

(b) t h e s t r e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e on t h e t e n s i o n s i d e of t h e p l a s t i c
n e u t r a l a x i s is neglected;

( c > t h e area of c o n c r e t e on t h e compression s i d e of t h e p l a s t i c

n e u t r a l axis is s t r e s s e d u n i f o r m l y t o i t s d e s i g n c o m p r e s s l v e s t r e n g t h ,
w h i c h s h o u l d b e t a k e n as 0.4 f c u ;

62
 (d) t h e f l a n g e s o f t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n are of c o n s t a n t t h i c k n e s s and
f i l l e t s are ignored,

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , f o r c o n c r e t e encased s t e e l s e c t i o n s and c o n c r e t e f i l l e d
r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w s t e e l s e c t i o n s t h e u l t i m a t e moment of r e s i s t a n c e may be
c a l c u l a t e d from t h e e q u a t i o n s g i v e n i n C.4.2, which are based on t h e
I f o r e g o i n g a s s u m p t i o n s , and on t h e assumption t h a t :

( 1 ) t h e area o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n t h e c r o s s s e c i t o n i s small w i t h e q u a l
amounts i n t e n s i o n and compression;

( 2 ) t h e c o n c r e t e d i s p l a c e d by t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n i n a n encased column
i s n e g l e c t e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e compressive f o r c e .

NOTE. The u l t i m a t e moment o f r e s i s t a n c e o f c o n c r e t e f i l l e d c i r c u l a r

h o l l o w s e c t i o n s may e i t h e r be o b t a i n e d from C.4.3 o r c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g
a s s u m p t i o n s ( a ) t o ( d ) above.

C.4.2 Equations for Calculating & for Concrete Encased Steel Sections and
Concrete Filled Rectangular Hollow Sections

C.4.2.1 The u l t i m a t e moment o f r e s i s t a n c e may be c a l c u l a t e d from t h e

e q u a t i o n s g i v e n i n C.4.2.2 t o C.4.2.6 where:

e i s t h e r a t i o of t h e a v e r a g e compressive stress i n t h e
concrete a t f a i l u r e t o t h e design y i e l d s t r e n g t h of the steel
t a k e n as 0.4 f c u / 0 . 9 5 f y

f C u i s t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 28 day cube s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e

fy i s t h e nominal y i e l d s t r e n g t h of s t e e l

C.4.2.2 Concrete encased steel sections: plastic neutral a x i s outside

the steel section. (See f i g u r e 8 ( a ) ) . T h i s c o n d i t i o n arises when:

pb d, > A, then
A
dc =a and
b4
+ 0.87 f r y 3
2 dr

Muy = 0.95fy A s ( - d'-) + 0.87 f r y dr

b i s t h e b r e a d t h of c o n c r e t e i n c r o s s s e c t i o n

d, i s t h e t h i c k n e s s of c o n c r e t e c o v e r t o encased s t e e l s e c t i o n

A, is t h e area of r o l l e d o r fabricated steel s e c t i o n

dc i s t h e d i s t a n c e of n e u t r a l a x i s from t h e most compressed face

of concrete

Nux o r MUy i s t h e d e s i g n u l t i m a t e moment of f i e s i s t a n c e a b o u t t h e x

and y a x e s r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a x i a l l o a d

63
 h is the depth of concrete cross section or depth of concrete
in filled rectangular hollow sections

fry is the characteristic yield strength of reinforcement

A, is the area of reinforcement in the cross section

dr is the distance between symmetrically placed reinforcing bars

measured perpendicular to the axis of bending

NOTE. The remaining symbols are as defined in C.4.2.1.

C.4.2.3 Cased sections: plastic neutral a d s within top flangehajor

axis bending. (See figure 8(b)). This condition arises when:

fbd, < As and

0.95Asfy ( 0.4 fcu [bd, + tf (b - bf)] + 1.82 Affy then

dc = (A, + 2bf d,)/(bf + 2bf) and

Mu = 0.95fy [ A ,
(h -2 - bfds (dc - ds)] + O.87fry dr

Af is the area of the top flange of the steel section

tf is the average ihickness of the flange of a steel section

bf is the .breadth of steel flange of I-section or the external
dimension of a rectangular hollow section.

