PreDesignActivities

PreliminaryInvestigationincludesgatheringof
datasuchasdemographics,wastewater
productionestimates,maps,underground
surveyofexistingutilitiessuchaswater,
telephone,gas,etc...
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
Thefollowingdatamustbeaddressedinthenetworkdesign:

Wastewaterflowrates
Pipematerial
Designcriteria
Designequations
SystemLayout
 GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
PipeMaterial
Vitrified Clay pipe (VCP); Its made of clay. Its durable, high resistance to corrosion
and abrasion. Difficult for handling due to its large weight. Not recommended for
pipe diameters larger than 600mm.
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe (PVC); Its advantages are corrosion resistance and small
weight. Its subject to attack by certain organic chemicals and excessive deflection if
improperly bedded. Used for pressure and vacuum sewers.
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP); used for pressurized sewers. Because WW is corrosive, the
DIP should be internally lined by cement mortar.
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE): Can be used for pressurized sewers.
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP): Available from 300mm dia. to 5m. Used for trunk
lines. Its major limitations are its large weight and susceptibility to crown corrosion.
GlassReinforcedPipes(GRP): Pipesaremadefromglassfiberreinforcementsthat
areembeddedincuredthermosettingresin.
GRPpipescombinethebenefitsofdurability,strength,andcorrosionresistance;
Asbestos Cement pipe (AC); It was used for long time ago. Currently, its forbidden
to be used due to its negative environmental impact during manufacturing.
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
PipeMaterial

Crown Corrosion: Its it the result of biochemical reactions

With long sewer reaches and little oxygen transfer, the sewage becomes
ANOXIC or ANAEROBIC
This strong acidattacks acid soluble materials such as concrete, iron, etc
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
ManningEquation
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V R S
n
V=velocity(m/sec)
n=coefficientofroughness(dependentuponpipe
material/condition)
R=hydraulicradius=area/wettedperimeter(m)
S=hydraulicslope(assumedtobeslopeofpipe)(m/m)
 GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
PIPESIZE

Collectorpipes(pipeinstreet)isminimum200mm
diameter(toallowcleaning)
Servicepipes(homeorbuildingtocollectoris
150mmdiameter
Gravitysewerpipeshavenobends,manholesused
tomaketransitionsindirectionandpipesize
Pipesectionsbetweenmanholesareataconstant
gradeorslope(S)
 GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
CHANGEINPIPESIZE

Whenasmallerpipejoinsalargerone,theinvert
ofthelargersewershouldbeloweredsufficiently.
Anapproximatemethodistoplacethe0.8depth
pointofbothsewersatthesamelocation.
Largepipeshouldnotdischargeintosmallerone.
 GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
Manholes
Areplacedat:
Thejunctionof2ormoresewers,
Changeinverticalorhorizontalalignment,
Endofeachline
Themanholedia.istypically1.2mforsmall
sewers.Aminimumaccessof0.6misprovided.
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
VELOCITY
All sewers shall be designed to give mean velocities, when flowing fill, of
not less than 0.75 m/sec (SelfCleansing Velocity) and 0.6 m/sec as an
absolute minimum.

The maximum velocity is determined by the erosive action of WW.

Maximum mean velocities of 2.5 3 m/sec will not damage the pipe.
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
Peak Factor
Babbitt Formula
PF = 5/ P0.2
P in thousands
Min value of PF is 2 and maximum 5
GravitySewerCollectionSystemDesign
DesignCriteria
VELOCITY
For n = 0.013 (Concrete Pipe)
Minimum Cleansing Velocity 0.6 m/sec

PipeDia.(mm) MinimumSlope
200 0.0033
250 0.0025
300 0.0019
400 0.0013
500 0.001
600 0.0008*
* The minimum practicable slope for construction is abut 0.0008