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Tu Duy Phan Bien PDF
Tu Duy Phan Bien PDF
Critical thinking c chng ti tm dch l t duy phn bin. y l mt ni dung c trong tiu chun u ra
ca nhiu trng i hc, c bit l cc hc vin k thut c thc hin xy dng v qun l chng trnh o to
theo phng thc tip cn CDIO. Bi vit ny tng hp v dch thut mt s ti liu gii thiu v khi nim ny.
cha tt, ci sai lm, t ny khng bao hm ngha nh gi. nh gi l phi nhn nhn c cc gi tr, cc kt
ca mt h phi v ph nh cc l thuyt khc bit vi t tng chnh thng, khng chp nhn kh nng tip cn
vn t nhiu phng din khc nhau. Thut ng critical thinking trong cc ti liu m chng ti tham kho
c ni hm rng hn cch hiu ph phn theo ngha nu trn, do cn phi tm mt cch dch khc.
- a ra phn on cn thn, cng bng v cht lng tt hay km (involving making fair, careful judgements
Vi ngha ny v d c nu ra nh sau: Sinh vin c khuyn khch pht trin t duy phn bin thay v ch
chp nhn cc quan im m khng xem xt (Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking instead of
Qua tham kho cch gii thch ca t in Oxford dn, chng ti cho rng t critical trong thut ng critical
thinking khng c dng vi ngha ph phn, m mang ngha a ra phn on. Chng ti s dng cch
Chng ti m u bi lc kho ny bng on trch t ti liu ca Alec Fisher.A. Fisher (2001) im li nhng
pht biu nh ngha v t duy phn bin ca nhiu tc gi, ng thi phn tch cc nh ngha ny cho thy
nhn thc v t duy phn bin qua mt chng ng pht trin lch s kh lu di, khi u t s tip cn ca
Mc d Socrates tip cn vn t duy phn bin t cch y hn 2000 nm, nhng nh ngha ca John
Dewey nh trit hc, tm l hc, gio dc hc ngi M v t duy phn bin mi c bit n mt cch rng
ri. J. Dewey gi t duy phn bin l reflective thinking (suy ngh su sc) v nh ngha l:
nh ngha ca John Dewey nhn mnh n tnh ch ng ca t duy phn bin. Khi mt ngi t duy phn bin,
h t ny ra cu hi, t i tm cc thng tin lin quan, .., hn l hc hi th ng t ngi khc. J. Dewey cng
nhn mnh n tnh lin tc ca t duy phn bin. T duy phn bin i hi phi xem xt mi vn , mi thng
tin lin quan trc khi i n kt lun hoc ra quyt nh. Quan trng nht, nh ngha ca J. Dewey ni rng nim
tin ca chng ta b chi phi bi s suy lun. Suy lun c vai tr quan trng to ln trong t duy phn bin, c suy
lun v nh gi suy lun u c ngha tch cc. Trong t duy phn bin, kh nng suy lun l yu t then cht.
Edward Glaser, ng tc gi ca mt trc nghim t duy phn bin c s dng rng ri nht th gii l Watson-
(1) l thi sn lng quan tm suy ngh chu o v nhng vn v ch xut hin trong cuc sng c nhn;
(2) l s hiu bit v phng php iu tra v suy lun c l; v (3) l mt s k nng trong vic p dng cc
phng php . T duy phn bin i hi s n lc bn b kho st nim tin hay gi thuyt bt k c xem xt
tng ca E. Glaser rt ging vi tng ca J. Dewey. E. Glaser cp n cc bng chng thay cho cc
tng trong mt cu tng t nh pht biu ca J. Dewey. E. Glaser nhn nhn rng k nng t duy l mt thnh
Mt ngi rt ni ting trong nghin cu v t duy phn bin l Robert Ennis. Alec Fisher cho rng nh ngha ca
R. Ennis v t duy phn bin c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc:
T duy phn bin l s suy ngh su sc, nhy cm, thc t v hu ch quyt nh nim tin hay hnh ng.
