6(59,&,8/1$,21$/'((9$/8$5(,(;$0,1$5(

GHID
DE EVALUARE LA

DISCIPLINELE SOCIO-UMANE

/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH3VLKRORJLH(FRQRPLH)LORVRILH

%8&85(7,
2000
Autori: SURIJU,)ORULQD2 HW
prof. NicolHWD/L RLX
SURI6RULQ6SLQHDQX'REURW

Coordonator: SURIJU,)ORULQD2 HW

Procesul de elaborare a acestui ghid de evaluare a parcurs mai multe etape,

FRUHVSXQ]WRU SURFHVXOXL GH HODERUDUH L LPSOHPHQWDUH D QRLORU FXUULFXOH OD
GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH vQ vQYPkQWXO OLFHDO Q DFHVW VHQV DXWRULL GRUHVF
VPXOXPHDVFSHQWUXFRQWULEXLLOHDGXVHODHODERUDUHDJKLGXOXLXUPWRULORU
SURI XQLY GU ,RQ 7 5DGX SURI XQLY GU ,RDQ 1HDFX SURI JU , 6LOYLD
Popescu, lect. univ. Aurel Cazacu.
 CUPRINS

INTRODUCERE 4
CAPITOLUL 1. ,QWURGXFHUHvQSUREOHPDWLFDJHQHUDODHYDOXULL 5
1.1. 3UREOHPHVSHFLILFHDOHHYDOXULL 5
1.2. 5HODLDHYDOXDUHDFXUHQWH[DPHQHOH 7
1.3. Metode de evaluare 9
1.4. &DOLWLOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHHYDOXDUH 19
1.5. Tipuri de itemi 23

CAPITOLUL 2. Itemi obiectivi 24

2.1. ,WHPLFXDOHJHUHGXDO 24
2.2. Itemi de tip pereche 30
2.3. ,WHPLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSO 34

CAPITOLUL 3. Itemi semiobiectivi 39

3.1. ,WHPLFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUH 39
3.2. QWUHEULVWUXFWXUDWH 43

CAPITOLUL 4. ,WHPLVXELHFWLYLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLV 50

4.1. Rezolvare de probleme 50
4.2. Itemi de tip eseu 54

CAPITOLUL 5. Metode complementare de evaluare 59

5.1. 2EVHUYDUHDVLVWHPDWLFDDFWLYLWLLLD 60
comportamentului elevului
5.2. Proiectul 62
5.3. Portofoliul 63
5.4. Autoevaluarea 64

CAPITOLUL 6. Probe de evaluare 66

6.1. Modele orientative 66
%,%/,2*5$),(6(/(&7,9 71
 INTRODUCERE

Q FRQWH[WXO HGXFDLRQDO DFWXDO SUREOHPDWLFD HYDOXULL FDSW R

LPSRUWDQ GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD IDFWRULORU GH GHFL]LH D
VSHFLDOLWLORU L PDL DOHV D SUDFWLFLHQLORU ,QIOXHQD HYDOXULL vQ VSHFLDO SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOH[DPHQHORUVHIDFHWRWPDLPXOWUHVLPLWDWkWDVXSUDDFWLYLWLLGH
SUHGDUHFkWLDVXSUDFHOHLGHvQYDUH3URIHVRUXOFkWLHOHYXOVXQWFHLGLQWkL
LQWHUHVDL vQ UHDOL]DUHD XQHL HYDOXUL RELHFWLYH ED]DW SH FULWHULL XQLWDUH
FXQRVFXWHLDSOLFDWHvQSUDFWLFDFRODUFXUHQW
'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY SUH]HQWXO JKLG FRQVWLWXLH XQ LPSRUWDQW SXQFW
de sprijin pentru cadrele didactice de specialitate n realizarea cu succes a
DFWLYLWLORU SUHVXSXVH GH GHVIXUDUHD SURFHVXOXL GH HYDOXDUH D
SHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUvQSUDFWLFDFRODUFXUHQW8WLOLWDWHDDFHVWXLJKLGHVWH
VXVLQXWLGHscopurile SHFDUHDFHVWDLOHSURSXQH
VIDPLOLDUL]H]H cadrele didactice de specialitate cu problemele specifice
HYDOXULLvQSUDFWLFDFRODUFXUHQWFkWLvQVLWXDLHGHH[DPHQ
V GHVFULH PHWRGH L LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH XWLOL]DELOH vQ SUDFWLFD
FRODUFXUHQW
VH[SOLFHPHWRGRORJLDSURLHFWULLGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHLWHPL
V SUH]LQWH H[HPSOH de WLSXUL GH LWHPL WHVWH L EDUHPH GH FRUHFWDUH D
acestora;
V LQIRUPH]H SH WRL FHL LQWHUHVDL SURIHVRUL HOHYL SULQL HWF DVXSUD
SUREOHPDWLFLL JHQHUDOH D HYDOXULL SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORU DVXSUD
LPSRUWDQHLLLPSDFWXOXLDFHVWHLDDVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLGHvQYPkQW
&XPSXWHLIRORVLDFHVWJKLG"
*KLGXOVHFRQFHQWUHD]vQSULQFLSDODVXSUDXQRUDVSHFWHFRQFUHWHFDUH
YL]HD] PHWRGH L LQVWUXPHQWH GH HYDOXDUH FDOLWLOH DFHVWRUD SURLHFWDUHD
GLIHULWHORU WLSXUL GH LWHPL GHVFULHUHD L H[HPSOLILFDUHD PHWRGHORU
FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH vQ IXQFLH GH VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL SUH]HQWDUHD
XQRUWHVWHPRGHOSUHFXPLDEDUHPHORUGHFRUHFWDUHa acestora.
6SHUPFILHFDUHFDGUXGLGDFWLFYDUHJVLvQWHPDWLFDSURSXVSXQFWH
GH LQWHUHV VXJHVWLL L REVHUYDLL XWLOH SH ED]D FURUD vL SRDWH FRQFHSH
DFLXQLOH HYDOXDWLYH YLLWRDUH 'H DVHPHQHD UHFRPDQGP FD SDUFXUJHUHD
JKLGXOXL V ILH IFXW XUPkQG vQ RUGLQH FDSLWROHOH SUH]HQWDWH SULQ FXSULQV
DVWIHO vQFkW FLWLWRUXO V DLE DWkW YL]LXQHD GH DQVDPEOX DVXSUD SUREOHPDWLFLL
JHQHUDOH SUH]HQWDWH FkW L vQHOHJHUHD ORJLF a elementelor concrete care
decurg din aceasta.

4
 CAPITOLUL 1
,1752'8&(5(1352%/(0$7,&$*(1(5$/
$(9$/85,,

3UREOHPHVSHFLILFHDOHHYDOXULL
QFDGUXOSURFHVXOXLGHvQYPkQWDFWLYLWLOHGHSUHGDUHvQYDUHLHYDOXDUH
FRQVWLWXLH HOHPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH FDUH VH DIO vQWUR VWUkQV OHJWXU 2ULFH
VFKLPEDUH SURGXV OD QLYHOXO XQHLD GLQWUH DFHVWH DFWLYLWL LQIOXHQHD]
PRGDOLWLOH GH UHDOL]DUH D FHORUODOWH JHQHUkQG R DGHYUDW UHDFLH vQ ODQ
FDUHLPSXQHUHYHQLULOHLUHYL]XLULOHQHFHVDUH'HDFHHDSUHGDUHDvQYDUHD
HYDOXDUHDWUHEXLHSURLHFWDWHvQDFHODLWLPS.

Evaluarea, ca activitate n sine, cuprinde trei etape principale:

PVXUDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH SULQ SURFHGHH VSHFLILFH
XWLOL]kQG LQVWUXPHQWH DGHFYDWH VFRSXOXL XUPULW SUREH
scrise/orale/practice, proiecte, portofolii etc.);
aprecierea acestor rezultate pe baza unor criterii unitare
EDUHPH GH FRUHFWDUH L QRWDUH GHVFULSWRUL GH SHUIRUPDQ
etc.);
formularea concluziilor GHVSULQVH vQ XUPD LQWHUSUHWULL
UH]XOWDWHORU RELQXWH vQ YHGHUHD DGRSWULL GHFL]LHL
HGXFDLRQDOHDGHFYDWH

Deci,
HYDOXDUHDUHSUH]LQW

WRWDOLWDWHD DFWLYLWLORU SULQ FDUH VH FROHFWHD] RUJDQL]HD] L LQWHUSUHWHD]

GDWHOHRELQXWHvQXUPDDSOLFULLXQRULQVWUXPHQWHGHPVXUDUH

n scopul

HPLWHULLXQHLMXGHFLGHYDORDUHSHFDUHVHED]HD]RDQXPLWGHFL]LHvQSODQ
HGXFDLRQDO

5
QJHQHUDOHYDOXDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUDUHXUPWRarele IXQFLL:
GLDJQRVWLFvQVHQVXOGHDIDFHFXQRVFXWHVLWXDLLOHLIDFWRULLFDUHFRQGXF
OD RELQHUHD DQXPLWRU UH]XOWDWH DOH HOHYLORU SHQWUX D VWDELOL HYHQWXDOHOH
proceduri de remediere a punctelor critice.
 SURJQRVWLF vQ VHQVXO DQWLFLSULL SHUIRUPDQHORU YLLWRDUH DOH HOHYLORU SH
ED]D UH]XOWDWHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH L DO SODQLILFULL VHFYHQHORU XUPWRDUH DOH
DFWLYLWLLGHvQYDUH'HRELFHLDFHDVWIXQFLHDHYDOXULLVHDVRFLD]FHOHL
GHGLDJQR]ILLQGFRPSOHPHQWDUH
de certificareDQLYHOXOXLGHFXQRWLQHLDELOLWLDOHOHYLORUODVIkULWXOXQHL
SHULRDGHOXQJLGHLQVWUXLUHFLFOXGHvQYPkQWvQYPkQWREOLJDWRULXHWF
 GH VHOHFLH D HOHYLORU SHQWUX DFFHVXO vQWUR WUHDSW VXSHULRDU GH
vQYPkQW VDX vQWUXQ SURJUDP VSHFLILF GH LQVWUXLUH JLPQD]LX OLFHX
vQYPkQW VXSHULRU FXUVXUL SRVWXQLYHUVLWDUH FXUVXUL VSHFLDOH vQ GRPHQLL
DUWLVWLFH HWF 5HDOL]DUHD DFHVWHL IXQFLL SHUPLWH FODVLILFDUHDLHUDUKL]DUHD
HOHYLORUvQXUPDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHvQFRQGLLLOHH[LVWHQHLGHRELFHLDXQXL
QXPU OLPLWDW GH ORFXUL SHQWUX IUHFYHQWDUHD FXUVXULORUIRUPHL GH vQYPkQW
respective.
QDIDUDIXQFLLORUJHQHUDOHPHQLRQDWHDQWHULRUHYDOXDUHDPDLvQGHSOLQHWHL
o serie de IXQFLLVSHFLILFHGLQWUHFDUHPHQLRQP
 IXQFLD PRWLYDLRQDO GH QDWXU V VWLPXOH]H DFWLYLWDWHD GH vQYDUH D
HOHYLORUSULQYDORULILFDUHDRSWLPDODIHHGEDFNXOXLSR]LWLYRIHULWGHFWUHDFWXO
evaluativ n sine;
 IXQFLD GH RULHQWDUH FRODU L SURIHVLRQDO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FUHLD
HYDOXDUHDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUIXUQL]HD]LQIRUPDLLXWLOHHOHYLORUvQYHGHUHD
DOHJHULLIRUPHLFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGHvQYPkQW
7HRULD L SUDFWLFD SHGDJRJLF RSHUHD] FX PDL PXOWH FODVLILFUL DOH tipurilor
de evaluare vQ IXQFLH GH GLIHULWH FULWHULL GRPHQLXO vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD]
PRPHQWXOPRGXOvQFDUHVHLQWHUSUHWHD]UH]XOWDWHOHHWF&kWHYDGLQWUHFHOH
PDLX]XDOHFODVLILFULVXQWSUH]HQWDWHvQFRQWLQXDUH
'XS PRGXO vQ FDUH VH LQWHJUHD] vQ GHVIXUDUHD SURFHVXOXL GLGDFWLF,
evaluarea poate fi de trei tipuri:
a) HYDOXDUH LQLLDO FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] OD vQFHSXWXO XQXL QRX FLFOX GH
vQYDUH VDX SURJUDP GH LQVWUXLUH vQ VFRSXO VWDELOLULL QLYHOXOXL GH SUHJWLUH
DO HOHYLORU 3ULQ LQWHUPHGLXOHYDOXULL LQLLDOH VH LGHQWLILF QLYHOXO DFKL]LLLORU
HOHYLORU vQ WHUPHQL GH FXQRWLQH FRPSHWHQH L DELOLWL vQ VFRSXO
DVLJXUULL SUHPLVHORU DWLQJHULL RELHFWLYHORU SURSXVH SHQWUX HWDSD GH

6
 vQYPkQWUHVSHFWLY,QIRUPDLOHRELQXWHvQXUPDUHDOL]ULLXQHLHYDOXri
LQLLDOH VSULMLQ SODQLILFDUHD DFWLYLWLORU YLLWRDUH DOH SURIHVRUXOXL GLQ
SHUVSHFWLYD DGHFYULL DFHVWRUD OD SRVLELOLWLOH HOHYLORU VDX D LQLLHULL GDF
este cazul, a unor programe de recuperare.
b) HYDOXDUHDIRUPDWLYvQVRHWHvQWUHJXOSDUFXUVGLGDFWLFUHDOL]kQGXVHSULQ
YHULILFUL VLVWHPDWLFH DOH WXWXURU HOHYLORU DVXSUD vQWUHJLL PDWHULL 'LQ DFHVW
PRWLY HIHFWHOH VDOH DPHOLRUDWLYH DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL GH vQYDUH VXQW
considerabile, oferind permanent posibilitatea de raportare la obiectivele
RSHUDLRQDOH SURSXVH L GH HYLGHQLHUH D SURJUHVXOXL vQUHJLVWUDW GH OD R
VHFYHQ OD DOWD D LQVWUXLULL Q FD]XO HYDOXULL IRUPDWLYH IHHGEDFNXO
RELQXWHVWHPXOWPDLXWLOLHILFLHQWDMXWkQGDWkWHOHYXOFkWLSURIHVRUXOV
vLDGDSWH]HDFWLYLWDWHDYLLWRDUHODVSHFLILFXOVLWXDLHL
c) HYDOXDUHD VXPDWLY VH UHDOL]HD] GH RELFHL OD VIkULWXO XQHL SHULRDGH
PDL OXQJL GH LQVWUXLUH GH H[HPSOX FDSLWRO VHPHVWUX DQ FRODU FLFOX GH
vQYPkQWHWFRIHULQGLQIRUPDLLXWLOHDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLGHSHUIRUPDQDO
HOHYLORU vQ UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYHOH GH LQVWUXLUH SURSXVH (YDOXDUHD VXPDWLY
VHFRQFHQWUHD]PDLDOHVDVXSUDHOHPHQWHORUGHSHUPDQHQDOHDSOLFULL
XQRU FXQRWLQH GH ED] DOH GHPRQVWUULL XQRU DELOLWL LPSRUWDQWH
GREkQGLWH GH HOHYL vQWUR SHULRDG PDL OXQJ GH LQVWUXLUH &DUDFWHUXO
DPHOLRUDWLYDOHYDOXULLVXPDWLYHHVWHUHODWLYUHGXVHIHFWHOHUHVLPLQGXVH
GXSRSHULRDGPDLvQGHOXQJDWGHUHJXOSHQWUXVHULLOHYLLWRDUHGHHOHYL

'DFVHXUPUHte drept criteriu cine UHDOL]HD] HYDOXDUHDDFHDVWD SRDWHIL

de trei tipuri:
a) HYDOXUL LQWHUQH DWXQFL FkQG DFLXQHD HYDOXDWLY HVWH HIHFWXDW GH
FWUH DFHHDL SHUVRDQLQVWLWXLH FDUH HVWH LPSOLFDW GLUHFW L vQ
DFWLYLWDWHDGHLQVWUXLUHGHH[HPSOXSURIHVRUXOGHODFODV
b) HYDOXUL H[WHUQH vQ FDUH VH LPSOLF R SHUVRDQLQVWLWXLH DOWD GHFkW
cea care a asigurat realizarea procesului didactic.

1.2. 5HODLDHYDOXDUHFXUHQWH[DPHQH
(YDOXDUHDFXSULQGHGRX SULLPSRUWDQWH
HYDOXDUHDFXUHQW
examenele
7RWXL vQWUH FHOH GRX SUL H[LVW R OHJWXU VWUkQV GH FRQGLLRQDUH
UHFLSURF
n mod normal, HYDOXDUHDFXUHQWWUHEXLHVVSULMLQHH[DPHQHOH prin:

7
  PRGDOLWLOH GH HYDOXDUH (strategii, tehnici, instrumente) care sunt
XWLOL]DWHvQSUDFWLFDFRODUODFODV
 SUHJWLUHD SURIHVRULORU vQ GRPHQLXO HYDOXULL vQ VHQVXO DELOLWULL
DFHVWRUDvQDSOLFDUHDGLIHULWHORULQVWUXPHQWHLPHWRGH
familiarizarea elevilor FX WLSXUL GH LWHPL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX GXS
PRGHOXO FHORU FDUH YRU IL GDWH OD H[DPHQ SUHFXP L FX EDUHPXO GH
corectare a acestora;
utilizarea rezultatelor sale SDULDO VDX vQ WRWDOLWDWH vQ FDGUXO
examenelor.

'LQ DFHDVW XOWLP SHUVSHFWLY UHODLD HYDOXULL FXUHQWHFRQWLQXH FX

examenele poate urma trei modele posibile (A. Stoica, 2000, pg. 60):
MODELUL I
Q FD]XO DFHVWXL PRGHO H[LVW R ]RQ FRPXQ DWkW HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH FkW L
H[DPHQHORU FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH DX R
DQXPLW SRQGHUH vQ VWDELOLUHD QRWHL ILQDOH OD H[DPHQ $FHDVW ]RQ
FRPXQLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHXWLOL]DUHDDFHORUPHWRGHLLQVWUXPHQWHGHHYDOXDUH
FDUH SRW IL DSOLFDWH OD FODV QHFHVLWkQG XQ WLPS PDL OXQJ GH HODERUDUH L GH
OXFUX L FDUH WHVWHD] FDSDFLWL LPSRUWDQWH DOH HOHYLORU GDU JUHX GH
GHPRQVWUDW vQ VLWXDLD GH H[DPHQ H[HPSOX VLVWHPXO GH vQYPvQW GLQ
Anglia).

EVALUARE

EXAMENE
&217,18

MODELUL II
Q DFHVW FD] HYDOXDUHD FRQWLQX QX VH DIO vQ QLFL XQ IHO GH UHODLH FX
examenele, UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH QHILLQG OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUDUH vQ

8
cadrul examenelor H[HPSOH VLVWHPHOH GH vQYPkQW GLQ 5RPkQLD
Moldova).

EVALUARE
EXAMENE
&217,18

MODELUL III
n acest caz, UH]XOWDWHOH HYDOXULL FRQWLQXH VXQW vQ WRWDOLWDWH OXDWH vQ
considerare n cadrul examenelor GH H[HPSOX VLVWHPHOH GH vQYPkQW
GLQ6SDQLDL3RUWXJDOLD

EVALUARE
&217,18
EXAMENE

'LQDFHDVWSHUVSHFWLYSHQWUXLQWHJUDUHDHYDOXULLFXUHQWHFXH[DPHQHOHVH
pot aplica GRXVWUDWHJLL
a) XQD SURYLQH GLQVSUH H[DPHQH L VH UHIHU OD GLYHUVLILFDUHD IRUPHORU L
PHWRGHORUGHWHVWDUHvQFDGUXODFHVWRUDvQDDIHOvQFkWXQHOHWHKQLFLFDUH
VHXWLOL]HD]vQHYDOXDUHDFXUHQWVILHWUDQVIHUDWHH[DPHQHORU
b) FHD GHD GRXD SRUQHWH GLQVSUH SDUWHD HYDOXULL FXUHQWH SULQ YDORUL]DUHD
rezultatelor acesteia n cadrul examenelor.

1.3. Metode de evaluare

7HRULDLSUDFWLFDHYDOXULLGLVFULPLQHD]vQWUHPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOHGHHYDOXDUH
LFHOHFRPSOHPHQWDUH
Metodele WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH DX FSWDW DFHDVW GHQXPLUH GDWRULW
FRQVDFUULLORUvQWLPSFDILLQGFHOHPDLGHVXWLOL]DWH'LQDFHDVWFDWHJRULHIDF
parte:

9
 probele orale;
probele scrise;
probele practice.
Pentru asigurarea unui consens din punct de vedere conceptual vom adopta n
FRQWLQXDUHXUPWRDUHDGHILQLLHGHOXFUX1.
3URE = orice LQVWUXPHQWGHHYDOXDUHSURLHFWDWDGPLQLVWUDWLFRUHFWDWGH
FWUHSURIHVRU

Probele orale UHSUH]LQW PHWRGD GH HYDOXDUH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DW OD FODV
'DWRULWILGHOLWLLLYDOLGLWLLORUVF]XWHDFHVWHSUREHQXVXQWUHFRPDQGDELOHvQ
VLWXDLL GH H[DPHQ QV vQ HYDOXDUHD OD FODV DFHVWHD vL GHPRQVWUHD]
valoarea mai ales n cazul disciplinelor care presupun demonstrarea unor
FDSDFLWL L DELOLWL GLILFLO GH VXUSULQV SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO SUREHORU VFULVH GH
H[HPSOXFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPXQLFDUHYHUEDO
AvantajeleXWLOL]ULLSUREHORURUDOHYL]HD]
- IOH[LELOLWDWHD L DGHFYDUHD LQGLYLGXDO D PRGXOXL GH HYDOXDUH SULQ
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDDOWHUQDWLSXOvQWUHEULORULJUDGXOORUGHGLILFXOWDWHvQIXQFLHGH
FDOLWDWHDUVSXQVXULORURIHULWHGHFWUHHOHY
- SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D FODULILFD L FRUHFWD LPHGLDW HYHQWXDOHOH HURUL VDX
QHvQHOHJHULDOHHOHYXOXLvQUDSRUWGHXQFRQLQXWVSHFLILF
- IRUPXODUHDUVSXQVXULORUXUPUHWHORJLFDLGLQDPLFDXQXLGLVFXUVRUDO
FHHD FH RIHU PDL PXOW OLEHUWDWH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D RULJLQDOLWLL HOHYXOXL D
FDSDFLWLLVDOHGHDUJXPHQWDUHHWF
- QXvQXOWLPXOUkQGWLSXOGHLQWHUDFLXQHGLUHFWFUHDWvQWUHHYDOXDWRUL
HYDOXDW SURIHVRU L HOHY HVWH GH QDWXU V VWLPXOH]H PRGXO GH VWUXFWXUDUH D
UVSXQVXULORU GH FWUH HOHY vQFXUDMkQG L PDQLIHVWUL FH SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD
comportamentului afectiv-atitudinal.
(VWHQHFHVDUvQVVILHDYXWHvQYHGHUHLlimitele acestor probe, dintre care
PHQLRQP
- GLYHUVHOH FLUFXPVWDQH FDUH SRW LQIOXHQD RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL GH
H[HPSOXJUDGXOGLIHULWGHGLILFXOWDWHDOvQWUHEULORUGHODXQHOHYODDOWXOYDULDLD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHYDOXDWRUXOXLHWFFHHDFHJHQHUHD]RSXWHUQLF YDULHWDWH
LQWHULQGLYLGXDOLLQWUDLQGLYLGXDOvQWUHSHUVRDQHOHFDUHHYDOXHD]VDXODDFHODL
evaluator n momente diferite;

1
 vQ OXFUDUHD (YDOXDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU FRODUH FRRUG $ 6WRLFD 
'HILQL LD HVWH SURSXV

10
 - QLYHOXOVF]XWGHYDOLGLWDWHLILGHOLWDWH
- FRQVXPXO PDUH GH WLPS DYkQG vQ YHGHUH F HOHYLL VXQW HYDOXDL
individual.
'HFL]LD SURIHVRUXOXL GH D XWLOL]D SUREHOH RUDOH vQ DQXPLWH VLWXDLL DOH SUDFWLFLL
FRODUHFXUHQWHWUHEXLHVVHvQWHPHLH]HSHUDLXQLFDUHLQGH
RELHFWLYHOHHYDOXULLvQVLWXDLDFRQFUHW
tipul de evaluare promovat;
QXPUXOHOHYLORU
timpul disponibil;
resursele materiale alocate;
WLSXO GH LQIRUPDLH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO GRUHWH V R RELQ SULQ
UVSXQVXULOHHOHYLORU
QDWXUDLVSHFLILFXOGLVFLSOLQHL

Probele scrise VXQW SUDFWLFDWH L XQHRUL FKLDU SUHIHUDWH GDWRULW XQRUD GLQWUH
avantajeleORULPSRVLELOGHLJQRUDWvQFRQGLLLOHvQFDUHVHGRUHWHHILFLHQWL]DUHD
SURFHVXOXLGHLQVWUXLUHLFUHWHUHDJUDGXOXLGHRELHFWLYLWDWHvQDSUHFLHUH'LQWUH
DFHVWHDPHQLRQP
- HFRQRPLDGHWLPSSHFDUHRUHDOL]HD]vQFDGUXOEXJHWXOXLDORFDWUHODLHL
SUHGDUHvQYDUHHYDOXDUH3UREHOHVFULVHSHUPLWHYDOXDUHDXQXLQXPUPDUHGH
elevi ntr-un timp relativ scurt.
- DFRSHULUHDXQLWDUFDYROXPLSURIXQ]LPHSHFDUHRDVLJXUODQLYHOXO
FRQLQXWXOXLHYDOXDW3UREHOHVFULVHIDFSRVLELOHYDOXDUHDWXWXURUHOHYLORUDVXSUD
DFHOHLDLVHFYHQHFXUULFXODUHFHHDce face comparabile rezultatele elevilor, iar
HYDOXDUHDvQVLQHPDLRELHFWLY
- SRVLELOLWDWHD SURIHVRUXOXL GH D HPLWH MXGHFL GH YDORDUH PXOW PDL
RELHFWLYH vQWHPHLDWH SH H[LVWHQD XQRU FULWHULL GH HYDOXDUH FODU VSHFLILFDWH L
prestabilite;
- SRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYLORUGHDLHODERUDUVSXQVXOLQGHSHQGHQWIUQLFLXQ
IHOGHLQWHUYHQLHGLQDIDUUHIOHFWkQGFXQRWLQHLFDSDFLWLGHPRQVWUDWHvQWU
un ritm propriu;
- GLPLQXDUHD VWULORU WHQVLRQDOH GH VWUHVV FDUH SRW DYHD XQ LPSDFW
QHJDWLYDVXSUDSHUIRUPDQHLHOHYLORUWLPL]LVDXFXDOWHSUREOHPHHPRLRQDOH

11
Dezavantajul major este presupus de relativa ntrziere n timp a momentului
vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] FRUHFWDUHD XQRU JUHHOL VDX FRPSOHWDUHD XQRU ODFXQH
identificate.

