wes} Bayview Appendix 9.1 file] orrest, Copied Copied —_—_Collaborated from ‘on Individual Student Internet Gender 1 No Female 2 No Male 3 Yes Make 4 Yes Male 5 No Male 6 Yes Female 88 No No No Male 9 No Yes Yes Mate ey No No No Female Managerial Report Prepare a report forthe dean of the college that summarizes your assessitient ofthe natre of cheating by business students at Bayview University, Be sure to include the following items in your report 1. Use descriptive statisties to summarize the data and comment on your findings, 2. Develop 95% confidence intervals for the proportion of all students, the proportion cof male students, and the proportion of female students who were involved in some type of cheating. 3. Conduct a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of business students gt Bayview University who were involved in some type of cheating is less than that of business students at other institutions as reparted by the Chronicle of Higher Eudeation, 4. Conduct 2 hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of business students at Bayview University who were involved in some form of cheating is less than the ‘of nonbusiness students at other institutions as reported by the Cironicle of Higher Education, ‘5. What advice would you give to the dean based upon your analysis ofthe data? Hypothesis Testing with Minitab We describe the use of Minitab to conduct hypothesis tests about a population mean and a population proportion, Population Mean: « Known We illustrate using the MaxFlight golf ball distance example in Section 9.3. The data are in column C1 of a Minitab worksheet. The population standard deviation o = 12 is assumed Known and the level of significance is « = .05. The following steps can be used to test the hypothesis Hg: 2 = 295 versus Hy: ps # 295, Step 1. Select the Stat menu Step 2. Choose Basie Statistics Step 3. Choose 1-Sample Z. iAppendix 9.1. Hypothesis Testing with Minitab 399 Step 4. When the 1-Sample Z dialog box appears: Enter C1 in the Samples in columns box wer 12 in the Standard deviation box Select Perform Hypothesis Test Enter 295 in the Hypothesized mean box Select Options Step 5. When the I-Sample Z-Options dialog box appears Enter 95 in the Confidence level box* Select mot equal in the Alternative box Click OK Step 6. Click OK In addition tothe hypothesis testing results, Minitab provides a 95% confidence interval for the population mean. “The procedure can be easily modified for a one-tailed hypothesis test by selecting the Jess than or greater than option in the Alternative box in step 5, Population Mean: ¢ Unknown saigyThe tings that 60 business tales gave for Heathrow Airport are entered in column CL WEBEETEG) ota stintns vortsnec, The lve of iene forthe tests = 03, and the population Standard deviation will be estioated by the sample standard deviations Te following Tammy sep cane ued to tet ibe hypothesis == against Hy’ > 7. he nature flowing Step 1, Select the Stat menu Step 2. Choose Basie Statistics Step 3. Choose 1-Sample t Step 4. When the I-Sample t dialog box appears Enter C1 in the Samples in columns box Select Perform Hypothesis Test Enver 7 in the Hypothesized mean box Select Options Step 5. When the 1-Sample Loptions dialog box appears: Enter 95 in the Confidence level box Select greater than in the Alternative box Click OK Step 6. Click OK ‘The Heathrow Airport rating study involved greater chan altemative hypothesis. The preceding steps can be easily modified for other hypothesis tests by selecting the less than ‘options in the Alternative box in step 5. dings, roportion = in some udents a ht of f Higher aden a than that f Higher data? n Proportion peg We vse sing ihe Pine Crest golf conc example in Sesion 95.The di wth WEBETIEE stones tomes te srcincotuma C1 of Miia worksheet Mita ss a alpho san and 8 betical ordering of the responses and selects the second response for the population Womenéolt proportion of interest. In this example, Minitab uses the alphabetical ordering Female-Male ata are in assumed to provide results for the population proportion of Male responses. Because Female is the 0 test the response of interest, we change Minitab’s ordering