AIRPORTPLANNING

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 Airportplanninginvolvesdecisionsmadeontheairportconfiguration

Airportconfigurationisdefinedbytwoaspects
Thenumberandorientationsoftherunways
Thelocationoftheterminalarearelativetotherunways

Asasystemanairportismadeupofthreecomponentareasnamely;
Thelandingarea (therunwaysandtaxiways)
Theterminalarea (apron,buildings,carparkingareas,hangars,etc)
AirTrafficControl (providescontrolofairtrafficintheairspace
surroundingtheairport)

Themostimportantaspectoftheplanninganddesignofairportsisthe
selectionofasuitablesite

Selectionofthepotentialairportsiteneedstoconsiderthefollowingfactors;
1. Conveniencetousers Locationoftheairportrelativetocity
centre (accessibilitybyothermodes)
2. Availabilityoflandforexpansion Parkingofvehicles,terminalfacilities
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 3. Designandlayoutoftheairport
4. Airspaceobstructions Relativelocationofadjacentairports
Physicalobstructionobjectsliketowers,
poles,buildings,mountainrangesetc
5. EngineeringFactors Typeofsoil,topography(level)slopefor
drainagepurposes,presenceofhard
rock(s)increasingtheexcavationcost
6. SocialandEnvironmentalFactors Problemofnoisetotheneighbourhood
residentialareas,schools,churchesetc
7. AvailabilityofUtilities Airportsneedaccessibilitytowater,
sewerage,electricity,telephones,fueletc.
Itwillbeadvantageousifairportsget
thesesuppliesfromtheexistingutilities
8. AtmosphericConditions Avoidextremeconditionslikefog,smoke
dustandsnow,whichaffectvisibility

9. BirdsHazards Birdsposeserioushazardstotheaircraft
Aircraftimpactwithbirdsandbirds
crushingintoenginescancausedisasters
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 10. Economicfactors Availabilityofconstructionmaterials
Avoidproblematicareas(waterlogged
andreclaimedareas)

AIRPORTSIZE

Theairportsizeisdefinedbythespacerequiredfor;
Operators thatisairlines
Controllingsystems Securitycontrols,operationalnavigationalcontrols
Managementstaff Managingtheairlinesandtheairport
Groundmovements Movingtotheaprons,tothestorageareasortothe
hangars

Theairportsizeontheotherhandiscontrolledbythefollowingfactors;
Aircrafttrafficvolumeespeciallyduringthepeaktimeperiod
Aircraftcharacteristics
Meteorologicalconditions
ElevationofairportsiteabovetheMSL

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 AIRCRAFTCHARACTERISTICS
Variousaircraftcharacteristicsareimportantfortheplanninganddesignof
oftheairportelements.

Theseelementsinclude;
Runways
Taxiways
Aprons
TerminalBuildings

Thecharacteristicsoftheaircraftthatareimportantatdifferentlevelsinclude;
Enginetypeandpropulsion
Aircraftsize
Aircraftweightandwheelconfiguration
Minimumturningradius
Minimumcirclingradius
Aircraftspeed
Aircraftcapacity
Aircraftnoise
Jetblast
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 Vorticesattailends
Fuelspillage

ENGINETYPEANDPROPULSION

Propulsion,whichallowsthemovementoftheaircraftcanbeprovidedbyany
ofthefollowingtypesofengines
PistonEngines
Themostconventionaltypeofenginesalsousedinhighwayandrailway
vehicles
Powerisgeneratedthroughthemovementofpistonsasfuelisburnt
Thetorquepowerisusedbythevehicleforitsmovement
Inaircraft,theseenginescanprovidespeedsinarangeof500km/h
Aircraftusingthesetypeofenginescanoperateatlowaltitudes
JetEngines
Theseenginesproduceajetatahighthrust,whichenablestheaircraft
tomoveforward
Theseenginesarefurtherdividedinto;
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 TurboJet
TurboPropulsion Usedtodriveaircraftpropeller
TurboFan
RamJet
TurboJetandTurboPropulsionengineshavespeedsintherangeof
800km/h
Theseenginescanoperatefromlowtohighaltitudes
RamJetengineshavespeedsintherangeof1280km/hto2400km/h
Theseenginesarecommonlyusedinmissilesandoperateinthemiddle
altitudes

RocketEngines
Theseenginesareusedfortransatmosphericoperations
Theycanproducespeedsintherangeof4600km/h

