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STEEL CONSTRUCTION
November 2016
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November 2016
features
30 Engineering an Experience
BY REBECCA LABERENNE, PE, BEN
ROSENBERG, PE, AND ERICH OSWALD, PE
At the brand-new National Museum of African
American History and Culture in Washington,
the building itself is a striking and enduring part
of the exhibit.
36 Tight Coverage
BY JOELLE NELSON, PE, AND
THOMAS DUFFY, PE
The new home of the Minnesota Vikings ushers in
a new age of NFL stadiums with its steel-supported
ETFE roof and giant operable wall panels.
columns
steelwise
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ON THE COVER: Regarding a historic monument from a modern museum, page 30. (Photo: Richard Barnes )
MODERN STEEL CONSTRUCTION (Volume 56, Number 11) ISSN (print) 0026-8445: ISSN (online) 1945-0737. Published monthly by the American Institute of
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editors note
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Editorial Contacts
EDITOR AND PUBLISHER
Scott L. Melnick
312.670.8314
melnick@modernsteel.com
SENIOR EDITOR
Geoff Weisenberger
312.670.8316
weisenberger@modernsteel.com
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Tasha Weiss
312.670.5439
weiss@modernsteel.com
WAAAAAY BACK IN 1990, I ATTENDED A FULL-DAY SYMPOSIUM ON
DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS
CONNECTION DESIGN RESPONSIBILITY. The speakers were on-topic, well-spoken Keith A. Grubb, SE, PE
and thought-provokinguntil one speaker made a remarkably sexist off-hand remark. In 312.670.8318
grubb@modernsteel.com
the 1950s, no one would have thought twice. But this was a new era and the audience
PRODUCTION COORDINATOR
was markedly aware of the inappropriateness of the comment, and it made almost Megan Johnston-Spencer
everyone uncomfortable. 312.670.5427
johnstonspencer@modernsteel.com
In my naivety, I was certain the world a.m. on Wednesday rather than our GRAPHIC DESIGN MANAGER
had changed since those days. After all, traditional afternoon opening, giving Kristin Hall
312.670.8313
just a few months ago my youngest son attendees the opportunity to earn a total hall@modernsteel.com
and I were listening to the radio when a of 17 PDHs plus an additional 4 PDHs
AISC Officers
story came on about a young female math if they attend the optional Tuesday CHAIR
prodigy who had almost given up on afternoon Short Course. James G. Thompson
math because her teachers didnt think a Other major changes include: VICE CHAIR
David Zalesne
girl could take the advanced classes she W ith so many seminars running
SECRETARY AND
had signed up for. Jason ruefully shook concurrently, it can be tough to select GENERAL COUNSEL
his head at the report and responded one thats right for you. So weve created David B. Ratterman
succinctly: Thats stupid. Doesnt everyone tracks (or groupings) to help you find the PRESIDENT
Roger E. Ferch, PE
know girls are better than boys at math? seminars youre most interested inbut
VICE PRESIDENT AND
His experiences, whether with girls on his we dont require you to preregister for CHIEF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
hockey team or girls in his advanced math specific tracks, and we encourage you to Charles J. Carter, SE, PE, PhD
classes, were uniformly positive. explore a wide range of seminars. VICE PRESIDENT
Jacques Cattan
So when some AISC staff suggested a Sometimes, one session just doesnt
VICE PRESIDENT
session at next years conference (March go deep enough into a particular John P. Cross, PE
2224 in San Antonio) on workplace subject. So this year, were offering two VICE PRESIDENT
diversity, I scoffed and wondered if special tracks that provide a deeper Scott L. Melnick
such a session wasnt more relevant to dive into their respective topics. SSPC: Editorial Advisory Panel
a conference in the 1990s than in 2017. The Society for Protective Coatings, Caroline R. Bennett, PE, PhD,
University of Kansas
Still, there was enough interest that we has developed a four-hour program to
Keith R. Griesing, PE,
added the program the conferenceand provide bridge designers with valuable Hardesty and Hanover
even made it a session plus a networking information on specifying coatings. Steve Knitter, Geiger and Peters
luncheon; see page 12 of the advance A second special track is a series of Janice Mochizuki, PE, Arup
program (included in this issue and online related seminars on legal issues Dylan Olson, Olson Steel
at www.aisc.org/nascc) for more details. impacting the design and construction Advertising Contact
And just last week, the need for such a of steel buildings and bridges. ACCOUNT MANAGER
session was hammered home when we Louis Gurthet
Registration opens December 12 and 231.228.2274
received an email discussing a potential the cost for members that week is just gurthet@modernsteel.com
speaker and the writer of the email offered, $340but the fee increases $10 every For advertising information,
as one of the speakers qualifications, that week, so be sure to register early! contact Louis Gurthet or visit
www.modernsteel.com
she was so dang cute. See you in San Antonio!
