T-Test for Independent Groups

Aim

2
 Checklist of Requirements

Assumptions

The sampling distribution of differences
between means is normally distributed.

Homogeneity of variance.
Open the SPSS file that has the data you want to test, then
click "Analyze" from the menu bar.
Select "Descriptive Services" from the drop-down menu,
then select "Explore." The Explore pop-up window
opens.
Click the variable you want to test for normality in the
box on the left side of the window, then drag it into
the "Dependent List" box on the right side.
Click the "Statistics" button at the upper right
corner of the window to open the Statistics
pop-up window. Don't make any changes to
the options displayed and click the "Continue"
button.
Click the "Plots" button on the Explore window.
The Plots window opens. Select "None" in the
"Boxplots" section and de-select all options in
the "Descriptive" section.

Select the "Normality plots with tests" check

box, then click "Continue." Click "OK" and
the Output window automatically opens.
The Output window displays the results.
Review the results in the "Tests of Normality"
box to determine if the data is normally
distributed. The box displays the results from
two tests; the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and
the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test is used to test large data sets
while the Shapiro-Wilk test is more
appropriate for a smaller sample, such as 50
numbers or less. If the "Sig" column of either
test is above 0.05, your data is normally
distributed.

Example

10
SPSS Output
 Results and
Interpretation
 Results and Interpretation
 Levenes Test for Equality of Variances tests the
hypothesis that the two population variances are equal.
In this example, the Levene statistic is F = 0.087, and the
corresponding level of significance is large (i.e., p> .05).
Thus, the assumption of homogeneity of variance has
not been violated, and the Equal variances assumed t-
test statistic can be used for evaluating the null
hypothesis of equality of means. If the significance level
of the Levene statistic is small (i.e., p< .05), the
assumption that the populationvariances are equal is
rejected and the Equal variances not assumedt-test
statistic should be used.

Results and Interpretation

The result from the analysis indicates that
there is a significant difference between the
male and female samples in the number of
words correctly recalled, t(df = 18) = 3.02, p <
.01. The mean values indicate that females
correctly recalled significantly more words (M
= 22.10) than males (M = 17.70).
 Hands-on Exercise 2:

Use dataset Coronary artery data.sav and
answer the following question:

Is there a significant difference in the

treadmill time of the subjects during their
daily exercise when they are grouped
according to their health condition?

PAIRED-SAMPLES
T-TEST
 Aim

23

Checklist of Requirements
In any one analysis, there must be
only two sets of data.
The two sets of data must be
obtained from (1) the same subjects
or (2) from two matched groups of
subjects.

24
 Assumptions

The sampling distribution of the
means should be normally
distributed.

The sampling distribution of the
difference scores should be normally
distributed.

25

Example
Windows Method

28
 SPSS Output

29

Results and Interpretation

The result from the analysis indicates that
there is a significant difference in the amount
of food eaten before and after drug X was
ingested, t(df = 9) = 5.08, p < .01. The mean
values indicate that significantly less food was
consumed after ingestion of drug X (M =
124.00) than before (M = 177.00).

30
One-Way Analysis of Variance
with Post Hoc Comparisons
4

4
95% CI

3
N= 594 594 594 594

EDUCAT TEACHG CAMPUS SOCIAL

Aim

32
Checklist of Requirements

33

Assumptions

34
 Example

35

Windows Method

36
SPSS Output

41
 Results and Interpretation
The results from the analysis indicate
that the intensity of the electric shock
has a significant effect on the time
taken to solve the problems, F(2,15) =
40.13, p< .001. The mean values for
the three shock levels indicate that as
the shock level increased (from low to
medium to high), so did the time taken
to solve the problems (low: M = 17.17;
medium: M = 22.17; high: M = 42.17).
43

Post Hoc Comparisons

 Workshop 1:

Using the Employee data file, is there a

significant difference in the current salary of
the employees when they are grouped
according to employment category and
educational level?

Workshop 2:
Using the 1991 US General Social Survey data, is there a
significant difference in the general happiness and life
excitement perception of the respondents when they
are grouped according to :
Race, (GH=S, LE=NS), white race happier than black
Regional location, (NS)
Number of children, (NS)
Occupational category (S), managerial vs gen labor,
and
Highest year of school completed?