Energy and Environment

Ecology
Ecology is the reciprocal relationship between living and surrounding. It study the relationship based
on biotic factor and abiotic factors.

Living Surrounding
(biotic) (abiotic)
Ecology

Biotic and Abiotic Factors

Ecological Factors

Biotic factors Abiotic factors

(Living interacting with surrounding) (SWATS)
Produces e.g., bacteria, Soil water, air, temperature
cyno-bacteria, blue-green and sun light
algae, green algae and plants
Consumer e.g., animals, amoeba etc.

De-composers e.g., bacteria, fungus

Ecological Hierarchy

Ecological heirarchy

Biotic heirarchy Abiotic heirarchy

Individual Unit of ecology Niche Exclusive space of a species + Maximum resources

Species Group of similar individuals Micro-habitat Maximum availability of individual + Many species co-exist
+ Always in-breed

Population Group of many species Habitat Area of maximum activity + Many species co-exist,
Many species occupy same habitat play different function
Biotic Community Group of many Range Maximum geographical area of movement of a spaces
populations + Factors are limiting beyond this

Terrestrial (forest, grass lands etc.)

Eco system
Aquatic (fresh water, marines etc.)
Land scape

Biosphere Living beings + Atmosphere + Lithosphere + Hydrosphere

Biotic Factor Interactions
Biotic Factor Interactions

Positive Negative

A B (Benefits) A B (Loss)

Symbiosis Commensalism Ammensalism Parasitism Predation

(One is benefited without (Loss of one mediated 1. Virus 1. Carnivores
others benefit or loss) by chemicals)
Mutulism Protocoperation 2. Bacteria 2. Omnivores
1. Antibiotics
(Beneficial, obligatory) (Beneficial, non-obligatory) 3. Fungus
1. Ecoli and Humans) 2. Tusli plant
1. Rhizobium and leguminous e.g., Ergit (bird) and Cattle 4. Protozoa
plant (biological nitrogen 2. Epiphytes 3. Weed parthenium shows
fixation) Allelopathy 5. Amarbel
3. Shark and Pilot fish and (casusta)
2. Lichens (algae + fungus) Succer fish
6. Sandal wood
3. Micorhizza (plant + fungus) 3. Jackal or Hyena and Tiger or (bamboo
lion parasite)
4. Cattles and cellulose digesting
bacteria 4. Cattles and cellulose digesting
bacteria
5. Myrmecophilly (Ant + Green
plant)

Important Examples of Biotic Interactions

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Biological Nitrogen Fixation : It is the process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into

ammoniaand then into compounds of nitrogen like nitrate and nitrates with the help of microorganisms
like bacteria.The bacteria which help in this process are ammoniafying and nitrifying bacteria
respectively.

Legumes Rhizobium

Pea, chick pea Niff genes

les

grain
du

Nitrogenase enzyme
no

Pigment
ot
Ro

[leg-heamoglobin] Atmospheric nitrogen

Nitrate
air/O2 capture

Leguminous plant
Lichens

Lichens Fungus + Algae

Protection (Food + Nutrition)

SO2 Pollution indicator

Start forestation in already occupied
areas or burnt forest areas
Usnea Usnic acid + highly inflamable Forest fire

Mycorhizza

Mycorhizza = Plant root + Fungus

Plant root
(provide food)

Fungus
(bring water
from soil)

Epiphytes

Epiphytes Trees growing over trees

for mechanical strength
and sun light
In tropical ever green forest
because of dense forest
and stratification

Food Chain

Food Chain : it is a series in ecological heirarety which creates a pattern of exchange of carbon and
energy between biotic factors through a mode of nutrition.

Types of Nutrition
Types of Nutrition

Auto trophic Hetro-trophic

(synthesize (depends on others
theiroum food) for food)
 Hetrotrophic

Holotrophism (Kill & eat) Parasitism (Eat & kill) Saprotrophism

e.g., Virus, bacteria,
fungus, protozoa and Eat dead and
Holophytic Holozoic plants. decaying
e.g., decomposer
Plants Animals
e.g., Herbivores e.g., Carnivores

Types of Food Chain

Apex interaction
of biotic factor
Food chain

Types

Predator Parasitic Detritus or saprotrophic

Predation Parasitism Dependent on saprotrophism

dependent dependent

Longest food Food chain of Smallest food chain

chain, maximum varying length
trophic level 3 to 4

Predator Food Chain

Organism Trophic level (Level of nutrition)

A Green plant & algae Producer

B Herbivorous Primary consumer

Consumer

C Carnivorous Secondary consumer

D Omnivorous Top consumer

Significance of Food Chain

1. Food web : Network of food chain linked over any trophic level.

Food chain-1 Food chain-2

Plant Plant

Deer Goat

Tiger
Large fish Small fish Food chain-3

Algae
Food web maintains the availability of nutrients in many eco-system together or help in flow of
nutrients from one eco-system to another.
It improves the overall productivity of the ecosystem.

2. Productivity of ecosystem : Flow of energy across food chain levels.

Sun 46-48% 50% of it(23% of total)

(100% energy) reaches earth surface used in photosynthesis
called as Photosynthetically
Active Radiation (PAR)

Green plants or algae synthesize Used by producers in food synthesis

glucose as the outcome (52 to 56% or 12 to 13% total)
of photosynthesis

Gross Primary Net Primary

Glucose (Major Energy Substrate) Used by consumers by predation (10%)
Productivity Productivity
Lost in respiration (90%)
(Used by plants in respiration, 90% of total)
Secondary
Productivity

3. Ecological pyramids : Graphical representation of ecosystem, composition and function based on food chain.
Top consumer Types of pyramid
(always as top
of pyramid) Pyramid of energy always upright
Generally upright
Secondary Pyramid of number
consumer Bell or urn shape in large tree ecosystem
Primary Generally upright
consumer Pyramid of biomass
Inverted in small pond ecosystem
Producer
(Always at base
of pyramid) Bell shape pyramid Top consumer

Inverted
Producer

Pyramid of number in large tree ecosystem Pyramid of biomass in small pond ecosystem
4. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation : Accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like pesticides and
insecticide over the food chain across different trophic level is called as bioaccumulation.
Biomagnification : It is increasing accumulation of harmful or toxic persistence substances like
pesticides and insecticide over the upper trophic level of food chain. Maximum accumulation is at
highest trophic level.
Amount of Organism of food chain Number of individuals Amount of pesticide per individual
pesticide added
Plant 10 thousand 0.1 g per individual
1000 grams

Biomagnification
Insect 1 thousand 1 g per individual

Chickens 100 10 per individual

Humans 10 100 per individual

Maximum impact on
highest trophic level

Extinction of Vultures in India

Oxytocin help in child birth Used in
dairies

Unfertile cattle
Milk production

Pain Beef Bones get porous

Milk production due to diclofenac

Diclofenac Vulture

Pain killer
Extinct now

5. Biological control

Biocentral : It is a method developed by certain alteration in the food chain in such a way that if the
number of organism any tropic level is increased beyond a threshold limit then it shows an impact
over the number of organisms present in the earlier tropic level of the food chain in such a way that it
is decreased.

It is used in development of biopesticides in organic farming.