Of course, weve made a lot of Address Changes and
Subscription Concerns
other changes in the conference for 312.670.5444
next year, starting with the schedule. In subscriptions@aisc.org
order to provide additional education SCOTT MELNICK Reprints
opportunities, seminars will start at 8:30 EDITOR Megan Johnston-Spencer
312.670.5427
johnstonspencer@modernsteel.com
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If youve ever asked yourself Why? about something
related to structural steel design or construction,
Modern Steels monthly Steel Interchange is for you!
steel
Send your questions or comments to solutions@aisc.org. interchange
Composite Beams thickness of 2 in. everywhere, regardless of whether or not the
A project on which we are installing shear studs specifies final floor is level, then I would be inclined to say two different
a composite steel system comprised of 2 in. concrete over stud lengths are not necessary. However, if the design specifies
3 in. metal deck. Headed anchor studs, in. in diameter, a level floor finish then it is possible that if beam cambers do
are specified and noted to be a minimum of 1.5 in. above not come out, you could have exposed studs and that extra 316
the deck and in. below the top of the concrete. In an in. of stud length could become very important.
ideal situation, this can theoretically be achieved with 478- Susan Burmeister, PE
in. studs that achieve 4 in. of finished length. However,
this only occurs where studs are installed through metal Web Compactness for Singly
deck and 38-in. burn-through is theoretically achieved. At Symmetric I-Sections
girders parallel to deck direction where the stud attaches I am designing a singly symmetric I-shaped member
directly to the girder flange, the theoretical burn-through in flexure. The plastic neutral axis for this section falls
is 316 in. and thus the finished length is 41116 in. Both con- within the compression flange resulting in a negative
ditions run a high risk of being exposed when typical fab- value for hp/2. How can I determine whether the web is
rication tolerances are considered (crown-up fabrication) compact, non-compact or slender? Note that if the web is
even if there is no camber required. Section I3.2c of the not compact, then Section F4 of the Specification applies
AISC Specification has the following requirements: 2 in. and since p is equal to r the denominators in Equations
minimum slab over deck, 1.5 in. minimum length above F4-9b and F4-16b become zeroagain resulting in a
metal deck and in. minimum of concrete cover to sur- result that is difficult to interpret.
face. Are there permitted deviations to this rule? Are two
different stud lengths required in this situation? Table B4.1b of the AISC Specification applies to compression
elements of members subject to flexure. If hp/2 is within the
The system you have described satisfies the requirements of the flange, then, under a plastic stress distribution, the web is in
AISC Specification but, as youve noted, does not allow much tension and therefore doesnt need to be classified. If hc /2 is not
room for tolerance. The specific provision in Section I3.2c(1)(2) within the flange, then, under elastic stress, some portion of the
states: Steel headed stud anchors, after installation, shall extend web will be subjected to a linearly varying compression load.
not less than 1 in. above the top of the steel deck and there In such a case, the magnitude of the compression stress will be
shall be at least in. of specified concrete cover above the top relatively small when the section is elastic. As more and more of
of the steel headed stud anchors. There are a couple of nuances the section is strained beyond the elastic limit, the length of web
within the wording here that are worth pointing out. in compression will decrease. Both of these trends tend to indi-
First and foremost, the 1 in. minimum stud projection cate that the stability of the web will not be a concern.