Probele practice VXQW XWLOL]DWH vQ YHGHUHD HYDOXULL FDSDFLWLL HOHYLORU GH a
DSOLFD DQXPLWH FXQRWLQH WHRUHWLFH SUHFXP L D JUDGXOXL GH VWSkQLUH D
SULFHSHULORULGHSULQGHULORUGHRUGLQSUDFWLF&XWRDWHFDFWLYLWLOHSUDFWLFHRIHU
SRVLELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHDL GH]YROWD DWkW FRPSHWHQHOH JHQHUDOH FRPXQLFDUH
DQDOL] VLQWH] HYDOXDUH FkW L SH FHOH VSHFLILFH DSOLFDWLYH PDQLSXODUHD
datelor, instrumentelor de lucru, interpretarea rezultatelor), evaluarea elevilor
SULQ SUREH SUDFWLFH DWkW vQ VLWXDLL GH H[DPLQDUH FXUHQW FkW L vQ VLWXDLL GH
H[DPHQHVWHIRDUWHSXLQSXVvQYDORDUH
3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDFXVXFFHVDXQHLDFWLYLWLSUDFWLFHHVWHQRUPDOFDvQFGHOD
vQFHSXWXODQXOXLFRODUHOHYLLVILHDYL]DLDVXSUD,1HDFX$6WRLFD(coord.)
1996, p.76):
WHPDWLFLLOXFUULORUSUDFWLFH
modului n care ele vor fi evaluate (baremele de notare);
FRQGLLLORU FDUH OH VXQW RIHULWH SHQWUX D UHDOL]D DFHVWH DFWLYLWL
DSDUDWHXQHOWHVOLGHVSRUWHWF

$DFXPPHQLRQDPDQWHULRUPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOHGHHYDOXDUHFRQFHSXWHFD
UHDOL]kQG XQ HFKLOLEUX vQWUH SUREHOH RUDOH VFULVH L FHOH SUDFWLFH FRQVWLWXLH OD
PRPHQWXO DFWXDO HOHPHQWHOH SULQFLSDOH L GRPLQDQWH vQ GHVIXUDUHD DFWXOXL
evaluativ. 3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW UHDOLWDWH RELHFWLY VWUDWHJLLOH PRGHUQH GH
HYDOXDUH FDXW V DFFHQWXH]H DFHD GLPHQVLXQH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH FDUH V
RIHUH HOHYLORU VXILFLHQWH L YDULDWH SRVLELOLWL GH D GHPRQVWUD FHHD FH WLX FD
DQVDPEOX GH FXQRWLQH GDU PDL DOHV FHHD FH SRW V IDF SULFHSHUL
GHSULQGHUL DELOLWL Acest lucru se poate realiza prin utilizarea metodelor
complementare de evaluare.

Principalele metode complementare de evaluare DO FURU SRWHQLDO IRUPDWLY

VXVLQHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDDFWXOXLHGXFDLRQDOSULQVSULMLQXODFRUGDWHOHYXOXLVXQW
REVHUYDUHDVLVWHPDWLFDDFWLYLWLLLDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORU
LQYHVWLJDLD
proiectul;
portofoliul;

12
 autoevaluarea.

2EVHUYDUHD VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLWLL L D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYLORU

IXUQL]HD]SURIHVRUXOXLLQIRUPDLLUHOHYDQWHDVXSUDSHUIRUPDQHORUHOHYLORUVLGLQ
SHUVSHFWLYDFDSDFLWLLORUGHDFLXQHLUHODLRQDUHDFRPSHWHQHORULDELOLWLORU
GH FDUH GLVSXQ DFHWLD 3HQWUX D DWLQJH DFHVW VFRS SURIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V
XWLOL]H]HXQLQVWUXPHQWDUDGHFYDWRELHFWXOXLREVHUYULLQPRGSUDFWLFSURIHVRUXO
DUHODGLVSR]LLHWUHLPRGDOLWLGHvQUHJLVWUDUHDDFHVWRULQIRUPDLLYH]LL1
Gronlund, 1981, pg. 434-450):
ILDGHHYDOXDUH
scara de clasificare
lista de control/verificare
(VWH LPSRUWDQW GH VXEOLQLDW vQ OHJWXU FX DFHVWH PRGDOLWL GH vQUHJLVWUDUH D
LQIRUPDLLORU IDSWXO F SRW IL XWLOL]DWH DWkW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL FkW L D
SURGXVHORU UHDOL]DWH GH HOHYL VXUSULQ]kQG DWkW RELHFWLYri comportamentale ale
GRPHQLXOXLFRJQLWLYFkWLDOHGRPHQLLDIHFWLYLSVLKRPRWRU

z )LD GH HYDOXDUH HVWH FRPSOHWDW GH FWUH SURIHVRU vQ HD

nregistrndu-se date factuale despre evenimentele cele mai importante pe
FDUH SURIHVRUXO OH LGHQWLILF vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VDX PRGXO GH DFLXQH DO
HOHYLORUVLIDSWHUHPDUFDELOHSUREOHPHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHHYLGHQLHUHDXQRU
DSWLWXGLQL GHRVHELWH vQWUXQ GRPHQLX VDX DOWXO HWF /D DFHVWHD VH DGDXJ
LQWHUSUHWULOH SURIHVRUXOXL DVXSUD FHORU vQWkPSODWH SHUPLkQGXL DFHVWXLD V
VXUSULQGPRGHOXOFRPSRUWDPHQWDODOHOHYLORUVL
'HFL SURIHVRUXO vQWUR SULP LQVWDQ este cel care decide ce comportament
YD IL REVHUYDW L vQUHJLVWUDW FRQILJXUkQG DULD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO HYHQWXDOHOH
OLPLWH DOH REVHUYDLLORU vQUHJLVWUDWH JUDGXO GH H[WLQGHUH vQ XWLOL]DUH DO DFHVWRU
REVHUYDLL
Un avantajLPSRUWDQWDODFHVWRUILHGHHYDOXDUHHVWHDFHODFQXGHSLQGHGH
capacitatea de comunicare a elevului cu profesorul, profesorul fiind cel care
vQUHJLVWUHD] L LQWHUSUHWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO WLSLF VDX DOWH SURGXVH L
SHUIRUPDQHDOHHOHYXOXL
Un dezavantaj GHFDUHWUHEXLHLQXWVHDPHVWHDFHODDOPDUHOXLconsum de
timp SH FDUH vO LPSOLF WLPSXO QHFHVDU SURIHVRUXOXL VSUH H[HPSOX SHQWUX D
QRWDGHVFULHULOHYHUEDOHDOHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYLORUVLODFDUHVHDGDXJ
IDSWXO F DFHVWH QRWUL QX DX R FRW ULGLFDW GH obiectivitate, ceea ce are
UHSHUFXUVLXQLDVXSUDILGHOLWLLDFHVWRUvQUHJLVWUUL

13
 z Scara de clasificare vQVXPHD] un set de caracteristici
FRPSRUWDPHQWH FH WUHEXLH VXSXVH HYDOXULL vQVRLW GH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH
VFDU GH RELFHL scara Likert 3RWULYLW DFHVWXL WLS GH VFDU HOHYXOXL vL VXQW
prezentate XQ QXPU GH HQXQXUL vQ UDSRUW GH FDUH DFHVWD WUHEXLH VL
manifeste acordul sau dezacordul, discriminnd ntre cinci trepte: puternic
acord; acord; indecis (neutru); dezacord; puternic dezacord.

Exemplu:

1. Particip cu SOFHUHODDFWLYLWLOHGHOXFUXvQHFKLS
puternic dezacord dezacord neutru acord puternic acord
2. mi DVXPLPHGLDWUHVSRQVDELOLWLOHFDUHvPLVXQWVWDELOLWHvQFDGUXOHFKLSHL
puternic dezacord dezacord neutru acord puternic acord
8Q HOHPHQW HVHQLDO vQ FRQVWUXLUHD XQHL VFri de clasificare l constituie
UHGDFWDUHDXQXLEXQHQXQODFDUHHOHYXOVSRDWUVSXQGH3ULQXUPDUH
D )LHFDUH HQXQ WUHEXLH V FXSULQG FXYLQWH IDPLOLDUH VXELHFWXOXL XWLOL]kQG
OLPEDMXODFHVWXLDLQXXQXOSXWHUQLFVSHFLDOL]DWVDXWHKQLF'HFLHQXQXULFXR
VWUXFWXUVLPSO
E )LHFDUH HQXQ V ILH H[SULPDW clar pozitiv sau clar negativ V UHSUH]LQWH
SR]LLLFODUSR]LWLYHVDXQHJDWLYH(VWHELQHFDHQXQXULOHVILHH[SHULPHQWDWH
nainte de introducerea lor n instrument.
F /LVWD ILQDO GH HQXQXUL WUHEXLH V FRQLQ XQ QXPU DSUR[LPDWLY HJDO GH
HQXQXULSR]LWLYHLQHJDWLYH.
G)LHFDUHHQXQWUHEXLHVSURGXFLQIRUPDLDQHFHVDU. Nu se introduce un
HQXQ GRDU SHQWUX F HVWH LQWHUHVDQW GH Y]XW FH UVSXQG VXELHFLL OD HO
(QXQXO WUHEXLH V IDF UHIHULUH FODU OD DWLWXGLQHD VDX RSLQLD GHVSUH FDUH
GRULPVDIOPLQIRUPDLL

z Lista de control/verificare GHL SDUH DVHPQWRDUH FX VFDUD GH

FODVLILFDUH FD PDQLHU GH VWUXFWXUDUH XQ VHW GH HQXQXUL FDUDFWHULVWLFL
FRPSRUWDPHQWHHWFVHGHRVHEHWHGHDFHDVWDSULQIDSWXOFSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
HL GRDU VH FRQVWDW SUH]HQD VDX DEVHQD unei caracteristici, comportament
HWFIUDHPLWHRMXGHFDWGHYDORDUHRULFkWGHVLPSO

ExempluGHVIXUDUHDXQHLDFWLYLWLH[SHULPHQWDOHvQODERUDWRU
Elevul:
- DXUPDWLQVWUXFLXQLOHVSHFLILFHDFWLYLWLL Da Nu

14
- a cerut ajutor atunci cnd a avut nevoie. Da Nu
- DFRRSHUDWFXFHLODOLFROHJLSHQWUXDUHDOL]D
produsul final. Da Nu
- a finalizat sarcina de lucru. Da Nu
- DIFXWFXUDWODPDVDGHOXFUX Da Nu

Un avantaj al listei de control HVWHDFHOD F VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XRU, fiind
RELHFWLY vQ HYDOXDUHD DELOLWLORU FDUH SRW IL vQ PRG FODU GLYL]DWH vQ SDL
specifici.
8Q WLS VSHFLDO GH REVHUYDLH este REVHUYDLD SDUWLFLSDWLY FX LPSOLFDLL
VHPQLILFDWLYH DVXSUD UHODLHL SURIHVRUHOHY GLQ FODV $FHVW WLS GH REVHUYDLH
SUDFWLFDW GH FWUH SURIHVRUXO HVWH vQ HVHQ VXELHFWLY GDU SRDWH VL
VSRUHDVF SURFHQWXO GH RELHFWLYLWDWH GDF DWHQLD YD IL FRQFHQWUDW DVXSUD
FRQVWUXFLHLLXWLOL]ULLLQVWUXPHQWHORU
n ceea FH SULYHWH FRVWXULOH LPSOLFDWH GH DFHDVW PHWRG HD HVWH LHIWLQ GDU
mare consumatoare de timp.

,QYHVWLJDia,FDPHWRGFRPSOHPHQWDUGHHYDOXDUHRIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXL
GH D DSOLFD vQ PRG FUHDWLY FXQRWLQHOH vQVXLWH vQ VLWXDLL QRL L YDULDWH SH
parcursul unei ore sau unei succesiuni de ore de curs.
Q FDGUXO XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL RELHFWLYHOH HYDOXDWH GH H[HPSOX GHILQLUHD L
vQHOHJHUHD SUREOHPHL LGHQWLILFDUHD SURFHGHHORU GH RELQHUH D LQIRUPDLLORU
FROHFWDUHD L RUJDQL]DUHD GDWHORU IRUPXODUHD L WHVWDUHD LSRWH]HORU GHVFULHUHD
PHWRGHORU GH LQYHVWLJDLH D SUREOHPHL HODERUDUHD XQXL VFXUW UDSRUW GHVSUH
UH]XOWDWHOH LQYHVWLJDLHL FDSW VHPQLILFDLL GLIHULWH FRUHODWH FX JUDGXO GH
FRPSOH[LWDWH DO VDUFLQLL GH OXFUX L FX QDWXUD GLVFLSOLQHL OD FDUH VH DSOLF 8Q
HOHPHQW LPSRUWDQW vQ GHVIXUDUHD XQHL LQYHVWLJDLL GXS SURLHFWDUHD HL vO
constituie preexperimentarea, ceea FH DVLJXU XQ SOXV GH YDOLGLWDWH
LQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSHFDUHSURIHVRUXOLQWHQLRQHD]VOSURSXQHOHYLORU
VL
$FWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF GHVIXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO DFHVWHL SUDFWLFL HYDOXDWLYH
SRDWHVILHRUJDQL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXSHJUXSXULGHOXFUXLDUDSUHFLHUHDPRGXOXL
de realizare DLQYHVWLJDLHLHVWHGHRELFHLGHWLSKROLVWLF
$SRUWXODFHVWXLWLSGHDFWLYLWDWHDVXSUDGH]YROWULLFDSDFLWLORUGHRUGLQDSOLFDWLY
ale elevilor HVWHFRQVLGHUDELOPDLDOHVvQFD]XOUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHORUGH]YROWULL
FDSDFLWLGHDUJXPHQWDUHJkQGLULLORJLFHHWF

15
Proiectul UHSUH]LQW R DFWLYLWDWH GH HYDOXDUH PDL DPSO GHFkW LQYHVWLJDia.
3URLHFWXOvQFHSHvQFODVSULQGHILQLUHDLvQHOHJHUHDVDUFLQLLGHOXFUXHYHQWXDO
LSULQvQFHSHUHDUH]ROYULLDFHVWHLDVHFRQWLQXDFDVSHSDUFXUVXODFkWRUYD
]LOHVDXVSWPkQLWLPSvQFDUHHOHYXODUHSHUPDQHQWHFRQVXOWULFXSURIHVRUXO
LVHvQFKHLHWRWvQFODVSULQSUH]HQWDUHDvQIDDFROHJLORUDXQXLUDSRUWDVXSUD
UH]XOWDWHORURELQXWHLGDFHVWHFD]XODSURGXVXOXLUHDOL]DW&DLLQYHVWLJDia,
SURLHFWXODUHPDLPXOWHHWDSHLSRDWHILUHDOL]DWLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS
(WDSHOH SURLHFWXOXL SUHVXSXQ GLUHFLRQDUHD HIRUWXULORU HOHYLORU vQ GRX GLUHFLL OD
IHOGHLPSRUWDQWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHPHWRGRORJLFLSUDFWLFFROHFWDUHDGDWHORU
L UHDOL]DUHD SURGXVXOXL )LHFDUH GLUHFLH FRQLQH HOHPHQWH FDUH FRQIHU
VSHFLILFLWDWHSURLHFWXOXLvQIXQFLHGHGLVFLSOLQDSHFDUHRYL]HD]
3ULQWUHFDSDFLWLOHHOHYLORUSRVLELOGHHYDOXDWSULQLQWHUPHGLXODFHVWHLPHWRGHVH
SRWHQXPHUD$6WRLFD60XVWHD,1997, p.115):
DGHFYDUHD PHWRGHORU GH OXFUX L D LQVWUXPHQWDUXOXL DOHV OD RELHFWLYHOH
propuse prin proiect;
IRORVLUHDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDPDWHULDOHORULHFKLSDPHQWHORUGLQGRWDUH
RIHULUHDXQHLVROXLLFRUHFWHUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPH
UHDOL]DUHDFXDFXUDWHHDSURGXVXOXLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHKQLF
SRVLELOLWDWHDJHQHUDOL]ULLSUREOHPHLVROXLHL
prezentarea proiectului.
Strategia de evaluare a proiectului, care este una de tip holistic, trebuie, la
UkQGXOHLVILHFODUGHILQLWSULQFULWHULLQHJRFLDWHVDXQXFXHOHYLLDVWIHOvQFkWV
HYLGHQLH]HHIRUWXOH[FOXVLYDOHOHYXOXLvQUHDOL]DUHDSURLHFWXOXL

Utilizarea portofoliului FD PHWRG FRPSOHPHQWDU GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD

FRODU FXUHQW VH LPSXQH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW DWHQLHL L LQWHUHVXOXL
SURIHVRULORU 3RUWRIROLXO LQFOXGH UH]XOWDWHOH UHOHYDQWH RELQXWH SULQ FHOHODOWH
PHWRGH L WHKQLFL GH HYDOXDUH SUREH RUDOH VFULVH SUDFWLFH REVHUYDUHD
VLVWHPDWLF D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HOHYXOXL SURLHFWXO DXWRHYDOXDUHD SUHFXP L
VDUFLQLVSHFLILFHILHFUHLGLVFLSOLQH
3RUWRIROLXOUHSUH]LQWFDUWHDGHYL]LWDHOHYXOXLXUPULQGXLSURJUHVXOGHODXQ
VHPHVWUXODDOWXOGHODXQDQFRODUODDOWXOLFKLDUGHODXQFLFOXGHvQYPkQW
la altul.
,PSRUWDQW UPkQH VFRSXO SHQWUX FDUH este proiectat portofoliul, ceea ce va
GHWHUPLQDLVWUXFWXUDVD$OWXULGHVFRSvQGHILQLUHDXQXLSRUWRIROLXVXQWODIHO
GHUHOHYDQWHFRQWH[WXOLPRGXOGHSURLHFWDUHDSRUWRIROLXOXL

16
2 IXQFLH LPSRUWDQW SH FDUH R SUHLD SRUWRIROLXO HVWH DFHHD GH LQYHVWLJDUH D
PDMRULWLL SURGXVHORU HOHYLORU FDUH GH RELFHL UPkQ QHLQYHVWLJDWH vQ DFWXO
HYDOXDWLYUHSUH]HQWkQGvQDFHODLWLPSXQVWLPXOHQWSHQWUXGHVIXUDUHDvQWUHJLL
JDPH GH DFWLYLWL GLGDFWLFH QX GRDU SUHJWLUHD VWHUHRWLS SHQWUX WHVWH GH
FXQRWLQHQDFHODLWLPSVDUFLQDHYDOXULLFRQWLQXHHVWHSUHOXDWFXVXFFHVL
IU WHQVLXQHD SH FDUH DU SXWHDR JHQHUD PHWRGHOH WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH
aplicate frecvent.
3ULQ FRPSOH[LWDWHD L ERJLD LQIRUPDLHL SH FDUH R IXUQL]HD] VLQWHWL]kQG
DFWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GHD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL XQ VHPHVWUX DQ FRODU VDX FLFOX GH
vQYPkQWSRUWRIROLXOSRDWHFRQVWLWXLSDUWHLQWHJUDQWDXQHLHYDOXULVXPDWLYH
VDXDXQHLH[DPLQUL

Autoevaluarea SULQ LQIRUPDLLOH SH FDUH OH IXUQL]HD] DUH XQ URO HVHQLDO vQ
vQWUHJLUHDLPDJLQLLHOHYXOXLGLQSHUVSHFWLYDMXGHFLLGHYDORDUHSHFDUHRHPLWH
profesorul.
3HQWUX FD HYDOXDUHD V ILH UHVLPLW GH FWUH HOHY FD DYkQG HIHFW IRUPDWLY
UDSRUWkQGXVHODGLIHULWHFDSDFLWLDOHVDOHvQIXQFLHGHSURJUHVXOUHDOL]DWLGH
GLILFXOWLOHSHFDUHOHDUHGHGHSLWHVWHIRDUWHXWLOIRUPDUHDLH[HUVDUHDOD
HOHYLDFDSDFLWLLGHDXWRHYDOXDUH(OHYLLDXQHYRLHVVHDXWRFXQRDVF$FHVW
IDSWDUHPXOWLSOHLPSOLFDLLvQSODQPRWLYDLRQDOLDWLWXGLQDO
&DLSURIHVRUXOFDUHFRQGXFHDFWLYLWDWHDHOHYXODIODWvQVLWXDLDGHvQYDUHDUH
QHYRLHGHDQXPLWHSXQFWHGHUHIHULQFDUHVLGHILQHDVFUROXOVDUFLQDQDWXUD
L GLUHFLLOH DFWLYLWLL VDOH DMXWkQGXO V FRQWLHQWL]H]H SURJUHVHOH L DFKL]LLLOH
IFXWH VL HODERUH]H VWLOXO SURSULX GH OXFUX V VH SRDW VLWXD SHUVRQDO vQ
UDSRUWFXH[LJHQHOHGHvQYDUH
Un ORF DSDUWH vQ DFHDVW VIHU vO RFXS DXWRHYDOXDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GLQ
GRPHQLXO DIHFWLY DO GH]YROWULL SHUVRQDOH $FHVW OXFUX VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOFKHVWLRQDUHORUVFULORUGHFODVLILFDUHHWF

7RDWH DFHVWH PHWRGH FRPSOHPHQWDUH GH HYDOXDUH DVLJXU R DOWHUQDWLY OD

IRUPXOHOHWUDGLLRQDOHDFURUSUH]HQHVWHSUHSRQGHUHQWRIHULQGDOWHRSLXQL
PHWRGRORJLFHLLQVWUXPHQWDOHFDUHvPERJHVFSUDFWLFDHYDOXDWLY9DOHQHOHORU
IRUPDWLYH OH UHFRPDQG VXVLQXW vQ DFHVW sens. Este cazul, n special, al
LQYHVWLJDLHL SURLHFWXOXL L SRUWRIROLXOXL FDUH vQ DIDUD IDSWXOXL F UHSUH]LQW
importante instrumente de evaluare, constituie n primul rnd sarcini de lucru a
FURUUH]ROYDUHVWLPXOHD]vQYDUHDGHWLSHXULVWLF

17
Dintre YDOHQHOH IRUPDWLYH ale metodelor complementare de evaluare pot fi
PHQLRQDWH
- RSRUWXQLWDWHD FUHDW SURIHVRUXOXL GH D RELQH QRL L LPSRUWDQWH
LQIRUPDLL DVXSUD QLYHOXOXL GH SUHJWLUH DO HOHYLORU VL Pe baza
DFHVWRU LQIRUPDLL SURIHVRUXO vL IXQGDPHQWHD] MXGHFDWD GH
YDORDUH SH FDUH R H[SULP vQWUR DSUHFLHUH FkW PDL RELHFWLY D
SHUIRUPDQHORU HOHYLORU L D SURJUHVHORU vQUHJLVWUDWH GH FWUH
DFHWLD
- SRVLELOLWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDDUWDFHHDFHWLHLPDLDOHVFHHDFH
WLHVIDFvQWURYDULHWDWHGHFRQWH[WHLVLWXDLL
- RIHULUHD XQHL LPDJLQL SHUPDQHQW DFWXDOL]DWH DVXSUD SHUIRUPDQHORU
HOHYLORUvQUDSRUWFXDELOLWLOHLFDSDFLWLOHSHFDUHDFHWLDOHGHLQ
SUHFXPLDXQHLLPDJLQLFkWPDLFRPSOHWHDVXSUDSURILOXOXLJHQHUDO
DOQLYHOXOXLGHDFKL]LLLDOHOHYXOXLDPEHOHvQVSULMLQXOSURIHVRUXOXL
- DVLJXUDUHD XQXL GHPHUV LQWHUDFWLY DO DFWXOXL GH SUHGDUHvQYDUH
adaptat nevoilor de individualizare a sarcinilor de lucru pentru fiecare
HOHY YDORULILFkQG L VWLPXOkQG SRWHQLDOXO FUHDWLY L RULJLQDOLWDWHD
acestuia;
- H[HUVDUHD DELOLWLORU SUDFWLFDSOLFDWLYH DOH HOHYLORU DVLJXUkQG R PDL
EXQ FODULILFDUH FRQFHSWXDO L LQWHJUDUH vQ VLVWHPXO QRLRQDO D
FXQRWLQHORUDVLPLODWHFDUHDVWIHOGHYLQRSHUDLRQDOH
n termeni generali, metoda HVWH FHD FDUH FRQWXUHD] vQWUHJXO GHPHUV GH
SURLHFWDUH L UHDOL]DUH D DFLXQLL HYDOXDWLYH GH OD VWDELOLUHD RELHFWLYHORU GH
HYDOXDUHLSkQODFRQVWUXLUHDLDSOLFDUHDLQVWUXPHQWXOXLGHHYDOXDUHSULQFDUH
LQWHQLRQP V RELQHP LQIRUPDLLOH QHFHVDUH L UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX VFRSXULOH
SURSXVH 'LQ DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY instrumentul de evaluare este parte
LQWHJUDQW D PHWRGHL ILLQG FHO FDUH FRQFUHWL]HD] OD QLYHO GH SURGXV RSLXQHD
PHWRGRORJLF D SURIHVRUXOXL SHQWUX PVXUDUHD L DSUHFLHUHD FXQRWLQHORU L
FRPSHWHQHORUHOHYXOXLvQWURVLWXDLHHGXFDLRQDOELQHGHILQLW

&DOLWLOHLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHHYDOXDUH

8WLOL]DUHD WHVWHORU FD SULQFLSDO LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH vQ SUDFWLFD FRODU
FXUHQWVDXvQVLWXDLHGHH[DPHQSRDWHLQFOXGHXQSRWHQLDOULVFvQPRPHQWXO
vQ FDUH vQ SURLHFWDUHD DFHVWRUD QX VH LQH FRQW GH FDOLWLOH DFHVWXLD FDOLWL
LQGLVSHQVDELOH vQ FRQGLLLOH vQ FDUH VH GRUHWH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL FRQVLVWHQH D
PVXUULLvQHYDOXDUH7RFPDLGHDFHHDHVWHUHODWLYGLILFLOFDWHVWHOHHODERUDWH

18
GH SURIHVRUL V VDWLVIDF WRDWH DFHVWH FDOLWL WHKQLFH vQ FRQGLLL RSWLPH
GH]DYDQWDMFDUHHVWHvQVvQOWXUDWvQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHWHVWHOHVXQWSURGXVH
GH R LQVWLWXLH VSHFLDOL]DW vQ DFHVW VHQV ,QGLIHUHQW GH PHWRGD SULQ FDUH VH
HYDOXHD] XWLOL]DUHD XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH LQVXILFLHQW GH ELQH FDOLEUDW
GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO UHVSHFWULL FDOLWLORU VDOH WHKQLFH DGXFH LPSRUWDQWH
SUHMXGLFLL GHPHUVXOXL LQLLDW UHODWLYL]kQG FRQVLGHUDELO UH]XOWDWHOH L HIHFWHOH
HYDOXULL
'HVFULHUHDVXFFLQWDDFHVWRUFDOLWLHVWHSUH]HQWDWvQFRQWLQXDUHYH]LL,
1HDFX$6WRLFDFRRUGSJ