Cc tc gi trc cp n s suy ngh su sc, nhng chnh R. Ennis nhn mnh quyt nh hnh
Richard Paul pht biu v t duy phn bin t mt gc nhn khc bit so vi cc tc gi trc ng:
duy ci tin cht lng t duy ca mnh bng vic iu khin mt cch thnh tho cc cu trc nn tng c sn
dc v cc nh nghin cu trong nhiu lnh vc ng rng ri, l: Cch thc c ngha thc t duy nht
pht trin kh nng t duy phn bin ca mt ai l thng qua t duy v t duy ca chnh h (thng c
gi l siu nhn thc (metacognition), vi mc tiu c quan tm l ci tin n bng cch tham kho mt s m
Michael Scriven th cho rng t duy phn bin l mt nng lc hc vn c bn, tng t nh l c v vit vy,
T duy phn bin l kh nng, hnh ng thu hiu v nh gi c nhng d liu thu thp c thng qua
Hnh ng phn tch thu hiu v din t li ni dung tip thu bng ngn ng ca mnh hoc bng mt
hnh thc khc (vit, v, lm film nh, ngn ng c th), v hnh ng nh gi (c on gi tr, kh nng, tin
cy ca cc tuyn b) l nhng hnh ng c xem l i hi phi s dng cc k nng t duy phn bin. T duy
phn bin cn c hiu l mt loi t duy nh gi, n bao gm s ph phn v c t duy sng to. hiu
tt mt vn m ch pht hin li trong tng v lp lun ca ngi khc l cha . iu quan trng l nhng
kt lun thn trng ch a ra khi c xy dng trn c s cc lun c vng chc. V th, cn phi thng xuyn
suy ngh v mi yu t c lin quan, tm kim thm nhng thng tin mi, ch khng ch l nhng g c phi
by. Hn na, cn phi xem xt vn nhiu kha cnh khc nhau, phi tin on nhng kh nng c th xy ra
trong tng lai, iu cng c ngha l cn phi c kh nng t duy sng to.
Tc gi tip theo m chng ti mun gii thiu l Mathew Lipman. M Lipman (2003) c mt hnh ng tm lc
- L kh nng ca ngi t duy pht trin cc tiu chun nng lc hot ng tr tu v vn dng vo qu trnh t
- L loi t duy bo v chng ta khng b ngi khc la phnh v khng t la phnh chnh mnh (Paul)
- Xem xt cc cch gii thch khc nhau v kt qu kho st t cc tnh hung, l thuyt, v quan im khc nhau
ng t duy phn bin. Tuy nhin, cc pht biu ny c khuynh hng ging nhau v ni dung. Tc gi ny cng
dn ngun ti liu t Fischer v Spiker cho rng phn ln cc nh ngha v thut ng t duy phn bin c dng
cc t nh l suy lun (reason)/logic, phn on (judgment), siu nhn thc (metacognition), phn nh
D. Halpern cng cho bit theo trong mt nghin cu ca Jones v cc ng nghip cng b th c 500 nh
hoch nh chnh sch, nh gio dc, ngi s dng lao ng ng rng: T duy phn bin l mt phm tr
ch s suy lun theo li m, khng b hn ch, s lng cc gii php l khng gii hn, bao hm c vic xy
kin tri ngc vi mnh, cao gi tr cng bng, tn trng bng chng v l l, thch s r rng chnh xc, bit
xem xt cc quan im khc nhau, v s thay i quan im khi s suy lun cho thy phi lm nh vy
- Bit vn dng cc tiu chun: cn phi c cc iu kin c tho mn nht nh mt pht biu tr thnh c
th tin cy c. Mc d cc lnh vc khc nhau c th c cc tiu chun khc nhau, nhng c mt s tiu chun
tht chnh xc c lin quan, t cc ngun ng tin cy, r rng, khng thin lch, thot khi logic ngy bin, hp
- C kh nng tranh lun: a ra cc l l vi cc bng chng h tr. T duy phn bin bao gm c vic nhn
- C kh nng suy lun: c kh nng rt ra kt lun t mt hoc nhiu chi tit. lm c vic ny cn phi nhn
- Xem xt vn t nhiu phng din khc nhau: ngi c t duy phn bin cn phi tip cn hin tng t
- p dng cc th thut t duy: T duy phn bin s dng nhiu th thut t duy khc nhau, bao gm t cu
* Cc c im quen thuc:
- Phn bit gia cc suy din logic c th chp nhn c v khng th chp nhn c
phng n no
- Vn dng cc k thut gii quyt vn thch hp vo cc tnh hung mi hay lnh vc khc
- Lng nghe cn thn cc tng ca ngi khc
- Nhn ra c nhng sai lm trong quan im ca ngi khc, nhng thin lch c th trong cc quan im ,
v nguy c ca vic nh gi cc bng chng mt cch sai lch do nh hng ca cc quan tm c nhn.