above the deck is structurally more important to the perfor- There are several possible approaches. First, the limits
mance of the system than the in. clear cover over the top. could be calculated based on Case 15, the doubly symmetric
Purely from a strength perspective, the concrete cover over the case, with the length of the web, h, assumed to be hc. I believe
top of the stud provides no recognized additional capacity. In this would be a conservative approach. The coefficient of r is
the above referenced language, the phrase specified concrete the same for the doubly symmetric and singly symmetric cases.
cover was carefully chosen and deliberated over within the Now consider the calculation of p. If the equation for Case 16
technical committee that maintains this section of the Specifica- is applied to a doubly symmetric I-shape hc /hp is 1.0. A reason-
tion. The intent is to ensure that designers specify a minimum able value for the shape factor of a rolled wide flange is 1.12.
of in. concrete coverage to account for some of the field This value produces a coefficient of 3.77pretty close to the
inaccuracies, but it was recognized that the in the final, as-built coefficient for Case 15, 3.76. So Case 16 produces about the
condition, the coverage could be less. The Commentary to this same result as Case 15 assuming the same parameters.
section of the Specification discusses ways an engineer can miti- There are two ratios that determine the value of r for Case
gate the potential for exposed studs in their slab system which 16. The first is hc /hp. For a case like yours, with the larger flange
are obviously more critical in a thin-slab system. in compression this ratio will always be greater than one. A
So, to answer your first question, it is acceptable to negative value for hp does not make sense physically relative
encroach into the in. cover if necessary, but the 1 in. mini- to checking the stability of the web. However, as hp approaches
mum stud projection should be maintained. zero, it can be seen that the value for hc /hp becomes very large.
As to whether or not two different stud lengths are This again tends to indicate that buckling of the web becomes
required, I think that is a question that should be posed to less and less of a concern. The other factor is related to the
the engineer of record. If the design specifies a uniform slab shape factor, Zx/Sx, which is obviously in the same proportion
F3125 provides two different descriptions: not approved The opinions expressed in Steel Interchange do not necessarily represent an official
position of the American Institute of Steel Construction and have not been reviewed. It is
and not qualified. These terms are defined in the standard: recognized that the design of structures is within the scope and expertise of a competent
Not qualified in Table A1.1 means that a particular licensed structural engineer, architect or other licensed professional for the application of
principles to a particular structure.
coating has not been qualified and accepted by ASTM
If you have a question or problem that your fellow readers might help you solve, please
committee F16 for use on 150 ksi/1040 MPa bolts. forward it to us. At the same time, feel free to respond to any of the questions that you
Not approved in Table A1.1 means that a particular coat- have read here. Contact Steel Interchange via AISCs Steel Solutions Center:
ing was not approved for a particular bolt style or grade in 866.ASK.AISC solutions@aisc.org
the individual standard prior to combination into F3125.
10 NOVEMBER 2016
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1 True or False: The permissible range of strain rate for 7 True or False: A stick-out of two threads beyond the face
use in tension testing of a steel coupon is specified of the nut is required for a properly installed bolt.
in ASTM A370 Section 8.4.1. If the test is run at the
8 A column was designed assuming 50-ksi steel and
maximum speed permitted therein, the resulting yield the hypothetical wide-flange cross section chosen
strength Fy will be greater than that which would be just met the width-to-thickness ratio limit, 0.56(E/Fy).
obtained had the test been run at the minimum speed Subsequently, it was discovered that the actual yield
permitted therein. stress of the column supplied was 65 ksi, at which the
section exceeds that width-to-thickness ratio limit. Must
2 Why is pin bearing strength (AISC Specification Section
the designer reevaluate this column as a slender-element
J7) lower than bolt bearing strength (AISC Specification
cross section?