3ULQFLSDOHOH FDOLWL DOH XQXL LQVWUXPHQW GH HYDOXDUH SH FDUH vO YRP QXPL vQ
continuare test sunt: YDOLGLWDWHDILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHDLDSOLFDELOLWDWHD

Validitatea XQXL WHVW HVWH H[SULPDW GH DFXUDWHHD FX FDUH WHVWXO UHVSHFWLY
PVRDUFHHDFHLQWHQLRQHD]VPVRDUHQFRQVHFLQDDSUHFLDGDFXQ
WHVW PVRDUD FHHD FH LD SURSXV V PVRDUH QX VH SRDWH IDFH GHFkW vQ
UHODLH FX VFRSXO WHVWXOXL UHVSHFWLY 3ULPD vQWUHEDUH OD FDUH WUHEXLH V
UVSXQG DXWRUXO XQXL WHVW HVWH FH LQWHQLRQH] V PVRU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
acestui instrument? 3ULPD FRQVWDWDUH SH FDUH R SRDWH IDFH HVWH DFHHD F
WUHEXLH V VH UDSRUWH]H OD FHHD FH HVWH FDSDELO V PVRDUH vQ PRPHQWXO
UHVSHFWLY PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH GH UHJXO SULQ SURLHFWDUHD XQXL WHVW VH FHUH
HOHYLORU V UVSXQG OD DQXPLWH FHULQH L VDUFLQL GH OXFUX FDUH OL VH GDX
DFHVWRUD VSUH UH]ROYDUH &RQVHFLQD GLUHFW D DFHVWXL IDSW HVWH F FHHD FH
PVXUP VXQW GRDU FRPSRUWDPHQWH (VWH PXOW PDL JUHX GH UHDOL]DW
PVXUDUHDDFHORUDVSHFWHFDUHLQGHLQWHUHVHOHHOHYLORUGHDELOLWLOHDFHVWRUD
VDXGHODWXUDDIHFWLYDWLWXGLQDODSHUVRQDOLWLLHOHYLORU$FHVWHDVSHFWHQXSRW
ILPVXUDWHvQPRGGLUHFW
QFDGUXOXQXLWHVWQXWUHEXLHVH[LVWHHOHPHQWHGHLQWHUIHUHQ'HH[HPSOX
XQ WHVW FDUH PVRDUD JUDGXO GH H[HUVDUH DO XQXL DOJRULWP GH DQDOL]
JUDPDWLFDOQXWUHEXLHVFULVvQWUXQOLPEDMJUHXDFFHVLELOYkUVWHLHOHYLORUVDXV
ULGLFH SUREOHPH GH YRFDEXODU VDX VWLO SHQWUX F vQ DFHVW IHO YRU IL PVXUDWH
DELOLWL GH VWSkQLUH D HOHPHQWHORU GH OLPE L DELD vQ SODQ VHFXQGDU FHOH
SUHVXSXVHGHDQDOL]DJUDPDWLFDO
3HQWUXFDXQWHVWVILHFRQVLGHUDWYDOLGWUHEXLHVDFRSHUHvQWUHJXOFRQLQXW
DO SURJUDPHL GH H[DPHQ vQWUXQ PRG DGHFYDW LQkQG FRQW GH OXQJLPHD
SRQGHUHD VDX LPSRUWDQD GLIHULWHORU DVSHFWH DOH FRQLQXWXOXL OD FDUH IDFH
referire.

n continuare vom face referire la cteva tipuri de validitate:

YDOLGLWDWHDGHFRQLQXW
validitatea de construct

19
 YDOLGLWDWHDFRQFXUHQW
YDOLGLWDWHDSUHGLFWLY
YDOLGLWDWHDGHIDDG

1. 9DOLGLWDWHDGHFRQLQXWUHOHYPVXUDvQFDUHWHVWXODFRSHUvQPRG
XQLIRUPHOHPHQWHOH GH FRQLQXW PDMRUHSH FDUH DFHVWD OH WHVWHD]
$SUHFLHUHD YDOLGLWLL GH FRQLQXW VH IDFH SULQ HVWLPDUHD
FRQFRUGDQHLGLQWUHLWHPLLWHVWXOXLLRELHFWLYHOHRSHUDLRQDOHGHILQLWH
SHED]DFRQLQXWXULORUHVHQLDOHDOHSURJUDPXOXLGHLQVWUXLUH

2. Validitatea de constructH[SULPDFXUDWHHDFXFDUHWHVWXOPVRDU
XQ DQXPLW FRQVWUXFW VSHFLILFDW GH H[HPSOX LQWHOLJHQD
FUHDWLYLWDWHD VXFFHVXO FRODU HWF 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVW WLS GH
YDOLGLWDWH YL]HD] FRQFRUGDQD GLQWUH QDWXUD LWHPLORU L RELHFWLYHOH
FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH FRQLQXWXULORU VXSXVH HYDOXULL GHFL UDSRUWXO LWHP
QLYHOXOvQYULL

3. VDOLGLWDWHDFRQFXUHQWIDFHUHIHULUHODFRQFRUGDQDGLQWUHUH]XOWDWHOH
RELQXWH GH XQ HOHY OD XQ WHVW L XQHOH FULWHULL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW
VLPLODUH Q FRQVHFLQ YDOLGLWDWHD FRQFXUHQW UHIOHFW PVXUD vQ
FDUH VFRUXULOH vQUHJLVWUDWH OD XQ WHVW UHODLRQHD] FX DOWH PVXUUL
UHDOL]DWHDVXSUDDFHORUDLDELOLWL

4. 9DOLGLWDWHD SUHGLFWLY YL]HD] PVXUD vQ FDUH WHVWXO SRDWH IDFH

SURJQR]D SHUIRUPDQHORU YLLWRDUH DOH HOHYXOXL 5H]XOWDWHOH SUH]HQWH
ale testului sunt utilizate pentru a atinge acest scop. Acest tip de
YDOLGLWDWH YL]HD] HVWLPDUHDGHWHUPLQDUHD FRUHODLHL GLQWUH
SHUIRUPDQD vQUHJLVWUDW OD XQ WHVW FDUH D IRVW DGPLQLVWUDW L
SHUIRUPDQD OD WHVWH FDUH XUPHD] D IL VXVLQXWH OD DFHHDL
GLVFLSOLQGHVWXGLXVDXDVXSUDDFHOHLDLH[WHQVLLFXUULFXODUH

5. 9DOLGLWDWHDGH IDDG )DFH 9DOLGLW\ H[SULP PVXUD vQ FDUH WHVWXO

HVWHUHOHYDQWLLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXFHLFDUHVXQWWHVWDL'HH[HPSOX
XQ WHVW FDUH HYDOXHD] FRQLQXWXUL GH GLPHQVLXQL GLIHULWH VDX
FRQVLGHUDWHDILGHLPSRUWDQGLIHULWWUHEXLHVH[SULPHDFHVWIDSW
SULQWURSRQGHUHGLIHULWDLWHPLORUSHXQLWLGHFRQLQXWVSHFLILFH
Printre factoriiFDUHLQIOXHQHD]YDOLGLWDWHDXQXLWHVWVHLQFOXG
- LQGLFDLLQHFODUH
- nivelul de dificultate inadecvat al itemilor de test;
- LWHPLLQFRUHFLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHWHKQLF
- test prea scurt;

20
 - DGPLQLVWUDUHDLVDXFRUHFWDUHDQHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHDWHVWXOXL
- LJQRUDUHDYDULDELOHLGHVHPQDWHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJUXSXOXLFUXLDL
VHDGPLQLVWUHD]WHVWXO

FidelitateaUHSUH]LQWcalitatea unui test de a produce rezultate constante n

XUPD DSOLFULL VDOH UHSHWDWH. Un test caracterizat printr-un grad ridicat de
ILGHOLWDWH DSOLFDW vQ FRQGLLL LGHQWLFH DFHOXLDL JUXS GH HOHYL GDU vQ GLIHULWH
RFD]LL WUHEXLH V FRQGXF OD RELQHUHD  DFHORUDL UH]XOWDWH VDX FX GLIHUHQH
minime).
)LGHOLWDWHD XQXL WHVW DUH OHJWXU GLUHFW FX PRGXO vQ FDUH VH DVLJXU
FRQVLVWHQD PVXUULL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL FRQVLVWHQH SHVWH WLPS GH OD
SHUVRDQODRDOWSHUVRDQGLQWUXQORFvQDOWXO
3HQWUXHVWLPDUHDILGHOLWLLXQXLWHVWVHIRORVHVFXUPWRDUHOHmetode:
a) metoda test-retest FDUH YL]HD] VWDELOLWDWHD  WHVWXOXL UHVSHFWLY
DFHVWD ILLQG DSOLFDW GH GRX RUL DFHOXLDL JUXS VDX OD GRX JUXSXUL
GLIHULWH GH HOHYL GDU FX DFHOHDL DELOLWL OD XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS
YDULLQGvQWUHFkWHYDPLQXWHLFkLYDDQL
b) metoda formelor echivalente FH HYLGHQLD] HFKLYDOHQD WHVWXOXL
UHVSHFWLY SULQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD OD XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS VFXUW D GRX
IRUPHGHWHVWHFKLYDOHQWHDFHOXLDLJUXSGHHOHYL&HOHGRXIRUPH
GH WHVW WUHEXLH V ILH SDUDOHOH DGLF V FRQLQ DFHODL QXPU GH
LWHPLDUDQMDLvQDFHODLIRUPDWGHWHVWVDFRSHUHDFHODLFRQLQXW
VDLEXQQLYHOGHGLILFXOWDWHVLPLODULLQVWUXFLXQLGHDGPLQLVWUDUH
similare.
c) metoda test-retest cu forme echivalenteUHIOHFWDWkWVWDELOLWDWHDFkW
LHFKLYDOHQDWHVWXOXLvQFDX]6HDGPLQLVWUHD]DFHOXLDLJUXSGH
HOHYLGRXIRUPHDOHDFHOXLDLWHVWODXQLQWHUYDOGHWLPSVFXUW
d) PHWRGD vQMXPWLULL HVWH FHD FDUH SXQH vQ YDORDUH FRQVLVWHQD
LQWHUQ D WHVWXOXL $FHVWD VH DSOLF R VLQJXU GDW GXS FH vQ
SUHDODELO D IRVW vPSULW vQ GRX MXPWL HFKLYDOHQWH GH H[HPSOX
LWHPLSDULLLWHPLLPSDUL
Printre factoriiFDUHLQIOXHQHD]ILGHOLWDWHDPHQLRQP
- lungimea testului &X FkW WHVWXO HVWH PDL OXQJ FX DWkW FUHWH
fidelitatea sa.
- dispersia scorurilor&XFkWvPSUWLHUHDVFRUXULORUHVWHPDLPDUH
cu att testul este mai fidel.
- RSLXQHD DVXSUD WLSXOXL GH LWHP L FRUHFWLWXGLQHD WHKQLF FX FDUH
LWHPLL UHVSHFWLYL VXQW FRQVWUXLL. Testul format majoritar din itemi
RELHFWLYLDUHRILGHOLWDWHFUHVFXW

21
 - modul n care testul a fost administrat (timpul suficient alocat,
LQVWUXFLXQLOH GH WHVW IXUQL]DWH FRQGLLLOH DVLJXUDWH VSDLX
temperatura, lumina, zgomotul etc.).
- schema de notare 2 VFKHP GH QRWDUH FODU L ELQH VWUXFWXUDW
FUHWHILGHOLWDWHDWHVWXOXL

5HODLDGLQWUHYDOLGLWDWHLILGHOLWDWH

)LGHOLWDWHDHVWHRFRQGLLHQHFHVDUGDUQXLVXILFLHQWSHQWUXYDOLGLWDWH
8QWHVWSRDWHILILGHOIU DIL YDOLG GHRDUHFH WHVWXO SRDWH PVXUDDOWFHYD
GHFkWLDSURSXVVPVRDUH
'DFXQWHVWQXHVWHILGHOHOQXHVWHQLFLYDOLG
QvQFHUFDUHDGHDvPEXQWLILGHOLWDWHDHVWHLPSRUWDQWVQHDVLJXUPF
DFHVWGHPHUVQXDIHFWHD]YDOLGLWDWHDWHVWXOXLUHVSHFWLY
 Q VLWXDLD vQ FDUH H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW vQWUH YDOLGLWDWH L ILGHOLWDWH DVLJXUDUHD
YDOLGLWLLHVWHFHDFDUHWUHEXLHVDLESULRULWDWH

Obiectivitatea UHSUH]LQW JUDGXO GH FRQFRUGDQ vQWUH DSUHFLHULOH IFXWH GH

HYDOXDWRUL LQGHSHQGHQL vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH XQ UVSXQV EXQ SHQWUX ILHFDUH
dintre itemii unui test7HVWHOHVWDQGDUGL]DWHDXRIRDUWHEXQRELHFWLYLWDWH

Aplicabilitatea VDX YDOLGLWDWHD GH DSOLFDUH GHVHPQHD] calitatea unui test

GHDILDGPLQLVWUDWLLQWHUSUHWDWFXXXULQ. Printre criteriilevQIXQFLHGHFDUH
VH DSUHFLD] EXQD DSOLFDELOLWDWH D XQXL WHVW VH vQVFULX $XVXEHO L 5RELQVRQ
1981, p. 687):
- LPSRUWDQDFRQLQXWXOXLSHFDUHWHVWXOvOPVRDU
- FRQFRUGDQD GLQWUHIRUPD L FRQLQXWXO WHVWXOXL L QLYHOXO GH YkUVW
al elevului testat;
- FRVWXOLWLPSXOQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHDWHVWXOXL
- RELHFWLYLWDWHDvQQRWDUHLLQWHUSUHWDUHDUH]XOWDWHORU

1.5. Tipuri de itemi

3HQWUX R vQHOHJHUH PDL EXQ D DFHVWHL SUREOHPDWLFL YRP RSHUD FX
XUPWRDUHDGHILQLLHGHOXFUXDitemului:
Item vQWUHEDUH!IRUPDWXODFHVWHLD!UVSXQVXODWHSWDW!
7HRULDLSUDFWLFDHYDOXULLHYLGHQLD]PDLPXOWHFLWHULLSHED]DFURUDSRWIL
FODVLILFDL LWHPLL 8QXO GLQWUH FULWHULLOH FHO PDL GHV XWLOL]DWH este acela al

22
gradului de obiectivitate oferit n corectare Q IXQFLH GH DFHVW FULWHULX
LWHPLLSRWILFODVLILFDLvQWUHLPDULFDWHJRULL
a) itemi obiectivi
b) itemi semiobiectivi
c) LWHPLVXELHFWLYLFXUVSXQVGHVFKLV
Itemii obiectivi WHVWHD] XQ QXPU PDUH GH HOHPHQWH GH FRQLQXW vQWUXQ
interval de timp relativ scurt, asigurnd un grad de obiectivitate ridicat n
PVXUDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUFRODUH
Itemii semiobiectivi SRW DFRSHUL R JDP YDULDW GH FDSDFLWL LQWHOHFWXDOH
FDUHVHGRUHVFDILWHVWDWHRIHULQGvQDFHODLWLPSSRVLELOLWDWHDGH DXWLOL]D L
materiale auxiliare utile elevilor n rezolvarea sarcinilor de lucru propuse.
,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL FX UVSXQV GHVFKLV VXQW UHODWLY XRU GH FRQVWUXLW
SULQFLSDODSUREOHPFRQVWLWXLQGRPRGXOGHHODERUDUHDVFKHPHLGHQRWDUHa
DFHVWRUD FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL YL]HD]
GHPRQVWUDUHDGHFWUHHOHYLvQUVSXQVDRULJLQDOLWLLLFUHDWLYLWLLORU
7LSXULOH GH LWHPL FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ ILHFDUH GLQWUH FDWHJRULLOH PHQLRQDWH
DQWHULRUYRUILGHVFULVHGHWDOLDWvQFDSLWROHOHXUPWRDUHDOHJKLGXOXL

23
 CAPITOLUL 2
ITEMI OBIECTIVI
,7(0,&8$/(*(5('8$/
2.2. ITEMI DE TIP PERECHE
,7(0,&8$/(*(5(08/7,3/

7HVWHOH vQ VSHFLDO FHOH VWDQGDUGL]DWH FRQLQ XQ QXPU GH LWHPL QWUH DFHWLD R
FDWHJRULHGLVWLQFWRIRUPHD]itemii obiectiviFDUDFWHUL]DLSULQ
- VWUXFWXUDUHDH[SOLFLWDVDUFLQLORUSURSXVHLFRUHODUHDFXRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUH
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D WHVWD XQ QXPU PDUH GH HOHPHQWH GH FRQLQXW vQWUXQ WLPS UHODWLY
scurt;
- ILGHOLWDWHULGLFDW
- DVLJXUDUHDRELHFWLYLWLLvQHYDOXDUHLQRWDUH
- DVRFLHUHDFXRVFKHPGHQRWDUHVLPSOXQSXQFWDMFDUHVHDFRUGvQWRWDOLWDWH
VDXQXvQIXQFLHGHPDUFDUHDGHFWUHHOHYDUVSXQVXOXLFRUHFWUHVSHFWLYJUHLW

Obiectivitatea DFHVWRULWHPLDUHvQYHGHUHXUPWRDUHOHDVSHFWH
- RELHFWLYLWDWHDFRQVWUXFLHLLWHPXOXLFHULQDHVWHH[SOLFLWSXWHUQLFVWUXFWXUDW
LFRUHODWFXXQRELHFWLYGHHYDOXDUH
- RELHFWLYLWDWHD SHUFHSLHL L UDSRUWULL OD VDUFLQ GH FWUH VXELHFWXO HYDOXDW
VXELHFLGLIHULLH[SULPDFHODLPRGGHSHUFHSHUHLUDSRUWDUHODVDUFLQ
- RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULLQRWULL  HYDOXDWRUL GLIHULL DFRUG DFHODL SXQFWDM
SHQWUXDFHHDLVROXLHDXQXLLWHP

,WHPLL RELHFWLYL SRW IL XWLOL]DL vQ HYDOXDUH OD RULFH GLVFLSOLQ VRFLRXPDQ GDWRULW
specificului lor:
- VXQWDGHFYDLSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDXQRUUH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULLVLWXDWHPDLDOHVvQ
]RQDLQIHULRDUDGRPHQLXOXLFRJQLWLY
- DQWUHQHD]vQPRGSUHSRQGHUHQWFDSDFLWLGHWLSUHSURGXFWLY
- VXQWH[SXLODULVFXOUVSXQVXULORUGDWHvQPRGDOHDWRULX

Din categoria itemilor obiectivi fac parte:

- LWHPLLFXDOHJHUHGXDODGHYUDWIDOV
- itemii de tip pereche,
- LWHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSO

,7(0,&8$/(*(5('8$/

,WHPLL FX DOHJHUH GXDO SXQ HOHYXO vQ VLWXDLD GH D VHOHFWD UVSXQVXO FRUHFW GLQ GRDU
GRXYDULDQWHSRVLELOHDGHYUDWIDOVGDQXFRUHFWLQFRUHFWDFRUGGH]DFRUG.
Itemii de tip da/nuLDGHYUDWIDOVVXQWFHOPDLIUHFYHQWIRORVLL

8WLOL]DUHDORUSRDWHILDGHFYDWDWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHWHVHYDOXH]H

24
 - FXQRDWHUHDGHFWUHHOHYDXQRULQIRUPDLLSXQFWXDOHGDWHIDFWXDOHWHUPHQL
GHILQLLLOHJLSULQFLSLLIRUPXOH
- GLIHUHQLHUHDSHFDUHRSRDWHUHDOL]DHOHYXOvQWUHHQXQXULOHIDFWXDOHLFHOHGH
opinie;
- FDSDFLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D LGHQWLILFD UHODLL GH WLS FDX]HIHFW VXFFHVLXQHD
ORJLFVDXFURQRORJLFDXQRUHYHQLPHQWH

Pentru proiectarea FRUHFW D DFHVWXL WLS GH LWHPL HVWH QHFHVDU UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH*URQOXQGS
- IRUPXODUHDFODULSUHFLVDHQXQXOXL
- GDF VH VROLFLW DSUHFLHUHD FX DGHYUDW VDX IDOV DWXQFL VH YRU HYLWD
HQXQXULOHIRDUWHJHQHUDOH
- VHOHFWDUHD XQRU HQXQXUL UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GRPHQLXO GH FXQRDWHUH VDX
FDWHJRULDGHFRPSHWHQHWHVWDWXQHRULHIRUWXOGHDUHDOL]DHQXQXULFDUHV
ILH IU HFKLYRF DGHYDUDWH VDX IDOVH GXFH OD HODERUDUHD GH LWHPL
QHVHPQLILFDWLYL GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HGXFDLRQDO VDX EDQDOL GLQ SXQFW GH
YHGHUHWLLQLILF
- VH YD HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD HQXQXULORU QHJDWLYH L vQ VSHFLDO IRORVLUHD GXEOHL
QHJDLL FDUH LQGXFH XQ JUDG vQDOW GH DPELJXLWDWH L vPSLHGLF vQHOHJHUHD
HQXQXOXLLWHPXOXLGHFWUHHOHY
- VH YRU HYLWD HQXQXULOH OXQJL L FRPSOH[H SULQ HOLPLQDUHD HOHPHQWHORU
UHGXQGDQWHLQXWLOHvQUDSRUWFXLGHHDSULQFLSDODHQXQXOXLLFHULQDLWHPXOXL
QX VH YD IRORVL XQ OLPEDM SUHD DFDGHPLF R WHUPLQRORJLH IRDUWH VSHFLDOL]DW
VDXRFRQVWUXFLHOLQJYLVWLFVWXIRDVLJUHRDLH
- VHYDHYLWDLQWURGXFHUHDDGRXLGHLvQWUXQVLQJXUHQXQFXH[FHSLDFD]XULORU
vQ FDUH VH GRUHWH HYLGHQLHUHD UHODLHL FDX]HIHFW vQ DFHDVW VLWXDLH FHD
PDLEXQVROXLHHVWHDFHHDGHDXWLOL]DGRDUSURSR]LLLDGHYUDWHLGHDFHUH
HOHYLORUVGHFLGDGHYUXOVDXIDOVLWDWHDUHODLHLGLQWUHDFHVWHD
- HQXQXULOHDGHYUDWHLFHOHIDOVHYRUILDSUR[LPDWLYHJDOHFDOXQJLPH
- QXPUXO HQXQXULORU DGHYUDWH L FHO DO HQXQXULORU IDOVH YRU IL DSUR[LPDWLY
HJDOH GDU QX H[DFW HJDOH GHRDUHFH DFHVWD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ LQGLFLX GXS
FDUHHOHYXOvQFHDUFVJKLFHDVFUVSXQVXOFRUHFW

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW$UJXPHQWLDUJXPHQWDUH
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF HQXQXUL FDUH DX VWUXFWXUD ORJLF D XQXL
argument.
(QXQ 
&LWHWHFXDWHQLHILHFDUHGLQHQXQXULOHGHPDLMRVQFD]XOvQFDUHDSUHFLH]LFXQ
HQXQDUHVWUXFWXUDORJLFDXQXLDUJXPHQWvQFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXO'$GDFDSUHFLH]L
FHQXQXOQXHVWHXQDUJXPHQWvQFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXO18

25
 - 2 SURSR]LLH FRJQLWLY HVWH R XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV FDUH SRDWH IL FDOLILFDW FD
DGHYUDWVDXIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW NU)

- 2 SURSR]LLH FRJQLWLY HVWH R XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV L RULFH XQLWDWH GH GLVFXUV
SRDWHILFDOLILFDWFDDGHYUDWVDXIDOVGHFLRULFHSURSR]LLHFRJQLWLYSRDWH
ILDGHYUDWVDXIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW DA)

- 1LFLRSURSR]LLHFRJQLWLYQXSRDWHILLDGHYUDWLIDOV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW NU)

- )ORULQHVWHROLPSLFODPDWHPDWLFGHFLSRDWHILVFXWLWGHIUHFYHQvQSHULRDGD
GHSUHJWLUHSHQWUXFRQFXUV
DA NU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW DA)

(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ HQXQXULOH GH PDL MRV Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH UVSXQVXO $'(95$7 GDF DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLDHVWHJUHLWvQFHUFXLHWHUVSXQVXO)$/6

- 8Q DUJXPHQW HVWH R PXOLPH GH SURSR]LLL FRJQLWLYH GHVSUH FDUH VH SRDWH
GHFLGHvQPRGFHUWGDFVXQWDGHYUDWHVDXIDOVH
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW FALS)

- 8Q DUJXPHQW HVWH XQ VHW GH SURSR]LLL FRJQLWLYH vQ FDUH GHVSUH XQHOH GLQWUH
HOH  SUHPLVHOH  VH SUHWLQGH F vQWHPHLD] R DOW SURSR]LLH GLQ VHWXO
UHVSHFWLYQXPLWFRQFOX]LH
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

- &XYkQWXODUJXPHQWDUHDFHODLvQHOHVFXUDLRQDPHQWVDXLQIHUHQ
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

- 3UH]HQD H[SOLFLW D XQXL LQGLFDWRU ORJLF QX HVWH R FRQGLLH QHFHVDU SHQWUX
H[LVWHQDXQXLDUJXPHQW
$'(95$7)$/6
(5VSXQVFRUHFW$'(95$7

26
Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL
procesele psihice senzoriale.
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF vQVXLUL HVHQLDOH DOH SURFHVHORU
psihice senzoriale.
(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)

- 6HQ]DLD HVWH XQ SURFHV SVLKLF HOHPHQWDU FDUH LQIRUPHD] GHVSUH

SURSULHWLOHFRQFUHWHLVHSDUDWHDOHRELHFWHORUvQFRQGLLLOHDFLXQLLGLUHFWHD
acestora asupra analizatorilor.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- $WkW VHQ]DLD FkW L SHUFHSLD VXQW LPDJLQL SULPDUH GHRDUHFH UHIOHFW QXPDL
vQVXLULFRQFUHWHDOHRELHFWHORULIHQRPHQHORU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 3ULQvQVXLULOHHLUHSUH]HQWDUHDVHvQFDGUHD]vQFDWHJRULDSURFHVHORUSVLKLFH
primare.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 5HIOHFWDUHDSHUFHSWLYDUHFDUDFWHUGLUHFWQHPLMORFLWvQWLPSFHUHSUH]HQWDUHD
HVWHRUHIOHFWDUHPLMORFLWDUHDOLWLL
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

3HQWUXDULGLFDQLYHOXOGHGLILFXOWDWHDLWHPLORUFXDOHJHUHGXDO FHULQHL GH D LGHQWLILFD

HQXQXULOHDGHYUDWHUHVSHFWLYIDOVHLVHSRWDGXJDGRXFHULQHVXSOLPHQWDUH:
a. VXEOLQLHUHDFXYkQWXOXLFDUHGHWHUPLQFDUDFWHUXOHURQDWDOHQXQXOXL
b. vQORFXLUHDOXLFXXQFXYkQWFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD HVWH IDOV
vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)QFD]XODILUPDLLORUIDOVH
a. VXEOLQLD]FXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVILHIDOV
b. VFULHvQVSDLXOVSHFLDOPDUFDWFXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

27
 - 5HIOHFWDUHDRELHFWXOXLvQVHQ]DLHDUHFDUDFWHUIUDJPHQWDUXQLGLPHQVLRQDOL
nu permite subiectului identificarea lui.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- ,PDJLQHDSHUFHSWLYHVWHDQDOLWLFUHIOHFWkQGRELHFWHOHFDUHDFLRQHD]GLUHFW
DVXSUDRUJDQHORUGHVLPFDWRWDOLWLLQWHJUDOH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvntul care trebuie subliniat esteDQDOLWLF
cuvntul cu care trebuie nlocuit este VLQWHWLF)

- 3HUFHSLD UHIOHFW vQ PRG QHGLIHUHQLDW vQVXLULOH RELHFWXOXL vQ WLPS FH

UHSUH]HQWDUHD UHIOHFW vQ PRG SUHSRQGHUHQW vQVXLULOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH
semnificative.
A F ...
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 5HSUH]HQWDUHD HVWH XQ SURFHV GH UHIOHFWDUH QHPLMORFLW D SURSULHWLORU

RELHFWHORU L IHQRPHQHORU GDWH vQ H[SHULHQD VHQ]RULDO DQWHULRDU D
subiectului.
A F ...
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvntul care trebuie subliniat este QHPLMORFLW
cuvntul cu care trebuie nlocuit este PLMORFLW).

