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The physical property of mass has two distinct aspects, gravitational mass and inertial mass.
The weight of a particle depends on its gravitational mass. According to the weak form of the
equivalence principle, the gravitational and inertial masses are equivalent. But, we show here
that they are correlated by a dimensionless factor, which can be different of one . The factor
depends on the electromagnetic energy absorbed or emitted by the particle and of the index of
refraction of the medium around the particle. This theoretical correlation has been
experimentally proven by means of a very simple apparatus, presented here.
The gravitational mass, mg , produces δmβ represents also the inertial mass
and responds to gravitational fields. It shift . It can be seen by repeating the
supplies the mass factors in Newton's renormalization of the external
famous inverse-square law of electromagnetic vertex at finite
Gravitation (F12 = Gmg 1mg 2 r12 ). Inertial
2 temperature. On the other hand, it is
easy to see that the inertial mass shift
mass mi is the mass factor in Newton's
is related to inertial Hamiltonian shift
2nd Law of Motion (F = mi a ). δΗ . Thus we can obtain the general
Several experiments1-6, have expression of δmβ by means of the
been carried out since Newton to try to inertial Hamiltonian shift δΗ ,i.e.,
establish a correlation between
gravitational mass and inertial mass. δΗ c δp 2 + mi2 c 2 − mi c 2
δ mβ = = =
Recently J.F.Donoghue and c2 c2
B.R. Holstein7 have shown that the 2
δp
renormalized mass for temperature = mi 1 + − mi [1]
T = 0 is expressed by mr = m + δm0 mi c
where δm0 is the temperature- where δp is the correspondent
independent mass shift. In addition, for particle's momentum shift.
T > 0 , mass renormalization leads to Consequently, the general
the following expressions for inertial and expression of correlation between
gravitational masses, respectively: gravitational and inertial mass can be
mi = m + δm0 + δmβ ; mg = m +δm0 −δmβ , write in the following form
2
δm β δp
mg = mi − 2δmβ = 1 − 2 1 + − 1mi [2]
where is the temperature-
dependent mass shift given by î mic
δmβ = παT 2 3mi .
We can look on this change in
This means that a particle’s momentum as due to the
gravitational mass decreases with the electromagnetic energy absorbed or
increasing temperature and that only emitted by the particle ( absorbed or
in absolute zero (T = 0 K ) are emitted radiation by the particle and/or
gravitational mass and inertial mass Lorentz's force upon charged particle
equivalent. due to electromagnetic field).
The expression of δm β In the case of radiation,
obtained by Donoghue and Holstein according to Quantum Mechanics, we
refers solely to thermal radiation. But, can write
2
δp = N k = N ω /( ω / k ) = U /( dz / dt ) = speed of light is reduced to <0.1m/s,
=U / v [3] the Eq.(7) tell us that the gravitational
masses of the atoms of the Bose-
Where U is the electromagnetic Einstein condensate become negative.
energy absorbed or emitted by the If the absorbed (or emitted)
particle and v is the velocity of the radiation is monochromatic and has
electromagnetic waves, which can frequency f , we can put U = nhf in
be write as follows
Equation(7), where n is the number of
v=
c
[4] incident (or radiated) photons on the
ε r µr
1 + (σ ωε ) + 1
particle of mass mi . Thus we obtain
2
2
2
ε ,µ and σ, are the electromagnetic nhf
characteristics of the medium in which mg = mi − 2 1 + 2 r
n − 1m [8]
î mi c
the incident (or emitted) radiation is î
propagating ( ε = ε r ε 0 where ε r is the In that case, according to the Statistical
relative electric permittivity and Mechanics, the calculation of n can
−12
ε 0 = 8.854 × 10 F / m ; µ = µ r µ0 where be made based on the well-known
µ r is the relative magnetic permeability method of Distribution Probability . If all
the particles inside the body have the
and µ 0 = 4π × 10 −7 H / m ). For an atom
same mass mi , the result is
inside a body , the incident(or emitted)
radiation on this atom will be n=
N
a [9]
propagating inside the body , and S
consequently , σ = σbody , ε = εbody, where S is the average density of
µ =µbody. absorbed (or emitted) photons on the
From the Eq.(3) follows that body; a is the area of the surface of a
U U c U particle of mass mi from the body.
δp = = = nr [5]
v c v c Obviously the power P of the
where nr is the index of refraction, absorbed radiation must be
given by P = Nhf / ∆t = Nhf , thus we can write
2
εµ N = P / hf 2 . Substitution of N into
nr = = r r 1 + (σ ωε ) + 1
c 2
[6] Eq.(9) gives
v 2
a P a
c is the speed in a vacuum and v is n= = D [10]
the speed in the medium. hf 2 S hf 2
By the substitution of Eq.(5) where D is the power density of the
into Eq.(2), we obtain incident( or emitted) radiation. Thus
2 Eq.(8) can be rewritten in the following
U
mg = 1 − 2 1 + 2 nr − 1mi
[7] form:
î mic
2
aD
Recently, L.V. Hau et al.,8 mg = mi − 2 1 + − 1m [11]
succeeded in reducing the speed of î mi cvf
light to 17 m/s by optically inducing a î
quantum interference in a Bose- For σ >> ωε Eq.(4) reduces to
Einstein condensate. This means an
4πf
enormous index of refraction ( nr ≈ 107 ) v= [12]
at ~1014Hz. µσ
Light can be substantially slowed By substitution of Eq.(12) into Eq.(11)
down or frozen completely 9. If t he we obtain
3
π
Rr = (∆z ) [17 ]
2
aD µσ
2
σ i µ i f
3 3
mg = mi − 2 1 + 3
− 1mi [13] 9
î mi c 4πf The ohmic resistance of the dipole is 11
î
∆z
This equation shows clearly that, Rohmic ≅ RS [18]
atoms (or molecules) can have their 2πr0
gravitational masses strongly where r0 is the radius of the cross
reduced by means of Extra-Low section of the dipole, and RS is the
Frequency (ELF) radiation.
We have built an apparatus to surface resistance ,
ωµ dipole
produce ELF radiation ( transmitter and
RS = [19]
antenna) and to check the effects of 2σ dipole
this radiation upon the gravitational
mass of a material surrounding the Thus,
∆z µ dipole f
antenna ( see Fig. 1).
Rohmic ≅ [20]
The antenna is a half-wave r0 4πσ dipole
dipole, encapsulated by a iron sphere
(purified iron, 99.95% Fe; µi = 5,000µ 0 ; Where µ dipole = µ copper ≅ µ 0 and
2 S S 9
ω ε ri µ ri where S is the effective area. It can be
= 1 + (σ i ωε i ) + 1 =
2
easily shown that S is the outer
c 2
area of the iron sphere, i.e.,
ω ωc ω S = 4πrouter = 0.19m 2 .
= (nr ) = = [15]
2
Note that δH is always positive.
We now may define the
correlation between H i and H g as
follows
H i = H g + δH [5]
If δH = 0 , H i = H g , i.e., mg = mi .
In addition from the Eqs.[1] and
[2], we can write:
Hi − H g = pi2c 2 + mi2c4 − pg2c 2 + mg2c 4 [6]
For a particle at rest, V = 0 ;
Transmitter
9.9mHz
26mm
coiled spring
70mm
r=123mm
iron µ i σ i
counterweight
(dipole + wires)
antenna
Cross section
counterweight
scale
antenna
Front view
mg (iron sphere )
I ( kg )
(A)
theory experimental
Table 1
Note: The inertial mass of the iron sphere is miron sphere = 60.50kg