WS14 EiSE 02 Object Oriented Thinking

Dr.
Michael Eichberg
Software Technology Group
Department of Computer Science
Technische Universitt Darmstadt
Introduction to Software Engineering
Object-Oriented Thinking
Class-Responsibility-Collaboration Cards
(A very first glimpse of object-oriented analysis and
design.)
A First Glimpse on OO Analysis and Design.
Object-Oriented Thinking | 3
We want to develop a library for representing vector

graphics
We want to support:
Squares
Circles
42
Triangles
Text
We want to be able to export gures as PDF and SVG
documents
A Class-Responsibility-Collaboration (CRC) Card
other classes
Class Collaborations
<collaborator A>
<classname>
<collaborator B>
Responsibilities ...
<responsibility A>
<responsibility B>
... short eng.
sentences
Class-Responsibility-Collaboration (CRC) cards help to
discuss object-oriented designs.
The class name of an object creates a vocabulary for

discussing the design; you should spent enough time to
nd the right words
Responsibilities identify problems to be solved; a
responsibility serves as a handle for discussing potential
solutions; they are expressed using short verb phrases
each containing an active verb
Collaborators are the objects which will send or
receive messages in the course of satisfying
responsibilities
First, we have to identify potential classes.

graphics
We want to support:
Squares
Circles
42
Triangles
Text
We want to be able to export gures as PDF and SVG
documents
First, we identify potential classes.

graphics
We want to support:
Squares
Circles
42
Triangles
Text
We want to be able to export figures as PDF and
SVG documents
We start by
identifying nouns.
For each potential class, we create a CRC card.
Square
Text
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Triangle Class Collaborations
Responsibilities
Circle
Responsibilities
Setup
For each potential class, we create a CRC card.

PDFDocument
Responsibilities

Figure
Responsibilities

SVGDocument
Responsibilities
Setup
We then identify responsibilities and collaborators.
Square
Text
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Maintain the
Maintain the text
squares data
Responsibilities
Circle
Maintain the Responsibilities
triangles data Maintain the
circles data

PDFDocument
Responsibilities

Figure Create a .pdf
file
Responsibilities
Maintain a list of
shapes

SVGDocument
Responsibilities
Create a .svg file
We incrementally refine our cards.
PDFDocument
Responsibilities
Figure Create ...
Save a figure to a
Responsibilities
.pdf file
Maintain a list of
shapes
SVGDocument
Responsibilities
Create ...
Save a figure to a
.svg file
We incrementally refine our cards.
PDFDocument
PDFDocBuilder
Responsibilities
Figure Save a figure to a
.pdf file
Responsibilities
Maintain a list of
shapes
SVGDocument
SVGDocBuilder
Responsibilities
Save a figure to a
.svg file
Figure
PDFDocBuilder
Text
Text
Responsibilities Circle
Figure Save a figure to a Triangle
Circle
.pdf file Square
Responsibilities Triangle
Maintain a list of Square
shapes
How do we Figure
SVGDocBuilder
support this? Text
Save a figure to a Triangle
.svg file Square
Square
Text
Responsibilities
Responsibilities
Maintain the
Maintain the text
squares data
Responsibilities
Circle
Maintain the Responsibilities
triangles data Maintain the
circles data
Shape N/A
Square
Responsibilities
Abstract over Responsibilities
shapes Maintain the
Circle
squares data
Class
Responsibilities Collaborations
MaintainTthe
riangle
circles data
Class
Maintain theText
triangles data
Responsibilities
Maintain the text
Specific for class-based
languages
Class Collaborations Class Collaborations

Shape Class N/A Collaborations Color N/A
Color
Square
Responsibilities Responsibilities
Abstract overResponsibilities
Class
Converts between
Collaborations
shapes Maintain the Color color spaces
Circle
squares data
Class
MaintainTthe Color
riangle
circles data
Class
Maintain theText Color
triangles data
Responsibilities
Maintain the text

We stress the importance of creating objects not

to meet mythical future needs, but only under the
demands of the moment.
Kent Beck, Ward Cunningham