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a, a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW)DFWRULLGHSURGXFLH
Obiectiv: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF LQWHUGHSHQGHQD GLQWUH IDFWRULL GH
SURGXFLHLUHVXUVH
(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)

- 2 DFWLYLWDWH HFRQRPLF UDLRQDO FUHHD] SUHPLVH SHQWUX vPEXQWLUHD

FDOLWDWLYLVWUXFWXUDODUHVXUVHORUSHQWUXFUHWHUHDORU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 2ULFHIDFWRUGHSURGXFLHSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWRUHVXUVLRULFHUHVXUVSRDWHIL
FRQVLGHUDWXQIDFWRUGHSURGXFLH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

28
 - &D L UHVXUVHOH IDFWRULL GH SURGXFLH WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDL vQWRWGHDXQD FD ILLQG
OLPLWDLvQUDSRUWFXQHYRLOHFHWUHEXLHVFVDWLVIFXWHFXDMXWRUXOORU
A F
(5VSXQV corect A)

- )DFWRUXO GH SURGXFLH PXQF DUH URO GHWHUPLQDQW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF
GHRDUHFH UHSUH]LQW SRSXODLD DQWUHQDW vQ DFWLYLWDWHD HFRQRPLF LDU
SRSXODLDHVWHUHVXUVSULPDU
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFWF)

(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ DILUPDLLOH XUPWRDUH Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)QFD]XODILUPDLLORUIDOVH
a. VXEOLQLD]FXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVILHIDOV
b. VFULHvQVSDLXOVSHFLDOPDUFDWFXYkQWXOFDUHIDFHFDDILUPDLDVGHYLQDGHYUDW

- )LHFDUH FDWHJRULH GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXFLH DUH XQ PRG VSHFLILF GH D VH
PDQLIHVWDvQFDGUXODFWLYLWLLHFRQRPLFHLGHDVHFRPELQDFXFHOHODOWH
A F..
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- 3PkQWXO FD UHVXUV QDWXUDO SRDWH IL LQFOXV vQ FDWHJRULD UHVXUVHORU
UHJHQHUDELOH QXPDL GDF HVWH FRQVXPDW vQ PRG H[WHQVLY vQ FDGUXO DFWLYLWLL
economice.
A F.
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvntul care trebuie nlocuit este extensiv
cuvntul cu care trebuie nlocuit este intensiv)

- PERJLUHDFRQLQXWXOXLPXQFLLSULQDVLPLODUHDLXWLOL]DUHDLQIRUPDLHLDUHFD
HIHFWFUHWHUHDGXUDWHLPXQFLL
A F.
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvntul care trebuie nlocuit este FUHWHUHD
cuvntul cu care trebuie nlocuit este reducerea)

- )DFWRUXO GH SURGXFLH FDSLWDO HVWH SDUWH D UHVXUVHORU GHULYDWH GHRDUHFH

UHSUH]LQWEXQXULFDUHVHUYHVFGLUHFWODVDWLVIDFHUHDWUHEXLQHORUXPDQH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F
cuvntul care trebuie nlocuit este direct
cuvntul cu care trebuie nlocuit este indirect)

29
Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF VSHFLILFXO DERUGULL ILORVRILFH D
problematicii umanului.
(QXQ 
&LWHWH FX DWHQLH ILHFDUH GLQ XUPWRDUHOH DILUPDLL Q FD]XO vQ FDUH DSUHFLH]L F
DILUPDLD HVWH DGHYUDW vQFHUFXLHWH OLWHUD $ GDF DSUHFLH]L F DILUPDLD QX HVWH
DGHYUDWvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)

- $VHPHQL WLLQHL ILORVRILD HODERUHD] GHILQLLL ULJXURDVH L XQDQLP DFFHSWDWH

DOHRELHFWHORULIHQRPHQHORUFHLQWUvQFkPSXOHLGHFHUFHWDUH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW F)

- 0DULOHFRQFHSLLILORVRILFHVXQWWHQWDWLYHGHDLGHQWLILFDLUHOHYDVSHFLILFLWDWHD
umanului.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- )LORVRILD QX G UVSXQVXUL GHILQLWLYH FL SXQH vQWUHEUL L FRQVWUXLHWH

alternative.
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

- QWUXFkW QDWXUD XPDQ HVWH FRPSOH[ L FRQWUDGLFWRULH vQ PDQLIHVWULOH HL

VXUSULQGHUHDVSHFLILFLWLLPRGXOXLXPDQGHDILQXHVWHSRVLELOvQWURGHILQLLH
ORJLFVDWLVIFWRDUH
A F
(5VSXQVFRUHFW A)

2.2. ITEMI DE TIP PERECHE

,WHPLLGHWLSSHUHFKHSXQHOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDGHWHUPLQDFRUHVSRQGHQDFRUHFWvQWUH
FXYLQWHSURSR]LLLIUD]HYDORULQXPHULFHVHPQLILFDLLOLWHUHVLPEROXULLQIRUPDLLD
(OHPHQWHOHvQWUHFDUHWUHEXLHVWDELOLWFRUHVSRQGHQDVXQWGLVWULEXLWHvQGRXFRORDQH
- SULPD FRORDQ FRQLQH HOHPHQWHOH FH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW HQXQXO LWHPXOXL L
care sunt denumite premise;
- DGRXDFRORDQFRQLQHHOHPHQWHOHFDUHUHSUH]LQWUVSXQVXULOH
,QVWUXF LXQLOHFDUHSUHFHGFHOHGRXFRORDQHVHUHIHUODFULWHULXOVDXFULWHULLOHvQED]D
FURUDWUHEXLHUHDOL]DWDVRFLHUHDvQWUHSUHPLVHLUVSXQVXUL

$FHWL LWHPL HYDOXHD] DELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D LGHQWLILFD UHODLD H[LVWHQW vQWUH GRX
HOHPHQWH 'H FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL DFHDVW DELOLWDWH SUHVXSXQH UHFXQRDWHUHD UHODLHL

30
DGLF DQWUHQHD] FDSDFLWL GH WLS UHSURGXFWLY 8WLOL]DUHD ORU SRDWH IL DGHFYDW DWXQFL
FkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHWHVHYDOXH]HFDSDFLWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDVWDELOLFRUHODLLvQWUH

- RDPHQLUHDOL]UL
- date evenimente istorice
- WHUPHQLGHILQL LL
- reguli exemple
- simboluri concepte
- autori opere
- SULQFLSLLFODVLILFUL
- FRPSRQHQWHXWLOL]UL

3HQWUX SURLHFWDUHD FRUHFW D LWHPLORU GH WLS SHUHFKH HVWH QHFHVDU UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH*URQOXQGRSFLWS
- utilizarea unui material omogen
- LQFOXGHUHDXQXLQXPULQHJDOGHUVSXQVXULLSUHPLVHLLQVWUXLUHDHOHYLORUvQ
OHJWXUFXIDSWXOFXQUVSXQVSRDWHILIRORVLWRGDWGHPDLPXOWHRULVDX
QLFLRGDW
- DUDQMDUHD OLVWHL UVSXQVXULORU vQWUR RUGLQH ORJLF L HYLWDUHD VLWXDLHL vQ FDUH
RUGLQHD SUH]HQWULL UVSXQVXULORU SRDWH IXUQL]D XQ LQGLFLX SHQWUX HOHY vQ
JKLFLUHDFRUHVSRQGHQHLFRUHFWH
- SODVDUHDWXWXURUSUHPLVHORULUVSXQVXULORUXQXLLWHPSHDFHHDLSDJLQ

,WHPLL GH WLS SHUHFKH SHUPLW DERUGDUHD XQXL YROXP FRQVLVWHQW GH LQIRUPDLL vQWUXQ
LQWHUYDOGHWLPSUHODWLYUHGXVSUHFXPLUDSLGLWDWHDFRUHFWULLLHYDOXULL
(L QX VXQW UHFRPDQGDL DWXQFL FkQG SURIHVRUXO GRUHWH HYDOXDUHD XQRU UH]XOWDWH DOH
vQYULLFXFDUDFWHUFRPSOH[LFUHDWLY

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW'HILQLUHDLFODVLILFDUHD
Obiectivul:  (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVFDSDUWHQHQD XQHL GHILQLLL ODR DQXPLW
FDWHJRULHVDXWLSGHGHILQLLH
(QXQ 
QFRORDQDGLQVWkQJD$VXQWHQXPHUDWHWLSXULGHGHILQLLHFRORDQDGLQGUHDSWD%
FRQLQH H[HPSOH FRQFUHWH GH GHILQLLL $VRFLD] ILHFDUH GHILQLLH GLQ FRORDQD % WLSXOXL
FRUHVSXQ]WRUGLQFRORDQD$VFULLQGvQVSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPD
FRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%
XQDLDFHHDLGHILQLLHSRDWHVDSDULQPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHGHILQLLH

A B
GHILQLLHUHDO a. n gramatica limbii romne, termenul parte
GHILQLLHQRPLQDO GHYRUELUHGHVHPQHD]ILHFDUHGLQXUP
GHILQLLHH[WHQVLRQDOWRDUHOHFODVHGHFXYLQWHVXEVWDQWLYXODG

31
GHILQLLHLQWHQVLRQDOMHFWLYXOQXPHUDOXOSURQXPHOHYHUEXODG
YHUEXOSUHSR]LLDFRQMXQFLDLLQWHUMHFLD
E6HQXPHWHDFLGRULFHVXEVWDQFDUH
vQURHWHKkUWLDGHWXUQHVRO
F7UDLHFWRULDEDOLVWLFHVWHFXUEDFDUHDSDUH
SULQGHSODVDUHDXQXLSURLHFWLOGHODLHLUHD
GLQHDYDDUPHLSkQODvQWkOQLUHDFXXQ
obstacol.
d. Dreptunghiul este paralelogramul cu
unghiurile drepte.
H8QFRWLGLDQHVWHRSXEOLFDLHFD$GHYUXO
5RPkQLDOLEHU=LXD
I3DVUHvQVHDPQYHUWHEUDW]EXUDWRU

5VSXQVFRUHFW: c, d, e 1
a, b.2
a, e.3
b, c.4.
I HVWH GHILQLLH HURQDW L GHFL QX WUHEXLH PHQLRQDW
QLFLHUL

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL
procesele psihice senzoriale reprezentarea.
Obiectivul: (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHFULWHULXOvQED]DFUXLDVHSRDWHVWDELOLWLSXO
FUXLDvLDSDULQHRDQXPLWUHSUH]HQWDUH
(QXQ 
Q FRORDQD GLQ VWkQJD $ VXQW HQXPHUDWH FULWHULLOH SH ED]D FURUD VH UHDOL]HD]
FODVLILFDUHD UHSUH]HQWULORU FRORDQD GLQ GUHDSWD % FRQLQH WLSXUL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH
$VRFLD] ILHFDUH WLS GLQ FRORDQD % FULWHULXOXL FRUHVSXQ]WRU GLQ FRORDQD $ VFULLQG vQ
VSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD
B.

A B
.1. analizatorul dominant DUHSUH]HQWULUHSURGXFWLYH
.2. gradul de generalitate EUHSUH]HQWULYL]XDOH
QLYHOXORSHUDLLORULPSOLFDWH FUHSUH]HQWULDQWLFLSDWLYH
GUHSUH]HQWULLQGLYLGXDOH
HUHSUH]HQWULFKLQHVWH]LFH
IUHSUH]HQWULJHQerale
JUHSUH]HQWULHURQDWH

5VSXQVFRUHFW: b, e1
d, f.2

32
 a, c3.
J VH UHIHU OD XQ WLS GH UHSUH]HQWDUH FDUH QX SRDWH IL DVRFLDW QLFL XQXLD GLQ FULWHULLOH
PHQLRQDWH

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a, a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW)RUPHDOHSLHHL
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V UHFXQRDVF IRUPH DOH SLHHL FRQVWLWXLWH vQ
UDSRUWFXGLIHULWHFULWHULLLFDUDFWHULVWLFLHVHQLDOHDOHORU
(QXQ 
Q FRORDQD GLQ VWkQJD $ VXQW HQXPHUDWH GLIHULWH IRUPH GH SLD FRORDQD GLQ
GUHDSWD%FRQLQHFULWHULLLGHVFULHULDOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUORU$VRFLD]ILHFDUHGHVFULHUH
GLQ FRORDQD % IRUPHL FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH GH SLD GLQ FRORDQD $ VFULLQG vQ VSDLXO GLQ
VWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%

A B
SLDDFDSLWDOXOXL DVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHVHvQWkOQHVF
SLDDPRQRSROLVWLFFHUHUHDLRIHUWDGHGLVSRQLELOLWL
SLDDFXFRQFXUHQSHUIHFWEQHWLSHWHUPHQVFXUW
SLDDPXQFLLEORFGHvQWkOQLUHLFRQIUXQWDUHD
SLDDPRQHWDUSXUWWRULORUFHUHULLLSXUWWRULORU
SLDDYDOXWDURIHUWHLGHPXQF
FVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHLQWHUYHQLD
VWDWXOXLHVWHOHJDOLQHFHVDU
GPRGHOLGHDOGHSLDFDUHVHUYHWH
drept reper pentru caracaterizarea
IRUPHORUFRQFUHWHGHSLDDDFXP
H[LVWHOHvQUHDOLWDWHDHFRQRPLF
HSLDDSHFDUHPRQHGHOHQDLRQDOHDOH
GLIHULWHORUULVHFRPSRUWFDPUIXUL
IVSDLXHFRQRPLFvQFDUHSXUWWRULL
FHUHULLLDLRIHUWHLVXQWQXPHURL
fiecare neavnd puterea de a
LQIOXHQDSLDDSULQGHFL]LLOHSXQFWXDOH
SHFDUHOHDGRSWGDUvQFDUH
produsele au pierdut caracterul de
omogenitate.
JVSDLXHFRQRPLFFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQ
HJDOLWDWHDFHUHULLLRIHUWHL
VDWLVIFXWH
h. ansamblul raporturilor care se
FUHHD]GLQvQWkOQLUHDL
FRQIUXQWDUHDSXUWWRULORUFHUHULLLDL
ofertei de titluri de valoare.

33
 5VSXQVFRUHFW: h..1; f..2; d..3; b..4; a..5; e..6.
9DULDQWHOHFLJVXQWHURQDWHLQXWUHEXLHDVRFLDWHQLFLXQHLIRUPHGHSLD

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul:(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHDXWRULLXQRUSXQFWHGHYHGHUHGHUHIHULQ
n istoria filosofiei privind notele definitorii ale umanului.
(QXQ 
Q FRORDQD $ VXQW PHQLRQDWH IRUPXOUL FH VLQWHWL]HD] QRWHOH GHILQLWRULL DOH
XPDQXOXLvQFRORDQD%VXQWPHQLRQDWHQXPHOHXQRUILORVRIL$VRFLD]ILHFUHLIRUPXODUL
QXPHOHDXWRUXOXLHLVFULLQGvQVSDLXOGLQVWkQJDQXPUXOXLGHRUGLQHGLQSULPDFRORDQ
$OLWHUDSRWULYLWGLQFRORDQD%

A B
ILLQFXJHWWRDUH a. Lucian Blaga
H[LVWHQvQWUXPLVWHULSHQWUXUHYHODUHE%3DVFDO
.3. animal social c. R. Descartes
.4. homo faber d. Aristotel
e. H. Bergson
f. J.J.Rousseau

5VSXQVFRUHFW: c..1; a..2; d..3; e..4.

,7(0,&8$/(*(5(08/7,3/

$FHWLLWHPLVHPDLQXPHVFLLWHPLFXUVSXQVVHOHFWDWGHRDUHFHHOHYXOQXJHQHUHD]
XQUVSXQVFLDOHJHXQXOGLQWUHUVSXQVXULOHDOWHUQDWLYHOLVWDWHvQLWHP
/D IHO FD L vQ FD]XO FHORUODOWH WLSXUL GH LWHPL RELHFWLYL LWHPXO FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO SXQH
HOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDDOHJHVHOHFWDGLQWUXQVHWGHUVSXQVXULOLVWDWHSHDFHODSHFDUHvO
FRQVLGHUFRUHFWvQUDSRUWFXVDUFLQDGDW

,WHPXO FX DOHJHUH PXOWLSO HVWH DOFWXLW GLQWUR SUHPLV L R OLVW GH YDULDQWH
UHSUH]HQWkQGVROXLLOHLWHPXOXL/LVWDGHYDULDQWHFRQLQHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWXQXOVLQJXU
 SH FDUH HOHYXO WUHEXLH V vO LGHQWLILFH L XQ QXPU RDUHFDUH GH DOWH YDULDQWH GH
UVSXQVLQFRUHFWHGDUSODX]LELOHQXPLWHdistractori.

QFD]XODFHVWXLLWHPXQJUDGVXSHULRUGHGLILFXOWDWHVHSRDWHRELQHVROLFLWkQGHOHYXOXL
V LGHQWLILFH vQ OLVWD GH YDULDQWH UVSXQVXO LQFRUHFW VLWXDLH vQ FDUH GLVWUDFWRULL VXQW
YDULDQWHGHUVSXQVFRUHFWH

8WLOL]DUHDLWHPXOXLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOHVWHUHFRPDQGDWDWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOGRUHWH
VHYDOXH]H
a. FXQRWLQ H:

34
 - FXQRDWHUHDWHUPLQRORJLHLVSHFLILFHGLVFLSOLQHL
- FXQRDWHUHDXQRULQIRUPDLLSXQFWXDOHGHQDWXUIDFWXDOVDXWHRUHWLF
- FXQRDWHUHD PHWRGHORU SURFHGXULORU DOJRULWPLORU GH UH]ROYDUH D XQRU VDUFLQL
concrete
b. vQ HOHJHUHDLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDSOLFDUH:
- FDSDFLWDWHDGHDLQWHUSUHWDUHODLDFDX]HIHFW
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LGHQWLILFD DSOLFDLL DOH SULQFLSLLORU HQXQXULORU FX FDUDFWHU
general
- FDSDFLWDWHDGHDDUJXPHQWDDOHJHUHDXQRUPHWRGHLSURFHGXUL

3UDFWLFDGLGDFWLFHYLGHQLD]IDSWXOFXWLOL]DUHDH[FHVLYDDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLGXFHOD
IDPLOLDUL]DUHD HOHYXOXL FX DFHDVW WHKQLF GH WHVWDUH L OD PDQLIHVWDUHD XQHL WHQGLQH
UHGXFLRQLVWHVLPSOLILFDWRDUHvQUHDOL]DUHDvQYULL

ProiectareaFRUHFWDLWHPLORUFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOSUHVXSXQHUHVSHFWDUHDXUPWRDUHORU
FHULQH%HWKHOO
- HQXQXO WUHEXLH V VWDELOHDVF R VDUFLQ FODU QHDPELJX L UHOHYDQW vQ
UDSRUW FX RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH vQWUHEDUHD WUHEXLH IRUPXODW vQ PRG FODU L
explicit;
- OLPEDMXOXWLOL]DW WUHEXLH V FRUHVSXQG QLYHOXOXL GH YkUVW DO HOHYLORU HYDOXDL
LDUSXQFWXDLDWUHEXLHVILHFRUHFW
- PRGXO GHIRUPXODUH D vQWUHEULL QXWUHEXLH V VXJHUH]H UVSXQVXO FRUHFW VH
YDHYLWDIRORVLUHDXQRULQGLFLSXWHUQLFLvQHQXQQXLDDFVDXDXQRU
indicii gramaticale)
- vQ IRUPXODUHD vQWUHEULL VH YD HYLWD XWLOL]DUHD QHJDWLYXOXL PDMRULWDWHD
oamenilor nu l citesc pe nu)
- GLVWUDFWRULLWUHEXLHVILHSODX]LELOLLSDUDOHOL
- UVSXQVXULOHWUHEXLHVILHFRUHFWIRUPXODWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHJUDPDWLFDOL
logic
- RSLXQLOH WUHEXLH V QX ILH VLQRQLPH VDX RSXVH L V DLE SH FkW SRVLELO
DFHHDLOXQJLPH
- QX VH YD IRORVL IRUPXODUHD WRDWH FHOH GH PDL VXV L VH YD HYLWD IRUPXODUHD
nici una din cele de mai sus
- vQ OLVWD GH DOWHUQDWLYH WUHEXLH V H[LVWH XQ VLQJXU UVSXQV vQ PRG FHUW L
indiscutabil corect.

,WHPLLFXDOHJHUHPXOWLSOSUH]LQWQXPHURDVHavantaje ntruct:
- SRWPVXUD WLSXUL YDULDWH GH UH]XOWDWH DOH vQYULL  GH OD VLPSOH FXQRWLQH
SkQ OD FDSDFLWL PDL FRPSOH[H LPSOLFDWH vQ vQHOHJHUH L DSOLFDUH D
FXQRWLQHORUvQFRQWH[WHQRL
- vQWUR IRUPXODUH FRUHFW HOLPLQ DPELJXLWDWHD L ULVFXO LQWUHSUHWULORU
subiective ale elevului, respectiv, profesorului evaluator
- DXXQJUDGvQDOWGHILGHOLWDWHLUHGXFFRQVLGHUDELOULVFXOJKLFLULLUVSXQVXOXL
corect
- vQ YDULDQWD DOHJH FHD PDL EXQ DOWHUQDWLY RIHU SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D HYDOXD
UH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULLvQFRQWH[WHHXULVWLFH

35
Principalele dezavantaje ale acestui tip de itemi semnificative n raport cu
SDUWLFXODULWLOH WLLQHORU VRFLRXPDQH L FRPSHWHQHORU SH FDUH DFHVWH GLVFLSOLQH vL
SURSXQVOHIRUPH]HVXQW
- LQHILFLHQD ORU vQ UDSRUW FX VLWXDLLOH FDUH DX FD RELHFWLY UHOHYDUHD DELOLWLL
HOHYXOXLGHDVHOHFWDRUJDQL]DLXWLOL]DFUHDWLYLQIRUPDLLLGHL
- LPSRVLELOLWDWHDORUGHDFUHDFRQWH[WHFRJQLWLYHFDUHVUHOHYHGHSULQGHULOHGH
FRPXQLFDUHVFULVDOHHOHYLORUGHRUJDQL]DUHVDXSURGXFHUHDXQXLWH[WVFULV
- FDSDFLWDWHD ORU UHGXV GH D HYLGHQLD DELOLWL LPSOLFDWH vQ UH]ROYDUHD GH
probleme.

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW ,PSRUWDQD HOHPHQWHORU GH ORJLF SHQWUX FXQRDWHUH
FRPXQLFDUHLDUJXPHQWDUH
Obiectivul : (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVGLVWLQJvQWUHFRUHFWLWXGLQHORJLFLDGHYU
(QXQ 
(VWHSRVLELOFDSULQWURLQIHUHQORJLFFRUHFWVRELQHPRFRQFOX]LHIDOV"
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 1X HVWH SRVLELO GHRDUHFH XQ UDLRQDPHQW FRUHFW FRQGXFH vQWRWGHDXQD OD FRQFOX]LL
DGHYUDWH
b. (VWHSRVLELOQXPDLDWXQFLFkQGFHOSXLQXQDGLQWUHSUHPLVHHVWHIDOV
c. 1X HVWH SRVLELO GHRDUHFH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH DGHYUXO
SURSR]LLLORUFXFDUHRSHUP
d. (VWHSRVLELOGHRDUHFHUDLRQDPHQWHOHQXSRWILQLFLRGDWSHUIHFWH
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

(QXQ 
6H SRDWH VXVLQH F R LQIHUHQHVWH ORJLF FRUHFW GHRDUHFH D FRQGXV OD RELQHUHD
XQHLFRQFOX]LLDGHYUDWH"
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'D GHRDUHFH DGHYUXO FRQFOX]LHL GHSLQGH FX QHFHVLWDWH GH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF D
UDLRQDPHQWXOXL
b. 'DGHRDUHFHGDFUDLRQDPHQWXOHVWHLQFRUHFWQXSXWHPGHFLGHDVXSUDDGHYUXOXL
concluziei.
c. 1X GHRDUHFH FRUHFWLWXGLQHD ORJLF HVWH LQGHSHQGHQW GH DGHYUXO SURSR]LLLORU FX
FDUHRSHUP
d. 'DGHRDUHFHDGHYUXOLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUDLRQDFRUHFWGHSLQGvQPRGDEVROXWXQD
GHFHDODOW
(5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

36
Disciplina : Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ GH]YROWDUHD SHUVRQDOLWLL
Gndirea
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V LGHQWLILFH FDUDFWHULVWLFL HVHQLDOH DOH
PRGDOLWLORUGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULL
(QXQ 
&DPRGDOLWDWHGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULLDEVWUDFWL]DUHDDUHDQXPLWHSDUWLFXODULWL
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. (VWH R RSHUDLH SUHGRPLQDQW VLQWHWLF SULQ FDUH vQVXLUL L UHODLL DEVWUDFWH VXQW
UHXQLWHvQWUXQPRGHOLQIRUPDLRQDOFDUHGHILQHWHRFODVGHRELHFWH
b. (VWHRRSHUDLHSULQFDUHVHUHDOL]HD]WUHFHUHDPHQWDOGHODSDUWLFXODULQGLYLGXDO
concret, la general sau categorial.
c. (VWH IRUPD VXSHULRDU GH DQDOL] VHOHFWLY RULHQWDW SH YHUWLFDO GH OD HOHPHQWH
YDULDELOH OD HOHPHQWH FX JUDGH WRW PDL vQDOWH GH LQYDULDQ GH OD HOHPHQWH
QHHVHQLDOHODHOHPHQWHHVHQLDOHVWDELOHLFRPXQHXQHLFODVHGHRELHFWH
(5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

(QXQ 
&XP VH PDQLIHVW PRGDOLWLOH GH RSHUDUH D JkQGLULL vQ UHDOLWDWHD IXQFLRQULL
acesteia?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'DWRULWSDUWLFXODULWLORUVDOHILHFDUHPRGGHRSHUDUHVHPDQLIHVWGLVWLQFWvQPRG
GHVLQHVWWWRU
b. 0RGDOLWLOH GH RSHUDUH D JkQGLULL VH PDQLIHVW vQ FXSOXUL L EORFXUL LQWHUDFLRQLVWH
SURSULHWDWHDGHDRSHUDVLPXOWDQvQVHQVXULRSXVHILLQGVSHFLILFJkQGLULL
c. Capacitatea gndirii de a opera n sensuri opuse decurge tocmai din
LQFRPSDWLELOLWDWHDGLIHULWHORUHLPRGDOLWL
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a si a XI-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW Costul
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GLVWLQJ vQWUH GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL GH FRVWXUL
DQWUHQDWHGHDFWLYLWDWHDHFRQRPLF
(QXQ 
Care dintre cheltuielile enumerate mai jos nu fac parte din categoria costurilor
variabile?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. &KHOWXLHOLOHSHFDUH OH DQWUHQHD] WUDQVSRUWXO EXQXULORU GH OD SURGXFWRU ODXQLWDWHD
de desfacere.
b. &KHOWXLHOLOHFDUHDXOHJWXUQHPLMORFLWFXSURFHVXOGHIDEULFDLHDEXQXULORU
c. &KHOWXLHOLOHRFD]LRQDWHGHVFKLPEDUHDWHKQRORJLHLGHIDEULFDLH
d. &KHOWXLHOLOHFRQFUHWL]DWHvQVDODULLOHSHUVRQDOXOXLDQJDMDWvQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLH

37
 (5VSXQVFRUHFW c.)