NOTE. The remaining symbols are as defined in C.4.2.1 and

c.4.2.2.

C.4.2.4 Cased sections: plastic neutral a x i s i n web/major axis

bending. (See figure 8(c)). This condition arises when:

(AS - 2 bftf) > p [bd, + tf(b - bf)] then

h t,
dc = and
(bp + 2tw)

+ 0.87 fry 3 d,

where

tw is the thickness of web of steel section

dw is the depth of steel web in compression zone

NOTE. The remaining symbols are as defined in C.4.2.1, C.4.2.2

and C.4.2.3.

64
 C.4.2.5 Cased sections: p l a s t i c n e u t r a l a x i s i n flanges/minor axis
bending. (See f i g u r e 8 ( d ) ) . T h i s c o n d i t i o n a r i s e s when:

fbd, < A, then

dc = (A, + 4 t f d s ) / ( b p + 4 t f ) and

NOTE. For d e f i n i t i o n o f symbols see C.4.2.1, C.4.2.2 and C.4.2.3.

C.4.2.6 C o n c r e t e f i l l e d rectangular hollow s e c t i o n s . (See f i g u r e

We) 1

NOTE. For d e f i n i t i o n o f symbols see C.4.2.1, C.4.2.2 and C.4.2.3.

C.4.3 E q u a t i o n s for Calculating H, for C o n c r e t e F i l l e d Circular Hollow

Steel S e c t i o n s . The u l t i m a t e moment o f ' r e s i s t a n c e Mu o f a c o n c r e t e f i l l e d
c i r c u l a r hollow steel s e c t i o n w i t h o u t r e i n f o r c e m e n t may be c a l c u l a t e d from
t h e following equation:

~
Mu = 0.95 S f y ( 1 + 0.01 m )

where t h e p l a s t i c s e c t i o n modulus o f t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n S, i s g i v e n by:

I
s = t3 ( k -1 ) 2
t

I rn is determined from f i g u r e 9

I - where

D, i s t h e o u t s i d e diameter o f t h e s t e e l s e c t i o n

t i s t h e wall t h i c k n e s s

i s as d e f i n e d i n C.4.2.1.

65
 0.4 b d, ,f

r+o-95

0.4 b dc fcu ,-0.4fcJ

.P-- 0.95
x 0.951,-0.

(b)

C
d

n
0.L b d, f,,
-
0.5 A , (0.87fr,,- 0.4 feu)

Figure 8 Force diagrams for calculating Mu

66
 of P

I -

D,/t (outside diameter /thickness)

Figure 9. Chart for evaluating & of concrete f i l l e d circular hollow

sections

67
I Standards p u b l i c a t i o n s r e f e r r e d to
i BS 4 Structural steel sections
Part 1 Hot-rolled s e c t i o n s
P a r t 2 Hot-rolled hollow s e c t i o n s

BS 4360 Weldable s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s

BS '4395 High s t r e n g t h f r i c t i o n g r i p b o l t s and associated n u t s and washers

f o r s t r u c t u r a l engineering
Part 1 General grade

BS 4604 The use of high s t r e n g t h friction grip bolts i n structural

steelwork
Part 1 General grade

BS 4848 Hot-rolled s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l s e c t i o n s
Part 2 Hollow s e c t i o n s

BS 5400 Steel, concrete and composite bridges

Part 1 General statement
Part 2 Specification f o r loads
Part 3 Code of p r a c t i c e f o r design of s t e e l bridges
Part 4 Code of p r a c t i c e for design of concrete bridges
Part 6 Specification f o r materials and workmanship, s t e e l
Part 7 Specification f o r m a t e r i a l s and workmanship, concrete,
reinforcement and p r e s t r e s s i n g tendons
Part 8 Recommendations f o r materials and workmanship, concrete,
reinforcement and p r e s t r e s s i n g tendons
Part 9 Code of p r a c t i c e f o r bearings
P a r t 10 Code of p r a c t i c e f o r f a t i g u e

68