Section J3.10) for the identical standard hole size and
material thickness (assume that edge distance is not a 9 Which of the following number of cycles is the threshold
consideration)? after which fatigue must be considered in design?
a. 5,000
3 The increase in bolt tension due to deformation of the b. 20,000
connected part is known as ________. c. 100,000
4 Torsional loading of a restrained shape of an open cross d. 2,000,000
section produces three stresses. What are they? 10 True or False: As the unbraced length of a compact-
5 Which limit states may govern the design of a steel beam? section beam is increased, the limit state that controls
the design will change from yielding to inelastic lateral-
6 True or False: All beams need to be checked for the limit torsional buckling to elastic lateral-torsional buckling.
state of lateral-torsional buckling.
TURN TO PAGE 14 FOR ANSWERS
12 NOVEMBER 2016
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steel quiz ANSWERS
1 True. Unlike the tensile strength Fu, the yield strength 6 False. Lateral-torsional buckling is only applicable to beams
Fy varies slightly with the range of strain rate that is bending about their major axis. Consequently, lateral
permitted in ASTM A370. bracing is not required for members loaded through
their shear center and bending about their weak axis.
2 In the latter case, the bolt head and nut provide
confinement to the material that will undergo bearing 7 False. The RCSC Specification defines sufficient thread
deformations, which stiffens the material and increases engagement as having the end of the bolt extend
the strength. However, a pin connected assembly usually beyond or at least flush with the outer face of the nut,
does not benefit from the same level of confinement and a condition that develops the strength of the bolt.
the design strength is lower.
8 No. Although the value decreases as yield strength
3 Prying action. increases, the critical stress for local buckling is a function
of element slenderness, not the actual yield stress. Because
4 Shear stress due to pure (St. Venant) torsion, shear stress this critical stress remains unchanged, local buckling still will
due to warping, and normal stress due to warping.
not occur in the element at required strength.
5 Beam limit states relate to strength, stability and 9 b. Fatigue must be considered above 20,000 cycles of
serviceability, in flexure or shear. Those related to
loading. This is stated in Appendix Section 3.1 of the
flexural strength and stability are: flexural yielding,
AISC Specification.
lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling and
web local buckling. Also related to strength and 10 True.
stability is the limit state of shear yielding and/or
buckling. Serviceability limit states for beams are
deflection and vibration. Kudos to you if you also Everyone is welcome to
recognize that beam connection limit states also submit questions and
answers for Steel Quiz.
matter! Extra kudos if you think about these as you
design and select your beams!! If you are interested in submitting one question or an entire quiz, contact
AISCs Steel Solutions Center at 866.ASK.AISC or at solutions@aisc.org.
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steelwise
A look at the latest version WHATS NEW WITH
of AISC 358. PREQUALIFIED
CONNECTIONS?
BY MICHAEL D. ENGELHARDT, PhD, AND
MARGARET A. MATTHEW, PE
WHEN IT COMES to the chronicles of steel construction, Basic requirements that a connection must satisfy to become
the concept of prequalified connections is recent history. prequalified are specified in AISC 341, and the CPRP is guided
The first version of AISC 358 Prequalified Connections for Special by these requirements in prequalifying connections. In AISC
and Intermediate Steel Moment Frames for Seismic Applications was 341, requirements for prequalification are specified in Section
released in 2005, with subsequent major releases in 2010 and now K1 Prequalification of Beam-to-Column and Link-to-Col-
in 2016. Supplements have been issued in between these versions umn Connections. While there are numerous requirements,
as new prequalified connections were added to the standard. the most basic requirement for prequalification is the need for
So how did AISC 358 come to be in the first place? The impe- cyclic testing of the connection in accordance with AISC 341,
tus for its development goes back to damage observed to welded Section K2 Cyclic Tests for Qualifying of Beam-to-Column
steel moment connections in the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. and Link-to-Column Connections; it is not possible for a
A major outcome of post-Northridge research was the view that connection to become prequalified without large-scale testing.
