QUESTIONS

xv
 Atoms and Molecules
Tips and Tricks
l A compound is composed of two or more elements
chemically combined in definite proportions.
l During chemical changes, the sum of masses of
all the reactants remains equal to the masses of
products. This is known as Law of conservation of
mass.
l In a compound, the elements are always present
in definite proportion of mass. This is known as
law of Definite Proportions.
l According to Daltons atomic theory, all matter
whether element or compound is composed of
small particles called atoms or molecules.
l Each element has a name and a unique chemical
symbol.
l An atom is the smallest particle of an element and
retains its identity throughout all physical or
chemical changes.
l A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that
are chemically bonded together and forms the
smallest part of an element or a compound. This
can exist independently and shows all the
properties of that substance.
2
3
CHAPTER
l Ion is a charged particle and can be positively or
negatively charged.
l The combining capacity of an element is known
as its valency.
l The chemical formula of a molecular compound
is determined by the valency of the combining
elements.
l In ionic compounds, the charge on positive ions
and negative ions is taken into account so that the
overall chemical formula gives a neutral
compound.
l To bring uniformity, relative masses of all atoms
are given in atomic mass unit (u) taking mass of
one atom of a particular isotope of carbon (C-12)
as 1/12 u.
l The number of atoms present in 12 g of carbon 12
is 6.023 1023 which is called Avogadro number
or Avogadro constant.
l A mole denotes 6.023 1023 atoms, molecules or
ions.
l Mass of 1 mole of a substance expressed in grams
is called its molar mass.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES 3

Elements, their Symbol, Atomic Number and Molar Mass

Element Symbol Atomic Molar mass/ Element Symbol Atomic Molar mass/
number (g mol1) number (g mol1)

Actinium Ac 89 227.03 Hydrogen H 1 1.0079

Aluminium Al 13 26.98 Indium In 49 114.82
Americium Am 95 (243) Iodine I 53 126.90
Antimony Sb 51 121.75 Iridium Ir 77 192.2
Argon Ar 18 39.95 Iron Fe 26 55.85
Arsenic As 33 74.92 Krypton Kr 36 83.80
Astatine At 85 210 Lanthanum La 57 138.91
Barium Ba 56 137.34 Lawrencium Lr 103 (262.1)
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Lead Pb 82 207.19
Beryllium Be 4 9.01 Lithium Li 3 6.94
Bismuth Bi 83 208.98 Lutetium Lu 71 174.96
Bohrium Bh 107 (264) Magnesium Mg 12 24.31
Boron B 5 10.81 Manganese Mn 25 54.94
Bromine Br 35 79.91 Meitnerium Mt 109 (268)
Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 Mendelevium Md 101 258.10
Caesium Cs 55 132.91 Mercury Hg 80 200.59
Calcium Ca 20 40.08 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
Californium Cf 98 251.08 Neodymium Nd 60 144.24
Carbon C 6 12.01 Neon Ne 10 20.18
Cerium Ce 58 140.12 Neptunium Np 93 (237.05)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.45 Nickel Ni 28 58.71
Chromium Cr 24 52.00 Niobium Nb 41 92.91
Cobalt Co 27 58.93 Nitrogen N 7 14.0067
Copper Cu 29 63.54 Nobelium No 102 (259)
Curium Cm 96 247.07 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Dubnium Db 105 (263) Oxygen O 8 16.00
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Phosphorus P 15 30.97
Erbium Er 68 167.26 Platinum Pt 78 195.09
Europium Eu 63 151.96 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Fermium Fm 100 (257.10) Polonium Po 84 210
Fluorine F 9 19.00 Potassium K 19 39.10
Francium Fr 87 (223) Praseodymium Pr 59 140.91
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Gallium Ga 31 69.72 Protactinium Pa 91 231.04
Germanium Ge 32 72.61 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Gold Au 79 196.97 Radon Rn 86 (222)
Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Hassium Hs 108 (269) Rhodium Rh 45 102.91
Helium He 2 4.00 Rubidium Rb 37 85.47
Holmium Ho 67 164.93 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
 4 CCE SCIENCEIX

Element Symbol Atomic Molar mass/ Element Symbol Atomic Molar mass/
number (g mol1) number (g mol1)

Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261) Thallium Tl 81 204.37

Samarium Sm 62 150.35 Thorium Th 90 232.04
Scandium Sc 21 44.96 Thulium Tm 69 168.93
Seaborgium Sg 106 (266) Tin Sn 50 118.69
Selenium Se 34 78.96 Titanium Ti 22 47.88
Silicon Si 14 28.08 Tungsten W 74 183.85
Silver Ag 47 107.87
Uranium U 92 238.03
Sodium Na 11 22.99
Vanadium V 23 50.94
Strontium Sr 38 87.62
Xenon Xe 54 131.30
Sulphur S 16 32.06
Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
Tantalum Ta 73 180.95
Yttrium Y 39 88.91
Technetium Tc 43 (98.91)
Zinc Zn 30 65.37
Tellurium Te 52 127.60
Terbium Tb 65 158.92 Zirconium Zr 40 91.22