Plant

Insect (Number decreased)

Fungus (Number increased)

Organic Farming (farming without chemicals)

 Organic phosphates bone meals
Anaerobic
Biofertilizers Compostingorganic matters Ammonia nitrate
digestion rich substance
Vermicomposting
Earthworms
Organic matter N2 rich substance
microbes
Soil aeration
Enrich organic matter
after death
N2 fixing microorganisms
Bacteria Rhizobium, Nitrosonomas, Nitrobactor, Nitrococcus
Algae Cyonobacteria like spinsllina
Anabeana
Nostoc etc.
Biopesticides
Dependent on biological control Fungus Trichodema, Beuveria

There are pathogens of insects

like, bacteria, fungus & virus etc. Bacteria Bacillus thuringenesis
Virus

Abiotic Factors
1. Sun light : Sun light Electro magnetic waves

,X-rays, UV VIBGYOR IR Micro Radio

Heating spectrum Non heating spectrum

,X-rays Very high energy spectrum

No ecological importance
C
High energy No ecological importance
UV B
A Low energy Fat metabolism & vitamin D synthesis

Photolysis of water Chlorophyll (Mg. containing, Mg most abundant)

VIBGYOR Photosynthesis H2O
Red and Blue light Maximum photosynthesis

Glucose CO2 + H2 + O2 + ve ecological

phenomina
Maintain
IR Heat waves habitability
CO2, water vapour, CH4, CFC Absorb IR Lower atmosphere heats up Green house
effect
Atmosphere
Atmosphere : 78% N2 0.04% CO2 Temperature
5 layers 20.8% O2 + trace exosphere
Thermopause
Reflection of , X-ray Ionosphere
640 kms
Mesosphere 2 to 96C
1 movement of jet planes Stratopause 57 to 2C
64 kms
Ozone layer present Stratosphere
Tropopause
12 kms
Climatic activity, rainfall, cloud formation, wind current Troposphere 15 to 57C
O3 O3 + O
O3 layer
UVB1C
Descipation
Poles Equator
Height 1216 km Height 2325 km
Thickness 24 km Thickness 12 km

Heating of Earth
Ionosphere
Sun , X-ray

EMW

UV1V1BGYOR, IR, MW, Radio

UV, B, C desipation
Ozone layer

UVA, VIBGYOR, IR, MW, Radio

Gr
ee
nH
ou
Reflection of VIBGYOR Lo se
ng Eff
wa ec
ve t
rad
iat
ion
in
Heats earth surface IR
rfa rth
su s ea

UVA and VIBGYOR,

ce
ol
Co

EARTH
 3. Water :
3% Fresh water

97.5% marine

96.6% 0.9% 1.56% 0.08 0.04%

Oceans Salt water glaciers, frost rivers, ponds soil and under
lake and snow and lakes ground water
wetlands

Water as Habitat
Pond Lentic
River Lotic
Between river and land ripparian
between river and oceans esturine
Away from sea sure littoral

Limnetic Organisms
Plankton
On the sea sure nerictic
Neustons
200 meters Photic

Profundal Necktons

Benthos
Benthic

4. Soil
Soil Grizons
O Organic matter humus
A Microorganisms
B Water absorption, plant growth
C Gravels
D Bed rock

Soil Degradation Soil Conservation

1. Soil erosion 1. Forestation
(a) Sheet erosion weathering of upper layer (a) Afforestation unplanned
of soil by wind or water e.g., agriculture (b) Reforestation Planned
runoff
2. Crop rotation : Legumenous and other crops
(b) Rill erosion : erosion in channels 1 m deep into seasons.
form rills
3. Mixed cropping : More than one type of crops a
(c) Gulley erosion : Deep rills e.g., Chambal
filled in a season.
etc.
4. Strip cropping : Cropping in different strips of
2. Soil acidification difference crops.
3. Nutrient runoff 5. Deep ploughing and aeration
4. Salinization 6. Organic farming
5. Desertification 7. Counter binding
6. Water logging 8. Tarrace farming
7. Organic substances coming from municipal 9. Mulching
industries waste
10. Preventation of shifting cultivation (Jhumming)
8. Weathering and nutrient leaching
11. Improvement in irrigation like drip irrigation.
9. Basic of accumulation
5. Temperature

Temperature :

Polar 90 N/S81 N/S

Sub polar zone 69 N/S79.5 N/S

Temperate 45 N/S65 N/S

Tropical 0 N/S40 N/S
Cold Blood Organism or Poikilo Terms e.g., Forgs, Snakes, Lizzards, Dinosoras
Worm Blooded Organism or Homoisotherms e.g., Mammels and Human
Hibernation or Winter Sleep e.g., Frog
Aestivation or Summer Sleep e.g, Polar Bear
 Pollution
It is undesirable state or change in the state of environment and surrounding particularly in air water,
soil, which has in adverse impact over human health.

Environmental Pollution

Source/factor Point source

Mobile
Area source
Pollutant
Point source
Stationary
Area source

Pollutant

Degradable Non-degradable

Domestic waste Plastic

organic substances

Pollutant

Primary Secondary

Coming directly from source Formed from a primary pollutant

A B
(Synergistic effect)
More potent than primary

Air Pollution

1. Sulphur Oxide and Nitrogen Oxide

Sulphur dioxide
Source : Impact :
Burning of fossil fuel coal Humans skin and eye
and petroleum irritation.
Thermal power plants Plants : Destruction of
cholorphyll
Smelting of metal (Fe, Cu)
Formation of black spots
Volcanic gas on leaves is also called
chlorosis of plant

Nitrogen Oxide
Source : Impact :
Burning of fossil fuel. Humans :Respiratory
problem, skin irritation.
Plants : Premature
death of plant parts also
called as Necrosis,
Defoliation of plants.
Acid Rain
SOx + NOx + water vapour Acid rain (H2SO4 + HNO3)
Impact of Acid Rain :
Rainfall : Slightly acidic (i) Damage of cholorophyll
(6.46.8)
(ii) Skin irritation and loss of hairs

PH < 5.6 Acid rain (iii) Decolouration of the paints

(iv) Yellowing up of marbles
Sulphur Shower :
(v) Metal rusting and corrosion
Temperate Vegetation PINUS Seed Yellow
Regions (vi) Loss of paint over iron bridges
(vii) Excess bleaching of the textiles
Spuing time Wide spread dispersed in forest area
Sulphur/Yellow shower
(viii) Increase in the soil acidity and
loss of productivity etc.

Methane
Source : Impact :
(i) Coal mines Green House
Gas and Global
(ii) Coal mining
Warming
(iii) Urban dumpfills
(iv) Rice field
(v) Marshylands
(vi) Wetlands
(vii) Incomplete burning of fossil fuels
(viii) Cattles
(ix) Glacier breakdown or polar methane

CO2
Source : Impact :
(i) Burning of fossil (i) Green House Gas
fuels and Global Warming
(ii) Volcanic eruption (ii) Biosphere turns a net
carbon source
(iii) Tectonic release
(iii) Positive impact
(iv) Break down of
increase in
glaciers
vegetation
(v) Fracturing of rocks
(iv) Oceanic acidification
and shells in
Urban Heat Islands
oceans

Oceanic Acidification
Oceans and saline water bodies has pH range which is slightly alkaline. With the increase in
concentration of CO2 in atmosphere, the dissolution of CO2 in oceans at polar and sub-polar region
increases this decreases the pH of oceans which is called oceanic acidification.
In 2015 it is reported that the pH of the oceans on earth has reduced from 8.25 to 8.14 in the last 19
years.

Impacts of Oceanic Acidification

(i) Decolouration and death of corals called as coral bleaching. Mass scale extinction and death of
coral due to bleaching is called as echolocation.
(ii) Habitability of the fishes and marine life is affected adversely.
(iii) Breakdown of shells and rock which releases more CO2 in water.
(iv) Heat capture of the water is increases; hence temperature of water bodies is increases.
Urban Heat Islands
Urban Heat Islands (UHI) :

Suffocation and trapping up of CO2

Loss of vegetation Leaves
Trap CO2
Causes heating Stomata
Transpiration
UHI Neutralization of heating Loss of water
effect is cut down (thermal balance
Increase in temperature near plants)
of urban colonies

Localized warming

UHI : Mitigation
(1) White paint of building and roof top.
(2) Ventilation must be maintained.
(3) Urban green cover must be increased.

CO
Source : Impact :
Incomplete combustion CO + heamoglobulin
of fossil fuels and (Hb) = Carboxy-Hb
biomass. causes suffocation and
death due to
asphyxation

Chloro Fluro Carbon

CFC (Chloro Fluro Carbons) :
R8/R10 gases Freons Coolent + Fire extinguisher
AC Refrigerator
Leakage Jet engines

Movement towards poles

Accumulation at poles

Sun light = CFC + VOC (Volatile organic compound) Cl nascent

Polar spring

O3 + Cl OCl

+ O3
+ O3
O + OCl O2 + OCl Ozone depletion

Ozone hole

Effect : UVB and C escapes

North pole South pole
50 km diameter 200 km diameter
Skin cells Plants
damage chlorophyll
damage
Skin cancer
Decrease in productivity
Vienna Convention
It was a global initiation to protect the state of ozone layer.

Montreal protocol
It was signed under the venna convention to restrict the use of ozone depleting substance.

Hydro Fluro Carbon (HFC) and Per Fluro Carbon (PFC)

HFC and PFC are the chemical which were introduced as non-zone depletion agent but are more
potent Green House Gases.

Kigali Amendment (2015)

It is signed to phase out HFC and PFC.

