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The isopropene molecules undergo addition
polymerization to produce a long-chain
molecule called poly(isopropene)
Latex
Long chain Negatively-charge
rubber protein membrane
molecules
Rubber
particle
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Polymerization of Isopropene
polymerization
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Coagulation process of latex
Rubber particle
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Q: So what causes the latex to coagulate?
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Q: What do you think will happen next?
EASY lah
A: Bacteria from air can enter latex. The growth and spread
of bacteria produce lactic acid that causes the process
above.
A: Ammonia, NH3.
NH3 solutions contains hydroxide ions, OH- that
neutralised the acid/hydrogen ions, H+ produced by the
bacteria. The rubber particles remain negatively charged
and the coagulation is prevented.
Vulcanization of rubber
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Properties of rubber can be improved through vulcanization.
Vulcanised Unvulcanised
Properties
rubber rubber
Elasticity More elastic Less elastic
Hardness Harder Softer
Tensile strength Stronger Weaker
Resistance to Can withstand Cannot withstand
heat higher temperature
temperature
Resistance to Less easily Easily oxidized
oxidation oxidized
Effect of organic Does not Become soft and
solvent become soft and sticky easily
sticky easily
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Q: Why?
C
CC C
CC S
S
S
S
C C
C C
CC CC CC
vulcanisation S S
S S
CC C C
CC CC C C
S
S
S
S
CC C
CC C
C
C Rubber molecules
S
S
S
S
C C
C C
S S Cross-linkage of
S
S
C C
sulphur atoms
C C
S
S
S
S
C
C
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A: Improved properties of vulcanised rubber is due to the
presence of cross-linkage of sulphur atoms between the
rubber molecules.
Before 45 mm 45 mm
During 59 mm 60 mm
After 45 mm 50 mm
Diagram 2
Plan an experiment to compare one characteristic shown in
Diagram 2 for both types of rubber.
(a) Aim:
To compare the elastic properties between vulcanized
rubber and unvulcanized rubber.
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Fixed variable = Original length of rubber strip //
Length/size/mass of rubber
(before stretching phase)
(c) Hypothesis:
Vulcanized rubber is more elastic than unvulcanized
rubber. // sk3
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Clip
Rubber strip
Retort stand
with clamp
Thread
Weight 50 g
(vi) Procedure :
1. Clip is used to hung the strip of vulcanized rubber.
2. The original length of the vulcanized rubber is
measured.
3. A weight of 50 g is hung on the strip of vulcanized
rubber.
4. The increased in length of the vulcanized rubber
strip is measured.
5. The weight is removed.
6. The final length of the vulcanized rubber strip is
measured.
7. Step 1 to 6 are repeated using unvulcanized rubber.
(vii) Tabulation:
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Original Final Length Final length when
Type of Increase in
length when weight is weight is
rubber strip length /mm
/mm hung /mm removed /mm
Vulcanized
rubber
45 59 14 45
unvulcanized
rubber
45 60 15 50
HOT SPOT
SPM 2008
Prepared by;
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Responding variable: Action to be taken:
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