(QXQ 
&DUHGLQWUHFKHOWXLHOLOHHQXPHUDWHPDLMRVIDFSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFRVWXULORUIL[HIU
DILvQVLHOHPHQWHGHFDSLWDOIL["
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXFRPEXVWLELOXOLHQHUJLDSHQWUXSURGXFLH
b. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXFRPEXVWLELOXOLHQHUJLDSHQWUXLOXPLQDWXOLvQFO]LUHDXQLWLL
c. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXVDODULLOHSHUVRQDOXOXLDQJDMDWvQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLH
d. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXPDWHULLSULPHLPDWHULDOH
e. &KHOWXLHOLOHFXDPRUWL]DUHDPDLQLORUXWLODMHORULQVWDODLLORU
(5VSXQVFRUHFW b.)

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V GLVWLQJ vQWUH GUHSWXULOH QHJDWLYH L GUHSWXULOH
pozitive ale omului.
(QXQ 
&DUH GLQWUH XUPWRDUHOH GUHSWXUL vQVFULVH vQ 'HFODUDLD XQLYHUVDO D GUHSWXULORU
omului sunt drepturi negative?
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 'UHSWXOODHGXFDLH
b. 'UHSWXOODvQJULMLUHPHGLFDO
c. Dreptul la libera stabilire a domiciliului
d. Dreptul la libera exprimare a opiniei.
(5VSXQVFRUHFW d.)

(QXQ 
'UHSWXULOHQHJDWLYHVHGHRVHEHVFGHGUHSWXULOHSR]LWLYHSULQDFHHDF
$OHJHUVSXQVXOFRUHFWLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUDFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH
a. 6H UHIHU OD DQXPLWH IRUPH GH GLVFULPLQDUH VSHFLILFH vQ PRG GHRVHELW VRFLHWLL
moderne.
b. $X vQ YHGHUH vQ VSHFLDO DVLJXUDUHD FRQGLLLORU SHQWUX HOLPLQDUHD GHILQLWLY D
GLVFULPLQULLUDVLDOH
c. 1XVXQWDFFHSWDWHvQPRGXQDQLPLLQFOXVHFDDWDUHvQ&RQVWLWXLL
d. Q OHJWXU FX HOH VH SUHVXSXQH F H[HUFLWDUHD ORU HVWH FX DWkW PDL GHSOLQ FX FkW
VWDWXOHVWHPDLDEVHQWGLQYLDDLQGLYL]LORUFURUDOHUHYLQ
(5VSXQVFRUHFW d.)

38
 CAPITOLUL 3
ITEMI SEMIOBIECTIVI

3.1. ,7(0,&85638166&857'(&203/(7$5(
175(%5,6758&785$7(

Itemii semiobiectivi VXQW DFHD FDWHJRULH GH LWHPL FDUH VROLFLW HOHYXOXL FRQVWUXLUHD
SDULDOVDXWRWDODDXQXLUVSXQVODVDUFLQDGHILQLWvQHQXQXOLWHPXOXL
n general, itemii semiobiectivi VHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQDFHHDF
- SRWWHVWDDJDPODUJGHFDSDFLWLLQWHOHFWXDOHLUH]XOWDWHDOHvQYULL
- SODVHD]HOHYXOLQWURVLWXDLHFRJQLWLYDFXXQJUDGGHFRPSOH[LWDWHPDLULGLFDW
GHFkWUHXHVFVRIDFLWHPLLRELHFWLYL
- permit utilizarea unor materiale auxiliare.
8WLOL]DUHDDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLSRDWHvQFXUDMDHOHYXOvQDSURIXQGDUHDQRLXQLORUvQYDWH
FUHWHUHDYLWH]HLGHRSHUDUHFXDFHVWHDDFODULWLLFRQFL]LHLLDFXUDWHHLH[SULPULL

,7(0,&85638166&857'(&203/(7$5(

$FHWLLWHPLVROLFLWHOHYXOVIRUPXOH]HXQUVSXQVVFXUWVDXVFRPSOHWH]HRDILUPDLH
vQDDIHOvQFkWDFHDVWDVGREkQGHDVFVHQVLYDORDUHGHDGHYU
n cadrul lor:
- VDUFLQDHVWHSXWHUQLFVWUXFWXUDW
- UVSXQVXO FHUXW HOHYXOXL HVWH VWULFW OLPLWDW FD VSDLX IRUP L FRQLQXW FKLDU
GHFWUHVWUXFWXUDvQWUHEULLVDUFLQLL
- OLEHUWDWHDHOHYXOXLGHDUHRUJDQL]DLQIRUPDLDSULPLWLGHDRIHULUVSXQVXOvQ
IRUPDGRULWHVWHOLPLWDW
- UVSXQVXOFRUHFWGHPRQVWUHD]QXGRDUFXQRDWHUHFLLFDSDFLWDWHDHOHYXOXL
GHRUJDQL]DUHDFXQRWLQHORUHVHQLDOL]DUHHODERUDUHLIRUPXODUHDGHFYDW

,WHPLLFXUVSXQVVFXUWVROLFLWHOHYXOXLHODERUDUHDUVSXQVXOXLVXEIRUPDFRQFLVDXQHL
SURSR]LLLIUD]HXQHRUL GRDU FXYkQW VLPERO QXPU &HOPDL DGHVHD HL DXIRUPDXQHL
vQWUHEUL
,WHPLLGHFRPSOHWDUHVROLFLWHOHYXOXLJVLUHDFXYkQWXOXLVDXVLQWDJPHLFDUHFRPSOHWHD]
DILUPDLD FRQLQXW vQ HQXQ FRQIRUP VHQVXOXL DFHVWHLD &HO PDL DGHVHD HL DX IRUPD
XQHLDILUPDLLLQFRPSOHWH

Pentru proiectareaFRUHFWDLWHPLORUFXUVSXQV VFXUW GH FRPSOHWDUH HVWH QHFHVDU

UHVSHFWDUHDXUPWRDUHORUFHULQH
- IRUPXODUHD HQXQXOXL LWHPXOXL L D VDUFLQLL WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW vQ DD IHO vQFkW
UVSXQVXOQHFHVDUVSRDWILVFXUWLSUHFLV
- ILHFDUHLWHPWUHEXLHVDLEXQVLQJXUUVSXQVFRUHFW
- VSDLXOOLEHUIXUQL]DWSHQWUX UHGDFWDUHD UDVSXQVXOXL WUHEXLH VILH VXILFLHQW GH
PDUH DVWIHO vQFkW HOHYXO FDUH DUH XQ VFULV PDL PDUH V QX VH VLPW
GH]DYDQWDMDW ID GH HOHYXO FX XQ VFULV PDL PUXQW L V VXJHUH]H GDF
UDVSXQVXODWHSWDWFRQLQHXQVLQJXUFXYkQWVDXPDLPXOWH

39
 - GDF UDVSXQVXO SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ OLPEDMH GLIHULWH DWXQFL WUHEXLH SUHFL]DW
H[SOLFLWH[SULPDUHDDWHSWDWQXPHULFOLWHUDOJUDILFVLPEROLFHWF
- HVWHGHGRULWVVHHYLWHXWLOL]DUHDXQRUWH[WHGLQPDQXDOHSHQWUXDQXvQFXUDMD
PHPRUDUHDPHFDQLFLvQYDUHDGHWLSUHSURGXFWLY

AvantajeleLWHPLORUFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUHGHFXUJGLQDFHHDF
- SHUPLW HYDOXDUHD XQRU FDSDFLWL GH QLYHO VXSHULRU FHORU LPSOLFDWH vQ VLPSOD
UHFXQRDWHUHLUHDFWXDOL]DUH
- VROLFLWFRHUHQLFRQFL]LXQHvQHODERUDUHDUVSXQVXOXL
- SHUPLWHYDOXDUHD XQXL QXPU UHODWLY VHPQLILFDWLY GH FXQRWLQH VWUXFWXUDWH vQ
GHSULQGHULLFDSDFLWL
- VDUFLQD VWUXFWXUDW L UVSXQVXO FRQFLV FHUXW SHUPLW HYLWDUHD LQIOXHQHL DOWRU
DELOLWL FDUH DU LQWHUIHUD FX FHD HYDOXDW L DU GXFH OD GLVWRUVLRQDUHD
HYDOXULL
- VHHODERUHD]UHODWLYXRULUDSLG
- VHFRUHFWHD]LVHQRWHD]FXXQJUDGVXILFLHQWGHRELHFWLYLWDWHGDFOLVH
DVRFLD]RVFKHPGHQRWDUHDGHFYDW

Dezavantaje: GLQFDX]DSDUWLFXODULWLORUORULWHPLLFXUVSXQVVFXUWGHFRPSOHWDUHQX
VXQWUHFRPDQGDLSHQWUXHYDOXDUHDFDSDFLWLORULQWHOHFWXDOHVXSHULRDUHUH]ROYDUHDGH
SUREOHPH DQDOL]D VLQWH]D IRUPXODUHD GH DUJXPHQWH IRUPXODUHD GH VROXLL SRVLELOH L
H[SULPDUHDRSLXQLLSHUVRQDOH
'HDVHPHQHDFDSDFLWDWHDGHDIRUPXODXQUVSXQVVFXUWLFRQFLVQHFHVDUvQPXOWH
VLWXDLLWUHEXLHDVRFLDWFXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDGH]YROWDXQGLVFXUVGHDFRQVWUXLVLWXDLL
GH FRPXQLFDUH FRPSOH[H GH H[SULPDUH OLEHU L FUHDWLY 'H DFHHD XWLOL]DUHD DFHVWXL
WLS GH LWHPL vQ FDGUXO HYDOXULL OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH WUHEXLH SRQGHUDW FX
SUXGHQ

Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW$QDOL]DORJLFDDUJXPHQWHORUUDSRUWXULvQWUHSURSR]LLL
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF UDSRUWXO ORJLF vQ FDUH VH DIO
GRXSURSR]LLLH[SULPDWHvQOLPEDMQDWXUDOLVDXORJLF
(QXQ 
(QXPHUFHOHSDWUXWLSXULIXQGDPHQWDOHGHSURSR]LLLFDWHJRULFH

1
2
3
4

(5VSXQVFRUHFW3URSR]LLHXQLYHUVDODILUPDWLY
3URSR]LLHXQLYHUVDOQHJDWLY
3URSR]LLHSDUWLFXODUDILUPDWLY

40
3URSR]LLHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
)LHFUXLUDVSXQVFRUHFWLVHDVRFLD]XQQXPUGHSXQFWH2UGLQHDHQXPHUULLQXDUH
VHPQLILFDLH

(QXQ 
)LHXUPWRDUHOHGRXSURSR]LLL

7RLHOHYLLFDUHDXRELQXWPHGLDJHQHUDOVXQWDWHSWDLODGLUHFLXQHDFROLL
8QLLHOHYLFDUHDXRELQXWPHGLDJHQHUDOQXVXQWDWHSWDLODGLUHFLXQH

,GHQWLILFUDSRUWXOORJLFvQFDUHVHDIOFHOHGRXSURSR]LLLLQRWHD]OvQVSDLXOOLEHUGH
mai jos.
..

(QXQ 
&RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH

a. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHFRQWUDGLFLHGDFQXSRWILvPSUHXQ
..
b. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHFRQWUDULHWDWHGDFQXSRWILVLPXOWDQ
.
c. 'RXSURSR]LLLVHDIOvQUDSRUWGHVXEFRQWUDULHWDWHGDFQXSRWILVLPXOWDQ
.
d. QWUXQUDSRUWGHVXEDOWHUQDUHVHSRWDIODGRXSURSR]LLLFDUHDX
.

(5VSXQVFRUHFWDQLFLIDOVHQLFLDGHYUDWHEDGHYUDWHGDUSRWILVLPXOWDQIDOVHF
IDOVHGDFHHDLFDOLWDWH

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL
PRWLYDLD
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V FDUDFWHUL]H]H SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH PRWLYDLRQDOH
GLQSHUVSHFWLYDUROXOXLORUvQPDQLIHVWDUHDSHUVRQDOLWLL
(QXQ 
(QXPHUFHOHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHSULQFDUHPRWLYDLDvLUHDOL]HD]UROXOUHJODWRU
1
2
3

(5VSXQVFRUHFWIXQFLDGHVHOHFWDUHDFWLYDUHLGHFODQDUHIXQFLDGHRULHQWDUH
GLUHFLRQDUHIXQFLDGHVXVLQHUHSRWHQDUH

41
(QXQ 
1XPHWH QLYHOXO GH LQWHQVLWDWH DO LPSXOVXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO FDUH DVLJXU HILFLHQD
PD[LPDDFWLYLWLLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
..

(5VSXQVFRUHFWRSWLPXPPRWLYDLRQDO

(QXQ 
&RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH
a. &D OHJH GH ED] D RUJDQL]ULL L IXQFLRQULL VLVWHPXOXL GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH PRWLYDLD
este..
b. QOLPLWHUH]RQDELOHIUXVWUDUHDvQGHSOLQHWH
c. 5HIXODUHD HVWH SURFHVXO GH vQOWXUDUH GLQ ]RQD SUHRFXSULORU FRQWLHQWH D
LPSXOVXULORULGRULQHORUFDUH
d. 5HSULPDUHD HVWH SURFHVXO YLROHQW GH UHWUDJHUH vQ ]RQD LQFRQWLHQWXOXL D GRULQHORU
LPSXOVXULORUVDXWHQGLQHORUFDUH

(5VSXQV FRUHFW D FDX]D LQWHUQ D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL E XQ URO SR]LWLY F QX SRW IL
VDWLVIFXWHvQVLWXDLDGDWGVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHLQGH]LUDELOHVDXLQDFFHSWDELOHVRFLDO

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW5HODLDFHUHUHRIHUWSUHSUHXO
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V VWDELOHDVF FRUHODLL HFRQRPLFH VHPQLILFDWLYH
vQWUHPRGLILFDUHDUDSRUWXOXLFHUHUHRIHUWLPRGLILFDUHDSUHXOXL
(QXQ 
(QXPHUDLFHOHSDWUXFDWHJRULLGHFDX]HHFRQRPLFHFDUHSRWGHWHUPLQDPRGLILFDUHD
SUHXOXLGHHFKLOLEUX
1
2
3
4

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: 1. modificarea cererii; 2. modificarea ofertei; 3. modificarea costului

WRWDOPHGLXPRGLILFDUHDSUHXULORUDOWRUEXQXUL

(QXQ 
&RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLDILUPDLLDGHYUDWH
a. 0RGLILFDUHD FHUHULL L PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH
b. 0RGLILFDUHD RIHUWHL L PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH
c. 0RGLILFDUHD FRVWXOXL WRWDO PHGLX L PRGLILFDUHD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH DIO vQ
UHODLH

42
d. ,QWHUYHQLD GLUHFW D DXWRULWLORU SXEOLFH DVXSUD SUHXOXL GH HFKLOLEUX VH UHDOL]HD]
prin..

(5VSXQV FRUHFW D SR]LWLY E QHJDWLY F QHJDWLY G IL[DUHD XQRU QLYHOXUL VDX
SODIRDQHGHSUH

(QXQ 
1XPHWHYROXPXOGHWUDQ]DFLLSHSLDFUXLDvLFRUHVSXQGHSUHXOGHHFKLOLEUX
..

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: cantitatea de echilibru).

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul:(OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVLGHQWLILFHQRWHGHILQLWRULLDOHXPDQXOXLDDFXPVXQW
HOHHYLGHQLDWHvQFDGUXOXQRUFRQFHSLLILORVRILFHPRGHUQHLFRQWHPSRUDQH
(QXQ 
1XPHWHILORVRIXOvQFRQFHSLDFUXLDQRWDGHILQLWRULHDXPDQXOXLHVWHH[LVWHQDvQWUX
PLVWHULSHQWUXUHYHODUH
..

(5VSXQVFRUHFW: Lucian Blaga).

&RPSOHWHD]VSDLLOHSXQFWDWHDVWIHOvQFkWVRELLSURSR]LLLDGHYUDWH
a. Pentru Descartes, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
.
b. Pentru Bergson, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
.
c. Pentru Blaga, nota definitorie a omului este faptul de a fi
.

(5VSXQVFRUHFWDUHVFRJLWDQVVDXILLQFXJHWDWRDUHEKRPRIDEHUVDXFUHDWRUGH
XQHOWHFH[LVWHQDvQWUXPLVWHULSHQWUXUHYHODUH

175(%5,6758&785$7(

QWUHEULOHVWUXFWXUDWHVXQWLWHPLFDUHFRQLQPDLPXOWHVDUFLQLGHOXFUXSXQkQGHOHYXOvQ
VLWXDLD GH D FRQVWUXL UVSXQVXULOH L GH D DOHJH PRGDOLWLOH GH IRUPXODUH D DFHVWRUD
(OHUHDOL]HD]WUHFHUHDGHODLWHPLLRELHFWLYLLVHPLRELHFWLYLFXWRDWHFRQVWUkQJHULOHORU
FWUHLWHPLLOLEHUL

O vQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDWHVWHIRUPDWGLQWUXQQXPUYDULDELOGHVHFYHQHVXEvQWUHEUL
FDUHSRWDYHDIRUPDXQRULWHPLRELHFWLYLVHPLRELHFWLYLVDXHVHXVFXUWDFURUFRHUHQ

43
LVXFFHVLXQHGHULYGLQWUXQHOHPHQWFRPXQLGHHIDSWSULQFLSLXOHJHUDLXQHLQWHUQ
a problematicii vizate).

6FKHPDXQXLLWHPGHWLSvQWUHEDUHVWUXFWXUDWHVWHXUPWRDUHD%HWKHOO*

Material / Stimul
WH[WGDWHVWDWLVWLFHGLDJUDPJUDILFLPDJLQHHWF

6XEvQWUHEUL

Date suplimentare

6XEvQWUHEUL

Proiectarea FRUHFW D XQXL LWHP GH WLS LQWUHEDUH VWUXFWXUDW SUHVXSXQH UHVSHFWDUHD
XUPWRDUHORUFHULQH6WRLFD$(coord.), 1996):
- VXFFHVLXQHD VXEvQWUHEULORU WUHEXLH V DVLJXUH FUHWHUHD WUHSWDW D JUDGXOXL
GH GLILFXOWDWH UVSXQVXULOH DWHSWDWH VXQW PDL VLPSOH OD vQFHSXW LDU
FRPSOH[LWDWHDLGLPHQVLXQHDORUFUHVFVSUHILQDO
- ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V VROLFLWH XQ UVSXQV FDUH V QX GHSLQG GH
UVSXQVXO OD VXEvQWUHEDUHD SUHFHGHQW ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V ILH
DXWRFRQLQXW
- VXEvQWUHEULOH WUHEXLH V ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX PDWHULDOXOVWLPXOXO XWLOL]DW
DVWIHOvQFkWDFHVWDVFRQVWLWXLHXQVXSRUWvQUH]ROYDUHDVDUFLQLORU
- ILHFDUHVXEvQWUHEDUHWUHEXLHVWHVWH]HXQXOVDXPDLPXOWHRELHFWLYH
- ILHFDUH VXEvQWUHEDUH WUHEXLH V ILH XUPDW GH XQ VSDLX OLEHU VXILFLHQW SHQWUX
FRQVHPQDUHDGHFWUHHOHYDUVSXQVXOXL

QWUHEULOH VWUXFWXUDWH SHUPLW RSHUDLRQDOL]DUHD XQHL VDUFLQL PDL FRPSOH[H SULQ

RUJDQL]DUHD SDUFXUJHULL DFHVWHLD GH FWUH HOHY FHHD FH PUHWH FRQVLGHUDELO
RELHFWLYLWDWHDHYDOXULL
3ULQVWUXFWXUDUHDvQWUHEULLDFHVWWLSGHLWHPLSHUPLW
- WHVWDUHDXQHLYDULHWLGHFXQRWLQHFRPSHWHQHDELOLWL
- JUDGDUHDFRPSOH[LWLLLGLILFXOWLL
- SDUFXUJHUHDSURJUHVLYDXQHLXQLWLGHFRQLQXWLFUHDUHDFRQGLLLORUSHQWUX
FDHYDOXDUHDVGHDDQVHWXWXURUHOHYLORUGDUVLGLVFULPLQH]HODYkUI

'LILFXOWLOHSHFDUHOHFRPSRUWvQWUHEULOHVWUXFWXUDWHVXQWOHJDWHGHIDSWXOF

44
 - materialele auxiliare (stimulul) sunt relativ greu de proiectat
- XQHRUL UVSXQVXO OD R VXEvQWUHEDUH GHSLQGH GH UVSXQVXO OD VXEvQWUHEDUHD
DQWHULRDU
- SURLHFWDUHDORUQHFHVLWPDLPXOWWLPS

Exemple
'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWTipuri de argumentare
Obiectivul: (OHYXO YD IL FDSDELO V XWLOL]H]H LQVWUXPHQWHOH WHRUHWLFH vQVXLWH
pentru a stabili validitatea unui argument.
(QXQ 
)LHXUPWRUXODUJXPHQW
1LFL XQ IDSW LQWHQLRQDW QX HVWH JDI 8QHOH JUHHOL VXQW JDIH 'HFL XQHOH JUHHOL VXQW
IDSWHQHLQWHQLRQDWH

1. ,GHQWLILFDLWHUPHQXOPDMRUWHUPHQXOPLQRULWHUPHQXOPHGLX
Termenul major este.
Termenul minor este.
Termenul mediu este
2. 8WLOL]kQGOHJLOHJHQHUDOHDOHVLORJLVPXOXLGHFLGHLGDFDUJXPHQWXOHVWHYDOLGVDXQX
- Da, este valid deoarece...
- Nu, nu este valid deoarece..
3. 'DFDUJXPHQWXOQXHVWHYDOLGLQGLFDLHURDUHDFRPLV

(5VSXQVFRUHFW:
1. Termenul major este IDSW LQWHQLRQDW termenul minor este JUHHOL termenul mediu
este gafe.
'DHVWHYDOLGGHRDUHFHUHVSHFWWRDWHOHJLOHJHQHUDOHDOHVLORJLVPXOXL

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URFHVHOHSVLKLFHLUROXOORUvQHYROXLDSHUVRQDOLWLL0RWLYDLD
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- V FDUDFWHUL]H]H PRWLYDLD GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD IXQFLLORU SH FDUH DFHDVWD OH
vQGHSOLQHWHvQFDGUXOFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
- VFDUDFWHUL]H]HVWUXFWXULDOHPRWLYDLHLPRWLYHOH
- V DQDOL]H]H UROXO RSWLPXPXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO vQ RELQHUHD SHUIRUPDQHL vQ
activitate.
(QXQ 
0RWLYDLD HVWH DFHD FRPSRQHQW SVLKLF SULQ FDUH VH UHIOHFW L VH VHPQDOL]HD]
VWULOH GH QHFHVLWDWH DOH VXELHFWXOXL L FDUH VHOHFWHD] L DFWLYHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWH
adecvate de satisfacere (cauza interna a comportamentului).