The value given in parenthesis is the molar mass of the isotope of largest known half-life.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Formative Assessment
ORAL QUESTIONS (Conversation Type)
1. (a) Are the laws of combinations based on
conservation of energy or conservation of
mass?
(b) What is the advantage of this law in
chemical reactions?
(c) Which statement of Daltons atomic theory
is in conformity with the above law?
(d) On what accounts regarding nature of
atoms, Daltons atomic theory fails?
(e) Does the fact that atom can be subdivided
affect normal chemical reactions?
2. (a) What is an atom?
(b) Do elements exist as atoms?
(c) How are atoms of elements represented in
chemistry?
(d) What is the purpose of writing atoms by
symbols?
(e) What is the symbol of mercury and silver?
3. (a) How is the mass of an atom measured?
(b) What is one atomic mass unit?
(c) Why is such a scale chosen?
(d) How do you account the fractional masses
of many elements?
4. (a) What is valency?
(b) How is valency of an element determined?
(c) What is the use of valency?
(d) Give an example.
(e) What is molecular mass?
ORAL QUESTIONS
1. Mass of reactants is equal to mass of products.
Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory
demonstrates this?
2. What is the Latin name and symbol of sodium?
3. What is the Latin name and symbol of gold?
4. What is the atomicity of phosphorous?
5. What is the atomicity of sulphur?
6. Give the name and symbol of a triatomic
molecule.
7. Hydrogen and oxygen always combine in the
5
ratio of 1 : 8 to form water. Which law of
combination does it demonstrate?
8. Which parameter gives the combining capacity
of an element?
9. In what form atoms of a solid exist?
10. What is the smallest particle of a compound
capable of stable existence?
11. What is a charged particle called?
1
12. What unit represents weight of th mass of
12
C-12 atom?
13. What represents the chemical composition of a
compound?
14. What mass represents 1 mole?
15. What number represents 1 mole?
16. What is Avogadro number constant?
17. How many molecules will be present in 1 gram
molecular mass of a substance?
18. How are C12 and C14 related?
19. How are C14 and N14 related?
20. What is the term used for mass in grams of
1 mole of a substance?
TRUE OR FALSE
1. A compound may consist of two or more
elements in varying composition.
2. Law of conservation of mass states that energy
can neither be created nor destroyed.
3. The occurrence of isotopes leads to drawback
of Daltons atomic theory of matter.
4. Lead is represented as Ld.
5. A molecule of a compound is indicative of its
properties.
6. Copper carbonate is a heteroatomic molecule.
7. Nitrate is a polyatomic anion.
8. The molecular formula of aluminium nitrate is
AlN.
9. The atomic mass of Mg is 24 grams.
10. One mole of a gas occupies 22.4 litres at any
temperature and pressure.
 6 CCE SCIENCEIX

QUIZ B. Across
1. Symbolic representation of a compound (7)
1. According to me a compound is composed of
3. A quantity giving 6.02 1023 molecules of a
the same elements combined together in the
compound (4)
same proportion by mass.
2. I had announced that atoms of a given element
are identical in mass and chemical properties.
3. I am the building block of an element.
4. I represent sodium as Na.
5. I am the smallest unit that gives the relative
mass of an atom.
6. I am a monoatomic molecule.
7. I am a giant molecule containing sixty carbon
atoms.
8. I decide how many atoms of two elements will
combine to form a molecule?
Down
9. I am a number that gives one gram atom of the
element. 2. A representation of an atom of an element. (6)

10. I give mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance. 4. An element with a symbol of Cr (8)

PUZZLES SUGGESTED PROJECT/ACTIVITY

A. Across 1. Carry out simple precipitative reaction and see

1. Smallest particle of a compound (8)
3. Two atoms with same atomic mass but different
atomic numbers (7)
Down
2. Scientist who gave atomic theory of matter (6)
4. An element having atomicity of 4 (11)
that law of conservation of mass is followed.
Mix weighed amount of
(a) barium chloride and sodium sulphate
(b) lead nitrate and sodium chromate.
and see that the amount of products formed
remains the same.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
Assignments
Name: ............................ Class: ......... Section: ......... Roll No.: ........ Grade: .......... Teachers sign: .......................
CLASS ASSIGNMENT
1. Which postulate of Daltons atomic theory is a
result of law of conservation of mass?
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2. In what way occurrence of isobars contradicts
Daltons atomic theory?
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3. Three samples of ammonia obtained in three
different ways contain nitrogen and hydrogen
in the ratio 3 : 14. Which law of combination
does it conform to? Explain.
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4. What is an atom? What would be the size of
the smallest atom?
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5. What do you mean by symbol of elements?
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6. Give the value of one atomic mass unit.
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7. What is the symbol of gold?
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8. Give names of three triatomic molecules.
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9. Are one atom of carbon and 2 atoms of oxygen
equal to one molecule of carbon dioxide?
Explain.
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10. Write down the formulae of
(i) hydrogen sulphide
(ii) aluminium sulphate
(iii) calcium bicarbonate
(iv) barium sulphate.
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8 CCE SCIENCEIX
Name: ............................. Class: ........ Section: ........ Roll No.: ........ Grade: ......... Teachers sign: ...........................
HOME ASSIGNMENT
1. How is Avogadro constant defined?
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2. Give an example to show that chemical
reactions obey law of conservation of mass.
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3. Define and explain law of multiple proportions.
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4. State drawbacks of Daltons atomic theory of
matter.
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5. How do atoms exist?
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6. Define and explain atomic mass of an element.
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7. How does an atom differ from a molecule?
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8. Discuss the utility of mole concept.
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9. Calculate the number of atoms in 1 g of copper.
(Atomic mass of copper is 63.50.)
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10. How many moles of oxygen atoms are present
in one mole of the following compounds?
NaNO3, H2SO4, Cl2O7
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