Inside NEW LIGHTING TECHNOLOGIES

Your Essential LED Checklist

Mercure Manchester Piccadilly Hotel

12th July 2012

INTERREG IVBSt
NWE Annual Event Eindhoven
Helens

Dortmund, Germany

20th June 2012

Interleuven Kaiserslautern
 Aims

Reduce energy consumption & emissions

Monitor the impact on crime, accidents & public acceptance

Evaluate the cost / benefit of the applied solutions

Innovation Data Analysis Community

Rising Energy Costs
2002: 541, 128
2011: 1,157,010

Reducing Expenditure
Revenue
Capital Grants

Global Climate Change (Carbon Reduction)

Contribute to European targets of 20% reduction by 2020
UK: 34% by 2020, 80% by 2050
 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS AND
PRIMARY LEGISLATION (UK)

UK Climate Change Act 2008

Landmark piece of legislation

Made the UK the first country in the world to have a legally

binding long-term framework to cut carbon emissions. It also
creates a framework for building the UK's ability to adapt to
climate change

Act drives progress towards a low-carbon economy in the UK

Introduction of Carbon Budgets

Decarbonising electricity generation
Improving energy efficiency in buildings & industry
Improving fuel efficiency of road vehicles
Save Money & Keep Lights On
Strategy & Policy

Interpretation of Lighting Standards: BS5489 EN13201

CIE 115

Asset Management & Energy Procurement & Reporting

Protocol

Management & Maintenance Processes

Review & Application of New & Emerging Technology

 Invest to Save Package
Review of Burning Hours
Population

Reduce Lighting Levels in

Health
selected Residential Areas Transport
&
between predetermined &
Environment Wellbeing
times

Introduction of Central Factors

Management System on
Traffic Routes
Economy,
Employment
Housing and
Consider Switch off of Skills
Public Lighting of In Rural
Areas Crime and
Disorder
 LED Luminaire Evaluation
Product Evaluation (Product data sheets,
web pages, trade fairs)

Development of 2 Part Questionnaire

Part A: Circulated Dec 09

53 Manufacturers (55% return)

Desktop Design Review

Part B: July 10
Part A: Initial Product Details Part B: Deep Dive Review

Section 1: Power Consumption Verification

Section 2: Luminaire Construction
Section 3: LED Chip Review
Section 4: Maintainability
Section 5: Sustainability
Section 6: Whole Life Cost
 Issues & Challenges
Varying levels of quality:
Design & Manufacture
Material Specification
Performance
Safety

High Procurement Cost

Inadequate Product Information

Misleading equivalence claims
Energy consumption

Photometric Data

Product Testing & Standardisation

Rapid advancement in SSL technology

 Specification of Highway
Electrical LED Products
2011

Produced under the umbrella of the Lighting Liaison

Group, which is an informal group representing the major
lighting organisations in the UK who have endorsed and
added their names to this Guidelines document.
 Specification of Highway Electrical LED Products
2011

Third edition of the guidance notes, taking into account new IEC standards and
the development of LED technology.

Provide a template for the basis of the specification of LED performance criteria.

Criteria are designed to ensure that performance claims can be matched

against traceable data.

Designed to ensure that the performance data relate to the luminaire during
operation and not just to the performance of the LED and LED module.
 The Guide is split into 4 Sections

1: System Reliability

2: Life Expectancy

3: Manufacturer Design Data

4: Specification Requirements

Summary of Questions for LED luminaire manufacturers

Appendix A: List of Safety & Performance Standards
Section1: System Reliability

LED
Optical
Driver
Performance

Electrical
PCB
Connections

LED
Luminaire

Gaskets &
Finish
Sealants

Housing Mechanical

Thermal
Section 2: Life Expectancy

LED Die: Solid-state semiconductor devices, which can convert electricity

directly into to light. The heart is a semiconductor die (chip) which is packaged
by epoxy resin.

LED Module: An assembly of LED dies on a printed circuit board or substrate,

possibly with optical elements and additional thermal, mechanical, and
electrical interfaces that are intended to connect to the load side of a LED
driver.

LED Luminaire: A complete lighting unit consisting of LED-based light emitting

elements and a matched driver together with parts to distribute light, to position
and protect the light emitting elements, and to connect the unit to a branch circuit.
The LED based light emitting elements may take the form of LED packages
(components), LED arrays (modules), LED Light Engine, or LED lamps. The LED
luminaire is intended to connect directly to a branch circuit.
Lumen maintenance and depreciation:
In September 2008, the IES published Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED
Light Sources, publication IES LM-80-08.