Particulate Matter
Gaseous Aerosols
Liquid Smog
Solids Dust, Dirt, Gravel, Shoot
Particulate Matter :

Settlable Suspended
10m size

PM 10 PM 2.5
1m3m
510m 1week10days
settle within
2448 hrs
Sources :
10 (1) Dust, mist, silica particles 52%
PM
2.5
(2) Biomass and coal burning (Soot) 27%
Diesel
(3) Petroleum products Kerosene 12%
Petrol
(4) House hold activities 4%
Aerosol 1 m or less
Fossil fuel burning
SO2 mixed sulphur aerosol

SOOT Biomass (incomplete combustion)

CO CO2 Ash Fly ash

SOOT
11.7 m
Carbon Black carbon
Impact of Particulate Matter

1. Classical Smog or London Smog or Grey Air

(London smog)

Smog Smoke + Fog

Classical smog
(Grey air)

Impact

Visibility Suffocation
reduction
Breathing
Accidents problems

2. Photo Chemical Smog

PM + NOx
(Smoke)

Aldehydes and Ketones

Per Acyl Nitrates (PAN)

Per Benzyl Nitrates (PBN)

Sunlight Condensation Forms brown cloud or Air

Photochemical smog or Tropical smog

or Los Angeles smog

Impact

Corrosive in nature Increase in Albedo Radiative heat is trapped At poles

(Reflection of light)
Detoriation of paints, Increases temperature of Formation polar brown
vegetation and civil Global Diming lower atmosphere clouds
structure
Reduction in Localized warming Increases heat
productivity
Disturbance in rainfall Glacier melt down
and season cycle

Minor Pollutants
Pollutant Source Impact

1. Lead Automobile exhaust Mental retard-ness

metallurgical operation

2. Cadmium (Cd) Mining and metallurgy, burning Damage to liver heart and
of plastic, cigarette smoking kidney

3. Nickel (Ni) Combustion of fossil fuel coal Respiratory problem and long
and diesel cancer
4. Mercury (Mg) Combustion of fossil fuel coal, Damages to nervous system
mining of coal and iron and gold kidney and liver
and smelting

5. Beryllium (Br) Ceramic industry rocket motor Damages to eye or long or

testing nuclear power plant Berylliosis disease
combustion of coal

6. Asbastos Mica industry Damage to long or asbastos

disease

7. Cotton dust Textile, cotton farms Damage to lung or byssynosis

disease

8. Coal dust Coal mine, thermal power plant Damage to lungs or black lung
disease

9. Benzopyrene Sigrate smoking Lung cancer

10. Radioactive pollutant Redon, stroncium and Damage of DNA cancer

ptotonium

Water Pollution

Pollutant Source Impact

1. Papers pulp Pulp industry Release of suspended

particulate and substance like it,
mecaplanes and cellulose

2. Textiles Textile industry Release of cellulose which

causes anaerobic degradation
and eutrofication

3. Organic substance like Refinaries, smelter distalaries, Degradation of water quality

phenols and alcohol sugar industry and eutrofication

4. Flurides 1.2 mg/lit Fracturing up of make under Flurosis of blackning of teeths

ground water reserve. stiffness of muscles
Industries involved with
detergents bleaching textile etc.

5. Arsinic 0.05 mg/lit (i) Hydraulic facturing of rock Accumulation in the skin legs
and hand cattled black foot
(ii) Solvents used in plywood
disease
industry
(iii) As solid waste from poletry
or arsinopinite
(iv) Coal mining, gold mining
and processing
(v) Insectiside and pesticide

6. Mercury 0.001 mg/l (i) Coal mining, gold mining Accumulation in the nervous
system dementia and minimata
(ii) Paper industries
disease
(iii) Plastic industries, paint
manufacturing swelting of Fe
(iv) Minting of copper
 (v) Pharmacetical equipments
cosmatics etc.
(vi) CFLs LCD monitor

7. Cd (cadmium) 0.001 mg/l Electroplating industries Accumulation in the museles

battaries, electromic goods and
material pesticide
causes mascular stiffness and
disease called as Itai-Itai
disease (Ouch-Ouch disease)
and also failure of liver heart
and kidney

8. Lead (Pb) 0.05 mg/l Battaries, di ink industry paints Damages to liver and kidney
cosmetic, automobile exhaust, breakdown of the blood cells
metal smelting pesticides, pen reduction in IQ level loss of
and pencil nervous cells

9. Selenium Pesticides Loss of hairs damage to skin

and cancer

10. Nickle 0.01 mg/l Combustion of fossil fuel Fe and Damage to liver and kidney
steel industry burning of plastic affects lung and skin
and vanspati ghee-industry

11. Magnese Magnese industries involving Damage to lung and maganic

smelting pheunonea

Eutrophication

Organic Matters Added in Attracts microorganisms like Attracts fishes and

(Domestic waste water bodies Cynobacteria, Bacteria and Algae water animals
and Sewage)

Biological load on water increases

Chemical oxygen demand
BOD and COD (Accumulative demand of
increases oxygen by organic and
inorganic substances)
Biological components demand
oxygen for metabolic processes
(BIOCHEMCIAL OXYGEN Dissolved oxygen (DO)
DEMAND (BOD)) in water decreases
Inorganic substances
demand oxygen for oxidation

Microorganism initiate
anaerobic metabolism

Growth of Faul smelling

microorganism substance is If sedimentation is continues Water body becomes shallow EUTROPHICATION
prosper formed

Algal bloom or Pond scum is Fishy or murshy

formed which covers the ocour of water
surface of water body

Ganges and Eutrophication :

Added in Ganga water
Alaknanda + Bhagirathi
Bacterio phage
Glacier Phages Virus against Cyano phage + Micro bacteria
micro organism Algae phage Bolello vibrios
Thermal Pollution of Water

Water Thermal
Pollution Pollution

Mining up of
cold/hot water

Temperature of ocean Streams

Biodiversity
Weather/climate
Cycle disturbance
Elnino La nina
Temperature increases
Peru and South atlantic ocean
Air temperature increases ecqudor
current
Cold current
Pressure decreases
Every 4th or 5th year
Heat current
Depletion of rainfall Every 3 year

Marine Upwelling
Upper layer of Moves with
Near the poles
water in oceans wind current

Lower layer of
water lags due
to inertia Take U turn
at poles due
to CORIOLLIS
45 lift of lower FORCE
layers due to
inertial resistance
and EKMANS
FORCE

Lower layers
Temperature
exposed to Negative impact
variation
surface
Nutrients from bottom are
upwelled at surface Positive impact

Marine Pollution
Causes :
(1) Oil spill
(2) Plastic
(3) Agricultural runoff
(4) Industrial effluents
(5) Municipal waste dumping or sewage
(6) Ports, shipyards

Radioactive Pollution of Water :

It is because of background, radiation of lithosphere and addition of substances thodium, radon, etc.
Nuclear processing plant and their waste compulses of deplected uranium, plutonium, strontium etc.
Nuclear power plants and their waste comprising of cranium, uranium carbide, plutonium carbide.
pharmaceutical and diagnostic processing which may release substances like cobalt 60, strontium or
odin.

Water Testing Parameters

Most Probable Number (MPN)

defines the no. of coliforms as bacteria like E-coli present the water.
With the help of MPN test the No. of coliforms e.g., E-coli can be defined which come in drinking
water due to chance mixing of sewage with drinking water.

Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)

Defines the amount of salt of solid dissolved in water.
TDS(mg/l) Purpose of water
0-50 ideal for drinking
50-170 hard water
170-300 acceptable for industrial purposes
300-500 water coming from natural spring
500-550 mountains etc.

BOD, TOD and COD

If defines the amount of carbon present in water bodies using titrimatric quantification driven by
oxidation of dichromates.
BOD (mg/l) Use
12 Very good eg used in water supply for drinking purposes
25 Modercitely fair can be used in industrial purposes
69 Contamination e.g., pollution
100 Eg more Completely Eupecephoid water non use full for any human purposes.

