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Eng Diamant
25315701
Graduate Program of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jl.GaneshaNo. 10, Bandung, 40132
E-mail: engdiamant168@yahoo.com
Abstract - This work describes the application of two types of aquatic plant to the removal of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from municipal wastewater in a laboratory-scale batch reactor. The
effect of different operational conditions, namely, Typha Latifolia (TL) and Saccharum Spontaneum (SS)
concentrations, pH and temperature taken from domestic wastewater. Working with an initial pH equal to
5.7, a temperature of 27.6C, and the concentration of BOD is 67mg/L. A removal kinetic study was
carried out using a modified of zero-order reaction and first order reaction. By using these two methods,
the value of regression coefficient R of TL and SS from first-order reaction as the rate constant is more
effective than those from zero-order reaction which given 0.9718 and 0.9017 respectively. Result showed
that municipal wastewater inhibits the growth of aquatic plants, Typha Latifolia (TL) more effective
compared to Saccharum Spontaneum (SS).
Keywords: Aquatic plants, BOD, Municipal wastewater, first-order reaction, kinetic, zero-order reaction.
Introduction
Serious interests in natural methods for wastewater treatment have reemerged. The using
of aquatic plants as engineered systems in wastewater (domestic and industrial) treatment and
recycling has increased enormously over the past few years, they are designed to achieve specific
wastewater treatment and can simultaneously solve the environmental and sanitary problems and
may also be economically efficient (Bastian and Reed, 1979, OBrien, 1981, Oron et al.,
1985, Hussein et al., 2004 and Deng et al., 2006).
Water hyacinth systems are capable of removing high levels of BOD, suspended solids, nitrogen
and refractory trace organic matter (Orth and Sapkota, 1988) while phosphorus removal seldom
exceeds 5070% in wastewater, as it is mainly limited to the plant uptake (Dinges,
1976 and Bastian and Reed, 1979). In aquatic systems used for municipal wastewater the
carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the suspended solids (SS) are removed
principally by bacterial metabolism and physical sedimentation. In systems used to treat BOD
and SS, the aquatic plants themselves bring about very little actual treatments of wastewater
(Tchobanoglous, 1987).
Flow chart of determining the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from municipal
wastewater in a laboratory-scale batch reactor informs of graphs and analysis. Here is the order of
the process in determining the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from municipal
wastewater.
Start
Select the main journal (data), journal supporter material workmanship paper
Choose the methods to calculate/analysis the data take from the main journal
Finish
Materials
The wastewater used in this study was taken from anaerobic pond of Banda Aceh City.
The characteristics of the anaerobic pond wastewater were summarized in Table 1.
Parameter Level
BOD 67 mg/L
pH 5.7
Temperature 27.6
Source: http://www.ijeit.com/vol%202/Issue%206/IJEIT1412201212_59.pdf
Aquatic plants (Typha latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum) from the cultivication ponds
were exposed in wastewater taken from anaerobic pond of Municipal wastewater treatment plant
of Banda Aceh City for four weeks in sand gravel filter polybag contains soil, sludge, and coral
as a filter. Wastewater with a flow rate of 5ml/sec for 15 days flowed into each polybag of
planted crops and the aquatic plants growth was observed by measuring the increase of shoot at
specified interval times. Each polybags contained six stems of aquatic plants. During four weeks
of the experiment, the atmospheric air and water temperature (302 ) were
maintained.
Methods
The study of BOD removal from municipal wastewater were undertaken in laboratory
scale, which focuses on the reduction of BOD by aquatic plants (Typha latifolia and Saccharum
spontaneum) in a laboratory-scale of sand gravel filter. The study began by flowing wastewater
in the sand gravel filter polybag planted with aquatic plants, Typha latifolia and Saccharum
spontaneum continuously at HRT 24 hours. According to the initial concentration of BOD taken
from the wastewater, the removal kinetic of BOD can be determined by using the Rate laws.
