Austria-Hungary

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Austria-Hungary?
sterreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie (German)
Osztrk-Magyar Monarchia (Hungarian)
18671918
Flag
Civil Ensign
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
Motto
Indivisibiliter ac Inseparabiliter
Indivisible and Inseparable
Anthem
Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
God save Emperor Francis
MENU000

The Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914

Capital Vienna (main capital)[1] and Budapest
Languages Official
German, Hungarian[2]
Unofficial [show]
Religion 1910 census[4]
Majority
76.6% Catholics (incl. 64-66% Roman & 10-12% Eastern)
Minorities [show]
Government Constitutional monarchy, Liberal autocracy, Personal union (through
dual monarchy)
Emperor-King
18671916 Franz Joseph I
19161918 Charles I & IV
Minister-President
1867 Friedrich von Beust (first)
1918 Heinrich Lammasch (last)
Prime Minister
18671871 Gyula Andrssy (first)
1918 Jnos Hadik (last)
Legislature Imperial Council, Diet of Hungary
Upper house Herrenhaus,
House of Magnates
Lower house Abgeordnetenhaus, House of Representatives
Historical era New ImperialismWorld War I
1867 Compromise 1 March 1867
Czechoslovak indep. 28 October 1918
State of SCS indep. 29 October 1918
Vojvodina lost to Serbia 25 November 1918
Dissolution 11 November 1918
Dissolution treaties[a] in 1919 and in 1920
Area
1914 676,615 km2 (261,243 sq mi)
1918 681,727 km2 (263,216 sq mi)
Population
1914 est. 52,800,000
Density 78km2 (202sq mi)
Currency
Gulden (to 1892)
Krone (18921918)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Austrian Empire
Republic of German-Austria
Hungarian Democratic Republic
First Czechoslovak Republic
West Ukrainian People's Republic
Second Polish Republic
Kingdom of Romania
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
Banat, Backa and Baranja
Kingdom of Italy
Today part of
[show]
a. ^ Treaty of Saint-Germain signed 10 September 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon
signed 4 June 1920.
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual
Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian
Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or
Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or
Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of
defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of
1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867. Austria-Hungary consisted of two
monarchies (Austria and Hungary), and one autonomous region the Kingdom of Croatia-
Slavonia under the Hungarian crown, which negotiated the CroatianHungarian
Settlement (Nagodba) in 1868. It was ruled by the House of Habsburg, and
constituted the last phase in the constitutional evolution of the Habsburg
Monarchy. Following the 1867 reforms, the Austrian and the Hungarian states were
co-equal. Foreign affairs and the military came under joint oversight, but all
other governmental faculties were divided between respective states.

Austria-Hungary was a multinational state and one of the world's great powers at
the time. Austria-Hungary was geographically the second-largest country in Europe
after the Russian Empire, at 621,538 km2 (239,977 sq mi),[5] and the third-most
populous (after Russia and the German Empire). The Empire built up the fourth-
largest machine building industry of the world, after the United States, Germany,
and the United Kingdom.[6] Austria-Hungary also became the world's third largest
manufacturer and exporter of electric home appliances, electric industrial
appliances and power generation apparatus for power plants, after the United States
and the German Empire.[7][8]

After 1878, Bosnia and Herzegovina was under Austro-Hungarian military and civilian
rule[9] until it was fully annexed in 1908, provoking the Bosnian crisis among the
other powers.[10] SandakRaka, de jure northern part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Novi
Pazar (in modern-day Montenegro and Serbia), was also under de facto joint
occupation during that period but the Austro-Hungarian army withdrew as part of
their annexation of Bosnia.[11] The annexation of Bosnia also led to Islam being
recognized as an official state religion due to Bosnia's Muslim population.[12]

Austria-Hungary was one of the Central Powers in World War I. It was already
effectively dissolved by the time the military authorities signed the armistice of
Villa Giusti on 3 November 1918. The Kingdom of Hungary and the First Austrian
Republic were treated as its successors de jure, whereas the independence of the
West Slavs and South Slavs of the Empire as the First Czechoslovak Republic, the
Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, respectively, and most of the
territorial demands of the Kingdom of Romania were also recognized by the
victorious powers in 1920.