Soil Pollution
1. Factors of soil degradation

2. Solid waste material

3. Municipal organic waste

4. Insecticides and pesticides

5. Ewaste (electronic waste) Hazardous Waste Material. Pollution of ground water reserve due
to trickling from soil.
Pollutant Source Impact

1. Lead and lead oxide Printed circuit boards CRT Nervous system and brain
monitors

2. Beryllium Motherboards and circuits Lung and skin

3. Mercury (Hg) Switches and flat screen Brain, skin and nervous system
monitor, LCD, CFL problem

4. Ozone depleting substance As a coolant in refrigerators Respiratory system and skin

5. Cadmium (Cd) Computer batteries Kidney and liver

6. PCB Poly Chlorinated bi Rubbers and plastic capacitors Immune system disturbance

phenyl transformers hormonal disturbance nervous

system

7. Brominated flame retardants Rubber and plastic, printed Hormonal system disturbance
circuit boards

8. PVC (Poly Venil Choloride Plastic and insulation Immune System Problem and
loss of fertility

9. Pthalate plasticizers Rubber and plastic coatings Hormonal imbalance and

cancer

10. Barium (Ba) Displays and monitors Heart and lung

11. Bromine (Br) Circuit boards, solvents Hormone disturbance

6. Bio Medical Waste

Bio Medical Waste

Non-Biodegradable Biodegradable

Recyclable hard setting Pathogenic Human organ & product

Devices instrument

Types & problems

sgring /plastic Proper sterdization & Recycling
HIV, Hepatitis-C

Hard setting : accumulation and processing

Pathogenic : Bacteria, virus ladder product
Human organ : Tissue, Blood, sputum cough
Devices : Needles, scissors, knives sterilization and Recycling, HIV and Hepatitis-C
 Treatment

Screening isolation

high temperature Low temperature

(70C & above) (157C & below)
incinerate (20 kg) Auto claving sterilizations
hydro claving 121C @ 21PSI
(melt in presence of steam)

Microwaving
Biomedical Waste Management Rules (2016)
Rules formed in 1998 and amended in 2011 and 2016
Presently bio mechanical waste is categorize in 4-categories and their separation is to be done in
containers of 4 colours.
Category Colour Material
Category-1 1. Black containers Plastic bags, human organs, discarded
medicine or incinerated ash
Category-2 2. Blue and white Solid waste cotton banded and sharp materials
Category-3 3. Red Micro biological and solid waste
Category-4 4. Yellow Human and animal organs and Liquid waste

Noise Pollution
It is state of disturbance due to excess sound produced.
Sound 20 to 20000 Hz is audible to human less than less than 20 infrasonic, more than 20000 Hz
ultrasonic.

2540 dB Produced in whispering

4550 dB Normal verbal conversation

6070 dB Loud conversation or in area with high back ground noise

80 dB > Termed as noise

90 dB In busy urban streets

110 dB Automobiles at near distances

125 dB Automobile on thunderclap, jet take off at distance more than 150 m

130 dB Jet take off at 100 m

150 dB Jet at 25 m

Impacts of Noise Pollution

Anxiety and, damage to nervous system

Increased heart beat and cardiac output

Mental Retardness

High pitch voice

Loss of vision and colour blindness

Radioactive Pollution

It is release of radioactive substances like cobalt, strontium, plutonium, Raton, Uranium or Thorium.

Unit to measure radioactivity in the background Bq = Becquerel

Sources of Radioactive Pollution :

1. Cosmic interference.

2. Solar flares

3. Mining of radioactive substances.

4. Nuclear meltdown, release of radioactivity from nuclear power plant.

5. Nuclear bombs, weapons.

6. Radiotracer technique in diagnosis and signifier research

7. Unsafe disposal of nuclear material using in x-ray

8. Background radioactivity due to reserve of radioactive material

Impacts

Breakdown of body cells, blood and metabolic intermediates.

Breakdown of DNA and genotoxicity

Skin burn out and leasions which remain perpetual

Alteration in the DNA composition or mutation.

Inheratance of mutated DNA and formation of deformates in subsequent generation.

Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Natural cause Man made (Anthropogenic cause)

Torrential impact Global warming due to CO2, CH4, CCl4, CFC, HFC, PFC, SF6, SCl6 , SF2Cl4, SCl2F4

Change in ellipse of earth orbit Smog due to black carbon, trophospheric ozone, fly ash etc.

Change in eccentricity of earth orbit Urban heat island

Axial tilt Brown carbon

Wobbling of the earth

Solar flares

Techtonic movement

Volcanic duct
 Global Warming Potential
CO2 35-40 years 1 time

CH4 14 years 81 times

NOx 35-40 years 56 times

CFC 141 years 400-600 times

HFC 212 years 800-1400 times

PFC 256 years 2100 times

Major impact of global warming :

(1) Glacier melt down / shrinkage : Polar ice sheets may melt
(2) Increase in the water level of the ocean
(3) Increase in temperature and heat waves :
(4) Extinction of marine species
(5) Frequency of flood and drought increases
(6) Monsoon cycle may alter
(7) Frequency of hunger, malnutrition and poverty increases
(8) Agriculture productivity reduces by 19-24%
(9) Frequency of vector borne diseases like malaria increases
(10) More people suffer from displacement
(11) Oceanic temperature increases
(12) Oceanic acidity may increase which may lead to coral bleaching
(13) Climatic phenomena gets alter completely
(14) Earth may enter into catastrophe or completely finish
(15) Frequency of oceanic current like Elnino may increase
(16) Chances of soil erosion due to excessive flooding may increase and acidity due to acid rain and
soil salination.
(17) Deforestation
 Environment Conservation
Air Conservation
Air conservation Long chimney
Reduction of industrial particulates Gravity
Separator Cyclone
Electrostatic
wet scrubber
Ultra high temperature power plant [coal burnt @ 900-1100C]
Super critical thermoelectric power plant [efficiency 65%]
Improvement of thermoelectric power stations
Coal gassification [coal converted to methane]
Treatment of fly ash [cement and brick formation]
Reduction of lead [by catalytic converter]
Reduction of carbonates
Improvement of Automobiles Improvement of fuel quality [lead removed during refinaries and
improvement of octane number by n-heptane and cetane number
by isoamyl ether
Reduction of emmision of sulphur nitrogen oxide, carbon mono oxide
and particulate matter
Afforestation and Reforestation to reduce global warming

Legislative Measures
1. Air prevention and control of pollution act 1983.
2. Bharat stage emission norms : Measures CO, SOx + NOx, PM and VHC in automobile exhaust.
BS-IV from 2010 and BS-VI from 2018 in Delhi and 2020 in rest of India.
3. Air Quality Index : Measures pollutants in urban area. Measures CO, SOx + NOx, PM and VHC.
4. National air quality index : Real time, monitoring of urban air quality in 24 major cities. Measures
PM (2.5 and 10) SOx, NOx, CO, VHC, NH3, Pb and O3 in urban areas.
5. Supreme Court guide line 2015 and APCPA 1983 guide lines of 2016 : Burning of organic matter
and waste in domestic area is prohibited.
6. Green tax : Collected from vehicle entering in Delhi NCR.
7. Odd and Even scheme and NGT ban on diesel vehicles in Delhi NCR and Kerala.
8. SAFAR (Systematic Air Quality Monitoring, Weather Forecasting and Research) : Health to
measure air pollution
9. SAMAR (Systematic Aerosol Monitoring and Research) : Monitors, aerosol and black carbon
10. International initiatives

Name of convention Purpose of convention

1. CL-TRAP To restrict any kind of intentional pollution created by any
Concentration on long range trans neighbouring country
boundary air pollutant
2. Helsinki protocol (1985) Reduction of sulphur emission
3. Viena convention on ozone 1985 To prevent the quality of O3 layer in the atmosphere
4. Monterial protocol (1987) To restrict the use of O3 depleting substances
5. Kyoto protocol (1997-1998) To reduce the amount of CO2 for global warming
mitigation
6. NO2 protocol (1991) To reduce NO2 content in the air and to mitigate any
chance of transboundary movement of NOx.
Water Conservation

Sewage Treatment

Primary treatment Secondary treatment

Settling, filtration and Removal of oil and greese
removal of solid waste
Sewage oxidation tank (bacteria and algae Chlorella used)

Aeration (removal of paul smell)

Alum treatment (settles particulates)

Chlorination (kill microorganism)

Addition of sulphate (removal of ammonia)

Reverse osmosis (removal of salts)

Addition of soda lime (removal of hardness)

UV treatment (kill microorganism)

Other initiatives
1. Ground water treatment by using microorganism
(a) Bio augmentation
(b) Bio venting
(c) Bio sparing
(d) Bio slurping
2. Removal of Oil Spills using oil zappers which used detergents and bacteria pseudomonas putida
(genetically modified bacteria which can break down fats)
3. Building of green ports
4. Water conservation by rain water harvesting and drip irrigation
5. Conservation of reverse by removal of pollutants and river linkup
6. Conservation of lakes and inland water bodies
7. Restriction over open defecation, dumping of waste and sewage in water bodies

Legal Initiatives
1. Water prevention and control of pollution Act 1974
2. PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna 2015
3. 24 7 monitoring of industrial release
4. Namami Gange Scheme
5. Ganga Gram Yojna
6. Jal Kranti Abhiyan
7. Use of bio toilets by Indian railways
8. International Initiatives :
(a) Ramasar convention : Wetlands conservation
(b) Minimata convention : Restrict release of mercury in water
(c) Marpol convention : Restrict discharge from ships
 (d) London convention : Restrict dumping of waste directly into the sea.
(e) UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on Law of Sea, 1982) : Defines water boundaries of a
country.