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 AIRCRAFTSIZE

Theaircraftsizeisdefinedusingthefollowingparameters;
Fuselagelength (distancefromthenosetothetail) Lengthofaircraft
Geartread (distancebetweenthemaingears)
Height (measuredatthetail) Heightofaircraft
Wheelbase (distancebetweenthenosegearandthemaingears)
Wingspan (measurednearthemaingear) Widthofaircraft
Tailwidth
Heightofthedeck
Thefuselagelengthandthewingspanoftheaircraftwillinfluence;
Thewidthofrunwaysandtaxiwaysaswellasdistancesbetweenthese
trafficways
Thesizeofapronswhichinturninfluencestheconfigurationofthe
terminalbuildingaswellastheparkingareas
Hangarsandmaintenancesheds
TurningRadii
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 AIRCRAFTWEIGHTANDWHEELCONFIGURATION

1. AIRCRAFTWEIGHT

Theweightofaircraftisoneofthemajorfactorsthatinfluencethelengthofthe
Runway
Thischaracteristicalsoaffectthedesignofthepavementthicknessforthe
elements,whichareaccessedbyaircraft
Theweightoftheaircraftistheindicatorforsuccessfulaircraftlandingtoand
takeofffromtherunways
Importanttypesofweightsthatmustbeunderstoodfortheaircraftoperations;
MaximumGrossTakeOffWeight
MaximumStructuralLandingWeight
OperatingEmptyWeight
Payload
ZeroFuelWeight
MaximumRampWeight
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 Theseweightsaredefinedasfollows;

1. MaximumGrossTakeOffWeight

Thisisthemaximumweightatastartoftakeoffaslimitedbytheaircraft
strengthandairworthinessrequirements

2. MaximumStructuralLandingWeight

Thisisthemaximumweightattouchdownforlandingaslimitedbyaircraft
strengthandairworthinessrequirements

3. OperatingEmptyWeight OEW

Thisisthebasicweightoftheaircraftincludingthecrewsandallofthe
necessarygearinreadyflight(doesntincludepayloadandusablefuel)
Thisisnotaconstantvalueforpassengeraircraftbutvariesdependingon
theseatingconfiguration

4. Payload

Payloadreferstothetotalrevenueproducingloadthatincludespassengers
andtheirluggage,mailsandcargo
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 Maximumpayloadisthedifferencebetweenthezerofuelweightandthe
operatingemptyweight

5. ZeroFuelWeight ZFW

Thisconsistsofthetotalweightoftheaircraftwithallitscontentswithout
includingtheweightoftheusablefuel(unusablefuelisincludedinZFW)

6. MaximumRampWeight

Thisismaximumweightforgroundmaneuveringontaxiingbetweenthe
apronandtheendoftherunwayaslimitedbyaircraftstrengthand
airworthinessrequirements

Astheaircrafttaxies,itburnsfuelandconsequentlylosesweight

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 SUMMARYTHEAIRCRAFTWEIGHTS

TAXIINGOUTFUEL
TRIPFUEL TOTALFUELLOADED
RESERVEFUEL

CARGO(FREIGHT)
TOTALPAYLOAD
PASSENGERANDBAGGAGE
ZEROFUELWEIGHT

OPERATINGEMPTYWEIGHT
(OEW)

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

EXAMPLE: WeightcalculationsforAirbusA319

OPERATION ITEM WEIGHT(kg)

START ManufacturersEmptyWeight MEW 36779

ADD + OperatorsItems + 5205

EQUAL = OperationalEmptyWeight OEW = 41981

ADD + Payload + 13529

EQUAL = ActualZeroFuelWeight AZFW = 55510

ADD + Fuel + 13239

EQUAL = ActualGrossWeight AGW = 68749

SUBTRACT TaxiFuel 100

EQUAL = ActualTakeOffWeight ATOW = 68649

SUBTRACT Fuelconsumption 10900

EQUAL = ActualLandingWeight ALW = 57749

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 AIRBUS A319 SPECIFICATIONS
Dimensions
Length (m) 33.8
Wingspan (m) 34.1
Height (m) 11.8
2
Wing area (m ) 122.4
Weight
Maximum take-off weight (kg) 64 000 - 75 500
Maximum landing weight (kg) 61 000 - 62 500
Operating empty weight (kg) 40 300
Maximum zero fuel weight (kg) 58 500
Maximum payload (kg) 17 900
Standard fuel capacity (litres) 23 860 - 29 840
Performance
Range with max payload (km) 4 700 - 6 800
Cruise speed (km/h) 820
Maximum speed (km/h) 890
Maximum operating altitude (m) 11 900
Take-off field length (m) 1 520
Landing field length (m) 1 450
Engines CFMI CFM56-5A/5B,
2 x 22000-23500 lb
IAE V2500-A5,
2 x 22000-23500 lb