as follows: Select any cel in the column “nic peides oh hes testing and eral nmotin eal simone. Tho wer ysl oy confidence Lav er nl ena ol ha population man: 95% eonkdbnc i sagen er400 CChopler 9 Hypothesis Tests and use the sequence: Péitor > Column > Value Order, Then choose the option oF ea, ing a user-specified order. Enter Male-Female in the Define-an-order box and clek gy Minitab’s 1 Proportion routine will shen provide the hypothesis test results for the pop tion proportion of female golfers. We proceed as follows: Step 1. Select the Stat menu Step 2. Choose Basic Statisties Step 3. Choose 1 Proportion Step 4. When the 1 Proportion dialog box appears Enter C1 in the Samples in Columns box Select Perform Hypothesis Test Enter .20 in the Hypothesized proporti Sclect Options Step 5. When the 1 Proportion-Options dialog box appears Enter 95 in the Confidence level box. Select greater than in the Alternative box Select Use test and interval based on normal distribution Click OK Step 6. Click OK Appendix 9.2. Hypothesis Testing with Excel Excel does not provide built-in routines for the hypothesis tests presented in this chapter To handle these situations, we present Excel worksheets that we designed to use as tem: plates for testing hypotheses about a population mean and a population proportion. The \workshects are easy to use and can be modified to handle any sample data, The worksheets are available on the website that accompanies this book, Population Mean: « Known Weillsratsing he MaxFigh golbal dsance example in Seton 9.3. The dt ain Cotuny A of an Eee! worksheet The population standard devon 9 12s msoed Known and th level of sitcance ioe 05 The folloing tpt ca be unc ee Iypotns Hy p= 295 ver Hy 2 395 fer to Figue 811 ar we esrb he procedure. The worksheet in the backgroud shows ihe lores ue to compte tera own in th frepomed sorte WEB ES) ho sta ae ented in ell ADAG Te flowing teria reeeee e e Hy Sigma Known | Step 1. Enter the data range A2:AS1 into the =COUNT cell formula in cell D4 Step 2. Enter the data range A2:A51 into the =AVERAGE cell formula in cell DS Step 3. Enter the population standard deviation o = 12 into cell DS Step 4, Enter the hypothesized value for the population mean 295 into cell DS Statistic z, and three p-values. Because the alternative hypothesis (4, # 295) indicates a ‘wo-tailed test, the p-value (Two Tail) in cell D15 is used to make the rejection decision. With p-value = .1255 > a = 05, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. The p-values it cells D13 or D14 would be used ifthe hypotheses involved a one-tailed test. This template can be used to make hypothesis testing computations for other appli tions. For instance, fo conduct a hypothesis test for a new data set, enter the new sample | }this chapter 0 use a8 tem: »portioa, The je worksheets he data ae in 2 is assumed ed 0 1st the background 4 worksheet. use the tem- Ds cell DS 1 DS, of the test indicates a mn decision p-values in ner applica 1ew sample ‘Appendix 9.2. Hypothesis Testing with Excel 401 SGURE 9.1) EXCEL WORKSHEET FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTS ABOUT A POPULATION MEAN WITH o KNOWN Aw Wot c D Ez ards ypothests Test About a Population Me With e Knows T za Tame Sze |SCOUNTAEAST $= Fample Mean f =AVERAGE(A2:AST) Population St Deviation 12 Hiypothesized Value | 95 1 | | See ‘Standard Error =D6/SQRT(D4) | 1 TP Test States | OS DADO 1 —peahae Comer Tid | =NORNEDSTIOID p-value (Upper Tall |=-D13 value Civo Tail] =22MINDIDID i6( at | fxr 308 | aay € Doe ao[ son | [1 | Yards Hypothesis Test About a Population Mean 50) 301 [2 a WihoKnonm | st} 292 fs pee q 32 4 [2507 Se Bis |S Ts (98 Sample Mean 293.6 [as Population St, Deviation] 12 Thaw t T Baie #] 7 Hypothesized Value] 355 | ‘ot 308 a (to) sit) Sande Brror 10 | ays [Test Statistics 158 [12| 284 T 1 aa Cover ta | HOHE | 304 ‘value (Cpper Tal) | O28 ts) 20 p-value Two Tal) 6 255 is [31 att ous Rows 11048 7] 3s hin jas] 303 sae 30) 305 Sue si[ 2 eat a escaed EE data into column A of the worksheet, Modify the formulas in cells D4 and DS to correspond tothe nev data range. Enter the population standard deviation into cell D6 and the hypoth~ sized value