Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
August 2011
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Dr. A. Ramakrishna
Former President & Deputy Managing Director, Larsen & Toubro Limited
Director, International Infrastructure Consultants Pvt. Limited (IIC)
Preliminary Design
3.2.1
With
span
li
<4.29
m
d
(m)
li
(m)
+
0.03
m
35
For
oors
with
partition
walls
subject
to
cracks
and
with
span
li
<4.29
m
d
(m)
li2
(m)
+
0.03
m
150
Economical
for
li
<
6
m
For
soundproong
d
16
cm
Flat slabs (without Column Heads)
3.2.2
ly
For
concrete
C20/25
(B25)
li
(m)
0.9lx
respectively
li
0.8ly
For
concrete
C30/37
li
is
~0.8lx
or
0.8ly
lx
Maximum
li
is
to
be
considered
for
calculations
3.2.3
Thickness
of
slab
0.8
times
thickness
for
at
slabs
Column
heads
can
be
formed
through
sloping,
rectangular,
round
heads
Mushroom floors (Flat Slabs with Column heads)
3.2.3
Shear
stress
in
column
region
is
reduced
by
providing
column
head
Floor
thickness
for
head
can
be
reduced
in
other
regions
Disadvantage
Cost
will
be
higher
due
to
shuttering
for
column
head
Beam and slab (T-beams)
3.2.4
Span
for
the
slab
Span
direction
for
the
beam
Span
of
the
slab
is
greater
than
70
cm
d
=
li,beam
/14
to
li,beam
/
8
More
exactly:
d
=
1.2
li
q
b
=
d/3
d/2
20
cm
For
thickness
of
slab,
see
Solid
Slab
Floors
Beam and slab (T-beams)
3.2.4
li,slab
<
6
m
economical
In
partition
walls,
li,beam
/
8
li,beam
=
6
to
14
m
economical
3.2.6
One-way
span
d
=
li/20
to
li/15
Limitations
For
one-way
spans
(span
range
in
single
direction)
6
li
12
m
Live
load
5
kN/m2
Only
one
layer
of
transverse
reinforcement
Special
consideration
to
be
given
for
soundproong
Grid Floors
3.2.7
Spanning
in
two
directions
d
=
li/20
3.2.8
d
0.5
(li+20p)
d
in
cm
li
in
m
P
in
kN/m2
One-way
blocks
Commonly
used
thicknesses:
17/19/21/25
cm
Spacing
of
concrete
beams:
62.5/75
cm
Prestressed Concrete Hollow Core Slabs
3.2.10
Thickness
(cm)
Span
width
(m)
12
7.20
15
8.10
18
9.00
20
12.40
32
14.90
40
16.00
System
Brespa,
variax,
Prestressed Concrete Hollow Core Slabs
3.2.10
Self
weight
reduction
through
hollow
cores
Single
way
span
concrete
M55
Prestressing
steel
1570/1770
Composite Construction (with Lost Formwork)
3.2.11
Dimensions
are
similar
to
solid
concrete
oors
1-way
span;
The
reinforcement
steel
area
is
replaced
by
the
lost
shuttering
steel
area
Partly Precast Slabs (composite construction)
3.2.12
With
oors
carrying
partition
walls
and
with
spans
greater
than
4.29
m
d
(m)
li
(m)/35
+
0.03
m
In
oors
with
crack
proof
dividing
walls
and
with
spans
li
>=
4.29
m
d
(m)
li2(m)/150
+
0.03
m
Partly Precast Slabs (composite construction)
3.2.12
In
4-6
cm
thick
precast
element,
main
reinforcement
is
incorporated
Maximum
width
of
the
element:
2.5
m
Grid
beams
serve
the
purpose
of
connecting
slab
in
composite
construction
by
placing
in-situ
concrete
to
take
care
of
shear
stress
and
stiening
the
plate
in
the
erection
phase
Two-way span hollow slabs
3.2.13
Floor
thickness
23
50
cm
Span
7
15
m
Plastic
hollow
spheres
e.g.,
Bubble
Floor
Two-way span hollow slabs
3.2.13
Hollow
slab
spans
in
two
ways
Advantages
Lower
self
weight;
bigger
spans;
no
beams
(simplied
location
of
installations);
reduced
foundations.