Soil Conservation
1. Conservation of soil degradation.
2. Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove
or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.

Microorganisms used for Bioremediation

Microorganisms used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as bioremediators.
(a) Deinococcus radiodurans digest toluene and ionic mercury from highly radioactive nuclear
waste.
(b) Photobacterium and Photophoraum: used to remove water toxicity
(c) Pseudomonas putida: used to clear oil pollution and remove water toxicity.
(d) Dechloromonas aromatica: capable of degrading perchlorate and aromatic compounds.
(e) Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Paracoccus: remove unwanted mineral nitrogen compounds
(i.e. ammonia, nitrite, nitrate)
(f) Methylibium petroleiphilum: capable of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) bioremediation
(g) Phanerochaete: bioremediation of: pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs, dioxins, dyes,
TNT and other nitro explosives, cyanides, azide, carbon tetrachloride, and pentachlorophenol.

Landfarming
It is a bioremediation treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment
cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically
turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture.

Phytoremediation
It is bioremediation using plants. Phytoremediation consists of mitigating pollutant concentrations in
contaminated soils, water, or air, with plants able to contain, degrade, or eliminate metals, pesticides,
solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives etc.

Plants used for Phytoremediation

(a) Sunflower: Arsenic and radioactive Caesium-137 and strontium-90
(b) Willow: Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), & Copper (Cu)
(c) Alpine pennycress: Cadmium and zinc
(d) Indian Mustard, Ragweed, Hemp: Lead
(e) Barley : Sodium chloride
3. e-waste, biomedical waste, plastic waste and solid waste management.
4. Legislative initiatives
(a) e-waste management rules 2015 : extended producer responsibility has been brought in.
(b) Biomedical waste management rule 2015 : BMW classified in four categories :
(c) Plastic waste management rule 2015 : Minimum thickness of plastic must be 50
(d) Solid waste management rule 2016 : EPR brought in, construction and demolition brought
into its ambit.
5. International initiatives
 (a) Basel convention : Transboundary movement of hazardous waste

Noise Pollution Mitigation

(i) Noise pollution controlled in India by air prevention and control of pollution act 2000

(ii) Maximum sound produced is defined in four different categories :

(a) Industrial 75 dB (day), 70 dB (night)

(b) Commercial 65 dB (day), 55 dB (night)

(c) Residential 55 dB (day), 45 dB (night)

(d) Silent zone 55 dB (day), 40 dB (night)

(iii) Automobile horn : 125 dB (having vehicles) and 105 dB two wheeler
(iv) Burning of cracker 90 dB

Climate Change Mitigation

1. Geo Engineering : These are proposed components of anthropogenic activities that will help in
reversal of global warming and global climate change. Following are the process are the geo
engineering :
(a) CO2 removal : Formation of carbon sinks (areas which can store infinite carbon for infinite
time) in forest area and agriculture fields.
(b) Dissolution of carbon dioxide in water bodies growth of algae increases algae deposit
carbon in form of calcium carbonate over there shells after their death calcium carbonate
settles to the bottom of water bodies CO2 is trapped infinitely these calcium
carbonate shells are called as marine snow.
(c) Entrapment of CO2 in rocks or conservation of CO2 into rock.
(d) Use of MgCl2 based cement which can trap CO2 to form MgCO3 and CO2 is removed
(e) Use of Sulphur Ballons or aerosols or cosmic dust to reduce the incoming heat from sank.
(f) Sprinkling oceanic water on clouds to improve reflection of sun rays which is called as cloud
brightening.
(g) Adding of iron or other nutrients in oceans to increase the number of algae which can
produce sulphur aerosols which will produce sulphur clouds to reduce in coming solar
radiation. This is called as iron fortification.
(h) Use of photochemical reactions to convert methane into methane hydrate and use of lasers
to breakdown CFC.
2. Indian Initiatives

Nationalinitiativesagainstclimatechange:

NATCOM:
It is a network initiated by government of India to initiated mitigation strongly against climate
change it is established as according to united Nation, development programme under global
environmentfacilityestablishedbyworldbank.
ObjectiveofNATCOM:
(1) To drive in strongly for reduction of GHG emission initate programme related to sustainable
development technological improvements for a better energy generation as well as
communication
NCDMA:NationalcleandevelopmentmanagementauthorityNCDMA:
ItwasestablishbygovernmentofIndiain2003asalocalauthorityunderUNFCCexecutiveboardto
monitor the approaches towards clean mechanism and a purity organic to signify the certified
emissionreductionunit.

NAPCC(Nationalactionplanforclimatechange):20072008

PMAPCC(Primeministeractionplanforclimatechange)
NAPCC
NationalgreenIndiamission
Nationalwatermission
Nationalmissionforentrancedenergyefficiency
Nationalmissionforsustainableagriculture
NationalmissionforsustainableHabitat
Nationalsolarmission
NationalmissionforsustainableHimalayanecosystem
Nationalmissionforanetworkonclimatechange
NationalgreenIndiamission
3. International Conventions to Mitigate Climate Change
(a) Stockholm convention (1972) or United Nations convention on human and environment
(UNCHE)
(i) It was a convention on human and environment
(ii) It was reaction of Stockholm conventional
(iii) Mass destruction weapons is to be eliminated
(iv) Rights to be protected initiative or institute to be designed to fight increasing natural of
environment
UNEP : United Nation Environment Programme. Came out of Stockholm convention. Following major
conventions are formed under UNEP.

(i) Convention on trade of endangered species for wild flora and forma. (Washington 1973)

(ii) Convention on control of ozone depletion viena, 1985

(iii) Convention on control of use of ozone depileting substance montreal 1987.

(iv) Convention on conservation of migratory species birds, 1979

(v) Basel convention of control of trans boundary movement of hazardous waste material, 1989

UNCHE UNEP

UNEP decrease

1980 world charter for nature

1983, world nature conservation strategy

1985, Brundtland commission

International co-operation pattern and development

Our common future

1988 IPCC (inter governmental panel for climate change)

IPCC
(i) It is an inter government research, scientific observation and environmental fact based organic.

(ii) This lays down objective for environmental search and creates a co-operative society between
government to act against climate change.

(iii) 2007 Noble peace prize was jointly bagged by IPCC and presently IPCC monitors the intended
national contribution of countries for on strategy against climate change.
(iv) PCC publishes would conservation reports every years since 1991, which has 5 chapter to
monitor the effect of changing environment and anthropogenic activities over the existing natural
elements.

Rio Earth Summit, 1992 or UNCED (United Nation Conference of Environment and
Development) : For environment sustainability and reducing global warming.

Agenda 21 : Sustainable Development in 21st century

UNFCC (United nation frame work convention on climate change) 1992

It is an outcome for UNCED; it act as a non binding or non legal co-operation between countries for
Green House Gases, emission reduction, environment sustainability and multiple steps to faster an
action against climate change.

