A Stylistic Study on the Linguistic Deviations in

E.E Cummings Poetry

(Xin Li and Mengchen Shi)

E. E Cummings was known for being the pioneer of Experimental Poetry. Many
scholars, researchers, and the readers as well are interested in his unique poetic use of
language interests. Poetry shows the importance of interpretation and exploration. Most
of his works resembled art through the eccentic use of language and due to its artistic
ways which could head to double interpretations.

There must be deviation techniques when it comes to achieving the literary

aesthetic value of poetry. This is also to realize the foregrounding technique that was
used by E. E Cummings in terms of graphology, semantic and lexical deviations through
8 selected poems of this study that could demonstrate the symbolic complementation of
each of his poetry.

Long ago, Stylistics was not considered as a kind of discipline unlike today which
in modern world of literature, stylistics was the the root of the development of some
techniques in writing and other language analysis methods. Modern Stylistics was seen in
the works of Charles Bally and Leo Spitzer in which it highlights the description and of
how language can be analyzed.

Until 20s came, Stylistics was considered already as an academic discipline due to
the influence of the modernist movements in art and literature, literary criticism and the
linguistic science. E. E Cummings Linguistic study of poetry focused on analyzing the
domains of phonetics, morphology and syntax in the language of poetry.
His views on the values of phonology in poetry became the foundation of
constructing new styles in Poetry writing. He applied these five styles in poetry writing,
these are the visual forms, images, sounds and the visual ambiguities in order to make
phonetic, syntactic, and narrative structure of poetry. His poetry attracted the interests of
some Chinese scholars in which they said his poetry are better than those of the Western
and conducted a study of it.

English poems were analyzed through the uniqueness of poetic language. It was due
to its dealings with its patterns and exact use of language in poetry. Another is the
eschewing from mediocracy which states that most of those poetic works have shared
common themes and only differs on how it was written creatively. Next, is seeing
foregrounding in art and poetry in which it was said that Art and literature had shared
similarities due to the aesthetic ways used by the writers and as well as the artists.

The linguistic deviation mentioned are the deviation in graphology which there was
that superficiall division done in linguistics, and the entire writing system. There are also
deviation in the shape of text which suggests that in poetry the shape of texts can be
written in a suggestive manner as it portrays shapes and figures. There are also deviation
in capitalization and decapitalization and the use of punctuation in poetry.

The deviation in lexical concepts of poetry includes the affixation that serves as a
tool for enriching the English vocabulary, the conversion and the semantic deviations in
poetry which also includes the transference that entails the meaning and was supported
through the use of some figurative languages for enhancement and creativity of poetry
such as irony, metaphors and others.
 Speech Acts on Short Stories:
A Pragmatic Study

(Iman Santoso, Eva Tuckyta Sari Sujatna, Sutiono Mahdi English Linguistics,
Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia)

The study was all about writing short stories in teen magazines. It was focused on
finding the appropriate classification pragmatic communicative functions existing in the
short stories for teens where we can to find out more what the short stories using the
classification of teenagers, especially in speech acts expressed what they think in
communicating. It was studied that the emotions and reactions of the readers particularly
to the side of the teenagers depends in how they react to the interlocutors such as they
found in the short stories in teemn magazines and other modes of reading for these ages.

It was said that it is due to language that the human behavior becomes older. It
was used to express our feelings and ideas while having a transaction with others thus it
is vital to our everyday lives

As Halliday (1975) stated that it is through language the meanings are generated and
shared into social groups. That is why language and language learning as well the
character development was highly traced back to the relationship of people in an
environment through communication.

It is through language that the speaker expresses his or her attitude based on what
was been portrayed by the use of language. Language can also be an effective way to
represent ourselves to others and the importance of speech and its application towards
when people deals with the societal groups.

Speech acts are classified into its general functions depending on the kind of identity
or group it may be applicable with. These are the social stratification and the social
groaming and entertainment. This implies that speaking abilities needed in each social
situation differs specially on how to convince and get the attention of people in such
situation to relate and be ignited to your speech.

In speaking we had created three meaning and this was according to Jane Austin's
theory of speech acts are which focused on the three maxims: the locutionary meaning,
ilocutionary meaning and the perlucutionary meanings. Accordingly, Austin stated that
meanings depend on how it was portrayed, perceived and expressed wherein the
functions of language are understood.
 First is the locutionary meaning is referred to as the literal meaning of what had
been said. Second, the illlocutionary meanings referred to those understanding of the
social functions of the speech either it is in a form of request, command, expression of
refusals and also complaints. Lastly is the perlocutionary meanings referred to as the
outcome of how the listeners understand what had been said. It is how the listeners acts
or respond to the words he or she heard and decipher the words of the speaker. Thus, it
depends on the interpretations of the specific kind of people who had heard the speakers
speech. To sum it up, the way people creates meaning truly depends on the social
contexts, situations, kind of language used, culture, diction, themes, and tone of the
speaker which greatly affect the listeners perceptions, views and understanding.