In
slabs
with
openings,
the
spheres
(Plastic
balls)
are
removed
(solid
slab)
Beams Girders
in Multistoreyed Construction
Reinforced Concrete Beams
3.3.1
d
li
/12
to
li
/12
b
d
/3
to
d
/2
20cm
3.3.2
d
li/12
to
li
/8
b
d
/3
to
d
/2
20
cm
3.3.3
d
>
li
/15
l
=
Span
of
beam
3.3.4
d
=
li
/17
b
=
0.6
d
10
cm
3.3.5
Beam
depth
Uniformly
distributed
load
q
in
kN/m
Span
l
in
m
h
=
3 17.5ql2
-
2
in
cm
Bending
on
the
y-axis
Normal Flange Beams
3.3.6
Beam
depth
=
h
Uniformly
distributed
load
=
q
in
kN
/m
Span
=
l
in
m
h
=
50ql2
-
2
in
cm
3
3.3.7
For
steel:
strength
S235
(St
37)
hst37
0.064
ql2
+
100
Beam
depth:
(see
previous)
For
steel
(medium
high
strength
steel)
S355
(St
52)
hst52
0.8Hst37
Beam
depth
h
in
mm
Uniformly
distributed
load
q
in
kN
/
m
Span
l
in
m
Normal Flange Beams
3.3.7
For
light
loads
in
multistoried
construction,
the
IPE
beams
are
more
commonly
used
Distance
between
beams:
2-4.5
m
Span
of
composite
beams:
up
to
15
m
(can
be
stretched
to
20m
in
marginal
cases)
Using
the
higher
limit
up
to
15
m
possible/usual
For
re
resistance,
steel
has
to
be
coated
suitably
Stressed Composite Beams (Double Composite beam)
3.3.8
h
=
l/35
More
exactly
::
h
=
ql2
/
50
+
100
Beam
depth
h
(mm)
Uniformly
distributed
load
q
in
kN
/
m
Span
l
(m)
Stressed Composite Beams (Double Composite beam)
3.3.8
Advantages
Large
spans
Lower
design
depths
Lower
shuttering
costs
Higher
re
resistance
Convenient
reduction
of
vibration
Double
composite
beams
are
well
suited
for
bridge
construction
Castellated Beams from Normal Steel Profiles
3.3.9
h
=
ql
/
2
+
350
H
(mm)
=
1.5h
Beam
depth
h
(mm)
Uniformly
distributed
load
q
in
kN
/
m
Span
l
(m)
l
12
m;
h
60
cm
Original
Castellated
Castellated Beams from Normal Steel Profiles
3.3.9
Advantages
Openings
are
convenient
for
installations
Load
carrying
capacity
is
higher
for
the
same
steel
consumption
More
economical
than
solid
web
beams
in
India
due
to
saving
in
material
Disadvantages
Cost
for
cutting
and
welding
higher
than
solid
web
beams
Exact
statical
calculation
is
more
dicult
Vierendeel Girder
3.3.10
h
=
l/8
to
l/6
s
h
d
h/6
to
h/5
Beam
span
s
(m)
Girder
span
l
(m)
Vierendeel Girder
3.3.10
Joints
are
to
be
designed
for
bending
stiness
Material:
steel
or
concrete
Spacing
of
beams:
4-8
m
Advantages
Better
architectural
impression
Openings
are
useful
for
installing
services
Disadvantage
Higher
construction
cost
Columns
Timber columns
3.4.1
Rectangular
cross-sections
Permissible
load
d2
(cm)
Sk
(m)
Round
cross-sections
Permissible
load
d2
(cm)
1.33
Sk
(m)
d
=
side
length
(cm)
Sk
=
buckling
length
(m)
Timber Columns
3.4.1
Central
loading
Limits:
d
10
to
20
cm
Sk
40
d
Assumptions
Total
stability
of
structure
is
ensured
through
oor
plate
and
walls
Columns
are
held
at
top
and
bottom
Steel Columns
3.4.2
HEA-Prole
(IPBI)
h
(mm)
22
F
(kN)
Sk
(m)
HEB-Prole
(IPB)
h
(mm)
16
F
(kN)
Sk
(m)
HEM-Prole
(IPBv)
h
(mm)
10
F
(kN)
Sk
(m)
F
=
Column
height
h
=
Prole