any new steel moment connection detail intended for use in Further, Section K2 provides strict limits for extrapolating test
special moment frames (SMFs) or intermediate moment frames results to larger member sizes, and the CPRP adheres to these
(IMFs) should have their seismic performance verified by testing size extrapolation limits in AISC 358.
at a realistic scale. AISC 341 Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel
Buildings adopted performance criteria for SMFs and IMFs con- The New 358
nections that required connections be capable of developing a AISC 358-16 has 13 chapters and two appendices. Chapters 1
story drift angle of 0.04 rad for SMFs and 0.02 rad for IMFs through 4 contain general requirements that pertain to all prequali-
without significant loss in strength, and required that all moment fied connections. Each subsequent chapter (5 through 13) contains
connections demonstrate conformance with this performance requirements for specific prequalified connections. As new connec-
requirement by conducting qualifying cyclic tests. tions are prequalified, new chapters are added to the standard.
Prehistory
To facilitate and simplify conformance demonstration, the
concept of prequalified moment connections was developed.
Prequalified connections were first introduced in the SAC-FEMA
program in report FEMA 350: Recommended Seismic Design Cri-
teria for New Steel-Moment Buildings, which was released in 2000.
Building on the recommendations in FEMA 350, the concept of
prequalified moment connections was subsequently incorporated
into AISC 341 in 2002. Paraphrasing the commentary to AISC
341, a prequalified connection is one that has undergone suffi-
cient testing, analysis, evaluation and review so that a high level of
confidence exists that the connection can fulfill the performance
requirements for SMFs and IMFs. Recognizing that prequalifying
moment connections require evaluation by a panel of knowledge- Michael D. Engelhardt (mde@mail.utexas.edu) is a professor
able individuals, AISC created the Connection Prequalification at the University of Texas at Austin and chair of AISCs Connection
Review Panel (CPRP) in the early 2000s. The CPRP was assigned Prequalication Review Panel (CPRP) and also serves on the
the responsibility to prequalify SMF and IMF connections. In ad- Committee on Specications, TC8 (Design for Fire) and TC9
dition to creating the CPRP, AISC also created AISC 358 as a new (Seismic Provisions). Margaret A. Matthew (matthew@aisc.org)
building standard for prequalified connections (the CPRP is re- is a senior engineer with AISC, editor of Engineering Journal and
sponsible for development and updating of AISC 358). secretary of the CPRP and the Bender/Roller Committee.
When AISC 358-10 was issued, there were five prequalified Square steel HSS or
built-up column
connections (Chapter 5 through 9). Since 2010, four additional
prequalified connections have been added to the standard in
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Figure 3. The Simpson Strong-Tie
Yield-Link ange Strong-Frame Connection.
(Figure 12.1 from AISC 358-16)
Column
rolled or built-up column sections up to W18 in depth, and Figure. 4. A double-tee connection.
(Figure 13.1 from AISC 358-16)
the beam must be connected to the column flange. Additional
prequalification limits are listed in Chapter 12 of AISC 358.
It should be noted that following the prequalification of the
Strong-Frame connection in AISC 358, changes were made to The double-tee moment connection is prequalified for use in
the SMF requirements in Section E3 of AISC 341-16. This sec- SMFs and IMFs and for rolled wide-flange or welded built-up I-
tion now permits SMFs where inelastic deformation capacity is shaped members. Beam depth is limited to a maximum of W24,
provided by yielding within the connection where equivalent beam weight is limited to a maximum of 55 lb/ft and beam flange
performance of the moment frame system is demonstrated by thickness is limited to a maximum of 58 in. Columns can be rolled
substantiating analysis and testing. wide-flange shapes, welded built-up I-shapes or flanged cruciform
columns. Column depth is limited to W36 when a concrete struc-
Double-Tee Connection tural floor slab is present and is otherwise limited to W14. Beams
The double-tee connection is a new nonproprietary connec- must be connected to the column flange. Additional prequalifica-
tion in AISC 358 (a schematic of the connection is shown in tion limits are listed in Chapter 13 of AISC 358.