45
(DHVWHGHFLRSkUJKLHLPSRUWDQWDDXWRUHJOULLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
D(QXPHUDLFHOHWUHLIXQFLLSULQFLSDOHDOHPRWLYDLHLSUHFL]kQGWRWRGDWPRGXOvQFDUH
VHPDQLIHVWILHFDUHGLQWUHHOH
1

E(QXQDLQRWHOHGHILQLWRULLDOHPRWLYHORU

F&DUHVXQWFHOHWUHLVLWXDLLSRVLELOHJHQHUDWHGHLQWHUDFLXQHDPRWLYHORULFRQVHFLQHOH
acestora n planul comportamentului?
1
..
2
..
3

d. Care sunt cele doua situatii in care se poate vorbi de optimum motivational si efectele
lor asupra performantei in activitate?
1

(5VSXQVFRUHFW
D  IXQFLD GH VHOHFWDUH DFWLYDUH L GHFODQDUH  VH GHVIRDU SH ED]D DQDOL]HL
VHPQDOHORULQIRUPDLHLGHVSUHVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWHIXQFLDGHRULHQWDUHGLUHFLRQDUH
VHGHVIRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUFXSULYLUHODRELHFWXOGHVDWLVIDFHUHDVWULL
GH QHFHVLWDWH L FX SULYLUH OD VFRSXO DFLXQLL  IXQFLD GH VXVLQHUH  SRWHQDUH  VH
GHVIRDUSHED]DDQDOL]HLLQIRUPDLLORUSULYLQGFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVLWXDLHLH[WHUQHvQFDUH
XUPHD]VILHVDWLVIFXWVWDUHDGHQHFHVLWDWH
EUHDFWXDOL]ULLWUDQVSXQHULvQSODQVXELHFWLYDVWULORUGHQHFHVLWDWHSRWILFRQWLHQWH
VDXLQFRQWLHQWHDVLJXUHIHFWXDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUFRUHVSXQ]WRDUHGHVDWLVIDFHUH
PRELOXOFDUHGHFODQHD]VXVLQHHQHUJHWLFLRULHQWHD]DFLXQHDDXGRXVHJPHQWH
XQXOHQHUJL]DQWLXQXOGLQDPRJHQ

46
FVLWXDLDGHRSWDUHGHUHLQHUHDXQRUDLGHUHVSLQJHUHDDOWRUDSRDWHJHQHUDVWUL
GHIUXVWUDUHVLWXDLDGHFRRSHUDUHvQWUHVFPRWLYDLDLHILFLHQDDFWLYLWLLVLWXDLD
GHFRQIOLFWGLPLQXHD]PRWLYDLDLSRDWHGXFHODLQVWDODUHDXQRUFRPSOH[HGXQWRDUH
SHUVRQDOLWLL
G  GLILFXOWDWHD VDUFLQLL HVWH SHUFHSXW FRUHFW PRGXODUHD LQWHQVLWLL PRWLYDLHL GXS
JUDGXO GH GLILFXOWDWH D VDUFLQLL L VXFFHV vQ DFWLYLWDWH  GLILFXOWDWHD VDUFLQLL HVWH
SHUFHSXW LQFRUHFW  VXEDSUHFLDW VDX VXSUDDSUHFLDW LQWHQVLWDWH QHDGHFYDW D
VXSRUWXOXLPRWLYDLRQDOHHFVDXLQVDWLVIDFLH

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URGXFWRUXOvQWUHSULQ]WRUXOFRVWXULSURGXFWLYLWDWHSURILW
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
VGHILQHDVFFHOHWUHLFRQFHSWH
- V HYLGHQLH]H FRUHODLL HFRQRPLFH VHPQLILFDWLYH vQWUH FRVW SURGXFWLYLWDWH
profit
- VHVWLPH]HHYROXLDFRVWXOXLSURGXFWLYLWLLSURILWXOXL vQ FRQWH[WH HFRQRPLFH
date.
(QXQ 
)LHXUPWRDUHOHIRUPXOH
a. CT = CM + CS
b. W = Q / Fi
c. Pr = CA CT

1. 'HILQLLLQGLFDWRULLDOHFURUIRUPXOHVXQWPHQLRQDWHODSXQFWHOHDEF
a

b.

c.
...

QFRQGLLLOHvQFDUHSLDDQXSHUPLWHFUHWHUHDSUHXOXLGHYkQ]DUHFDUHHVWHVROXLD
RSWLPSHQWUXPDMRUDUHDSURILWXOXL"

  &RQVWUXLL XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHWXWLOL]kQG YDORUL QXPHULFH SHQWUX D LOXVWUD VLWXDLD vQ
FDUH FUHWHUHD SURGXFWLYLWLL GXFH OD FUHWHUHD VDODULLORU L SURILWXOXL FKLDU vQ FRQGLLLOH
PHQLQHULLFRQVWDQWHVDXUHGXFHULLSUHXOXLGHYkQ]DUH

47
&HHYROXLHHVWHGHSUHVXSXVFYDDYHD
DSURILWXOvQVLWXDLDFUHWHULLSURGXFWLYLWLL"

ESURGXFWLYLWDWHDvQVLWXDLDUHGXFHULLFKHOWXLHOLORUFXPXQFDYLHSHXQLWDWHDGHSURGXV"

FFRVWXOvQVLWXDLDUDLRQDOL]ULLFRQVXPXULORUPDWHULDOH"

(5VSXQVFRUHFW:
'HILQLLLOHFHUXWH
2. Reducerea costului.
 3UHVXSXQHP F vQ 71 XQ vQWUHSULQ]WRU UHDOL]HD] R SURGXFLH ]LOQLF GH  EXFL
SURGXV;3UHXOSHEXFDWHVWHGHXP GHFL FLIUD GH DIDFHUL ]LOQLF HVWH GH 
XP'LQDFHDVWDXPUHSUH]LQWFRVWXOWRWDOLDUXPUHSUH]LQWSURILWXO&RVWXO
VHFRPSXQHGLQXPFDSLWDOFRQVXPDWGLQFDUHXPFDSLWDOFLUFXODQWLXP
DPRUWL]DUHD FDSLWDOXOXL IL[ L  XP VDODULL Q DFHVWH FRQGLLL SURGXFWLYLWDWHD JOREDO
PHGLHHVWHGH &70  XPUDWDUHQWDELOLWLLHVWH[
3HEXFDWVWUXFWXUDFRVWXOXLVHSUH]LQWDVWIHOXP&FEXF XP
u.m. Acf / 10 buc = 2 u.m.; 40 u.m. s / 10 buc. = 4 u.m.; profitul: 20 u.m. / 10 buc. = 2
XP3UHVXSXQHPFvQ72DXORFXUPWRDUHOHPRGLILFULSURGXFLDFUHWHFXGHFL
4 EXFFKHOWXLHOLOHFXFDSLWDOXOFLUFXODQWFUHVFSURSRULRQDOFXSURGXFLDVDODULLOH
FUHVF FX  GHFL V   XP Q DFHDVW VLWXDLH VWUXFWXUD FRVWXOXL XQLWDU YD IL 
u.m. Cc / 15 buc. = 2 u.m.; 20 u.m. Acf / 15 buc. = 1,33 u.m.; 50 u.m. s / 15 buc. = 3,33
u.m.. Deci costul unitar (CTM) va fi 100 CT / 15 Q = 6,66 u.m.; productivitatea medie
JOREDO HVWH    LDU UDWD UHQWDELOLWLL HVWH  SURILW  &7 [   
Deci, salariile au crescut de la 40 u.m. la 50 u.m., masa profitului de la 20 u.m. la 50,1
XPLDUSUHXOGHYkQ]DUHSRDWHVUPkQFRQVWDQWVDXFKLDUVVHUHGXF
DFUHWHEFUHWHFVFDGH

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW2PXOFDSUREOHPILORVRILF
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLGHQWLILFHLVIRUPXOH]HSUREOHPDILORVRILFDERUGDWvQWUXQWH[W
- VLGHQWLILFHFRQFHSWXOFKHLHGLQWUXQWH[WLVHQXQHQRWHOHOXLGHILQLWRULL
- VUHIRUPXOH]HDGHFYDWSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHVXVLQXWvQWUXQWH[W
(QXQ 
6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W
'DUFHVXQWSULQXUPDUH"8QOXFUXFHFXJHW&HHVWHDFHVWD"8QXOFDUHVHvQGRLHWH
vQHOHJH DILUP QHDJ YURLHWH QX YURLHWH vQWRWGHDXQD LPDJLQHD] L VLPWH 3ULQ
XUPDUHGLQVLPSOXOIDSWFWLXGHH[LVWHQDPHDLREVHUYWRWGHDXQDFDEVROXWQLPLF
DOWFHYDQXDSDULQHILULLVDX HVHQHL PHOH vQ DIDU GH IDSWXO F VXQWILLQ FXJHWWRDUH
vQFKHL SH GUHSW F HVHQD PHD FRQVW vQ DFHHD GRDU F VXQW ILLQ FXJHWWRDUH ( R.
Descartes, Meditationes de prima philosophia).

48
1. ,GHQWLILFDLLIRUPXODLSUREOHPDILORVRILFSHFDUHRDERUGHD]WH[WXO

2. ,GHQWLILFDLFRQFHSWXOFKHLHGLQWH[WLHQXQDLQRWHOHOXLGHILQLWRULL

3. )RUPXODLvQFXYLQWHSURSULLSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWGHDXWRUXOWH[WXOXL

(5VSXQVXOFRUHFW:
1. Ce este omul?
 5HV FRJLWDQVOXFUX FH FXJHWILLQ FXJHWWRDUH H[SULP HVHQD XPDQ DWULEXWXO
FXJHWULL DUH R H[LVWHQ LQGHSHQGHQW GH FRUS HVWH FRJQRVFLELO  RELHFWXO GH
FXQRVFXWHVWHFKLDUVXELHFWXOFXQRVFWRU
)RUPXODUHDDGHFYDW

49
 CAPITOLUL 4
,7(0,68%,(&7,9,&8563816'(6&+,6

4.1. REZOLVAREA DE PROBLEME

4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU

,WHPLL VXELHFWLYL VDX FX UVSXQV GHVFKLVDXGUHSW SULQFLSDO FDUDFWHULVWLF IDSWXO F

WHVWHD] RULJLQDOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL FUHDWLYLWDWHD L FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH SHUVRQDOL]DUH D
FXQRWLQHORU(LVXQWvQPRGVSHFLDOUHFRPDQGDLSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDHYDOXULLODWLLQHOH
VRFLRXPDQH GDWH ILLQG SDUWLFXODULWLOH DFHVWRUD SUHFXP L QDWXUD FRPSHWHQHORU
JHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFHSHFDUHvLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL

&X WRDWH F DFHWL LWHPL SDU UHODWLY XRU GH FRQVWUXLW H[LJHQHOH IRUPXOULL FRUHFWH D
FHULQHLLDEDUHPXOXLGHFRUHFWDUHLQRWDUHVXQWIRDUWHVWULFWHHOHWUHEXLHVSUHYLQ
DFHDVXELHFWLYLWDWHDSURIHVRUXOXLFDUHFRQGXFHODHYDOXDUHDQHSURIHVLRQDODUELWUDUL
ODSXQHUHDHOHYXOXLvQVLWXDLDGHDILQHGUHSWLW

4.1. Rezolvarea de probleme

5H]ROYDUHD GH SUREOHPH VDX GH VLWXDLL SUREOHPDWLFH  LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ JUXS
FRQVWLWXLH R PRGDOLWDWH SULQ FDUH SURIHVRUXO SRDWH FUHD VLWXDLL GH vQYDUH FH GH]YROW
FUHDWLYLWDWHD JkQGLUHD GLYHUJHQW LPDJLQDLD FDSDFLWDWHD GH WUDQVIHU GH JHQHUDOL]DUH
VDXLGHFRQFUHWL]DUHDLQIRUPDLLORULSURFHGXULORU

&DSDFLWDWHD GH D UH]ROYD SUREOHPH QX HVWH vQQVFXW HD VH GH]YROW SURJUHVLY SULQ
vQYDUHH[HUVDUH ILLQG VLWXDW OD QLYHOXO VXSHULRU DO FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH L
presupunnd chiar anumite caracteristici generale de personalitate pe care elevul le
GREkQGHWHVDXDUWUHEXLVOHGREkQGHDVFvQSURFHVXOHGXFULLIRUPULLVDOH
'HDFHHDXWLOL]DUHDUH]ROYULLGHSUREOHPHFDPHWRGGHHYDOXDUHWUHEXLHVLQFRQW
GHH[SHULHQDGHOXFUXDHOHYLORUFXDFHDVWPHWRGFRPSOH[LWDWHDSUREOHPHORUWUHEXLH
V FUHDVF SURJUHVLY SH PVXU FH HOHYLL DFXPXOHD] L LQWHUQDOL]HD] H[SHULHQD
VSHFLILF

Comportamentele evaluate prin rezolvarea de probleme sunt (Stoica, A. (coord.), 1996):

- vQHOHJHUHDSUREOHPHL
- FXWDUHDLLGHQWLILFDUHDLQIRUPDLLORUQHFHVDUHUH]ROYULLSUREOHPHL
- IRUPXODUHDLWHVWDUHDLSRWH]HORU
- VHOHFWDUHDLGHVFULHUHDPHWRGHLPHWRGHORUGHUH]ROYDUH
- aplicarea metodei/metodelor n contextul concret
- HODERUDUHDXQXLVFXUWUDSRUWDVXSUDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWH
- interpretarea rezultatelor
- JHQHUDOL]DUHDLVDXWUDQVIHUXOSURFHGXULORULWHKQLFLORUGHUH]ROYDUH

50
Pentru proiectarea FRUHFW D LWHPLORU WLS UH]ROYDUH GH SUREOHPH HVWH QHFHVDU
UHVSHFWDUHDXQRUFHULQHJHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFH
a. FHULQHJHQHUDOH
- SUREOHPDVDXVLWXDLDSUREOHPWUHEXLHVILHDGHFYDWQLYHOXOXLGHYkUVWL
GHSUHJWLUHDHOHYLORU
- FRUHODUHD FRQLQXWXOXL SUREOHPHL L PRGDOLWLORU GH UH]ROYDUH FX RUJDQL]DUHD
DFWLYLWLLGLGDFWLFHUH]ROYDUHLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS
- SUREOHPD L DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH V ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ FX FRQLQXWXULOH
GLVFLSOLQHLLFXRELHFWLYHOHFXUULFXODUH
- HYDOXDUHDDFWLYLWLLLDUH]XOWDWHORUVILHUHOHYDQWSHQWUXHOHYLVSURGXF
LQIRUPDLL XWLOH SHQWUX HYDOXDWRU DFHDVWD SUHVXSXQH DVRFLHUHD LWHPXOXL FX R
VFKHPFODUGHQRWDUHFDUHVFRQLQFULWHULLH[SOLFLWHGHGXVHGLQRELHFWLYH
- XWLOL]DUHDvQFDGUXODFWLYLWLLDXQRUPDWHULDOHVXSRUWFDUHVVSULMLQHSURFHVXO
GHVROXLRQDUHDSUREOHPHL
b. FHULQHVSHFLILFH
- RELQHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUSULQSURFHGXULYDOLGHLYHULILFDELOH
- posibilitatea de a se utiliza metode alternative de rezolvare
- SUH]HQWDUHDvQUDSRUWXOILQDODLSRWH]HLGHOXFUXUDLRQDPHQWHORUPRGXOXLGH
RSHUDUHLDLQVWUXPHQWHORUFDUHDXIRVWXWLOL]DWH

AvantajeleXWLOL]ULLDFHVWXLWLSGHLWHPLSRWILVLQWHWL]DWHDVWIHO
- vQFXUDMHD]JkQGLUHDSURGXFWLYFUHDWLYHXULVWLF
- DQWUHQHD]DELOLWLOHGHFRPXQLFDUHFRRSHUDUHOXFUXvQHFKLS
- DQWUHQHD]LQGHSHQGHQDGHJkQGLUHVSLULWXOFULWLFUHIOH[LY
- vQFXUDMHD] GH]YROWDUHD FDSDFLWLL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH DXWRUHIOH[LYLWDWHD
FDSDFLWDWHDGHDRSWDLGHDJkQGLvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLP
- RIHUSRVLELOLWDWHDDQDOL]HLHURULLLDUROXOXLHLvQFXQRDWHUH
- SHUPLWHYDOXDUHDFDSDFLWLLGHUDLRQDUHIOH[LELOLRSHUDQW

Dezavantaje:
- H[LVW R DQXPLW VXELHFWLYLWDWH vQ HYDOXDUH vQ VSHFLDO vQ FD]XO SUREOHPHORU
FDUHVROLFLWUH]ROYDUHDvQWHUPHQLGHRSWLPVDXGH]LUDELO
- QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXSURLHFWDUHLQRWDUH
- QHFHVLWXQHRULWLPSvQGHOXQJDWSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHLUH]ROYDUH
- GDFDFWLYLWDWHDDIRVWRUJDQL]DWvQIRUPDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLSVKHPDGHQRWDUH
WUHEXLH LQGLYLGXDOL]DW DGHFYDW UROXOXL L VDUFLQLORU FRQFUHWH SH FDUH ILHFDUH
membru al echipei le-a avut.

&RUHFWDUHDLDSUHFLHUHDUH]XOWDWHORUWUHEXLHVYL]H]HDWkWSURFHVXOGHUH]ROYDUHFkWL
UH]XOWDWXOSURSULX]LV3URIHVRUXOYDLQHVHDPDGH
- PRGXO vQ FDUH D IRVW DERUGDW SUREOHPD VWUDWHJLD XWLOL]DW vQ VSHFLDO vQ
VLWXDLDOXFUXOXLvQHFKLS
- XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDGHFYDWDPHWRGHLXWLOL]DUHDPDLPXOWRUPHWRGH
- PVXUDvQFDUHDIRVWRELQXWUH]XOWDWXOFRUHFWLDIRVWYHULILFDW
- interpretarea rezultatului
- H[WLQGHUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDSUREOHPHLSURFHGXULLGHUH]ROYDUHVROXLHL

51
Exemple:

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWTipuri de argumentare
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWILJXULOHLPRGXULOHVLORJLVWLFH
- VGLVWLQJvQWUHVLORJLVPHYDOLGHLVLORJLVPHQHYDOLGH
- VRSWH]HSHQWUXRDQXPLWPHWRGGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLVLORJLVPXOXL
- VDSOLFHPHWRGDLVGHFLGDDVXSUDUH]XOWDWXOXLDSOLFULLHL
- VVHVL]H]HHURULvQFRQVWUXLUHDVLORJLVPHORU
(QXQ 
&RQVWUXLL PRGXULOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH VLORJLVPHORU FDUH VXQW YDOLGH VXE ILHFDUH GLQ
XUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL

a. 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHDILUPDWLY
b. 3UHPLVDPDMRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
c. 3UHPLVDPLQRUHVWHSDUWLFXODUQHJDWLY
d. &RQLQHQXPDLGRLWHUPHQLGLVWULEXLLILHFDUHGHGRXRUL

$FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIRDUvQPRGLQGLYLGXDO

Schema de evaluare:
- H[SOLFDUHDLPSRVLELOLWLLDQXPLWRUFRPELQDLLvQFRQGLLLOHILHFUHLFHULQH
- LGHQWLILFDUHDLFRQVWUXLUHDFRUHFWDILJXULLLPRGXOXLVLORJLVWLFFRUHVSXQ]WRU
ILHFUHLFHULQH
- DSOLFDUHDFRUHFWDPHWRGHLGHSUREDUHDYDOLGLWLLDOHVH
- GHPRQVWUDUHDYDOLGLWLLQHYDOLGLWLL
- formularea argumentelor pentru care un anumit mod este nevalid.

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL
0RWLYDLD
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLQWHUSUHWH]HGDWHIDFWXDOHGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFXQRWLQHORUWHRUHWLFHGREkQGLWH
- VGLVWLQJvQWUHGLIHULWHOHIRUPHDOHPRWLYDLHLLPDQLIHVWULOHORU
- VIRUPXOH]H GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH OD SUREOHPD DEVHQHL LQWHUHVXOXLPRWLYDLHL
SHQWUXvQYDUH
(QXQ 
$FWLYLWDWHDVHGHVIRDUDvQWUHLHWDSH
- vQ SULPD HWDS HOHYLL UVSXQG LQGLYLGXDO vQ VFULV OD XUPWRDUHOH GRX
vQWUHEUL

52
 -
&kQGvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHvQY"
&kQGQXvQYODSVLKRORJLHGHFHQXvQY"
- vQ D GRXD HWDS SURIHVRUXO IRUPHD] JUXSH GH FkWH  HOHYL ILHFDUH JUXS
DYkQGXUPWRDUHOHVDUFLQL

a. JUXSDLUVSXQVXULOHODFHOHGRXvQWUHEULFRQIRUPIRUPHLGHPRWLYDLHvQ
FDUHVHvQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH
b. LGHQWLILFDLIRUPDGHPRWLYDLHGRPLQDQW
c. IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD VXSRUWXOXL PRWLYDLRQDO
DGHFYDWLFUHWHUHDSHUIRUPDQHLvQvQYDUH
- vQ FHD GHD WUHLD HWDS ILHFDUH JUXS vL YD GHVHPQD XQ UDSRUWRU FDUH YD
SUH]HQWD PRGXO vQ FDUH VD UHDOL]DW DFWLYLWDWHD GH UH]ROYDUH D VDUFLQLL L
VROXLLOHSURSXVH

$FWLYLWDWHD VH LQFKHLH FX R GLVFXLH IURQWDO DVXSUD VROXLLORU SURSXVH L

SRVLELOLWLORUGHDSOLFDUHDORU

Schema de evaluareYDLQHFRQWGH
- FRUHFWLWXGLQHD JUXSULL UVSXQVXULORU FRQIRUP IRUPHL GH PRWLYDLH vQ FDUH VH
vQFDGUHD]ILHFDUH
- FRUHFWLWXGLQHDLGHQWLILFULLGRPLQDQWHLPRWLYDLRQDOH
- FDUDFWHUXODGHFYDWLIH]DELODOVROXLLORUSURSXVH
3URIHVRUXO YD DSUHFLD FDOLWDWHD FRPXQLFULL L FRQOXFUULL vQ FDGUXO JUXSXOXL SUHFXP L
capacitatea raportorului de a reflecta adecvat evenimentele petrecute n timpul
UH]ROYULLVDUFLQLLvQJUXS

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW3URGXFWRUXOvQWUHSULQ]DWRUXOFRVWXULSURGXFWLYLWDWHSURILW
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VXWLOL]H]HFRUHFWFRQFHSWHLQGLFDWRULLIRUPXOHGHFDOFXO
- VHVL]H]H FRUHODLLOH GLQWUH LQWHUSUHWDUHD PDWHPDWLF L LQWHUSUHWDUHD
HFRQRPLFDXQXLIHQRPHQ
- VLGHQWLILFHFDX]HDOHXQXLIHQRPHQHFRQRPLF
- VIRUPXOH]HSUHGLFLLSULYLQGHYROXLDXQXLIHQRPHQvQFRQGLLLGDWH
(QXQ 
QDQXORILUPGHFRQIHFLLLDUHDOL]DWDFWLYLWDWHDvQXUPWRDUHOHFRQGLLL
- cifra de afaceri = 120 mil. u.m.
- costurile materiale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 10% costuri fixe
- costurile salariale = 50 mil. u.m., din care 5% costuri fixe
- YROXPXOIL]LFDOSURGXFLHL WEXQRDUHFDUH;
- QXPUGHOXFUWRULDQJDMDLvQVHFLLOHGLUHFWSURGXFWLYH 
QDQXOQXPUXOOXFUWRULORUGLQVHFLLOHGHIDEULFDLHVHUHGXFHFXSURGXFLD
IL]LF FUHWH FX  DQWUHQkQG FUHWHUHD FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH D FKHOWXLHOLORU PDWHULDOH

53
GLUHFWH QWUXFkW UDWD LQIODLHL vQ LQWHUYDOXO UHVSHFWLY D IRVW QHJOLMDELO ILUPD QX PRGLILF
QLFLSUHXOXQLWDUQLFLVDODULXOLQGLYLGXDO

&HULQH
a. &DOFXODL
UDWDUHQWDELOLWLLUHDOL]DWvQL
QLYHOXOSURGXFWLYLWLLPXQFLLvQL
b. &RPSDUDL GLQDPLFD UDWHL UHQWDELOLWLL FX GLQDPLFD SURGXFWLYLWLL PXQFLL L IRUPXODL
FRQFOX]LLOHODFDUHFRQGXFHFRPSDUDLD
c. 'HWHUPLQDLHYROXLDSRQGHULLFRVWXULORUPDWHULDOHFRVWXULORUVDODULDOHFRVWXULORUIL[HL
costurilor variabile n totalul costului.
d. ,GHQWLILFDL HOHPHQWXO FX SRQGHUHD FHD PDL PDUH L IRUPXODL GRX VROXLL SRVLELOH
pentru reducerea lui.
e. &H HYROXLH HVWH GH SUHVXSXV F YRU DYHD FRVWXULOH PDWHULDOH vQ VLWXDLD FUHWHULL
GLILFXOWLORUGHDFFHVODUHVXUVH"

$FWLYLWDWHDVHSRDWHGHVIXUDLQGLYLGXDOVDXvQJUXS

Schema de evaluare:
- FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDUDWHLUHQWDELOLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL
- FDOFXODUHDFRUHFWDQLYHOXOXLSURGXFWLYLWLLvQILHFDUHGLQFHLGRLDQL
- FRPSDUDUHDGLQDPLFLLFHORUGRLLQGLFDWRULFRQGXFHODFRQFOX]LDOHJWXULLGLUHFWH
GLQWUHUHQWDELOLWDWHLSURGXFWLYLWDWH
- GHWHUPLQDUHDFRUHFWDSRQGHULLILHFUXLHOHPHQWDOFRVWXOXLLDHYROXLHLOXL
- LGHQWLILFDUHD HOHPHQWXOXL FX FHD PD PDUH SRQGHUH VROXLLOH SURSXVH WUHEXLH
V VH UHIHUH OD VFKLPEUL GH QDWXUD FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD L GHVIXUDUHD
DFWLYLWLLQXYRUILDFFHSWDWHVROXLLFDUHGHPRQVWUHD]FHOHYXOQXJkQGHWH
HFRQRPLFFLDSOLFDOJRULWPLPDWHPDWLFLFKLDUGDFDFHVWHDVXQWFRUHFWH
- UVSXQVXO FRUHFWWUHEXLH V HYLGHQLH]H OHJWXUD GLQWUH GLIHULWHOH FDWHJRULL GH
UHVXUVHLHOHPHQWHOHLQFOXVHvQFRVWXULOHPDWHULDOH

4.2. ITEMI DE TIP ESEU

Q FDGUXO GLVFLSOLQHORU VRFLRXPDQH HYDOXDUHD FDSDFLWLORU FRJQLWLYH VXSHULRDUH FX

FRPSOH[LWDWH ULGLFDW VH UHDOL]HD] vQ PRG SUHSRQGHUHQW FX DMXWRUXO itemilor de tip
non-obiectiv; eseurileFRPSXQHULOHGHPRQVWUDLLOHFXWH]GHVFULHULOHUHSUH]LQW
XQ LQVWUXPHQW DGHFYDW L IUHFYHQW XWLOL]DW GHRDUHFH UVSXQGH vQWUR PDUH PVXU
SDUWLFXODULWLORUGLVFLSOLQHORUVRFLRXPDQHLFRPSHWHQHORUJHQHUDOHLVSHFLILFHSHFDUH
DFHVWHDvLSURSXQVOHIRUPH]HODHOHYL

Itemul de tip eseu SXQHHOHYXOvQVLWXDLDGHDFRQVWUXLXQUVSXQVOLEHUvQFRQIRUPLWDWH

FX XQ VHW GDW GH FHULQH FX FkW FHULQHOH VXQW PDL SUHFLV IRUPXODWH L PDL H[SOLFLW
LOXVWUDWH vQ VFKHPD GH QRWDUH FX DWkW FUHWH ILGHOLWDWHD HYDOXULL L QRWULL JUDGXO GH
RELHFWLYLWDWHvQUDSRUWFXPDLPXOLHYDOXDWRULLVDXFXPDLPXOWHHYDOXULVXFFHVLYH

54
3ULQWUHRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHFURUDOLVHSRDWHDVRFLDFDLQVWUXPHQWDGHFYDWHVHXOVH
QXPU
- DELOLWDWHD HOHYXOXL GH D DFWXDOL]D RUJDQL]DUHRUJDQL]D L VWUXFWXUD vQ PRG
RULJLQDOLQIRUPDLLLGHL
- DELOLWDWHDGHDXWLOL]DvQPRGDGHFYDWOLPEDMXOLGHDSUREDXQVWLOSHUVRQDO
- DELOLWDWHD GH D LQWHUSUHWD LQIRUPDLL L GH D H[SULPD XQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
personal.