height
Sk
=
Buckling
length
Steel Columns
3.4.2
Central
loading
Assumptions
Total
stability
of
structure
is
ensured
through
oor
plate
and
walls
Columns
are
held
at
the
top
and
bottom
Fire
protection
to
be
noted
RC Columns
3.4.3
Area
of
column
=
dmin
dmax
Concrete
C30/37
(B
25)
Column
Area
(cm2)
0.7
F
(kN)
Concrete
C30/37
(B
35)
Column
Area
(cm2)
0.59
F
(kN)
Concrete
C80/95
(B
85)
Column
Area
(cm2)
0.32
F
(kN)
For
thick,
round
columns
(spiral
reinforcement),
Sk
5
times
depth
of
column
Valid
column
Column
Area
(cm2)
0.5
F
(kN)
RC Columns
3.4.3
Storey
height
h
<
13
dmin
Reinforcement
percentage
=
Area
of
steel
x
100%
1.5-
2.5%
Area
of
concrete
Dmin
=
20
cm
(in-situ
concrete)
=
12
cm
(precast
element)
Assumptions
Total
stability
of
structure
is
ensured
through
oor
plate
and
walls
Columns
are
held
at
top
and
bottom
Walls
Brickwork with Bricks or Limestone
3.5.1
Minimum
thickness
is
11.5
cm
of
inner
and
outer
wall
For
statical
and
thermal
insulation
reasons,
higher
thicknesses
are
required
3.5.3
External
and
inside
walls
dmin
=
10
cm
(DIN
1045)
From
considerations
of
soundproong
dmin
=
13
cm
To
take
care
of
higher
soundproong
as
per
DIN
4109,
Dividing
walls
between
two
ats
thickness
should
be
22
cm
Reinforced Concrete Walls
3.5.3
Minimum
thicknesses
given
are
as
per
DIN
1045,
25.5.3,
as
long
as
due
to
reasons
of
thermal,
sound,
dampness,
re
resistance
requirements
or
manufacturing
requirements,
thicker
walls
may
be
necessary
For
non-load
bearing
walls,
7-13
cm
thickness
is
adequate
Deep Beams (Wall-like plate girders in RC)
3.5.4
Wall
thickness:
d
24
cm
Wall
height:
h
l
/
2
Deep Beams (Wall-like plate girders in RC)
3.5.4
For
taking
care
of
higher
loads,
wall-like
plate
girders
do
not
behave
like
beams
for
resisting
bending
moments
Load
will
be
transferred
to
a
concrete
arch
and
tension
band
(reinforcement
steel)
Openings
in
deep
beams
should
not
cut
through
arch
or
tension
band
(tie)
Foundations
Square Isolated Footing
3.6.1
Length
of
side
a
(m)
1.2Nst
/
zul
B
Nst
(kN)
B
(kN
/m2)
Concrete:
C20/25
(B25)
(unreinforced)
d
(m)
(a-c)/2
Concrete:
C20/25
(B25)
(reinforced)
d
(m)
(a-c)/6
>=
0.3
m
Square Isolated Footing
3.6.1
Central
loading
under
column
or
other
concentrated
loads
It
is
estimated
that
allowable
soil
pressure
is
2.5
-
3.5
MT/m2
Thickness
of
foundation
in
frost
free
depth,
minimum
0.8
m
Foundation
width
a(m)
1.2N
/
zul
B
0.5m
N
(kN/m)
B
(kN
/m2)
(Zul
=
Permissible)
Concrete
(unreinforced)
d(m)
0.5
(a-c)
0.3m
Concrete
(reinforced,
RCC)
d(m)
(a-c)/6
0.3m
Strip Foundation
3.6.2
Foundation
width
B(m)
1.2N
/
zul
B
0.5m
N
(kN/m)
B
(kN
/m2)
(Zul
=
Permissible)
Concrete
(unreinforced)
d(m)
0.6
(b-c)
0.3m
Concrete
(reinforced,
RCC)
d(m)
(b-c)/6
0.3m
Strip Foundation
3.6.2
Concentrated
line
load
under
wall
It
is
assumed
that
allowable
soil
pressure
on
soil
is
250-300
KN/m2
Raft Foundation (like a tub)
3.6.3
Raft
thickness
d
(cm)
H
(cm)
/
30
30
cm,
or
10
times
No.