Figure 4). This is an all-field-bolted connection wherein the
beam flanges are connected to the column flange using T-stubs More Choices
cut from rolled sections, and the beam web is connected to the With these four connections that have been prequalified since
column using a single plate shear connection. The double-tee the release of AISC 358-10, there are now a total of nine prequali-
connection was the subject of significant research and testing fied connections in AISC 358, providing designers with many
in the SAC-FEMA program. This work was subsequently ex- choices for beam-to-column moment connections in SMFs and
tended with additional research and testing, leading ultimately IMFs. As weve provided only a few brief highlights here, we urge
to prequalification in AISC 358. you to peruse the new AISC 358 for complete details and require-
The connection is designed such that in the event of a strong ments for these and other prequalified connections. And remem-
earthquake, yielding occurs in the beam near the ends of the ber that designers are not restricted to only using prequalified con-
stems of the T-stubs. Like all other prequalified connections, nections in SMFs and IMFs. AISC 341 also permits connections in
with the exception of the Strong-Frame connection, the double SMFs and IMFs that have been qualified by testing but that have
tee is considered to be a fully restrained moment connection. not necessarily been prequalified. Nonetheless, AISC 358 can be
This means that connection flexibility need not be included in a valuable resource for designers by providing prequalified con-
the analysis model. As part of the design procedure for the dou- nections that are deemed to satisfy the connection performance
ble-tee connection in Chapter 13 of AISC 358, equations are requirements for SMFs and IMFs in AISC 341.
provided to check that the connection has adequate rotational AISC 358-16 is expected to become available this month and
stiffness to ensure that it behaves as fully restrained. will be posted at www.aisc.org/epubs in the Specifications,
Codes and Standards section.
22 NOVEMBER 2016
VULCRAFT WOULD LIKE
TO CONGRATULATE
THE WINNERS OF THE AISD PERFORMING ARTS CENTER / AUSTIN, TX THE INK BUILDING / NASHVILLE, TN
2016 NuHEIGHTS
DESIGN AWARDS.
LIBERTY CTR - THE FOUNDRY / LIBERTY TOWNSHIP, OH THE MAJESTIC II / JERSEY CITY, NJ
FORD INT. AIRPORT PARKING DECK / GRAND RAPIDS, MI DUKE PERRIS LOGISTICS CENTER II / PERRIS, CA
www.vulcraft.com
CONTINENTAL PIPELINE SHOP / FORT ST. JOHN, BC A.C. BARBER DAY CTR/RESCUE MISSION / SYRACUSE, NY
Changing how you think
about your project
CONSIDER THIS SCENARIO: Through your network, you Peer reviews and social media. Millennials value the
uncover a hot lead. A local community college has completed opinions of others, even strangers. In most cases, they will
its master plan for several new buildings and will now begin hir- not make a decisionlarge or smallwithout first looking
ing a variety of firms (to spread the work!) for project execution. at reviews. Often, these reviews are located online via social
Before picking up the phone to call the campus architect, media outlets.
you do your due diligencegeneral internet research, degrees Tip: Make sure to have multiple references for each proj-
of separation on LinkedIn, memberships within relevant orga- ect in your portfolio. Seek the perspectives of not just the
nizations and so forth. As you owner, but also the client con-
put together the pieces, build- tact, representatives from user
ing up a profile for this pro- groups and other stakehold-
spective client, you suddenly Millennials recognize that the ers. Note that a simple phone
discover that he is youngas in list of references will not suf-
30-years-young. global economy demands constant fice. In fact, since millennials
Whoa. Really? A kid in his overwhelmingly prefer tex-
early thirties is a decision-maker change and innovation ting over phone conversations,
for this community college? their motivation to call a ref-
You think to yourself, I and as such, they dont empathize erence is likely low. Instead,
must be 15 years his senior! you need to secure written,
Will I be able to successfully with hierarchically companies. robust testimonials. (For the
connect with someone of his purposes of visibility, dont
generation? Well, weve cer- forget to obtain the authors
tainly interfaced with client con- permission to include testi-
tacts in their late 20s and early 30s, particularly within some of monials across all your marketing mediums.)
our high-technology clients. But a millennial decision-maker?