LM-80 is the LED counterpart of life testing standards for conventional light
sources in the US, but it differs from the older standards in a number of important
and potentially confusing ways!!!

Instead of measuring rated lamp life, LM-80 calls for measuring how much an
LED-light sources lumen output decreases over a certain number of hours of
operation. Technically, the term for this decrease is lumen depreciation. The
converse of lumen depreciation is lumen maintenance, the industry-standard term
for the percentage of initial lumens that a light source maintains over a certain
period of time.
Lumen maintenance measurements take the form Lx, where L is the time it
takes for the initial output of a light source to fall to x percent.

For LED light sources in lighting luminaires, widely accepted useful life
thresholds are:

General Lighting:
L90 (hours) - time to 90% lumen maintenance.
L70 (hours) - time to 70% lumen maintenance.

Decorative Lighting:
L50 (hours) - time to 50% lumen maintenance

Useful Life is defined as the length of time it takes an LED-luminaire to reach

(depending on the application) 90% , 70% or 50% of its initial light output (L90 / L70 / L50)
Defining the useful life of LED light sources
LM-80 requires testing of LED light sources for 6,000 hours, and recommends
testing for 10,000 hours. It calls for testing at three junction temperatures: 55C,
85C, and a third temperature to be determined by the manufacturer.

Currently, LM-80 provides no recommendations on how to extrapolate measured

data to L90, L70 or L50 lifetime. (Currently under release in the TM21 committee)

In practice, leading LED light source manufacturers test their products to the LM-
80 minimums of 6,000 or 10,000 hours, and then apply their own extrapolation
methodologies to arrive at L90, L70 and L50 figures.

These methodologies are proprietary however a reliable luminaire manufacturer

will indicate the basis of these projections & will supply the supporting
mathematics and data if required by the end user.

Regardless of the extrapolation method used, keep in mind that L90, L70
and L50 figures may be based on LM-80 measurements, but they are not
LM-80 measurements.
 Failure Fraction (Fy)

Defined as the % of a number of LED light sources of the same type that have
reached the end of their individual lives where y designates the % (fraction of
failures)

The opinion of the IEC community is that LED luminaire life should always be
published as a combination of life at lumen maintenance (Lx) and failure fraction
(Fy).

The failure fraction expresses the combined effect of gradual and abrupt failure
of all components of a luminaire, including mechanical influences.

The effect of the LED-luminaire could either be less light than claimed or no
light at all.

For LED luminaires normally a failure fraction of F10 (10%) and / or F50
(50%) is applied.
LED light sources within lighting luminaires:

The approved method for making photometric measurements of LED

lighting products specifically calls for the testing of complete LED
luminaires (as indicated in IES LM-79-08).

The approved method for measuring lumen maintenance is just the opposite: it
calls for the testing of LED light sources, not complete LED luminaires.

LM-80 explicitly defines light sources as packages, arrays, and modules only.

This means that LED luminaire manufacturers must define their own methods of
calculating lumen maintenance for their LED luminaires. As with L90, L70 and L50
figures provided by LED light source manufacturers, lumen maintenance figures
provided by LED luminaire manufacturers may use LM-80 test data and lumen
maintenance extrapolations based on them, but they are not LM-80
measurements.
 Lumen Maintenance Luminaire Considerations:

Quality of Components Ingress Protection

Thermal Management Luminaire Material / Protective Finish
Atmospheric Conditions Surge Protection
Component Layout Static Discharge,
Drive Current Vibration
Optic Control

LM-80 testing for complete LED luminaires would be prohibitively complex

and expensive for manufacturers, as they would have to test every different
version of their luminaires to account for the effect of every feature or
combination of features
In Summary;

Ensure LED light sources incorporated in an

LED luminaire are tested in accordance with
LM-80

The LED-light source manufacturer uses a

valid method of projecting LM-80 test results to
L90, L70 and L50, based on recommended
operating conditions

The manufacturers for the other components in

an LED luminiare clearly state their lifetime
performance
 Section 3: Measured Luminaire Data

Section 3 identifies which measured data for the luminaire should be available
from the manufacturer or an ambient temperature of 25C. (15C for Exterior
luminaires)

Where a declared ambient air temperature other than 25 C is advised by the

manufacturer a correction factor will need to be established to correct the
measured luminous flux value at 25 C to the luminous flux value at the declared
ambient.