Rate laws are used to predict the rates of chemical (abiotic) and biological (biotic)
processes. The rate law expresses the dependence of the reaction rate on measurable,
environmental parameters. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of the zero-order
reaction and first-order reaction by the aquatic plants of two different species (Typha latifolia
and Saccharum spontaneum).
Zero-order reaction is always an artifact of the conditions under which the reaction is
carried out. For this reason, reactions that follow zero-order kinetics are often referred to as
pseudo-zero-order reactions. Clearly, a zero-order process cannot continue after a reactant has
been exhausted.
d [C ]
k Equation 1
dt
This is the rate law describing a zero-order reaction. The rate of disappearance of C with time is
zero order with respect to C and the overall order of the reaction is zero order. The Equation 2
below can be rearranged and integrated for the following conditions:
C t
d[C ] k dt
Co o
Equation 2
[C ] [Co ] kt Equation 3
Where [C] : the concentration of (BOD) (mg/l)
First-order reaction depends on the concentration of only one reactant. As such, a first-
order reaction is sometimes referred to a unimolecular reaction. While other reactants can be
presented, each will be zero-order, since the concentrations of these reactants do not affect the
rate. Thus, the rate law for an elementary reaction that is first order with respect to a reactant A is
given by the Equation 4:
d [C ]
k[C ] Equation 4
dt
This is the rate law for a first-order reaction. Here the rate of disappearance of C with time is first
order with respect to [C] and the overall order of the reaction is first order. The Equation 4 can
be rearranged and integrated for the same two conditions to obtain an expression that describes
the concentration of C with time:
[C ] [Co ]e kt Equation 5
The graphic in Figure 2 shows that the decrease in BOD concentration for several time by
Typha latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum with initial concentration of 67 mg/L. This value
shows the difference BOD concentration reduction in with the use of two different aquatic
plants. BOD decreasing in wastewater by Typha latifolia was higher when compared to
Saccharum spontaneum.
70
60
50
BOD, mg/L
40 Saccharum
spontaneum
30
Typha
20 latifolia
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time, (day)
Where the influent BOD mg/L and the effluent BOD mg/L are vary accordingly to each day of
BOD concentration measurement.
BOD removal efficiency
80
70
BOD removal efficiency, %
60
50
40 Typha
30
20 Saccharum
10
0
1 3 5 7 9
Time (day)
70
60
y = -2.9606x + 57.473
50
BOD, mg/L
R = 0.8297 saccharum
40
typha
30
20 y = -4.8121x + 54.255
R = 0.8666
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time, day
4.1
y = -0.064x + 4.0556
3.9
R = 0.9017
3.7
BOD, mg/L
3.5 saccharum
3.3 typha
3.1
y = -0.145x + 4.0441
2.9 R = 0.9718
2.7
2.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time, day
Conclusion
The overall results of this study indicate that the application of two aquatic plants (Typha
latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum) is a feasible method to partially treat municipal
wastewaters allowing achieve a significant decrease of BOD. The aquatic plants at initial pH 5.7,
temperature = 27.6 C leads to a BOD reduction of 76.12% and 47.76% respectively. A simple
kinetic analysis based on BOD was carried out. A modified of zero-order equation and first-order
equation allowed to describe well the process and led to the determination of kinetic parameters
useful for the study of the efficiency of those two different aquatic plants. The regression
coefficient with zero-order reaction by Typha latifolia and Saccharum spontaneum are 0.8666
and 0.8297 respectively. The regression coefficient with first-order reaction by Typha latifolia
and Saccharum spontaneum are 0.9718 and 0.9017 respectively. Hence, results show that
although municipal wastewater inhibit the growth of aquatic plants (Typha latifolia and
Saccharum spontaneum), these plants potentially and effectively be used to phyto-reduction
process of BOD from wastewater. This study shows that Typha latifolia is more preferred than
Saccharum spontaneum depends upon the value of regression coefficient.
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