A Laboratory For Teaching OO-Thinking
Proceedings of OOPSLA 89; ACM Press
Evolving the Application
We want to support further shapes:

Stars
Bubbles
Arrows
Bzier curves
...
We want to support further le formats:
BMP
JPEG
DXF
...
If we follow the chosen path i.e, each XDocBuilder

collaborates with all shapes we end up with this:
Triangle
PDFDocBuilder
DXFDocBuilder
Bzier curve
JPEGDocBuilder
Circle
SVGDocBuilder
BMPDocBuilder
Square
If we follow the chosen path - i.e, each ...DocBuilder

collaborates with all shapes - we end up with this:
Triangle
PDFDocBuilder
DXFDocBuilder
Consequences: Bzier curve
- Adding a new shape requires updating all

DocBuilders
JPEGDocBuilder
- Supporting a new file format requires

knowledge of all shapes
Circle
SVGDocBuilder
BMPDocBuilder
Square
An Example SVG file
A circle is
2
3
[...]! represented using
<svg version="1.1" viewBox="183 216 143 148" width="143pt" height="148pt">!
4 [...]! an ellipse.
11 <g> !
12
13
Each ...DocBuilder will
<rect x="185" y="218" width="72" height="69" fill="#00009f"/>!
<rect x="185" y="218" width="72" height="69" stroke="black" .../>!
14 contain quite some
<ellipse cx="270" cy="327.5" rx="36.000072" ry="34.500084" fill="#2d4141"/>!
15 <ellipse cx="270" cy="327.5" rx="36.000072" ry="34.500084" stroke="black" .../>!
16 domain logic.
<path d="M 252 241 L 288 310 L 324 241 Z" fill="#ffeb00"/>!
17 <path d="M 252 241 L 288 310 L 324 241 Z" stroke="black" .../>!
18 </g>!
19 </svg>
No direct
support for
triangles.
Figure
PDFDocBuilder
Text
Responsibilities
TextThis solution does not Circle
Figure Save a figure to a Triangle
Circle
facilitate software
.pdf file Square
Responsibilities Triangle
Maintain a list of
evolution!
Square
shapes !
We need to think
Class again Collaborations
about the collaborations Figure
SVGDocBuilder
and responsibilities! Text
Save a figure to a Triangle
.svg file Square
There are some things to consider.
If this list gets too long, its probably
Names do matter!
time to split up the class.
Responsibilities If you have cyclic collaboration
If this list gets too long, its probably dependencies its time to think about
time to split up the class. introducing abstractions.
The responsibilities a class has
should be related.
A new class with new responsibilities and collaborators.
Class Collaborations Class Collaborations

Color Color
Triangle Canvas
Canvas
Responsibilities Responsibilities
MaintainSquare
the Color draw text, lines,
triangles data Canvas bzier curves,
Responsibilities
draw itself Color ellipses and points
Maintain the
Circle
Canvas
squares data
Responsibilities
draw itself Color
Text
Maintain the identification of a
Canvas new artificial class
circles data
Responsibilities
draw itself the text (w.r.t. the domain
Maintain description)
draw itself on a
canvas using
primitive
shapes
Text
Figure Class Collaborations
Circle Canvas
Responsibilities Triangle PDFDocBuilder
Maintain a list of Square Responsibilities
shapes
Save figure as
.pdf file
act as a Canvas
Color
Canvas
Responsibilities Canvas
SVGDocBuilder
draw text, lines,
bzier curves, Responsibilities
ellipses and points Save figure as

.svg file
act as a Canvas
If we follow the new path - i.e, each XDocBuilder is

basically a canvas - we end up with this:
BMPDocBuilder Canvas Bzier curve
JPEGDocBuilder Square
DXFDocBuilder Circle
SVGDocBuilder Triangle
PDFDocBuilder
Background Literature
The International
A Laboratory For Teaching
Conference on Object Object-Oriented Thinking
Oriented Programming, Kent Beck, Apple Computer, Inc.