This is new. Respect. You may find the millennials definition of respect
Its real. More and more frequently, gen X-ers and baby to be different compared with prior generations. Millennials
boomers are starting to encounter millennials (born from the inherently desire praise, feedback and to be taken seriously. Yet
early 1980s through the early 2000s) in the role of prospective on the flip side, they are less forthcoming with their displays of
clients. If this hasnt happened to you yet, you should be pre- respectuntil they believe you have earned it.
pared for it to in the next couple of years. Tip: When selling to millennials, ask them (often) about
This means AEC business developers will no longer have their perspective, their experiences and their preferences.
the luxury of building relationships with peers who share our But wait. How is this approach any different from your typi-
same generational sensibilities and preferences. As a result, we
will have to modify aspects of our existing sales process and
adjust our communication channels, processes, touch-points Anne Scarlett is president of
and messaging. Scarlett Consulting, a Chicago-
based company specializing in
How to Appeal to Millennials AEC-specic strategic marketing
What is the highest and best approach to appeal to the mil- plans, marketing audits and
lennial generation? Heres my set of initial tips, based upon my coaching. She is also on the adjunct
own direct interaction with millennials in the college classroom, faculty of Columbia College of
casual conversations with folks that have already experienced Chicago and DePaul University. She
the phenomena of selling to a younger generation and reli- can be contacted via her website,
able sources citing observable millennial character traits. www.annescarlett.com.
26 NOVEMBER 2016
This completely reconstructed bridge in Buchanan County, Iowa was designed in less
than five minutes and constructed in just two months. That was made possible by a new
web-based tool that creates steel bridge designs in three easy steps. Allowing engineers to
compare the economics of various designs and choose the best for their project and budget.
That saved Buchanan County time and resources. Not to mention it helped to quickly
provide a stronger foundation for farmers and the community. To use the free design
tool or to learn more about this story visit ShortSpanSteelBridges.org.
www.nucoryamato.com
THIRTEEN YEARS AFTER IT WAS ESTABLISHED Two-thirds of the museums space is below grade, extending 65
by an Act of Congress in 2003 and nine years after the de- ft underground on four different levels. The below-grade struc-
sign was selected through an international competition, the ture is primarily framed in cast-in-place concrete, including the
Smithsonian Institutions new National Museum of African mat slab and pile-supported foundations, concrete floor slabs and
American History and Culture (NMAAHC) was dedicated on concrete columns. The museums main permanent historical exhi-
September 24 by President Barack Obama and a host of dig- bition, located below grade with a green roof above it at grade level,
nitaries and benefactors. was originally to be framed in cast-in-place concrete as well. How-
Located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the ever, due to the fast-track schedule and in conjunction with the
museum chronicles and memorializes the African American owner, exhibit designer and contractor, the roof was redesigned in
experience in a new 376,000-sq.-ft building that itself be- structural steel after construction of the facility had already begun.
comes part of the story. The structure uses steel throughout Long-span steel beams and custom plate girders with only two
(just over 4,000 tons) to achieve the sweeping programmatic lines of columns create the interior open space critical for gallery ex-
and aesthetic goals and enhance the visitor experience. hibitions for this level, and a central steel-framed oculus allows light
30 NOVEMBER 2016
Silman
Silman
The steel-framed history gallery roof (at grade). The plywood
box at right is temporary protection around the installed
Pullman train car.
The oculus from below.