Rio declaration

Protocol for agenda 21 Convention of parties (COP)
1997 Kyoto protocol

Reduce Green House Gases emission
 Reduce Green House Gases content

yes, global warming is present. It is man made
2000 malmo convention

Kyoto protocol (KP)
Flexible mechanism

Joint initiative Clean development mechanism Emission trading

(followed by developed countries
by development of clean energy
jointly by two or more countries)
Help to achieve compulsory CO2
emission reduction target
(followed by developed countries by (by emission reduction credit or
compulsory afforestation and voulentary certified emission reduction credit)
emission reduction)

Emission Reduction (ER) credit :

Developed country green house gases (decrease)

Carbon Sold to (Credit)

credit mechanism developed country

CertifiedEmissionReductionCredit

(4) CER certified emission carbon trading reduction CER

(5) Developing CDM (clean development mechanism)

Open market sale
CER credit
Body A 1 credit
Body B 2 credit

Government
NGO
CER
Private enterprises
Individual

20082012:FirstbindingKyotolimitwasset
20162020:SecondbindingKyotolimitisset

DevelopmentunderUNFCCC:

COPandPlace Majorhappenings
5,COP1,Berlin ItadoptsaBerlinmandatetocreateacommon
programmetofightagainstclimatechange.
3,Kyoto1997 Kyotoprotocoldesignedandacceptedtoreduce
globalcontentofgreenhousegases.
8,2002,NewDelhi adoptsDelhidecelerationforthetransferof
fundsfromdevelopedcountriestodeveloping
countriesintheformoftechnologytransfer.
2005,Montreal COPgottransformedintoCMP(conventionof
meetingofpartiesCMPheldinMontreal.
Commonconsciencesforkyotoprotocolwas
developedanditentersinterfare.
Open2009Hgen15(CMP5) Cost2012agendawasdefinedanddeclared
DohaCOP18,(CMP8) Assesmentofkyotoprotocol1stlimitandan
extensitiesof8yearsforkyotoprotocoltargets
IndiaandBrazilkeptapartfromanyemission
reduction
Greenclimatefundtobeestablished.
2013,warsawCOP19CMP9 Acommonprogrammetokeeptherising
temperaturebelow2Cbytheendofthe
centuryastobecreatedby2015,UNREDD
anditwasconnectedtoanred+UNREDD++
2014,LimaSOP20,CMP10 Acommonagendaistocreatethelimitand
amountofCO2,reductionperyearsthecountry
(developedcountry)
2015,ParisCMP11,COP21 Commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilityand
respectivecapabilitiesweredefine.

2012Doha
8yearsextension
2020Revisedtimelimitforkyotoprotocol
Newtargetwouldbeset
2012 Rio+20summit
 2013 warsaw

2015

2014 Lima

Annex-I Annex-II Annex-B Non Annex LDC Least

develop country
43 countries 27 countries of 43 annex-I Countries which were Developing countries No target at all
participator but not
European + Developed OECD members (Organisation willing to continue Follow CDM
union (EU) countries of Economic Cooperation and (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan No target for emission reduction
Development) Newzealand, Japan, Australia)
Those which were not the part
Green fund to be given by them of Kyoto protocol not want to
participate

GreenFunds:
A concept proposed by developing countries like india to gain funds or technology to develop
cleanenergyfromdevelopedcountry.
Itproposetransferoffundortechnologyfromdevelopedcountriestodevelopingcountrywarth
thecostof100billionUSdollors.
In201213itwasaccerationbythememberofOECDthatwouldbytransferoftechnologyto
developingcountriesaKyotoprotocolandgreenfund.
Thefirstinstallmentofgreenfundistobereleasedby2019andyears2023completegreenfund
mustoncewetransfertodevelopingcountry.
ParisAgreement(2015):
ItispresentedinCOP21,CMP11atParis,2015
Agenda21tobeenforcedamongsdevelopedanddevelopingcountries
UNFCC would now become a legally binding mechanism in which non performance of the
commitmentcanbepenalized.Kyotoprotocoltobeenforcedagainstto2015to2020.
2020wouldbethefirstassessmentyearsforthetargetsachieveunderUNFCC.
Countriesmustoperateorworkaccordingtotheprincipleofcommonbutdifferenceresponsibilities
andrespectivecapabilities(CBDRRC)
Everyonemustparticipateaccordingtotherecapabilitiesandcapacity
The countries must define and submit there yearly contribution in climate change by special
reportcouldasinternationaldeterminenationaldeterminenationalcontribution,whichistobe
submittedtoUNFCCandassessedbyIPCC.
IndiahassubmittedisfirstIDNCreportinJan,2016
Greenfundisacceptedby20192023
 Forest Conservation
(1) Afforestation Unplanned
(2) Reforestation Planned
(3) Compensatory forestation Sequestration of forest
Forest conservation in India

1927 Indian forest Act

(1) Reserve forest area everything was restricted unless permitted

Protected forest

Everything permitted unless restricted

Village forest

Control, responsibility and conservation was with villages

1972 : Wild life conservation and protection act

1988 : National forest policy :

IUCN : International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
National park IUCN Category-2
Conservation of forest + Dominant animal species
Wild life sanctuary :
IUCN Category-4 (habitat and species management)
Conservation of forest of resources
Community forest
Chipko Andolam Utrakhand 1973 Rajan Choudary

Apipko Andolan Karnataka (Hagde) 1983

[Social forestry]

Agroforestory Community reserve

Biosphere Resources : IUCN : category-5 (protected landscape and protected see scape)

Core zone dense forest restricted

Forest construction, mining, Poaching
Wild picking, use of forest product
animal species
human trible Buffer zone
Tribal culture

Tribal economy Intermittant zone

Core zone (No Go Area)
Restricted Permitted
 Consumption Survey of sampling
mining 2015 supreme court width
Poaching Water body

Wild Picking
Use of forest product Drinking water

Used by of for localities

Buffer zone : Go area
Restricted Permitted
Mining Tourism
Construction Jungle safari
Wood picking by localities
Intermittent zone :
Colonies for localities
Gram sabha
given rights

Schedule Trible and other forest dwellers Act 2008

Localities will be given rights

Localities living in area for at least 74 years

Global warming and forest forest area carbon sink
Carbon sink
It is an area in which infinite amount of carbon can be rapped and stored for infinite amount of time
(LULUCF : Land use, land use change and forestation)

Under UNFCC : United Nation frame work for climate change

LULUCF is the part of UNFCCC agenda to counter deforestation
It quantifies the value of per unit forest area w.r.t the amount of carbon equivalents produced in
the environment also signifies the pattern base use of land and land use value the industrial
revolution that is b/w, 1750 and 1991 after

It creates a global Network to increase disforestation as well as reduced deforestation degrading

factors.
Rain forest area

Papua new Guinea

UNREDD: United Nation Programme on Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation

It is a global initiative taken by rain/arrest countries like Papua new Guinea.

 Signifies the importance of forest area present in rain forest

Countries decreasing the amount of global emission

It quantifies the importance of such forest areas
It initiates measures to reduces degradation and deforestation of these forest areas by
creating a global compensation
Compensatory Afforestation:
It is a principle of equity for any kind of deforestation initiated by any developmented project it
tries to create a compensator for any deforestation and degradation initiated for any development
activity
National compensatory afforestation a national agency would be created Named as NCAMPA
(National compensatory afforestation management and protection agency.
Under it state LAMPA would also be created
For any activity associated with deforestation which may be civil infrastructure construction mining,
road ways, rail ways as electrification a compensation for such deforestation can be enforced by
NLAMPA and collected by SCAMPa. This fund can be used afforestation in any other area to justify
the cost of forest and carbon sink.
ENERGY
Energy

Non renewable Renewable

Coal solar
Petroleum Wind
Petro gas tidal
Nuclear Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Hydrogen gas
Fuel cell
Battery
Renewable Energy :
Sedimentary rock
Coal and Petrol
Anthracite metamorphic rock
Lignite sedimentary rock
Type of coal

% carbon

% moisture
sulphur
% impurity
N2 based compounds

volatile hydrocarbons

Types of coal % carbon % hydrogen % sulphur
Peat 45.55% 10-12% 4-4.5%
Lignite 60-75% 6-5.8% 3.5%
Flame coal 75-82% 6-58% Approx 1%
Gas flame coal 82.85% 5.8-5.7% Less than %
Gas coal 85.87% 5.6-5% 8.5%
Fat coal 87.89% 5-4.6% 8-5%
Forge coal 89.90% 4.5-4% 8.5%
Non baking coal 90-91% 4.375% 5%
Anthracite 98-97% 3.5-2% 5%
Steam coal 91-93% <3.5% 5%
between
anthracite and
brittle

Thermoelectric Generation

Coupling

Boiler Generator Electricity

Turbine
Coal
burning

CO2

CO

In pollution SOx + NOx

CH4

VOC

PM

Energy efficiency (36%)

Availability of bituminous

Bring up of the coal using chemical to reduce impurity, development of ultra high temperature thermo
electric power.

With an energy efficiency upto 45% India has initiated the development of 3 major high power plant in
U.P., M.P. & Andhra Pradesh.