(VHXO SHUPLWH GHFL HYDOXDUHD DERUGULL JOREDOH D XQHL VDUFLQL GH OXFUX vQ FDUH
FXQRWLQHOH JUDGXO GH vQHOHJHUH L FDSDFLWDWHD GH DSOLFDUH D FXQRWLQHORU LQFOXVLY
PVXUDLPRGXOvQFDUHvQYDUHDFXQRDWHUHDDXIRVWSHUVRQDOL]DWHFRQWULEXLQGDVWIHO
OD IRUPDUHD UHDO D SHUVRQDOLWLL HOHYXOXL VH vQWUHSWUXQG L VH PDQLIHVW vQ PRG
integrat.

7LSXULOHGHHVHXULVHGHOLPLWHD]GXSGRXFULWHULL
1. GXSGLPHQVLXQLOHUVSXQVXOXLDWHSWDW
a. HVHX FX UVSXQV UHVWUkQV PLQLHVHXO  vQ FDUH SULQWUH FHULQHOH HQXQXOXL
HVWH SUHFL]DW L GLPHQVLXQHD PD[LP DGPLV D UVSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW QXPU
PD[LPGHFXYLQWHQXPUPD[LPGHSDUDJUDIHQXPUPD[LPGHUkQGXUL
b. HVHX FX UVSXQV H[WLQV  OD FDUH VLQJXUD OLPLW FH RSHUHD] HVWH DFHHD D
timpului de lucru maxim admis.
2. GXSWLSXOUVSXQVXOXLDWHSWDW
a. eseu structurat sau semistructurat vQFDUHSULQ FHULQH H[SOLFLWH LQGLFLL VDX
VXJHVWLLUVSXQVXOHOHYXOXLHVWHRUJDQL]DWVWUXFWXUDWRULHQWDWRUGRQDW
b. eseu liber  vQ FDUH RULJLQDOLWDWHD L FUHDWLYLWDWHD HOHYXOXL VH SRW PDQLIHVWD
maximal.

ProiectareaLWHPLORUGHWLSHVHXSUHVXSXQHDSOLFDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLL D FUHL UHVSHFWDUH

PDMRUHD]HILFLHQDHYDOXULLLFDUDFWHUXOHLIRUPDWLYDVWIHO
- se recurge la evaluarea prin acest tip de item numai atunci cnd obiectivul de
evaluare avut n vedere nu este compatibil cu nici un alt tip de item;
- RELHFWLYXO GH HYDOXDUH SURSXV WUHEXLH V IDF SDUWH GLQ FDWHJRULD FHORU GH
PD[LP FRPSOH[LWDWH  V YL]H]H FDSDFLWL GH WUDQVIHU L GH H[SULPDUH vQ
termeni personali;
- VDUFLQDGHOXFUXWUHEXLHIRUPXODWvQPRGFODUULJXURVLVXFFLQWvQWHUPHQLGH
SHUIRUPDQDWHSWDW
- HQXQXO LWHPXOXL WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH FRQILJXUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL DWHSWDW
elementele sau conceptele-cheie, caracteristici particulare dorite ale
UVSXQVXOXL DOWHUQDWLYH SRVLELOHDGPLVH DFHDVW FRQILJXUDUH DQXQ
rezolvarea, respectiv schema de notare cu care se va opera);
- VFKHPDGHQRWDUHVHSRDWHFRQVWUXLILHDFRUGkQGXQQXPUGHSXQFWHILHFUHL
FHULQH ILH JOREDO KROLVWLF ILH DVRFLLQG XQ QXPU GH SXQFWH ILHFUXL QLYHO GH
UVSXQV

Q RULFDUH GLQ YDULDQWHOH VDOH LWHPXO GH WLS HVHX SUH]LQW avantajul de a se adecva
HYDOXULLODGLVFLSOLQHOHVRFLRXPDQHvQWUXFkWSHUPLWH

55
 - RELQHUHDGHFWUHSURIHVRUDXQHLLPDJLQLJOREDOHVLQWHWLFHDFDSDFLWLORUGH
WUDQVIHULFRQVWUXFLHSHUVRQDODHOHYXOXL
- HYDOXDUHD FUHDWLYLWLL RULJLQDOLWLL JkQGLULL FULWLFH IOH[LELOLWLL IRUHL
DUJXPHQWDWLYHLFRHUHQHLGHJkQGLUHDHOHYXOXL
- LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD HYDOXULL DGHFYDUHD HL OD PRGXO LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQDO vQ FDUH
HOHYXOVHUDSRUWHD]ODVDUFLQFRQLQXW

Q DFHODL WLPS vQV QX WUHEXLH RPLVH dezavantajele L ULVFXULOH SH FDUH OH SUH]LQW
evaluarea prin eseu:
- GLILFXOWDWHD FRQVWUXLULL XQHL VFKHPH GH QRWDUH FDUH V DVLJXUH
ILGHOLWDWHDRELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL  vQ DEVHQD FUHLD HYDOXDUHD UPkQH
LUHOHYDQWGDUFDUH V QX FRQVWUkQJ HOHYXO VQX vO SXQ vQ VLWXDLDGHD
RELQH SXQFWDMXO PD[LP QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG UVSXQVXO OXL VH SOLD] SH FHO
SUHIDEULFDWGHHYDOXDWRUFHHDFHDQXOHD]vQVLLGHHDGHHVHX
- GHL VH HODERUHD] UHODWLY XRU HYDOXDUHD L QRWDUHD FHU PXOW WLPS PXOW
DWHQLH H[SHULHQ RELHFWLYLWDWH L SURIHVLRQDOLVP vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GLGDFWLF
FXUHQW FRPXQLFDUHD QRWHL RELQXWH GH HOHY WUHEXLH vQVRLW GH R VFXUW IL
GH REVHUYDLL DVXSUD HVHXOXL vQ DD IHO vQFkW HOHYXO V vL FRUHFWH]H
HYHQWXDOHOHLQDELOLWLVDXVUHIDFSULOHPDLSXLQUHDOL]DWHDOHHVHXOXL
- VFKHPDGHQRWDUHWUHEXLHvQPRGREOLJDWRULXPRGHUDWSULQSUHWHVWUL

Exemple:

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXW&RPSRUWDPHQWHSURLDQWLVRFLDOH
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHVFULHvQWHUPHQLSVLKRORJLFLXQFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO
- V HYDOXH]H XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW VRFLDO SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD PRGHOH VRFLDOH
dezirabile
- VLQYHVWLJKH]HFDX]HSVLKLFHSRVLELOHDOHXQXLFRPSRUWDPHQWVRFLDO
- V UHODLRQH]H DERUGDUHD SVLKRORJLF FX DOWH WLSXUL GH DERUGDUH D
comportamentului social.

2EVHUYDLHHOHYLLYRUSULPLFDVDUFLQGHOXFUXHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLGXSFHDQWHULRUDX
YL]LRQDWvPSUHXQXQHSLVRGGLQVHULDOXO$ODSWHOHDFHU

(QXQ 
$OHJHL XQXO GLQWUH SHUVRQDMHOH ILOPXOXL $O DSWHOHD FHU (ODERUDL XQ PLQLHVHX vQ
FDUH V UHOHYDL UROXO FRPXQLFULL LQWHUXPDQH vQ UHJODUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VRFLDO DO
personajului.

Schema de notareYDXUPUL
- XWLOL]DUHDFRUHFWDOLPEDMXOXLVSHFLILF
- caracterizarea profilului de personalitate al personajului
- HYLGHQLHUHDLLQWHUSUHWDUHDSVLKRORJLFDVLWXDLLORUFRQVLGHUDWHUHOHYDQWH

56
 - VXUSULQGHUHDLQIOXHQHLSHFDUHFRPXQLFDUHDvQWUHSHUVRQDMHRH[HUFLWDVXSUD
PRGHOULLDGHFYULLODVLWXDLHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORU

Disciplina: Economie
&ODVDD;DLD;,D
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWGlobalizarea
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
VGHVFULHvQWHUPHQLHFRQRPLFLSURFHVXOGHJOREDOL]DUH
- V HYDOXH]H FRQVHFLQHOH SURFHVXOXL GH JOREDOL]DUH DVXSUD IRUPULL
SURIHVLRQDOHDWLQHUHLJHQHUDLLLDVXSUDSURJUHVXOXLvQFDULHU
- V LQYHVWLJKH]H FDX]H SRVLELOH L IRUPH GH PDQLIHVWDUH DOH GLILFXOWLORU GH
adaptare la un mediu economic global
- V DSOLFH FXQRWLQHOH HFRQRPLFH JHQHUDOH OD FDUDFWHUL]DUHD VLWXDLHL
HFRQRPLHLURPkQHWL
- V IRUPXOH]H XQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SHUVRQDO vQ OHJWXU FX SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLH

2EVHUYDLHHOHYLLYRUSULPLFDVDUFLQHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLGXSFHDQWHULRUDXUHDOL]DW
GRXGRVDUHGHSUHVDYkQGFDWHPH)XJDFUHLHUHORUL,QWHUQHWXOLJOREDOL]DUHD

(QXQ 
(ODERUDLXQHVHXDYkQGXUPWRUXOWLWOXQOXPHDJOREDODPLOHQLXOXL,,,YDH[LVWDXQ
ORFLSHQWUXPLQHQXPDLGDFYRLWLVPLOJVHVF
Plan de idei pentru elaborarea eseului:
- caracterizarea procesului de globalizare
- FRQVHFLQHOHJOREDOL]ULLDVXSUDIRUPULLLHYROXLHLSURIHVLRQDOH
- GLILFXOWL GH DGDSWDUH OD PHGLXO HFRQRPLF JOREDO FDX]H L IRUPH GH
manifestare
- FDUDFWHUL]DUHDHFRQRPLHLURPkQHWLGLQSHUVSHFWLYDSURFHVXOXLGHJOREDOL]DUH
- IRUPXODUHDXQXLSXQFWGHYHGHUHSHUVRQDOOHJDWGHSUREOHPDSXVvQGLVFXLH
3HQWUXHODERUDUHDHVHXOXLDYHLODGLVSR]LLHRVSWPkQvQFDUHSXWHLFRQVXOWDRULFH
VXUVHGHLQIRUPDUHSHFDUHOHFRQVLGHUDLSRWULYLWHVXUVHOHLLQIRUPDLLOHSRWILLQYRFDWH
n eseu.

Schema de notareYDXUPULRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHLLQGLFDLLOHGLQSODQXOGHLGHL

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWMorala
Obiectivul: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VLGHQWLILFHSUREOHPDILORVRILFSXVvQGLVFXLH
- VFRUHOH]HVHPQLILFDWLYSXQFWHGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWHvQLVWRULDILORVRILHL
- VYDORULILFHvQWHUPHQLSHUVRQDOLFXQRWLQHOH
- VFRQVWUXLDVFXQGLVFXUVFRHUHQWDUJXPHQWDWLFRQYLQJWRU
- VXWLOL]H]HDGHFYDWOLPEDMXOILORVRILF

57
(QXQ 
(ODERUDLXQHVHXOLEHUSRUQLQGGHODSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHH[SULPDWvQXUPWRUXOFLWDW
'HIDSWDYHPGRXIHOXULGHPRUDOLWDWHXQDSHFDUHRSUHGLFPGDUQXRSUDFWLFP
LFHDODOWSHFDUHRSUDFWLFPGDUUDUHRULRSUHGLFP (Bertrand Russell).

Schema de notareYDXUPULRELHFWLYHOHGHHYDOXDUHSURSXVH

58
 CAPITOLUL 5
METODE COMPLEMENTARE DE EVALUARE
2%6(59$5($6,67(0$7,&$$&7,9,7,,,&203257$0(178/8,
ELEVULUI
5.2. PROIECTUL
5.3. PORTOFOLIUL
5.4. AUTOEVALUAREA

Metodele complementare de evaluare constituie o categorie de metode de evaluare

FX URO IRUPDWLY SURQXQDW L FX R PDUH FDSDFLWDWH GH PRWLYDUH D DQJDMULL HOHYLORU vQ
DFWLYLWLOH GH vQYDUH 8WLOL]DUHD ORU vQ HYDOXDUHD FXUHQW OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH
permite:
- HYDOXDUHDSURGXVXOXLLDSURFHVXOXLFDUHDFRQGXVODRELQHUHDOXL
- HYDOXDUHDKROLVWLFDSURJUHVXOXLHOHYXOXL
- FRQVROLGDUHDGHSULQGHULORULDELOLWLORUGHFRPXQLFDUHVRFLDOLFRRSHUDUH
- FRQVROLGDUHDDELOLWLORUGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- HYDOXDUHDJUDGXOXLGHDWLQJHUHDXQRURELHFWLYHFHYL]HD]DSWLWXGLQLDWLWXGLQL
LFRPSRUWDPHQWHFHQXSRWILHYDOXDWHSULQPHWRGHOHWUDGLLRQDOH
- compensarea excesului de cognitivism ce se poate manifesta n evaluarea
WUDGLLRQDO
0HWRGHOHFRPSOHPHQWDUHGHHYDOXDUHYL]HD]vQPRGSULRULWDU*URQOXQGS

Aptitudini / Atitudini &RPSRUWDPHQWHSULQFDUHVHH[SULP

9RUELUHD WFHUHD DVFXOWDUHD FRPXQLFDUHD QRQ
Aptitudini de comunicare
YHUEDO
(ILFLHQD SODQLILFULL FRQVHFYHQD vQ SHUIRUPDUHD
$WLWXGLQLIDGHDFWLYLWDWH VDUFLQLORUHDORQDWHvQWLPSXWLOL]DUHDWLPSXOXLLDDOWRU
LVDUFLQLOHFXUHQWH UHVXUVHVSLULWXOGHLQLLDWLYFUHDWLYLWDWHDvQFUHGHUHDvQ
VLQHGRULQDGHDXWRSHUIHFLRQDUH
3UHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXEXQVWDUHDFHORUODOLUHVSHFWXOIDD
GH QRUPH L ID GH EXQXUL UHFHSWLYLWDWHD ID GH
SUREOHPHOHFRPXQLWLLGRULQDGHDFRRSHUDGHDRIHUL
Atitudini sociale
DMXWRUXO SUHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX FDOLWDWHD UHODLLORU
LQWHUXPDQH L UHVSHFWDUHD LQWHUHVHORU OHJLWLPH DOH
FHORUODOL
5HFHSWLYLWDWHD ID GH QRX VSLULWXO FULWLF L LQWHURJDWLY
Atitudini intelectuale SUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXvQWHPHLHUHDUDLRQDODGHFL]LLORUL
comportamentelor, curiozitatea.
*HVWLRQDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU L VWULORU DIHFWLYH
$SWLWXGLQLHPRLRQDOH H[SULPDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU L DSUHFLHULORU PDQLIHVWDUHD
VDWLVIDFLHLIDGHDFWLYLWDWHWRQXVXODIHFWLY
Aptitudini de adaptare / 5HDFLD OD DXWRULWDWH SUHOXDUHD GH UHVSRQVDELOLWL
modulare a LQWHJUDUHD vQ JUXSXO GH OXFUX JHVWLRQDUHD VWULORU GH
comportamentului conflict, adaptarea la schimbare.

59
(YDOXDUHD DFHVWRUDSWLWXGLQL DWLWXGLQL L FRPSRUWDPHQWH QX VH ILQDOL]HD] SULQ QRWDUHD
HOHYXOXL (D HVWH vQV QHFHVDU 3UH]HQD FRPSRQHQWHL 9DORUL L DWLWXGLQL n structura
QRLORUFXUULFXOHSHQWUXGLVFLSOLQHOHFODVHORU;;,,HVWHXQDUJXPHQW)LQDOLWDWHDHGXFDLHL
GDWHOHHVHQLDOHDOHSURILOXOXLGHIRUPDUHSHFDUHvLSURSXQHVvOFRQILJXUH]HFRDODL
scopurile fundamentale ale disciplinelor socio-umane sunt alte argumente care
SOHGHD] SHQWUX LQWHJUDUHD LQVWUXPHQWHORU DOWHUQDWLYH GH HYDOXDUH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD
GLGDFWLF

5.1. 2%6(59$5($6,67(0$7,&$$&7,9,7,,,&203257$0(178/8,
ELEVULUI

n ILD GH REVHUYDUH D DFWLYLW LL HOHYXOXL1 SURIHVRUXO vQUHJLVWUHD] LQIRUPDLL

VHPQLILFDWLYH OHJDWH GH SURJUHVXO FRODU DO HOHYXOXL L SDUWLFXODULWLOH VDOH GH
SHUVRQDOLWDWH 3H ED]D DFHVWRUD  SURIHVRUXO UHDOL]HD] LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD FHULQHORU L
DFWLYLWLORU GH vQYDUH vQ FDUH DQWUHQHD] HOHYXO (D FRQVWLWXLH XQ LQVWUXPHQW HILFLHQW
SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDRULHQWULLFRODUHLSURIHVLRQDOHDHOHYXOXL
,QIRUPDLLOH VH SRW UHIHUL QXPDL OD DVSHFWH DOH SDUWLFLSULL HOHYXOXL OD GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLR
XPDQHGHDOXQJXOFHORUDQLvQFDUHDFHVWHDVHVWXGLD]VDXSRWDYHDXQFDUDFWHU
mai larg.

Model orientativ GXS*URQOXQGS:

1. Date generale despre elev: QXPHOH L SUHQXPHOH YkUVWD FOLPDWXO HGXFDWLY vQ

PHGLXOFUXLDvLDSDULQH
2. 3DUWLFXODULW L DOH SURFHVHORU LQWHOHFWXDOH JkQGLUH OLPEDM LPDJLQDLH PHPRULH
DWHQLHLVSLULWGHREVHUYDLHDOWHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
$SWLWXGLQLLLQWHUHVH
7UVWXULGHDIHFWLYLWDWH
7UVWXULGHWHPSHUDPHQW
6. Atitudini:
a. IDGHVLQH
b. IDGHGLVFLSOLQDREOLJDLLOHFRODUH
c. IDGHFROHJL
(YROX LDDSWLWXGLQLORUDWLWXGLQLORULQWHUHVHORULQLYHOXOXLGHLQWHJUDUH
6XJHUP R OLVW GH DELOLWL LQWHOHFWXDOH L VRFLDOH SH FDUH SURIHVRUXO GH WLLQH VRFLR
XPDQH vL SRDWH SURSXQH V OH IRUPH]H OD HOHYL D FURU FRQVROLGDUH R SRDWH XUPUL L
vQUHJLVWUDvQ)LDGHREVHUYDUHDHOHYXOXL

DELOLWLLQWHOHFWXDOH
- H[SULPDUHDRUDO
- cititul

1
)LD GH observare a DFWLYLW LL elevului este instrumentul de evaluare proiectat pentru a pune n SUDFWLF metoda de

observare VLVWHPDWLF D DFWLYLW LL L comportamentului elevului.

60
 - scrisul
- DELOLWL GH UDLRQDUH GHILQLUHD FRPSDUDUHD FODVLILFDUHD DQDOL]DUHD
VLQWHWL]DUHDDEVWUDFWL]DUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDHVHQLDOL]DUHDFRQFUHWL]DUHD
- LGHQWLILFDUHD VXSR]LLLORU WDFLWH LPSOLFDWH vQWUR DSUHFLHUH VDX vQWUXQ
UDLRQDPHQW
- LGHQWLILFDUHD SUHMXGHFLORU VWHUHRWLSXULORU GLVFULPLQULL L VLWXDLLORU GH
manipulare;

DELOLWLVRFLDOH
- UHFXQRDWHUHDLDFFHSWDUHDGLIHUHQHORU
- FXOWLYDUHDGHUHODLLSR]LWLYHFXFHLODOL
- UH]ROYDUHDQRQYLROHQWDFRQIOLFWHORU
- DVXPDUHDGHUHVSRQVDELOLWL
- SDUWLFLSDUHDODQHJRFLHUHDLDGRSWDUHDVROXLLORU
- SDUWLFLSDUHDODPHQLQHUHDXQXLFOLPDWVWLPXODWLYLSOFXW
- DSXQHvQWUHEUL
- a cere ajutorul
- a demonstra empatie
- DDVFXOWDFXUEGDUH
- DOXFUDvQHFKLS
- a colabora
- a lua decizii
- a interpreta roluri
- a evalua.

Q DFWLYLWDWHD FXUHQW SHQWUX HYDOXDUHD JOREDO D DSWLWXGLQLORU DWLWXGLQLORU L

FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHOHYXOXL SHUIRUPDWH FX SULOHMXO XQHL VDUFLQL GH vQYDUH GH H[HPSOX
FXSULOHMXOUHDOL]ULLvQFODVDXQHLDFWLYLWLvQIRUPDvQYULLSULQFRRSHUDUHSURIHVRUXO
SRDWHXWLOL]DXUPWRDUHOHFULWHULLVLVWHPDWL]DWHvQWDEHOXOGHPDLMRVILHFDUHLWHPSRDWHIL
FRQFUHWL]DWvQIXQFLHGHFRQLQXWXODFWLYLWLL

Componenta Standard
Standard mediu Standard superior
HYDOXDW minim
QHOHJHUHD Capacitatea de a genera
&XQRWLQHL
Organizarea FXQRWLQHORUFDSDFLWDWH vQHOHVXULQRLFDSDFLWDWHD
nivelul de
FXQRWLQHORU de sintetizare a GHDSOLFDUHDFXQRWLQHORU
QHOHJHUH
FXQRWLQHORU n contexte noi
&RQWULEXLD 5HFHSWLYLWDWHDIDGH Capacitatea de a coordona
Progresul la realizarea FHLODOLPHPEULDL activitatea grupului;
individual DFWLYLWLL grupului; angajarea n FDSDFLWDWHDGDDLvQYDSH
grupului ndeplinirea rolului FHLODOL
Posibilitatea de utilizare
Calitatea $FXUDWHHD 5H]XOWDWHOHSRWILXWLOL]DWHL
a rezultatelor n cadrul
rezultatelor rezultatelor GHFWUHDOWHSHUVRDQH
DOWRUDFWLYLWL

61
 Capacitatea Capacitatea de a orienta
$ELOLWLGH de a asculta; Capacitatea de a GLVFXLDVSUHFRQFOX]LL
FRPXQLFDUHL capacitatea DUJXPHQWDSURLFRQWUD pozitive, productive;
GHvPSUWLUH GHDL unei idei; capacitatea de Capacitatea de a orienta
DLGHLORUL exprima cu a se concentra pe activitatea spre luarea
H[SHULHQHL claritate sarcina de lucru GHFL]LHLLWUHFHUHDOD
ideile proprii aplicarea ei.