** Cc c im c bit hn
- Nhn thy v phn bit c nt khc bit trong s tng ng, khng b lm ln bi cc du hiu b ngoi
- C th dng li cu trc khng chnh thc ca vn c trnh by trong cch thc m cc k thut chnh
- Nhn thc rng cc vn trong thc tin c th c nhiu hn mt gii php v nhng gii php khc nhau
- Nhn thc rng s hiu bit ca c nhn lun lun l hn ch cho nn vi mt thi khng quan tm tm hiu
Mathew Lipman (2003), i su vo phn tch mt s c im bn cht ca t duy phn bin nh sau:
cch thc gii quyt vn , quyt nh c a ra, s thng hiu khi nim. V vy, ni rng sn phm ca t
duy phn bin l cc phn on th c ngha rt khi qut. Tuy nhin, t duy phn bin hng n s khn
ngoan nn cc sn phm c nhm n ca t duy phn bin phi l cc phn on tt. S phn bit c bn gia
bc s hay nng dn, h u phi thng xuyn a ra cc phn on trong cng vic cng nh trong i sng.
Mt bc s gii khng th ch chn bnh tt m cn phi k n thuc v tin lng phn ng ca bnh nhn,
lin quan, bao gm c chnh phn on . Mt phn on tt phi l sn phm ca mt tin trnh t duy thun
T duy phn bin l loi t duy ng dng. Do , n khng ch nhm n vic t c s hiu bit, m cn l
vic vn dng kin thc to ra nhng thay i tch cc. Mt cch tm tt: sn phm ti thiu ca t duy phn
C mt mi quan h logic gia cc khi nim t duy phn bin, tiu chun, v phn on, l: T duy phn bin
c nhn nh nh l mt loi t duy ng tin cy, thun thc v k nng v kh nng nh gi, do vy, khng
Phn nhiu nhng suy ngh ca chng ta l rt ch quan, chng ta khng thng t tranh lun vi mnh xem iu
mnh ngh l ng hay sai. Chng ta thng suy ngh mt cch chung chung, t vic ny lin tng n vic
khc, nhng khng quan tm y n vn chn l hay gi tr, v thm ch t quan tm n kh nng c th
mc sai st. Mc d chng ta c th t phn nh chnh suy ngh ca mnh, nhng vn c th lm iu mt cch
ch quan. V th, vic pht hin ra nhng mu thun, thiu cn c, nhm ln trong tin trnh t duy ca mnh v
di ca mt pht biu c lp vi tnh cch ca ngi ni, nhng trong to n, tnh cch ca nhn chng c th l
Nhn thc c cc gii hn c bit, cc bin c, cc ro cn ca suy lun c l (nhng thnh kin, nh kin).
V d nh hai ng thng song song khng bao gi gp nhau, iu ny l chc chn trong hnh hc Euclidean,
Nhn thc c rng c mt s thut ng c th c s thay i v ngha khi chuyn sang bi cnh khc hay lnh
vc khc, c mt s thut ng khng c t tng ng trong ngn ng khc, hay ch c ngha trong bi cnh
c bit
1. Alec Fisher (2001), Critical thinking, An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom
2. K. B. Beyer (1995), Critical thinking, Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation
3. Mathew Lipman (2003), Thinking in Education, New York: Cambridge University Press