University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

THINKS
FEELS

COMPLEX
ACTUATING RUNS
SYSTEM

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Different areas of design work with system boundaries

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Roadmap To Engineering Design

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

DESCRIPTION OF DESIGN PROCESS

Morris Asimow was among the first to give a detailed description of the complete design process in what he called the morphology of design. His seven phases of design are
described below, with slight changes of terminology to conform to current practice. Figure 1.7 shows the various activities that make up the first three phases of design:
conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design. This eight-step set of design activities is our representation of the basic design process. The purpose of this graphic is
to remind you of the logical sequence of activities that leads from problem definition to the detail design.

Phase I.

Conceptual Design

Conceptual design is the process by which the design is initiated, carried to the point of creating a number of possible solutions, and narrowed down to a single best concept. It is
sometimes called the feasibility study. Conceptual design is the phase that requires the greatest creativity, involves the most uncertainty, and requires coordination among many
functions in the business organization. The following are the discrete activities that we consider under conceptual design.

Identification of customer needs: The goal of this activity is to completely understand the customers needs and to communicate them to the design team.

Problem definition: The goal of this activity is to create a statement that describes what has to be accomplished to satisfy the needs of the customer. This involves analysis of
competitive products, the establishment of target specifications, and the listing of constraints and trade-offs. Quality function deployment (QFD) is a valuable tool for linking
customer needs with design requirements. A detailed listing of the product requirements is called a product design specification (PDS).

Gathering information: Engineering design presents special requirements over engineering research in the need to acquire a broad spectrum of information.

Conceptualization: Concept generation involves creating a broad set of concepts that potentially satisfy the problem statement. Team-based creativity methods, combined with
efficient information gathering, are the key activities.

Concept selection: Evaluation of the design concepts, modifying and evolving into a single preferred concept, are the activities in this step. The process usually requires several
iterations.

Refinement of the PDS: The product design specification is revisited after the concept has been selected. The design team must commit to achieving certain critical values of
design parameters, usually called critical-to-quality (CTQ) parameters, and to living with trade-offs between cost and performance.

Design review: Before committing funds to move to the next design phase, a design review will be held. The design review will assure that the design is physically realizable
and that it is economically worthwhile. It will also look at a detailed product development schedule. This is needed to devise a strategy to minimize product cycle time and to
identify the resources in people, equipment, and money needed to complete the project.

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Phase II.

Embodiment Design

Structured development of the design concept occurs in this engineering design phase. It is the place where flesh is placed on the skeleton of the design concept. An
embodiment of all the main functions that must be performed by the product must be undertaken. It is in this design phase that decisions are made on strength, material selection,
size, shape, and spatial compatibility. Beyond this design phase, major changes become very expensive. This design phase is sometimes called preliminary design. Embodiment
design is concerned with three major tasksproduct architecture, configuration design, and parametric design.

Product architecture: Product architecture is concerned with dividing the overall design system into subsystems or modules. In this step we decide how the physical
components of the design are to be arranged and combined to carry out the functional duties of the design.

Configuration design of parts and components: Parts are made up of features like holes, ribs, splines, and curves. Configuring a part means to determine what features will be
present and how those features are to be arranged in space relative to each other. While modeling and simulation may be performed in this stage to check out function and
spatial constraints, only approximate sizes are determined to assure that the part satisfies the PDS. Also, more specificity about materials and manufacturing is given here. The
generation of a physical model of the part with rapid prototyping processes may be appropriate.

Parametric design of parts: Parametric design starts with information on the configuration of the part and aims to establish its exact dimensions and tolerances. Final decisions
on the material and manufacturing processes are also established if this has not been done previously. An important aspect of parametric design is to examine the part,
assembly, and system for design robustness. Robustness refers to how consistently a component performs under variable conditions in its service environment. Parametric
design also deals with determining the aspects of the design that could lead to failure. Another important consideration in parametric design is to design in such a way that
manufacturability is enhanced.

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Phase III.

Detail Design

In this phase the design is brought to the stage of a complete engineering description of a tested and producible product. Missing information is added on the arrangement, form,
dimensions, tolerances, surface properties, materials, and manufacturing processes of each part. This results in a specification for each special-purpose part and for each
standard part to be purchased from suppliers. In the detail design phase the following activities are completed and documents are prepared:

Detailed engineering drawings suitable for manufacturing. Routinely these are computer-generated drawings, and they often include three-dimensional CAD models.

Verification testing of prototypes is successfully completed and verification data is submitted. All critical-to-quality parameters are confirmed to be under control. Usually the
building and testing of several preproduction versions of the product will be accomplished.

Assembly drawings and assembly instructions also will be completed. The bill of materials for all assemblies will be completed.

A detailed product specification, updated with all the changes made since the conceptual design phase, will be prepared.

Decisions on whether to make each part internally or to buy from an external supplier will be made.

With the preceding information, a detailed cost estimate for the product will be carried out.

Finally, detail design concludes with a design review before the decision is made to pass the design information on to manufacturing.

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Comments

Phases I, II, and III take the design from the realm of possibility to the real world of practicality. However, the design process is not finished with the delivery of a set of detailed
engineering drawings and specifications to the manufacturing organization.

Many other technical and business decisions must be made that are really part of the design process. A great deal of thought and planning must go into how the design will be
manufactured, how it will be marketed, how it will be maintained during use, and finally, how it will be retired from service and replaced by a new, improved design.

Generally these phases of design are carried out elsewhere in the organization than in the engineering department or product development department. As the project proceeds
into the new phases, the expenditure of money and personnel time increases greatly.

One of the basic decisions that must be made at this point is which parts will be made by the product developing company and which will be made by an outside vendor or
supplier. This often is called the make or buy decision.

Phase IV. Planning for Manufacture

Phase V. Planning for Distribution
Phase VI. Planning for Use
Phase VII. Planning for Retirement of the Product

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

The design activity decomposes into several levels of repeated design phases

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

An integrated
approach to
product design

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Disciplinary Foundations of Mechatronics

Key Elements of Mechatronics

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Mechatronics is the synergistic integration of

sensors,
actuators,
signal conditioning,
power electronics,
decision and control algorithms, and computer hardware and software
to manage
complexity, uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems.

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

Key Elements of Mechatronics (detailed)

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi
 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ACTUATING SYSTEMS

Introduction

EXAMPLE: An Advanced Wind Energy System Viewed as a Mechatronic System

(position of the complex actuator system inside)

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Professors: dr Marko Milo & dr Ivana Todi