Gasification: It can be achieved by controlled pyrolysis or carbonification, low temperature. Pyrolysis

or anaerobic burning of the coal from which methane can be generated and used as a fuel.
Improvement of technology to reduce the amount of flue gas which include wets scrabbers, or electro
static as well as capturing and burning the gases in control environment to produce less harmful
sources of energy.

Carbon capture of storage CO2 in the flue gas can be captured using carbon sink or stored using
artificial storage mechanism.

Dewatering of the coal can be practiced to reduce the amount of moisture and improve the burning of
coal they are all clean coal technology/green coal technology.

CO
Impartial
CH
Coal (burning) 4

complete
flyash
burning
charcoal

fuel source

Coal Biochar
Biomass
Pyrolysis
@ 16-240C

Torrefaction

Advantages of Biochar

Acts as a carbon sink as it can capture enough amount CO2 itself. Thus helps in carbon
sequestration.

Biochar if mixed with soil can improve the soil quality and content because of following factors :

It can reduce soil green house gas content.

It can reduce mutual leaching.
It can improve water retention capacity.
It can reduce soil acidity.
It decreases fertilizer & irrigation dependence.

Zero Emission Thermo Electric Power Plants:

It is a modern concept developed at global platform like the emission of load based power plant upto
negligible count.

Frame work program for rescue & development has been formulated by United Nations and other
major European countries among them the significant ones are :

Fp 6 & Fp 7 : of France & European Union

Horizon 2020 of National Science Foundation, U.S.A.

PETROLEUM

%S sweet < 2% <

Oil
API Gravity (heavy) 10 < light oil

Type of oil API %S Country producing

Indian the coil
1. Tapis (Best oil) 45 0.01% Malaysia
(sweetest lightest oil)
2. West texas 40 5% North America
intermediate blend
3. Brent Blend (sweetest 40 0%
lightest & major in
resourced global oil)
4. Dubai Oman (most 37 1.8% South Arabia
usable)
5. OPEC (organization of 32-36 1.8% (Iran, Qatar, Sweden
petroleum exporting Iraq, UAE) middle east
countries) asian region

Fractional distribution of petroleum products :

1. White spirit of jet fuel

2. Gasoline
3. Petrol
4. Kerosene white
5. Blue Kerosene
6. Diesel
7. Bitumin
8. Petroleum jelly or Paraffin wax

Petroleum gases Coal & Biomass

Coal/Biomass Gasification

Fossil Fuel Reservoir Producer gases Wood gas

Town gas

Syn gas

Wood gas:

It is the natural gas extracted by pyrolysis gasification of biomass in oxygen limiting environment.
Wood, wood chips, coal, saw dust, rubber are charcoal can be burned into a fire box to produce
limiting amount of ashes and soot as well as a mixture of Hydrogen & Carbon mono oxide can be
burned which act as wood gas.

Uses:

It can directly be burned in larger furnaces, cooking stove, incompressible engines.

Town gas/Coal gas:

It is a natural gas, mixed with hydrogen & carbon mono oxide which is produce, bicarbonization or
gasification of coal. In process coal is burnt under high pressure to produces H, CH4 , CO which act as

coal gas. It can be used in IC engine & industrial furnace.

Syn Gas:

It is produce when coal gas or biomass is burn in presence of steam & excess CO2 & limited O2 ,

then a mixture of H, CO & CO2 can be gathered which act as syn gas.

Uses: It can be burnt in IC engine & industrial furnace & can be used to produce ammonia &
methanol.

Water gas :

It is type of syn gas which is produce when wood or biomass or biomass is continuously heated
above 100C at high pressure of in presence of excess water than a mixture of CH4 , H & minimum

CO2 is gathered.

Uses:

It is used on a larger scale in European Country to drive public or private vehicle.

CBM (coal bed methane)

LPG (liquid petroleum gas)
CNG (compressed natural gas)
Shale gas

CBM LPG CNG Shale gas

CH4 H2 CO2 Propane + Butane CH4 CH4 Present deepest
(15-30% + 85-70%)
Imbibed with coal & it Reserve is below the in the strata in adsorb
Reservoir is a
is present in lower petroleumoilreserve. state.
sedimentary rock near
strataofcoalmines. Guar seed oil or
the petroleum air
 reserves. extracted by complete
fraction of rock over
thesurfaceofrock.

CNG

CBM are stored at high pressure

Shale gas

LPG is stored at high pressure as well as low temperature.

PNG partial liquid Natural Gas.
High pressure flow of natural gas under pipe line.

Use (CBM, CNG, Shale) Use (LPG)

Burnt IC engine Flow is more continuous

Flow non continuous Stoves, furnaces, IC engine

India & Petro Gases :

Gulf of combay

Natural gas Reserves Krishna Godavari Basin (KG)

Sonata belt (Son, Narmada, Tapi)

Nuclear Energy

fission Two nucleus

fusion collide

Break down into two unequal nucleus

Stable unstable
N/P > 1 N/P ratio
(1.2 - 1.5) mass defect
DM = actual -Real mass binding energy
mass of Nucleus
(m) energy required to bind nucleus

Unstable + Bombardment fission nuclear energy
Nucli of Neutron

Uranium
Naturally (U23899.3% + U235 0.7%)

If Uranium extract U235 enrichment 100% U235

Depleted U235 100%

Natural uranium as fuel

Slow neutrons are required

Moderator is required (slow down the neutron)

Enriched uranium
Fast neutrons can be used
No moderates are required

Neutron Nf h h Critically
Coolant
Np NN

No. of No. of
Proton Neutron
Fission
Nuclear
Reactor
Control rods
Fuel Red
Barium

Aluminum
Core
Beryllium
(U235 , U238 thorium plistonium)
(Moderate)
D2 O (heavy water)

Graphite

Inert gases

Chernobyl nuclear reactor in Russia.

Coolant heat transfer

Water

N2 + NH3

H2

Types of reactors:
Type I
Boiling water reactor:
U238 used as fuel

Moderator slow down

Heavy Water process
coolant
Barium control rods

Draw back:
Chances of core melt down
Plutonium 239 and 234 Nuclear weapon fisel

Strategies Initiated against spread of Nuclear weapons:

Comprehensive test ban treaty [CTBT] was initiated by (United National Security Council) which
eventually became a multi lateral treaty of the globe and was accepted in UNGA September
1996.
The objective of treaty was to completely stop chances of nuclear weapons testing.

Nuclear Proliferation Treaty (NPT):

Initiated by European union, Canada in the UN and was accepted in 1997.
The objective of treaty is to cut down the chances of spread nuclear weapon technology to
existing Non nuclear state.
This was taken as one of the step towards, controlling the use of nuclear technology as well as
strategic nuclear enactment across the globe to bring in peace.
In 2015 India & Pakistan are only 2 countries with nuclear technology which have not signed CPT
& NPT.

NSG or Nuclear Supplier Group:

To cut down the chances of spread and use of nuclear technology, a group of 47 countries was
created which were either supplier of Nuclear technology or nuclear fuel.
 Member of NSG have exclusive right to restrict the supply.
Fuel can only circulated among full time members or observer of the group.
Any nuclear state can become member of NSG only after it has sign CTBT or NPT.
It needs to be full time members.
In 2016 India was declined for full time membership of NSG owing to the non signature at CTBT.

Gen II : Nuclear Reactor :

AHWR (Advance Heavy Water Reactor) / PBWR (Pressured Boiling Water Reactor)

(under pressure)
core melt down is less
D2 O
Depleted plutonium
Coolant
Kudankulam AHWR
H 2O
U238 WeR 1000 Mw 4 + 2 1200
= 6400 mW + biggest in south west India

Electricity

Pressured Water Reactor (PWR):

electricity

Coolant
H2O
U238

Gen III : Fast Neutron Reactor

Neutron with high velocity + U235 efficient Nuclear Reactor

Gen IV

(i) Fast breeder reactor

Improved fissibility by more neutrons per cycle.

Thorium based reactor (India)

U235 Thorium

Fissibility can achieve easily Fissibility is delayed

Energy efficiency is low High energy efficiency (1.5 times)
U238 reserves are getting limited Thorium reserves is plenty
(India Thorium Reserve)
Peninsular India (167 G ton) (21%) of global

India 3 stage nuclear programme:

AHWR(1) PWR
U238 Plutonium Uranium carbide Thorium Thorium based reactor
PHWR

Why NSG for India:

(i) U238 Need

(Thorium based reactor 2017 criticality Kudankulam)

(ii) For sale of thorium based reactor, country required NSG.