of
storeys
Wall
thickness
dw
=
30
cm
Raft Foundation (like a tub)
3.6.3
Continuous
reinforced
foundation
raft
under
whole
building
to
avoid
distress
due
to
dierential
settlement
on
soil
This
method
is
very
useful
for
high
loads
in
high-rise
buildings
Also
advantageous
in
the
case
of
ground
water
being
high
on
foundation
Raft Foundation (like a tub)
3.6.4
Reinforced
strip
foundation
b
(m)
0.8
N
(kN/m)
/
zul
B
(kN/m2)
0.5m
d
(cm)
{b
(cm)
c
(cm)
}/
6
+
30
cm
70
cm
Raft Foundation (like a tub)
3.6.4
Concentrated
stresses
in
corners
can
be
reduced
by
45-60
degrees
It
is
also
possible
to
reduce
concentrated
stresses
further
by
providing
a
soft
layer
under
raft
foundation
Structures
Full Wall Transformer
4.1.1
h
l/30
to
l/20
3
l
20m
Beams
in
steel
Normally
structural
steel
proles
with
a
depth
of
80-600
mm
is
assumed
Beam with Central Support & Tie (wire/cable)
4.1.2
H
l/12
h
l/50
to
l/35
6
<=
l
<=
60m
4.1.3
h
l/15
to
l/10
8
<=
l
<=
75m
4.1.4
h
l/35
to
l/25
10
<=
l
<=
70m
lmax
/
lmin
<=
1.5
4.1.5
h
l/20
to
l/15
10
l
90m
4.1.6
h
l/30
to
l/15
20
l
120m
4.1.8
h
l/20
l/10
8
l
60m
4.1.9
h
l/70
to
l/50
25
<=
l
<=
70m
H/l
>
1/8
2-hinge
and
3-hinge
arches
are
considered
Stressed
arches
with
2-hinge
arrangement
stier
than
3-
hinge
arrangement
but
are
sensitive
to
movements
of
foundation
Flatter
the
arch,
the
more
horizontal
the
forces
on
support
Sometimes
these
horizontal
forces
are
taken
care
of
by
the
provision
of
a
tie
between
the
two
foundations
Truss Arch in Steel
4.1.10
h
l/50
to
l/30
40
l
120m
H/l
>
1/8
Advantages
Large
openings
will
allow
installation
of
services
Transportation
in
parts
and
assembly
at
site
are
simpler
2-hinge
and
3-hinge
arches
are
more
rare
when
compared
to
xed
arches
Cable Stay
4.1.11
Ho
Hu
=
l/18
to
l/10
40
l
150m
4.1.12
H
l/10
to
l/5
20
l
150m
Cable
Diameter
t
l/10,000
to
l/1,000
4.1.13
Cable
Diameter
t
l/10,000
to
l/1,000
20
l
150m