Ward Cunningham, Wyatt Software Services, Inc.
Systems, Languages and

Applications (OOPSLA); ACM It is difficult to introduce both novice and
experienced procedural programmers to the
reduces to teaching the design of objects. We
focus on design whether we are teaching basic
Press, 1989 anthropomorphic perspective necessary for concepts to novices or the subtleties of a
object-oriented design. We introduce CRC complicated design to experienced object
cards, which characterize objects by class name, programmers.
responsibilities, and collaborators, as a way of
giving learners a direct experience of objects. Rather than try to make object design as much
We have found this approach successful in like procedural design as possible, we have found
teaching novice programmers the concepts of that the most effective way of teaching the
objects, and in introducing experienced idiomatic way of thinking with objects is to
programmers to complicated existing designs. immerse the learner in the object-ness of the
material. To do this we must remove as much
familiar material as possible, expecting that
1. Problem details such as syntax and programming
environment operation will be picked up quickly
The most difficult problem in teaching object- enough once the fundamentals have been
oriented programming is getting the learner to thoroughly understood.
give up the global knowledge of control that is
possible with procedural programs, and rely on It is in this context that we will describe our
the local knowledge of objects to accomplish perspective on object design, its concrete
their tasks. Novice designs are littered with manifestation, CRC (for Class, Responsibility,
regressions to global thinking: gratuitous global and Collaboration) cards, and our experience
variables, unnecessary pointers, and using these cards to teach both the fundamentals
inappropriate reliance on the implementation of and subtleties of thinking with objects.
other objects.
Because learning about objects requires such a 2. Perspective

shift in overall approach, teaching objects
Procedural designs can be characterized at an
Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided
The inheritance relationship
A common pitfall in object-oriented design is the
inheritance relation.
Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

add support for Rectangles
42

Should Rectangle inherit from Square?
Should Square inherit from Rectangle?
Is there some other solution?
42

A first test:
Is a Rectangle a Square?
42

A first test:
Is a Rectangle a Square?
42
No.

A first test:
Is a Square a Rectangle?
42
Well yes, but how

about a Squares behavior?

A first test:
Is a Square a Rectangle?
42
Well yes, but how

about a Squares behavior?
Summary
A large number of Design Heuristics and Design
Principles exists that help you to design better
programs.
Object-Oriented Design | 37
Low Coupling
High Cohesion
Single Responsibility Principle
Dont repeat yourself
No cyclic dependencies
Liskov Substitution Principle
Open-Closed Principle
...
Goal of the Lecture | 38
The goal of this lecture is to enable you to

systematically carry out small(er) software
projects that produce well-designed software.
- Identifying and (re-)distributing responsibilities among objects / classes is

one of the major tasks when designing and evolving object-oriented
programs.
- Having classes with well identified responsibilities facilitates the
comprehension, maintenance and evolution of the software.

WS14 EiSE 02 Object Oriented Thinking

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Dr.

Introduction to Software Engineering

We want to develop a library for representing vector

The class name of an object creates a vocabulary for

We want to develop a library for representing vector

We want to develop a library for representing vector

Triangle Class Collaborations

Triangle Class Collaborations

Triangle Class Collaborations

Class Collaborations Class Collaborations

We stress the importance of creating objects not

Kent Beck, Ward Cunningham

We want to support further shapes:

If we follow the chosen path i.e, each XDocBuilder

If we follow the chosen path - i.e, each ...DocBuilder

Consequences: Bzier curve

- Adding a new shape requires updating all

- Supporting a new file format requires

Class Collaborations Class Collaborations

ellipses and points Save figure as

If we follow the new path - i.e, each XDocBuilder is

BMPDocBuilder Canvas Bzier curve

Oriented Programming, Kent Beck, Apple Computer, Inc.

Systems, Languages and

Because learning about objects requires such a 2. Perspective

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Well yes, but how

Now lets assume we want to further evolve our library and

Well yes, but how

The goal of this lecture is to enable you to

- Identifying and (re-)distributing responsibilities among objects / classes is

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