This shall be done using relative photometry in a temperature controlled cabinet.

Rated Power: Total luminaire power including
drivers should be measured under standard
conditions and expressed in Watts

Power Factor: Local Authorities working with

un-metered supplies (the majority of public
lighting in the UK), will require power factor
correction of 0.85 or better.
Circuit
Dimmed Dimmed
Nominal Manufacturer's Circuit Power Circuit Power Date
Watts Unit Description Company Designation Charge Code Watts Factor Watts Factor Issued
LED Street Light OrangeTek TERRALED 36A
LTD (Dimmed 50%
lux) (54% Full 01/12/20
37 Circuit Watts) 41 0037 0003 054 37 0.96 20.0 0.86 11
LED Street Light OrangeTek TERRALED 36A
LTD (Dimmed 65%
lux) (70 %Full 01/12/20
37 Circuit Watts) 41 0037 0003 070 37 0.96 26.0 0.91 11
OrangeTek 18/05/20
37 LED Street Lights LTD TERRALED 36A 41 0037 0003 100 37 0.96 11
Initial Lumen Output (L100): The initial luminous flux shall be
measured after thermal stabilisation of the LED luminaire.

Lumen Depreciation Code: The lumen depreciation rate judged by

the light output at 25% of rated life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h)
compared to the initial rated lumen output.

The depreciation classifications are:

Code 1: Light output > 90% of initial the initial value

Code 2: Light output > 80% of initial the initial value
Code 3: Light output > 70% of initial the initial value

Rated Luminaire Efficacy: combining both the light source system

efficacy and luminaire efficiency, allowing for a true comparison of a luminaire
regardless of the light source. Luminaire efficacy is the preferred metric for LEDs
because it measures the net light output from the luminaire divided by power into
the system, accounting for driver, optical, and thermal losses.
Colour Temperature: The initial colour point (x & y) of the LED and the
colour temperature derived from it or bin class related to C78.377-2008
WRTL Stela Philips Iridium
74W 52 LED (74W) 70W SON (78W)
5700K Cool white 2000K Warm white

Philips SpeedStar
63W 32 LED (63W)
5600K Cool white Eco

Existing 35W SOX

Philips SpeedStar & 70W SON lamps
71W 48 LED (71W) 1850K Warm white
3000K Warm white Com

Philips Iridium Philips SpeedStar

60W CPO (66W) 47W 40 LED (48W)
2850K Warm white 4000K Neutral white Grn
Colour Rendering Index: The initial Colour Rendering Index (CRI) of a
luminaire is measured. A second measurement is made after a total operation
time of 25% of rated life (with a maximum duration of 6000 h). The measured
CRI values shall not have decreased by more than 3 points from the rated CRI
value for initial CRI values and 5 points from the rated CRI value for maintained
CRI values. The preferred measure of CRI is Ra14 as the additional test
colours compared to Ra8 will give a more accurate representation of the LEDs
ability to reproduce colours.
Colour Maintenance: The colour shift is judged by the colour point shift
at 6,000 hours compared to the initial colour point (x & y) of the luminaire.

Colour Temperature Tolerance: Tolerance (categories) on nominal

x & y values measured for both initial and at 25% of rated life (with a maximum
duration of 6000 h)

All measured x & ys within a 1-step ellipse

All measured x & ys within a 3-step ellipse
All measured x & ys within a 5-step ellipse
All measured x & ys within a 7-step ellipse
All measured x & ys > 7-step ellipse

Tolerances beyond a 4-step ellipse are considered unacceptable for general

illumination purposes.
Intensity Distribution: (Applicable for luminaires which modify the distribution of the light source)
Photometric data is available in two formats.

Absolute Photometry does not require the

use of a separate lumen output for the light
source and should be conducted according
to IES LM-79-08 Photometric
Measurements of Solid-State Lighting
Products

Relative Photometry requires the LED

package flux to be quoted and should be
conducted according to EN13032-1 (2004)
Light and lighting - Measurement and
presentation of photometric data of lamps
and luminaires - Part 1: Measurement and
file format.
The Board Temperature Tboard

If an LED luminaire manufacturer uses LED modules, the

maximum operating temperature (Tp) of the LED module
should not be exceeded when the LED luminaire is used
at the specified ambient temperature (Ta);

The LED luminaire manufacturer performs its own

measurements of junction temperature, drive current, and
other relevant factors, and bases the L90, L70 and L50
figures of its luminaire on LM-80 extrapolations provided
by the LED light source manufacturer.