&RPSOHWDUHDDFHVWHLILHVHUHDOL]HD]SHSDUFXUVXOPDLPXOWRURUHDFWLYLWL(DSHUPLWH
SURIHVRUXOXL V XUPDUHDVF HYROXLD ILHFUXL HOHY V DGHFYH]H UROXULOH SH FDUH L OH
DWULEXLH vQ JUXS V DSUHFLH]H QLYHOXO OD FDUH VH DIO OD XQ PRPHQW GDW HOHYXO L
VFKLPEULOHFDUHVDXSURGXVvQFRPSRUWDPHQWXOVXSHUPLWHDWkWHYDOXDUHDSURFHVXOXL
FkWLHYDOXDUHDSURGXVXOXLDFWLYLWLL

5.2. PROIECTUL

&D IRUP GH RUJDQL]DUH D DFWLYLWLL GH vQYDUH proiectul2 HVWH R PHWRG DFWLY
SDUWLFLSDWLY FDUH SUHVXSXQH L vQFXUDMHD] WUDQVIHUXO GH FXQRWLQH GHSULQGHUL L
FDSDFLWL DERUGULOH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH FRQVROLGDUHD DELOLWLORU VRFLDOH DOH HOHYLORU
0HWRGDSURLHFWXOXLHVWHGHRVHELWGHXWLODWXQFLFkQGSURIHVRUXOXUPUHWHDFFHQWXDUHD
FDUDFWHUXOXL DSOLFDWLYSUDFWLF DO vQYULL L DSURSLHUHD vQWUH GLVFXUVXO WHRUHWLF L
H[SHULHQDGHYLDDHOHYLORU

5HDOL]DUHDXQXLSURLHFWSUHVXSXQHSDUFXUJHUHDDSDLGXS)ULWKL0DFLQWRVK
p. 108):
1. identificarea unei probleme/teme/subiect;
2. FXOHJHUHD RUJDQL]DUHD SUHOXFUDUHD L HYDOXDUHD LQIRUPDLLORU OHJDWH GH
SUREOHPDWHPDDOHDV
3. HODERUDUHDXQXLVHWGHVROXLLSRVLELOHDOHSUREOHPHL
4. HYDOXDUHDVROXLLORULHIHFWXDUHDXQHLRSLXQLSULYLQGFHDPDLEXQVROXLH
QIXQFLHGHWHPDDOHDVVDXSUREOHPDDERUGDWSRDWHH[LVWDLXQDOOHDSDVFHOvQ
FDUH HOHYLL WUHF HIHFWLY OD DSOLFDUHD VROXLHL SHQWUX FDUH DX RSWDW FHHD FH SUHVXSXQH
HODERUDUHDXQXLSODQGHLPSOHPHQWDUHFXHWDSHUHVXUVHUHVSRQVDELOLWLPRGDOLWLGH
HYDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORURELQXWH

QFHOHPDLPXOWHGLQWUHVLWXDLLXQSURLHFWHVWHUHDOL]DWGHFWUHXQJUXSGHHOHYLFHHD
FHQXH[FOXGHLUHDOL]DUHDSURLHFWHORULQGLYLGXDOH

(YDOXDUHD SURFHVXOXL L SURGXVXOXL DFWLYLWLL SUHVXSXQH GLQ SDUWHD SURIHVRUXOXL PXOW

DWHQLH L DSOLFDLH 3URIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V DVLVWH HOHYXOJUXSXO GH HOHYL SH WRDW
GHVIXUDUHD SURLHFWXOXL  GH OD DOHJHUHD WHPHL VDX LGHQWLILFDUHD SUREOHPHL SkQ OD
SUH]HQWDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUILQDOHVXVLQHUHDORUvQIDDFODVHL

2
Proiectul, ca instrument de evaluare, FRQFUHWL]HD] demersul metodologic. De asemenea, proiectul HVWH L metoda
de evaluare care presupune, ca dimensiune LPSRUWDQW realizarea vQY ULL

62
6XJHUP SURIHVRULORU DOFWXLUHD XQHL )LH GH HYDOXDUH VLPLODU FHOHL SUH]HQWDWH
DQWHULRUvQFDUHVFRQVHPQH]HvQPRGUHJXODWREVHUYDLLLDSUHFLHULDVXSUDDFWLYLWLL
ILHFUXLHOHYFKLDUvQVLWXDLDvQFDUHHOHYLLOXFUHD]vQJUXS
(VWH XWLO RUJDQL]DUHD GXS SDUFXUJHUHD ILHFUHL HWDSH vQ UHDOL]DUHD SURLHFWXOXL D XQHL
GLVFXLLGH]EDWHULvQFDUHHOHYLLVILHvQFXUDMDL)ULWKL0DFLQWRVKS
- V UHIOHFWH]H DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL DVXSUD DFKL]LLLORU UHDOL]DWH  vQ WHUPHQL GH
FXQRWLQHDSWLWXGLQLDWLWXGLQLH[SHULHQHWUDQVIHUDELOH
- VvLDXWRHYDOXH]HDFWLYLWDWHDLSURJUHVXO
- V GLVFXWH GLILFXOWLOH DVSHFWHOH FDUH vL QHPXOXPHVF VDX SH FDUH OH
FRQVLGHULQVXILFLHQWUHDOL]DWH
'HDVHPHQHDSHQWUXIL[DUHDFXQRWLQHORULHYDOXDUHDORUSURIHVRUXOSRDWHUHFXUJH
vQ VSHFLDO GXS SDUFXUJHUHD HWDSHL GH FXOHJHUH RUJDQL]DUH SUHOXFUDUH L HYDOXDUH D
LQIRUPDLLORU  OD XQ WHVW FULWHULDO DFHVWD YD FRQLQH XQ QXPU GH LWHPL RELHFWLYL L
VHPLRELHFWLYL GDU L XQ QXPU RDUHFDUH GH LWHPL VXELHFWLYL FDUH V GHD SRVLELOLWDWHD
HOHYLORUVUHIOHFWH]HVLVWHPDWL]DWDVXSUDSURFHVXOXLGHvQYDUHLSURGXVHORURELQXWH

5.3. PORTOFOLIUL

Portofoliul UHSUH]LQW R PHWRG3 FRPSOHPHQWDU GH HYDOXDUH GDU L XQ LQVWUXPHQW

FRPSOH[GHHYDOXDUHSULQFDUHSURIHVRUXOXUPUHWHSURJUHVXOUHDOL]DWGHHOHYvQSODQ
FRJQLWLY DWLWXGLQDO L FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  OD R DQXPLW GLVFLSOLQ GHD OXQJXO XQXL
VHPHVWUXVDXDQFRODU

Piesele componente ale unui portofoliu sunt (Stoica, A. (coord.), 1996):

- UH]XOWDWHOHODSUREHOHVFULVHWHVWHWHPHSHQWUXDFDVD
- UH]XOWDWHOH DFWLYLWLORU SUDFWLFH SURLHFWHORU LQYHVWLJDLLORU FHUFHWULORU
efectuate;
- UHIHUDWHHVHXULDUWLFROHSXEOLFDWHOXFUULSUH]HQWDWHODVHVLXQLGHFRPXQLFUL
sau la cercul de specialitate;
- UH]XOWDWHDOHDFWLYLWLLGHVWXGLXLQGLYLGXDO
- ILDLQGLYLGXDOGHREVHUYDUHHYDOXDUHDHOHYXOXL
- ILDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- chestionare de atitudini;
- DOWHUH]XOWDWHUHOHYDQWHDOHDFWLYLWLLHOHYXOXL

3RUWRIROLXO HVWH FDUWHD GH YL]LW D HOHYXOXL L SHUPLWH IRUPDUHD XQHL LPDJLQL JOREDOH
H[KDXVWLYH DVXSUD DFWLYLWLL SH FDUH D GHVIXUDWR vQWUXQ LQWHUYDO GDW GH WLPS
-XGHFDWD GH YDORDUH SH FDUH R IRUPXOHD] SURIHVRUXO FX SULYLUH OD FDOLWDWHD DFWLYLWLL
HOHYXOXLUHIOHFWHYROXLDGHDQVDPEOXDDFHVWXLDLQXVWDUHDDFFLGHQWDOODXQPRPHQW
dat.

Ca instrument de evaluare, portofoliul are cteva caracteristici pe care profesorul

WUHEXLHVOHDLESHPDQHQWvQYHGHUH

3
Metoda presupune un demers complet, de la stabilirea RELHFWLYHORU SkQ OD FRQFHSHUHD L aplicarea instrumentului.
Acesta din XUP este parte LQWHJUDQW D metodei de evaluare, reprezentnd concretizarea parcursului metodologic.

63
a. FRPSRQHQWHOHSRUWRIROLXOXLVXQWVWDELOLWHGHFWUHSURIHVRUHOHYXODUHvQVOLEHUWDWHD
VDGDXJHRULFHDOWSLHVSHFDUHRFRQVLGHUUHOHYDQWSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDVD
b. FRPSRQHQWHOH SRUWRIROLXOXL VH HYDOXHD] VHSDUDW OD PRPHQWXO UHDOL]ULL ORU
HYDOXDUHD JOREDO D SRUWRIROLXOXL WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW SH ED]D XQRU FULWHULL H[SOLFLWH
FHHD FH DVLJXU RELHFWLYLWDWHD HYDOXULL  FRPXQLFDWH HOHYLORU RGDW FX vQFHSHUHD
UHDOL]ULL OXL FRPXQLFDUHD FULWHULLORU HVWH R FRQGLLH HVHQLDO SHQWUX FXOWLYDUHD
FDSDFLWLLGHDXWRHYDOXDUHDHOHYLORU
c. SRUWRIROLXO HVWH XQ LQVWUXPHQW IOH[LELO SURLHFWDUHD UHDOL]ULL OXL L D FRPSRQHQWHORU
VDOH SXWkQG IL DGDSWDW OD VSHFLILFXO GLVFLSOLQHL FODVHL FRQGLLLORU FRQFUHWH DOH
DFWLYLWLL
d. SRUWRIROLXO SHUPLWH DSUHFLHUHD L LQFOXGHUHD vQ DFWXO HYDOXULL D XQRU SURGXVH DOH
DFWLYLWLL HOHYXOXL FDUH vQ PRG RELQXLW QX VXQW DYXWH vQ YHGHUH DFHVW IDSW
vQFXUDMHD] H[SULPDUHD SHUVRQDO D HOHYXOXL DQJDMDUHD OXL vQ DFWLYLWL GH vQYDUH
PDLFRPSOH[HLPDLFUHDWLYHGLYHUVLILFDUHDFXQRWLQHORUGHSULQGHULORULDELOLWLORU
exersate;
e. HYDOXDUHD SRUWRIROLXOXL HVWH HOLEHUDW vQ PDUH SDUWH GH WHQVLXQLOH L WRQXVXO DIHFWLY
QHJDWLY FDUH vQVRHVF IRUPHOH WUDGLLRQDOH GH HYDOXDUH HYDOXDUHD GHYLQH DVWIHO
PRWLYDQWLQXVWUHVDQWSHQWUXHOHY
f. GHRDUHFHVLQWHWL]HD]DFWLYLWDWHDHOHYXOXLSHRSHULRDGUHODWLYvQGHOXQJDWGHWLPS
HYDOXDUHDSRUWRIROLXOXLSRDWHVHUYLLFDHYDOXDUHVXPDWLYVDXFKLDUFDSDUWHDXQHL
H[DPLQUL

&XWLWOXGHH[HPSOLILFDUHVXJHUPOLVWDFRPSRQHQWHORUXQXLSRUWRIROLXODILORVRILH
- DSOLFDLLUHDOL]DWHFDDFWLYLWDWHLQGHSHQGHQW
- analize de text
- ILHELRJUDILFH
- ILHGHOHFWXU
- GRVDUHGHOHFWXUSHDXWRULFXUHQWHSUREOHPH
- eseuri
- DUWLFROHUHIHUDWHLFRPXQLFUL
- FKHVWLRQDUH GH DWLWXGLQL L GH HYDOXDUH D FRQGXLWHL OD vQFHSXWXO DQXOXL L OD
VIkULW
- ILHGHREVHUYDLLDOHSURIHVRUXOXLSHPDUJLQHDHVHXULORUOXFUULORUUHDOL]DWH
- WHVWHLOXFUULVFULVHVHPHVWULDOH
- ILDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH

5.4. AUTOEVALUAREA

3DUDOHO FX HYDOXDUHDSH FDUH R UHDOL]HD] FD SDUWH LQWHJUDQWD GHPHUVXOXL GLGDFWLF L
FDUHWUHEXLHVILHFkWPDLWUDQVSDUHQWUHDOL]DWvQFRRSHUDUHFXHOHYLLLvQFRQVHQV
FX QHYRLOH ORU GH IRUPDUH SURIHVRUXO WUHEXLH V vL SURSXQ IRUPDUHD OD HOHYL D
GHSULQGHULL GH DXWRHYDOXDUH HO WUHEXLH V FUHH]H VLWXDLL vQ FDUH HOHYLL V H[HUVH]H
DXWRFRQWUROXOLDXWRDSUHFLHUHDSURSULXOXLFRPSRUWDPHQWFRJQLWLYLDWLWXGLQDOvQGLYHUVH
contexte.

64
(OHYLLWUHEXLHvQFXUDMDLVLSXQvQWUHEULGHJHQXO
- Am rezolvat sarcina suficient de bine?
- 6XQWPXOXPLWGHFHHDFHDPUHDOL]DW"
- &HDQXPHPDvPSLHGLFDWVRELQXQUH]XOWDWPDLEXQ"
- ([LVWLXQDOWPRGSURFHGHXVWUDWHJLHGHDUH]ROYDVDUFLQD"
- 3ULQ FH DQXPH VH GHRVHEHVF UH]XOWDWHOH PHOH GH FHOH RELQXWH GH FROHJLL
mei?
- &HWUHEXLHVIDFSHQWUXDPLvPEXQWLUH]XOWDWHOH"
- $UILELQHVPLIL[H]XQWHUPHQSkQODFDUHVUHXHVFVRELQUH]XOWDWHPDL
bune? De ce?
- &HDQXPHPQHPXOXPHWHFHOPDLPXOWvQDFWLYLWDWHDPHD"

5VSXQVXULOH OD DVWIHO GH vQWUHEUL FD L OD DOWHOH DO FURU FRQLQXW SRDWH IL OVDW OD
ODWLWXGLQHDHOHYXOXLVDXSRDWHILVWDELOLWSULQGLVFXLHOLEHUvQFODVSRWILFRQVHPQDWHvQ
ILDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH4 a elevului.
'DFHOHYLLPDQLIHVWLQWHUHVSHQWUXGLVFXWDUHDUVSXQVXULORUvQFODVSURIHVRUXOSRDWH
RUJDQL]D R GLVFXLHGH]EDWHUH SH PDUJLQHD ORU vQ XUPD FUHLD HOHYLL V GHWHUPLQH
IDFWRULLFHLPDLLPSRUWDQLDLVXFFHVXOXLORUSUHFXPLFHLPDLLPSRUWDQLIDFWRULIUHQDWRUL
'LVFXLDQXWUHEXLHvQVVIRUH]HHOHYXOVLFRPXQLFHJkQGXULOHLSUHRFXSULOHGDF
HOQXGRUHWHVIDFDFHVWOXFUX

Pentru formarea deprinderilor de autoevaluare, profesorul trebuie:

- V SUH]LQWH HOHYLORU VWDQGDUGHOH RELHFWLYHOH GH HYDOXDUH L QLYHOHOH GH
SHUIRUPDQ
- VLIRUPXOH]HFODUDWHSWULOHVILHRELHFWLYLFRQVHFYHQW
- V vQFXUDMH]H HOHYLL VL SXQ vQWUHEUL GH WLS DXWRUHIOH[LY L VL
FRQVHPQH]HFRQVWDQWUVSXQVXULOHvQ)LDGHDXWRHYDOXDUH
- VvQFXUDMH]HHYDOXDUHDvQFDGUXOJUXSXOXLVDXDOvQWUHJLLFODVH
- OD VIkULWXO ILHFUHL DFWLYLWL V FHDU HOHYLORU V UVSXQG OD vQWUHEUL GH
JHQXO$VW]LDPvQYDW
$PDIODWGHVFRSHULWF
- Am folosit metoda...deoarece aceasta mi-a
SHUPLVV
QVLWXDLLVLPLODUHYRLIRORVL

QSURFHVXODXWRHYDOXULLLSHPVXUDFRQVROLGULLGHSULQGHULLGHDXWRHYDOXDUHHOHYXOvL
YDDSURSLDvQPDLPDUHPVXUVFRSXULOHLRELHFWLYHOHDFWLYLWLLGHvQYDUHvLYDOXD
vQ VWSkQLUH SURSULXO FRPSRUWDPHQW PHQWDO L SUDFWLF YD WUDQVIRUPD DFWLYLWDWHD GH
vQYDUHvQDFWLYLWDWHGHDXWRIRUPDUH

4
Metoda DXWRHYDOXULL DUH FD SULQFLSDO LQVWUXPHQW ILD GH autoevaluare a elevului.

65
 CAPITOLUL 6
PROBE DE EVALUARE
6.1. MODELE ORIENTATIVE

3HQWUX R PDL EXQ vQHOHJHUH D DSOLFULL GLYHUVHORU PHWRGH GH HYDOXDUH SUH]HQWP
FkWHYD PRGHOH GH SUREH GH HYDOXDUH FDUH LOXVWUHD] PRGXO vQ FDUH LWHPLL GHWDOLDL vQ
FDSLWROHOHDQWHULRDUHSRWILDVDPEODL

'LVFLSOLQD/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUH
Clasa a IX-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru 20 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWArgumentarea
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFDUJXPHQWDUHD
- VGHVFULHHWDSHOHGHSDUFXUVvQLGHQWLILFDUHDXQXLDUJXPHQW
- VXWLOL]H]HFXQRWLQHOHSULYLQGVWUXFWXUDDUJXPHQWULLvQDQDOL]DXQXLWH[W
- VFRQVWUXLDVFDUJXPHQWHSHQWUXVXVLQHUHDXQHLFRQFOX]LLGDWH

1. &LWHWHFXDWHQLHILHFDUHGLQHQXQXULOHXUPWRDUH
'DF DSUHFLH]L F SRDWH IL DFFHSWDW FD R GHILQLLH FRUHFW D DUJXPHQWULL
vQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD$GDFDSUHFLH]LFQXSRDWHILDFFHSWDWFDRGHILQLLHFRUHFWD
DUJXPHQWULLvQFHUFXLHWHOLWHUD)

a. $VXVLQHDGRYHGLDvQWULDGHPRQVWUDFHYDFXDUJXPHQWH
A F
b. 3URFHV FDUH DUH FD VFRS JVLUHD GH WHPHLXUL vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL RSLQLL VDX
ajungerea la o opinie, pornind de la anumite temeiuri.
A F
c. 'HPHUVSULQFDUHMXVWLILFPRDILUPDLHSHFDUHRIDFHPvQFHUFkQGVFRQYLQJHP
FDYHPGUHSWDWHSURFHVXOGHMXVWLILFDUHORJLFDXQHLSURSR]LLLSHFDUHYUHPV
RVXVLQHP
A F

2. 3HQWUX D VWDELOL GDF XQ WH[W FRQLQH VDX QX XQ DUJXPHQWR DUJXPHQWDUH HVWH
QHFHVDUSDUFXUJHUHDDSDWUXHWDSHSDL'HVFULHVXFFLQWvQFHFRQVWILHFDUH
1



2

66
 3..


4.

3. 3HQWUXILHFDUHGLQXUPWRDUHOHHQXQXUL
a. VHSDUDLFRQFOX]LDGHDUJXPHQWHOHDGXVH
b. IRUPXODLSUHVXSR]LLLOHSHFDUHVHED]HD]FRQFOX]LD
7UHEXLHQHDSUDWVWHvPEUDFLPDLJURVSHQWUXFODUDGLRDXDQXQDWFYUHPHDVH
vQUXWHWH
a...
.
b...
.
(WL XQ UXIFWRU SHQWUX F vQ WRDWH ILOPHOH SH FDUH OHDP Y]XW OD WHOHYL]RU
UXIFWRULLSXUWDXPDVFDH[DFWDDFDWLQH
a...
.....
b...
.
$VW]LDXWREX]HOHPHUJDWkWGHvQFHWvQFkWPDLELQHPHUJHPSHMRVODFRDO
a...
.....
b...
.

4. 3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQ FRQFOX]LLOH XUPWRDUH IRUPXODL XQ DUJXPHQW L XQ

contraargument:
3HQVLRQDULLWUHEXLHVSULPHDVFPHGLFDPHQWHOHJUDWXLW
Argumentul:
.
.
Contraargumentul:

.
(OHYLLFDUHSDUWLFLSODROLPSLDGHWUHEXLHVFXWLLGHIUHFYHQ
Argumentul:
.
.
Contraargumentul:
.
.
(OHYLLFDUHvQWkU]LHODSULPDRUWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDLDEVHQLPRWLYDL

67
 Argumentul:
.
.
Contraargumentul:
.
.

Disciplina: Psihologie
Clasa a X-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru - 50 minute
8QLWDWHD GH FRQ LQXW 3URFHVHOH SVLKLFH L UROXO ORU vQ HYROXLD SHUVRQDOLWLL
Gndirea
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFQRLXQHDSVLKRORJLFGHSUREOHP
- V GHVFULH VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO ILHFUXLD GLQ VWDGLLOH JHQHWLFH DOH LQWHOHFWXOXL
uman stabilite de J. Piaget
- VH[HPSOLILFHPRGDOLWLOHGHRSHUDUHDJkQGLULL
- VDUJXPHQWH]HORFXOFHQWUDODOJkQGLULLvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLSVLKLFXPDQ

 )RORVLQG WHUPHQXO GH GLVRQDQ FRJQLWLY VDX FHO GH REVWDFRO FRJQLWLY
IRUPXODLGHILQLLDSVLKRORJLFDSUREOHPHL

2. &HUFHWULOH GH SVLKRORJLH JHQHWLF HIHFWXDWH GH - 3LDJHW DX GXV OD LGHQWLILFDUHD D
SDWUX VWDGLL SULQFLSDOH DOH GH]YROWULL LQWHOHFWXOXL XPDQ 'HVFULHL VXFFLQW FRQLQXWXO
ILHFUXLD
1..



2..
.
.
.
3..
.
.
.
4..
.
.

68
3. 2SHUDLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH JkQGLULL VXQW DQDOL]D VLQWH]D FRPSDUDLD
DEVWUDFWL]DUHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDLFRQFUHWL]DUHD
3HQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQVWUXLL FkWH XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH V LOXVWUDL
PRGXOvQFDUHVHPDQLIHVWDWXQFLFkQGvQYDLOD/LPEDLOLWHUDWXUDURPkQ
Analiza:...
.
.
.
Sinteza:..
.
.
.
&RPSDUDLD
.
.
.
Abstractizarea:..
.
.
.
Generalizarea:.

.
.
Concretizarea:..


.

4. ,QYRFkQGFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHJHQHUDOHDOHJkQGLULLDUJXPHQWDLFHQWUDOLWDWHDHLvQFDGUXO
sistemului psihic uman.

Disciplina: Economie
Clasa a X-a sau a XI-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru 25 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWProfitul
Obiective de evaluare: Elevul va fi capabil:
- VGHILQHDVFSURILWXO
- VGHVFULHIXQFLLOHSURILWXOXL

69
 - V FRQVWUXLDVF XQ H[HPSOX FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH V LOXVWUH]H OHJWXUD GLQWUH
FRVWVDODULXLSURILW
- V XWLOL]H]H IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXODUH D UDWHL SURILWXOXL SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD XQHL
probleme date.

1. Q HFRQRPLD GH SLD SRVHVRULORU GH IDFWRUL GH SURGXFLH OH UHYLQ DQXPLWH IRUPH
FRQFUHWH GH YHQLW 'HILQLL YHQLWXO FH UHYLQH SRVHVRUXOXL IDFWRUXOXL GH SURGXFLH
capital.

2. 3ULQIXQFLLOHVDOHHFRQRPLFHSVLKRORJLFHLVRFLDOHSURILWXOMRDFXQUROHVHQLDOvQ
DVLJXUDUHDUDLRQDOLWLLvQHFRQRPLDGHSLD'HVFULHLVXFFLQWIXQFLLOHSURILWXOXL
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

8WLOL]kQGYDORULQXPHULFHFRQVWUXLLXQH[HPSOXFRQFUHWSULQFDUHVLOXVWUDLUHODLLOH
vQFDUHVHDIOVDODULXOFRVWXOLSURILWXO
(VWHSRVLELOPDMRUDUHDVDODULXOXLIUGLPLQXDUHDSURILWXOXL"$UJXPHQWDL
3.1..







3.2..

4. /D VIkULWXO DQXOXL PDQDJHUXO XQHLILUPHGH FRQIHFLL GLVSXQH GH XUPWRDUHOH

date privind activitatea firmei:
- cifra de afaceri: 150 miliarde lei

70
 - ponderea costurilor materiale n totalul costului: 80%
- cheltuielile salariale: 20 miliarde lei
- capitalul total folosit: 300 miliarde lei
- impozitul pe profitul brut: 25%
(OGRUHWHVGHWHUPLQHJUDGXOGHUHQWDELOLWDWHSURILWDELOLWDWHDILUPHLVDOH
a. 6WDELOLLIRUPXOHOHSHFDUHOHSRDWHXWLOL]D
b. 'HWHUPLQDLUH]XOWDWHOHODFDUHVHDMXQJHSULQDSOLFDUHDORU

a.


b.

Disciplina: Filosofie
Clasa a XII-a
(YDOXDUHFXUHQWWHVWFULWHULDO
Timp de lucru: 45 minute
8QLWDWHDGHFRQ LQXWLibertatea
Obiective de evaluare: (OHYXOYDILFDSDELOVDQDOL]H]HXQWH[WILORVRILFSULQ
- LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH
- determinarea structurii argumentative a textului
- SUH]HQWDUHDXQRUSXQFWHGHYHGHUHVLPLODUHVXVLQXWHvQLVWRULDILORVRILHL
- formularea unui punct de vedere personal

6HGXUPWRUXOWH[W
8QSRSRUHVWHOLEHURULFHIRUPDUDYHDJXYHUQPkQWXO VX DWXQFL FkQG vQ FHO FDUH
JXYHUQHD] QX YHGH GHORF RPXO FL RUJDQXO OHJLL QWUXQ FXYkQW VRDUWD OLEHUWLL HVWH
OHJDW vQWRWGHDXQD GH VRDUWD OHJLORU HD GRPQHWH VDX SLHUH RGDW FX HOH ( J.J.
Rousseau, Scrisori scrise de pe munte, III).
&RPHQWDLWH[WXOSHED]DXUPWRDUHLVWUXFWXULGHLGHL
- LGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHLILORVRILFHSXVHvQGLVFXLH
- desprinderea ideii principale a textului
- GHWHUPLQDUHDDUJXPHQWHORUFXFDUHHVWHVXVLQXWLGHHDSULQFLSDO
- SUH]HQWDUHD VXFFLQW D FRQFHSLHL DXWRUXOXL FX SULYLUH OD SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLH
- SUH]HQWDUHDXQXLSXQFWGHYHGHUHVLPLODUVXVLQXWGHFWUHXQDOWILORVRI
- IRUPXODUHD XQXL SXQFW GH YHGHUH SHUVRQDO vQ OHJWXU FX SUREOHPD SXV vQ
GLVFXLHLFDUHVVXVLQDFWXDOLWDWHDHL

71
%,%/,2*5$),(6(/(&7,9

0DQXDOHLFXOHJHULGHWHVWH

$LOHQHL'%ODQ(OHQD(FRQRPLHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D
(GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHWL

%LHOW]3'XPLWUX0/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
(GLWXUD$OO(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

%LHOW]3*KHRUJKLX'/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHWL

'DILQRLX,0DUFX05XGLF73VLKRORJLHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD;D
,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DL

'LPD7/RJLFLDUJXPHQWDUHPDQXDOSHQWUXFODVDD,;D
,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DL

 *DYULO , *KL  37 1L HVFX ' 2 HW )ORULQD 3RSHVFX &  (FRQRPLH
manual pentru clasa a X-a
(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF%XFXUHWL

7. Iliescu, A. P.; Miroiu, Mihaela; Miroiu, A. Filosofie, manual pentru clasa a

XII-a
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF5$%XFXUHWL

8. Neculau, A. (coord), Psihologie, manual pentru clasa a X-a

(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DL

 2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6  %$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH SURSXVH

Economie
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

 2 HW )ORULQD 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 %LHOW] 3  %$&$/$85($7 6XELHFWH

SURSXVH/RJLF6RFLRORJLH
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

 6SLQHDQX'REURW 6 6WQFLXJHOX ,ULQD 6WRLFD (  %$&$/$85($7

6XELHFWHSURSXVH)LORVRILH(VWHWLF
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

72
WHIQHVFX'RLQD2OJD%ODQ(OHQDWHIDQ&ULVWLQD3VLKRORJLHPDQXDO
pentru clasa a X-a
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

 WHIQHVFX 'RLQD2OJD &RVWUHLH 6 0LURLX $  /RJLF L DUJXPHQWDUH

manual pentru clasa a IX-a
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

 /L RLX 1LFROHWD 2 HW )ORULQD 1HDFX , 7RPD 6WHOLDQD 3RWROHD '
BACALAUREAT. Subiecte propuse: Psihologie, Pedagogie
(GLWXUD+XPDQLWDV(GXFDLRQDO%XFXUHWL

$OWHSXEOLFD LL

15. Albulescu, I., Albulescu, M. Didactica disciplinelor socio-umane

Editura Napoca Star, Cluj-Napoca, 1999

$XVXEHO'5RELQVRQ)QY DUHDvQFRDO
(GLWXUD'LGDFWLFL3HGDJRJLF%XFXUHWL

%HWKHOO*0HWRGRORJLDHYDOXULLLH[DPLQULL
QRWHGHFXUV%XFXUHWL

18. Frith, D.S., Macintosh, H.G. A Teachers Guide to Assessment

Stanley Thornes Ltd., 1991

19. Gronlund, N. Measurement and Evaluation in Teaching

Ed. a IV-a, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York, 1981

1HDFX,6WRLFD$FRRUG*KLGJHQHUDOGHHYDOXDUHLH[DPLQDUH

(GLWXUD$UDPLV%XFXUHWL

21. Stoica, A. (coord.) Ghid practic de elaborare a itemilor pentru examene

document de lucru. Unitatea Tranzitorie de Evaluare. Componenta: Evaluare a
3URLHFWXOXLGH5HIRUP%XFXUHWL

6WRLFD$5HIRUPDHYDOXULLvQvQY PkQW
(GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHWL

6WRLFD$0XVWHD 6(YDOXDUHDUH]XOWDWHORUFRODUH
(GLWXUD/LFHXP&KLLQX

73