Fuel efficiency (g/pass*km) 20.5

Fuel flow rate (kg/h) 2 600
Cabin Data
Passengers (1-class) 150
Passengers (2-class) 124
Cabin width (m) 3.7

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 2. AIRCRAFTWHEELCONFIGURATION

Wheelconfigurationdictatesthepavementthicknessoflandingarea(Runway)

Themainlandinggearconfigurationofthewidebodyaircraftarenormally
dualordualtandemtoefficientlydistributetheaircraftweighttothepavement
EXAMPLESOFWHEELCONFIGURATIONSFORHEAVY(WIDEBODY)AIRCRAFT

AIRBUSA380 BOEINGB747 BOEINGB777

NOSEGEAR NOSEGEAR NOSEGEAR

LANDINGGEAR LANDINGGEAR LANDINGGEAR

Thedistributionoftheweightbetweennoseandmaingearsisnotconstant

Forthedesignofpavementsitisnormallyassumedthat5percentoftheweight
issupportedonthenosegearandtheremaining95%onthemaingears
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 Iftherearetwomaingears,eachgearsupports47.5%oftheweight

Ifthemaingearhasxnumberoftyres,itisassumedthateachtyre willsupports
anequalfractionoftheweightonthegear

Thefollowingexampleshowsagearwithsixtyres B777

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 MOREWHEELCONFIGURATIONEXAMPLES

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 AIRCRAFTCAPACITY

Thischaracteristicisdefinedintermsofthepassengerandcargocapacity;
Thisaffectsthesizeandcapacitydeterminationofthegroundserviceslike;
Thesizeoftheterminal
Baggagehandlingfacilities
Arrivalanddepartureloungesandgatepositions
Loadingandoffloadingfacilitiesforcargoandfreight
Fuelstorage
AIRCRAFTRANGE
Thisisthedistanceanaircraftcanflywithouttheneedtorefuel;
Thischaracteristicaffects;
Thefrequencyoftheoperations
Themixofaircrafttypeandsizethattheairportcanservice
Therunwayandgatecapacities

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.

 THEAIRPORTCONFIGURATION
Theairportconfigurationisdefinedbythenumber andorientation ofrunways
andthelocationoftheterminalarea relativetotherunways
Thenumberofrunwaysdependsontheanticipatedvolumeoftheairtraffic
Orientation(s)oftherunwaysdepend(s)primarilyonthewinddirection(s)
Theterminalbuildingsservethepassengersandtheyshouldbelocatedsoasto
provideeasyandshortaccesstotherunways
Basedontheairportconfiguration,theairportisdividedintotwomajorareas;
TheLandingarea Thisareaconsistsof;
Runways,and
Taxiways
TheTerminalarea Thisareaconsistsof;
Apron,
Buildings,
CarParkingAreas,and
Hangars
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 Mostairportscontainathirdelement,whichisnotbuiltaspartoftheterminal
areaandthisiscalled;
TheTerminalAirTrafficControl(ATC)
Thiscontrolstheairtrafficintheairspacesurroundingtheairport

Itiscommonalsotolookattheairportasasystemconsistingofprocesses and
operations

Basedonthisapproach,theairportsystemisdividedintotwosides;
TheAirside Thissubsystemconsistsof;
TheRunways,
TheTaxiways,
TheGates,and
Thevariousservicevehiclesandservicesprovidedwithintheapron
TheLandside Thissubsystemconsistsofanumberoffacilities;
Facilitiesthatconnecttoothermodesoftransport(Parking,Roadsetc.)
PassengerCheckInarea
Passengerprocessingareas(Immigration,Customs,SecurityChecksetc)
TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.
 VariousServices(Catering,Shops,CarRentalsetc)
Concourses(DepartureConcoursesandArrivalConcourses)
BaggageReclaimareas
Piers
Cargoprocessingarea

ThetwosubsystemareconnectedbytheGates

LANDSIDE

Landsideareasinclude
Parkingfacilities,
Publictransportation,
Terminalbuildingandallutilitiesthatsupporttheoperationsofterminals

Allthesefacilitiesareassociatedwiththemovementofpassengersandtheir
baggage

TSS820S TRANSORTATIONSYSTEMSANDSTRUCTURES425 TOMEKAC.L.T.G.