for the population mean into cell D8 to obtain the results. IF the new sample ‘data have already been summarized, the new sample data do not have to be entered into the ‘worksheet. In this case, enter the sample size into cell D4, the sample mean into cell DS, the population standard deviation into cell D6, and the hypothesized value forthe popula- sion mean into cell DS to obtain the results. The workshect in Figure 9.1] is available in the file Hyp Sigma Known on the website that accompanies this book,402 FIGURE 9.12 EXCEL WORKSHEET FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTS ABOUT A POPULATION MEAN | WITH 9 UNKNOWN Chapter 9 Hypothesis Tote Population Mean: ¢ Unknown We illusuate using the Heathrow Airport rating example in Section 94. The data are i ‘umn A of an Excel worksheet, The population estimated by the sample standard deviation s. The level of significance is Towing steps can be used to test the hypothesis Hy: = 7 versus Hg: fe > 7. Refer to Figure 9.12 as we describe the procedure. The background Hyp Sigme Unknown shows the cell formulas used to compute the results shown in the foreground WEBE So andard deviation ois unknown and wal, 05. The fy, Workstea, Version of é D Hypotsis Test About a Popolation Mean | fa Wilko Unknow to Sample Sue | =COURTAEAGT see Gat Sample Mean] =AVERAGHATAGIY sae \ 6 Simple St Deviation {=STDEVAZ-AGT) 7 s Hypothesized Value | 7 eae { §. q 0) Standard Bevor | =D&SORTIDE) i it Test Saisie | =0D5.DRVDIO 2 Dagios of Freedom =Dé- 1 | 3 \ i palae Laver hid | aROTA DSTO DD EWSNDILDED) Fa ‘ale Upper Tail) =D1e 16 1 3 eo et a Note: Rows 1810 $8 are ide ‘value (Iwo Ta = De Hypothesis Test About a Popalation Mean With ¢ Unknown Sample Sie | Sample Mean | 7.25 | Sample Sid, Deviation | 105 ‘Hypothesized Value | 7 | ‘Sandani Error | 0156 “Test Statisle | 1.840 Degrees of Freedom) 56 p-value (Lower Tail) 09577) pevalue (Upper Tail} 00353 |_| p-value (Two Tail) [0.6706 |wall Hypothesis p [Appendix 9.2. Hypothesis Testing wth Exel 403 the worksheet. The data are entered into cells A2:A61. The following steps are necessary to ‘use the template for this data set. Step 1. Enter the data range A2:461 into the =COUNT cell formula in cell D4 ‘Step 2, Enter the data range A2:A61 into te =AVERAGE cell formula in cell DS Step 3. Enter the data range A2:A61 into tie =STDEY cell formula ia cell D6 Step 4. Enter the hypothesized value for the population mean 7 into cell DS “The remaining cell formulas automatically provide the standard error, the value of the test statistic 1, the number of degrees of freedom, and three p-values. Because the alternative hypothesis (> 7) indicates an upper tal test, the p-value (Upper Tail) in cell DiS is used to make the decision, With p-value = .0353 < ct = ,05, the null hypothesis is rejected, The p-values in celis D14 of D16 would be used if the hypotheses involved a lower til test ot a two-tailed test This template can be used to make hypothesis testing computations for other applica tions. For instance, to conduct a hypothesis test for a new data set, enter the new sample data into column A of the worksheet and modify the formulas in cells D4, DS, and D6 10 ‘correspond tothe new data range. Enter the hypothesized value for the population mean into cell DS to obtain the results, Ifthe new sample data have already been summarized, the new ‘sample data do not have to be entered into the worksheet. In this ease, enter the sample size into cell D4, the sample mean into cell DS, the sample standard deviation into cell D6, and the hypothesized value for the population mean into cell DS to obtain the results. The work sheet in Fignte 9,12 is available in the file Hyp Sigma Unknown on the wehsite that accompanies this book. Population Proportion We illustrate using the Pine Creek golf course survey data presented in Section 9.5, ‘The data of Male or Female golfer are in column A of an Excel worksheet. Refer to Figure 9.13 as we describe the procedure. The background worksheet shows the call for- mula used to compute the results shown in the foreground worksheet. The data are en- tered into cells A2:A401, The following steps can be used {0 test the hypothesis Ho: p= 20 