Major nuclear reactor sites in India:

(i) Rawatbhata-Rajasthan
(ii) Kaiga, Tarapur, Jaidpur & DARG] Maharashtra
(iii) Narora-U.P.
(iv) Kudankulam Chennai
(v) Kakrapar Maharashtra

Present installed capacity 2356 mwhr, 2014 which is only 0.6% of energy produce in country.

Gen V : Fusion Based Reaction:

Lithium as a fuel

Electro-magnetic
Infusion

Li - polarization
fusion
takmak Design Reactor

International Thermo Fusion Reactor (ITFR)

 Multinational exp project
8 countries (India, Joined as a member in 2010)
2018 critically can be stabilized
2026 can produce electricity

Nuclear security (India)

2010 cirrus decommission

2011 India US-Nuclear-summit

Civilian Liability of N-damage bill 2012

Nuclear Reactor Supply Fuel (NSG)

Accident suppliers responsibility
500 cr. must be given by supplier for remedy.

IAEA (International Atomic Emission Association)

2014 (US India N agreement): Responsibility supplier

IAEA Monitor
2000 cr for disaster
(Cost 500 cr Investment 2000 cr)

Renewable Energy
Hydro electric power
Dam based / reservoir
Upstream flow based power generation
Water run of river power generation

Dam is not required a pondage can be built

Built on river stream

Built on up stream of built river

Water Supply
turbine electricity

China ultramega 12000 mwh hydroelectric

 Mega hydel 4000 mwhr
Small hyder 1000 mwhr

Mini upto 50 kwhr

Micro up 50 kwhr

Hydro electric power generation in India maximum installed capacity 29000 mwhr.

Concept of small hydro in India.

Small hydro 2-30 mwhr

Mini hydro 100 kwhr - 2 mwhr
Micro hydro 10 kwhr - 100 kwhr
Mini Micro hydro 1 kwr - 10 kwhr
Solar Energy :

Solar photo voltac Maximum energy used in India by this

Solar thermal

Solar passive

Solar PV sunlight electricity

Photo voltaic effect

PV system = PV Panel + BOS Balance col system

Battery
Chips + wafer Invertors
+
Glass panels Collectors
Semi-conductor Switches

Material:
Mono crystalline silicon
Poly crystalline silicon
Amorphous silicon
Cadmium
Cu, Li, Galium sulphide, Salamite
Solar Thermal

Concentrated Solar Power

Solar lakes Collector based

or surface heats up
Closed boilers
Plate or collector Pipe Oil
Organic
Solvents
Water

lake salt

Types of collector:

Flat plate collector

Evacuated tube line collector
Concentrated compound parabolic collector
Parabolic trought concentrator
Solar Passive

Building
Reflector or absorber
Infrastructure

Glass plate base PV

PV based Nano material

Carbon Nano tubes

Wind power:

Horizontal
Axis wind
Turbines

Components of wind power generation:

1. Rotor & plates
2. Aerodynamic Power regulators
3. Generators
4. Tower
5. Turbine (horizontal axis)

Geothermal energy:
Geothermal energy production is extraction, isolation or exchange of heat present in the
geological strata.
It can be achieve by :-
1. Liquid dominated reservoirs like volcanoes, temperature 200C and above.
2. Thermal sources like hot springs temperature 150C.
3. Advanced Geothermal developed using oil or organic substance based by bidirectional
rotary turbine and heat exchanger, temperature between 100C to 150C.
Geothermal energy:
Heated liquid 200-250C
Volcanoes
Pipe insertion
Hot springs 150C
Advanced 100-150C

Resources for Geothermal power generation

Hydro thermal in water springs.
Geo pressurized brines (where salt is more) like volcano tranches, fault areas, hot dry
rocks.
Magma from active volcano.
Major sites of Geothermal energy in India:
Puga valley Ladakh
North eastern Himalayan trench
Sohana, Haryana
Gulf of camby and western coast.
Godawari basin
Mahanandi basin
Sonata (Son, Naramada basin)
Geothermal power started in India at puga valley, Ladakh atapani, M.P.(Chhattisgarh)
Major proposed site:
1. Manikaran (HP)
2. Kotdwar (Uttrakhand)
Hydrogen Energy

Hydrogen as fuel Hybrid Vehicles

Hydrogen based fuel cell system

Direct combustion

Cryogenics
hybrid engines
H2 = H++O2 O2
as fuel H2
e e
electricity
e e
H2
ionised
ionization
semi permeable
membrane

Waste to energy:

Waste to energy

anaerobic digestion microbial fuel cell

Organic
waste
Land Fills +
H +
CH4+H 2
incerimation
electricity
Dump Fill Methane e
AD
Battery
Waste
Wet Mixture Based Microbial
H 2O
action
electro type
Plate based battery
lead
acid (Cu+H 2SO 4)
battery
Testa (Li-ion batteries)
Li + O2
Power bulbs 7 kw h (home)

industry 10 kw

 EIA (Environment Impact Assessment)

It is a mechanism of assessing a possible positive or negative import of any project which it may have
on the sustainability of environmental social & natural aspects of well being the major environmental
aspect comprise up bio physical economic & social components.

Environmental Impact assessment involves the preparation of environment impact statement which
act as a detailed document for possible impacts.

The major objective of EIA :

i) Short term or immediate objective for environment or public risk

ii) Mitigation
iii) Long term objective for environment sustainability of economic prosperity & social well being.
iv) Stage of EIA

There are 8 major stages :

i) Identification : It is done to define project show coming and other process required for mitigation.

ii) Screening : It defines weather a project requires EIA or not.

iii) Scoping : It is a process of identifying the key issue and is a reason of creating a damage it under
takes the project reflect on air, water, soil, noise and physical components, it is one of the most
important aspect of impact assessment. The main EIA technique used in scoping is base line
study check list matrix formation & network diagram.

iv) Scoping is important because it is possible for being the changes in the project in the early stage
which can be assist by scoping.

v) Impact analysis : Divided into 3 steps (area wise): (i) identification of the impact (ii) prediction of
the impact the scale (iii) content of a damage is by weather it is revocable.

vi) The degrees of the extent of impact are as following:

Site of the project in which the impact is analyzed on the site itself which is for smaller industrial
projects.

Local are monitoring of which is done in the enchantment are of the water shade of any project
used for bigger industrial project.

Regional impact analysis for a larger water shade stake.

Nation wide impact assessment.

Time base impact analysis :

Impacts can be divided into 3 types :

1. Short term for 1-2 yrs. 3. Long term 30-70 yrs

2. Medium term for 10-30 yrs.

3. Mitigation
It is done to drive a strategy to reduce the chances of impact of any project.

It can be of 3 types:

(a) Preventive : to prevent any kind of disaster e.g. aware the general public

(b) Corrective: to mitigate the disaster e.g. in solution of device or takes for disaster mitigation.

(c) Reporting to decision making authority.

It can be done the following ways:

1) Detailed project report

2) In the form of a questionnaire

3) Environment impact statement (EIS)

4) Environment management plan

EIS includes some of the following issues :

a) Impact on soil water or bio physical factors.

b) Impact on economic activity.

c) Impact on land used & its change.

d) Impact on health.

e) Cost benefits analysis including the measures of environment protection.

Environment management plan covers the following:

a) Safe guard & control measure.

b) Plans for rehabilitation habitation etc.
c) Contingency plans for accident and damage.
d) Monitoring and feed back mechanism.

Human Exposure Assessment Location:

It was develop as a concept for health related monitoring by WHO programme in cooperation with
UNEP the target is to maintain fair human health.

Review of EIA reports:

Decision making over EIA.

Cost project monitoring of environment clearance condition EIA in India.

Started in 1970 by Department of Science and Technology on the recommendation of the planning
commission.

In 1985 ministry of environment and forest started EIA for heavy industries.

In 1994 EIA brought under environment conservation and protection act.

2006 EIA notifications:

The projects are divided into and categories:

1) Cat A projects: Which are expansion or modernization of existing project e.g. permission from
central government and permitted by ministry of environment forest.
2) Cat B Project: Are the projects of new appraisals short term development of a small scale project
require permission from state government is given by state EIA authority.

Cat B-2:
Do not required any prior permission neither they required to submit EIA reports.
According to new rules before beginning any project of authority after identification and screening,
scooping must be accompanied by public consultation and appraisal.