Contents [hide]
1 Structure and name
1.1 Creation
2 Politics and government
2.1 Government
2.2 Judicial system
2.2.1 Empire of Austria
2.2.2 Kingdom of Hungary
2.3 Public administration and local governments
2.3.1 Empire of Austria
2.3.2 Kingdom of Hungary
2.3.2.1 Administrative divisions and the counties of Hungary
2.3.2.2 Municipal rights of the biggest cities in Hungary
3 Politics
3.1 Political struggles in the Empire
3.2 Ethnic relations
3.3 Foreign policy
4 Economy
4.1 Automotive industry
4.1.1 Austrian Empire
4.1.2 Kingdom of Hungary
4.2 Aeronautic industry
4.2.1 Austrian Empire
4.2.2 Kingdom of Hungary
4.3 Locomotive engine and railway vehicle manufacturers
4.3.1 Austrian Empire
4.3.2 Kingdom of Hungary
5 Infrastructure
5.1 Transport
5.1.1 Railways
5.1.1.1 Railway network of the Austrian Empire
5.1.1.2 Railway network in the Kingdom of Hungary
5.1.2 Metropolitan transit systems
5.1.2.1 Tramway lines in the cities
5.1.2.2 Electrified commuter railway lines
5.1.2.3 Underground
5.1.3 Canals and river regulations
5.1.3.1 Regulation of the lower Danube and the Iron Gates
5.1.3.2 Regulation of the Tisza River
5.1.4 Shipping and ports
5.2 Telecommunication
5.2.1 Telegraph
5.2.1.1 Austrian Empire
5.2.1.2 Kingdom of Hungary
5.2.2 Telephone
5.2.2.1 Austrian Empire
5.2.2.2 Kingdom of Hungary
5.2.3 Electronic broadcasting
6 Demographics
6.1 Population and area
6.2 Languages
6.3 Religion
6.4 Largest cities
6.5 Education
6.5.1 Austrian Empire
6.5.2 Kingdom of Hungary
7 Military
8 World War I
8.1 Preludes Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.1.1 Status of Bosnia-Herzegovina
8.1.2 Sarajevo assassination
8.1.3 Escalation of violence in Bosnia
8.1.4 Decision for war
8.2 Wartime foreign policy
8.3 Homefront
8.4 Military events
8.4.1 Serbian front 19141916
8.4.2 Russian front 19141917
8.4.3 Italian front 19151918
8.4.4 Romanian front 1916
8.5 Role of Hungary
8.6 Analysis of defeat
9 Dissolution
9.1 Consequences
9.1.1 Successor states
9.1.2 Territorial legacy
10 Flags and heraldry
10.1 Flags
10.2 Coat of arms
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Notes
13 Further reading
13.1 Surveys
13.2 World war
13.3 Specialty topics
13.4 Primary sources
13.5 Historiography and memory
13.6 In German
14 External links
Structure and name[edit]

Franz Joseph I. (1885)

The realm's full, official name was The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the
Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen.

German Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Knigreiche und Lnder und die Lnder der
Heiligen Ungarischen Stephanskrone

Hungarian A Birodalmi Tancsban kpviselt kirlysgok s orszgok s a Magyar Szent

Korona orszgai

The Habsburg monarch ruled as Emperor of Austria[13] over the western and northern
half of the country that was the Austrian Empire (Lands Represented in the Imperial
Council, or Cisleithania)[5] and as King of Hungary[13] over the Kingdom of Hungary
(Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, or Transleithania).[5] Each enjoyed
considerable sovereignty with only a few joint affairs (principally foreign
relations and defence).[14]

Certain regions, such as Polish Galicia within Cisleithania and Croatia (officially
the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia, even Dalmatia was in Cisleithanian part
of the Dual Monarchy) within Transleithania, enjoyed autonomous status, each with
its own unique governmental structures (see Polish Autonomy in Galicia and
CroatianHungarian Settlement).

The division between Austria and Hungary was so marked that there was no common
citizenship one was either an Austrian citizen or a Hungarian citizen, never both.
[15][16] This also meant that there were always separate Austrian and Hungarian
passports, never a common one.[17][18] However, neither Austrian nor Hungarian
passports were used in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia. Instead, the
Kingdom issued its own passports which were written in Croatian and French and
displayed the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia-Dalmatia on them.[19]
It is not known what kind of passports were used in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was
under the control of both Austria and Hungary.[citation needed]

The Kingdom of Hungary had always maintained a separate parliament, the Diet of
Hungary, even after the Austrian Empire was created in 1804.[20] The administration
and government of the Kingdom of Hungary (until 1848-49 Hungarian revolution)
remained largely untouched by the government structure of the overarching Austrian
Empire. Hungary's central government structures remained well separated from the
Austrian imperial government. The country was governed by the Council of
Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) located in Pressburg and later in Pest
and by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna.[21] The Hungarian
government and Hungarian parliament were suspended after the Hungarian revolution
of 1848, and were reinstated after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867.

Despite Austria and Hungary sharing a common currency, they were fiscally sovereign
and independent entities.[22] Since the beginnings of the personal union (from
1527), the government of the Kingdom of Hungary could preserve its separated and
independent budget. After the revolution of 18481849, the Hungarian budget was
amalgamated with the Austrian, and it was only after the Compromise of 1867 that
Hungary obtained a separate budget.[23] From 1527 (the creation of the monarchic
personal union) to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs
controls, which separated her from the other parts of the Habsburg-ruled
territories.[24] After 1867, the Austrian and Hungarian customs union agreement had
to be renegotiated and stipulated every ten years. The agreements were renewed and
signed by Vienna and Budapest at the end of every decade because both countries
hoped to derive mutual economic benefit from the customs union. The Austrian Empire
and Kingdom of Hungary contracted their foreign commercial treaties independently
of each other.[5]

Austria-Hungary was a great power but it contained a large number of ethnic groups
that sought their own nation. It was ruled by a coalition of two powerful
minorities, the Germans and the Hungarians. Stresses regarding nationalism were
building up, and the severe shock of a poorly handled war caused the system to
collapse.[25][26]

Vienna served as the Monarchy's primary capital. The Cisleithanian (Austrian) part
contained about 57 percent of the total population and the larger share of its
economic resources, compared to the Hungarian part.

Following a decision of Franz Joseph I in 1868, the realm bore the official name
Austro-Hungarian MonarchyRealm (German sterreichisch-Ungarische MonarchieReich;
Hungarian OsztrkMagyar MonarchiaBirodalom) in its international relations. It was
often contracted to the Dual Monarchy in English, or simply referred to as Austria.
[27]

Creation[edit]
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v t e
Main article Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (called the Ausgleich in German and the
Kiegyezs in Hungarian), which inaugurated the empire's dual structure in place of
the former unitary Austrian Empire (180467), originated at a time w