versus Hy: p > 20. Step 1. Enter the data range A2:A401 into the =COUNTA cell formula in eet! D3 Step 2. Enter Female as the response of interest in cell D4 ‘Step 3. Enter the data range A2:A401 into the =COUNTIF cell formula in cell DS Step 4. Enter the hypothesized value For the population proportion .20 into cell D8 ‘The remaining cell formulas automatically provide the standard error, the value of the test statistic z, and three p-values, Because the alternative hypothesis (p> 20) indicates an upper tal test, the p-value (Upper Tail) in cell DI is used to make the de cision. With p-value = 0062 < a = .05, the mill hypothesis is rejected. The p-values in cells DIS or DIS would be used if the hypothesis involved a lower tail test or a two- tailed test. “This template can be used to make hypothesis testing computations for oer epplice- tions. For instance, to conduct a hypothesis test for a new data set, enter the new sample data into column A ofthe worksheet. Modify the formulas in cells D3 and DS to correspond tothe new data range, Enter the response of interest into cell D4 and the hypothesized value {or the population proportion into cell D8 to obtain the results. Ifthe new sample date have already been summarized, the new sample data do not have to be entered into the work- sheet. In this case, enter the sample size into cell D3, the sample propostion into cell D6, and the hypothesized value for the population proportion into cell D8 to obtain the results ‘The worksheet in Figure 9.13 is available in the file Hypothesis pon the website that accompanies this book,| 404 Chapter 9 Hypothesis Tets S| FIGURE 9.18 EXCEL WORKSHEET FOR HYPOTHESIS TESTS ABOUT A POPULATION PROPORTION ee a et x # € I D Le a Golfer ‘iypothesis Test About a Population Proportion Female Male ‘Sample Size =COUNTACARAADIS i Female Response of Tater Female i ‘hale Count for Response | =COUNTITAZ AID) i Mite Sample Proportion | =DSD3 i Female ; = Male Hypothesioed Value | 00 Fate { [10 Female Standard Prror — | SSQRTDECLDIYDI) Hf Male ‘Test Sutlates (Ds.DSYDIO a a2 Male i S 13 Mate [p-value (Lower Tai | =NORNSDISTDID, i 14] Mae p-value (Upper Tall 15 | Male p-value (Tivo Ta 4 S 16 Foe | : (400) Nate ae ca € eoe 401) Mate 1 | Golfer “Hypothesis Test About a Population Proportion 2 2 [Female ee x 3 f Male ‘Sample Size [add zi 4 | Female Response of terest] — Female 5 | Mae ‘Count for Response 100 | Male ‘Sample Proportion | 0:2500 = 7 | ema | 8 [Nate Hiypoihesved Valuel 050, 7 9 | Mate Baie |10 | Beinals Standard Breor |” 6200 i a Mae Test Statsies| 250 127 Male \ 13 Male —[pratue (ower Taih| OTE | ce Taf Nae -value (Upper Tab | 0.0062 oS i§| Male ‘value (wo Tai) | 0012S oe: Rows 171 39 re 16 | enwle | S ‘hidden 400] Male } 407] Mite | : 2 | Appendix 9.3 Hypothesis Testing with StatTools In this appendix we show how StatTools can be used to conduct hypothesis tests about i Population mean for the o unknown case Population Mean: « Unknown Case wes In this ease the population saad deviation o wll be extmated by the spl tnd deviation s We ue the example discussed in Section 9.4 involving ratings that 60 business | . Ariaing travelers gave for Heathrow Alportmple standard 260 business Appendix 9.3 Hypothesis Testing wih SttTools 405 Begin by using the Data Set Manager to create a StatTools data set for these data using the procedure described in the appendix in Chapter 1. The following steps can be used to test the hypothesis Hy: 4 = 7 against Hy’ te > 7. Step 1. Click the StatTools tab on the Ribbon Step 2. In the Analyses eroup, click Statistical Inference Step 3. Choose the Hypothesis Test option Step 4, Choose Mean/Std. Deviation Step §. When the StatTools—Hypothesis Test for Mean/Std. Deviation dialog box appears For Analysis Type, choose One-Sample Analysis In the Variables section, select Rating In the Hypothesis Tests to Perform section: Select the Mean option Enter Tin the Null Hypothesis Value box Sclect Greater Than Null Value (One-Tailed Test) in the Alternative Hypothesis box If selected, remove the check in the Standard Deviation box Click OK “The results from the bypothesis test will appear. They include the p-value and the value of the tes statistic