If a LED gets hot it emits less light

therefore thermal management is crucial
to maximise performance
 Light Loss Maintenance Factor: Light lost at rated life.

Lamp Luminous Flux Maintenance Factor (LLFMF): used to multiply the initial lamp
flux to correct for the depreciation in lumen output due to the amount of time spent burning

Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF): to correct for the depreciation in light output from a
luminaire due to the build up of dirt in the periods between cleaning

Maintenance Factor (MF): Is the product of the LLFMF and LMF and is used in calculations to
account for the total overall total reduction in light output from a luminaire overtime
Performance requirements, Testing and Standardisation

Established industry standards make it easy to

compare fluorescent, incandescent and HID products.

However, that is not yet the case with LEDs

End-user perspective

Lack of developed criteria to compare LED luminaires

No comparable prediction of LED luminaire
performance over life

Manufacturer perspective

Existing standards (LM-80/LM-79)

IEC standards in development
Temperature cycling shock test: The non-energised LED luminaire shall be
stored firstly at - 10 C for 1 hour. The luminaire is then immediately moved into
a cabinet having a temperature of + 50 C and stored for 1 hour. 250 such
cycles shall be carried out. At the end of the test the LED luminaire shall operate
and remain alight for 15 min.

Supply voltage switching test: At test voltage the luminaire shall be switched
on and off for 30 seconds. The cycling shall be repeated for a number equal to
half the rated luminaire life in hours (example: 10K cycles if rated luminaire life is
20,000 hours). At the end of the test the LED luminaire shall operate and remain
alight for 15 min.

Thermal Endurance Test: The LED luminaire shall be operated at nominal

voltage and at an ambient temperature of + 35 C for outdoor luminaires, + 25
C for indoor luminaires and + 35 C for recessed luminaires until a test period
equal to 25 % of the rated luminaire life (with a maximum of 6 000 hours) has
passed. At the end of this time, and after cooling down to room temperature, the
luminaire shall remain alight for at least 15 min.
(NOTE: Higher temperature for testing as only testing to 25% life)
 2014: IEC standards
Improved failure rates & projection to end of life

A standardized set of like-for-like comparable

performance criteria

Publication of real performance data over a finite

test period

Indication of whether the manufacturer understands

his product

Verifiable via third-party testing

 Urbis ZXU1 lanterns with
60W Cosmopolis lamps
50% dimming 22:00 06:00
2850K Warm white
colour temperature Advanced LEDs Marlin
1000 lanterns 60W
50% dimming 22:00 - 06:00
5195K Cool white
colour temperature

Philips Koffer lanterns with

62W Fortimo LED module
50% dimming 22:00 06:00
4000K Neutral white
colour temperature

Orange TeK TERRALED

36 LED lanterns 37W
50% dimming 22:00 06:00

4800K Neutral white

colour temperature

Thorn Dyana 24 LED

lanterns 39W
Urbis Claro 42 LED 50% dimming 22:00 05:00
lanterns 48W
50% dimming 22:00 06:00 4200K Neutral white
colour temperature
4150K Neutral white
colour temperature
 Forward Strategy

Technical Guidance, Product Data Sheets, Learning & Training

Product Evaluation

Development of LED Checklist and Specification

Total Cost of Ownership Design

Stakeholder Consultation Environmental Manufacture

Pilot Schemes TCO

Energy Installation
Monitor and Evaluate
Maintenance
 Helping bring order to chaos
Strengthening the SSL value chain: from raw materials to
manufacturing and final products, including component and equipment
suppliers

Fostering the cooperation between the SSL industry and the other
involved players along the extended value chain: Enhanced cooperation
is essential for the development of new business models and for moving
from lighting products to lighting systems and services

Increased Awareness: Industry stakeholders to organise awareness

campaigns for increasing user awareness of SSL products and for helping
them to understand how to choose the SSL products.

A new technique is NOT a strategy

Mark.r.davies@mouchel.com
Kathryngregson@sthelens.gov.uk
www.bliss-streetlab.eu