The Corona frames into the building structure only at level 5
The museums delicate cladding system resembles an and at the base of the museum, thus creating a continuous
African carved wood crown, or corona. atrium surrounding all sides of the museum.
into the exhibition space from grade level. The oculus is framed low. It also allowed for the installation of large exhibit itemssuch
with rolled W40183 steel beams at the first floor, and the pop-up as a Pullman train car and a Louisiana State Penitentiary guard
roof is built from tapered plate girders that radiate out. Steel also towerwithout delaying roof construction. This level was quickly
eliminated the need for complicated shoring within the gallery dur- redesigned as construction progressed to allow enough time for
ing concrete curing, which would have inhibited ongoing work be- steel fabrication while maintaining the overall schedule.
Rebecca Laberenne
(rlaberenne@100resilientcities.org)
is associate director of 100 Resilient
Cities, Ben Rosenberg
(rosenberg@silman.com) is an
associate with Silman and Erich
Oswald (eo@nordenson.com) is an
associate partner with Guy Nordenson
and Associates.
Steel Composite Cores for gravity loads and overturning forces due to lateral
The five-story above-grade structure of the museum, including loads. This model was also used to determine connection
its iconic facade system, is supported entirely from four structural design forces for the steel framing.
cores in order to create a column-free ground-floor lobby. The Model 2 was a concrete-only model with large openings,
four structural cores are composite systems made up of steel floor explicitly used to determine the required thickness and re-
beams and corner steel columns. These beams and columns are inforcement for each infill wall and the total number of shear
made composite through shear studs with reinforced cast-in-place studs required between the concrete and steel elements.
concrete infill walls and support both the entire gravity load of Model 3 was a composite model with steel framing elements
the building as well as serve as the primary lateral force-resisting and concrete shell elements used to calculate the sharing of
system. This composite system provided greater lateral stiffness, load between these components and to calculate drift.
allowed for greater flexibility in the coordination of large penetra- Model 4 was similar to Model 3 except that the stud connec-
tions through the walls for building services and provided greater tor elements were modeled explicitly as nonlinear elements.
resistance to blast loading and progressive collapse than a tradi- Deep composite plate girders span between the structural
tional braced-frame core system. It also allowed for simpler con- cores at each level to support the main gallery levels. Additionally,
nections between the cores and the long-span and cantilevered each gallery floor plate projects outward from the cores and is
steel framing in the building than typical reinforced concrete walls. supported by cantilevered steel beams on the north side and pe-
The reinforced concrete infill walls vary in thickness from rimeter vertical trusses and cantilevered brace outriggers fram-
10 in. to 16 in. depending on the shear force transfer required. ing into the composite cores on the east and south sides.
They are perforated in numerous locations for architectural
openings, mechanical ducts and other utilities. The concrete infill The Corona
walls are connected to the steel columns and beams with headed One of the most prominent design features of the museum is
shear studs, which allow shear and axial force transfer between its delicate cladding system resembling an African carved wood
the steel frame and walls, and in some locations reinforcing bars
are coupled to the steel frame. The boundaries between the steel
The level 2 platform with perimeter vertical steel trusses.
and concrete where the shear studs are located are heavily rein-
forced with closed stirrups to provide confinement around the
Richard Barnes
32 NOVEMBER 2016
crown, or corona. While conventional
building enclosures are typically connected
at each floor level of a building, the Corona
frames into the building structure only at
level 5 and at the base of the museum, thus
creating a continuous atrium surrounding
an
all sides of the museum. Silm
A and
Based on several framing studies con- GN
An integrated
Revit model
showing a
perspective
view.
GNA
34 NOVEMBER 2016
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Smithsonian addition to the National Mall
is now open to share its portion of the on-
going American story.
Owner
Smithsonian Institution
General Contractor
Clark/Smooth/Russell, A Joint Venture
Architect
Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup
FREE
Structural Engineer
Robert Silman Associates Structural 15-DAY
Engineers, Washington, D.C. TRIAL*
Guy Nordenson and Associates, New York *see website
for details
Steel Team
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Bosworth Steel Erectors, Inc., and straight steel girder bridges.
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TIGHT
Coverage BY
JOELLE NELSON, PE, AND THOMAS DUFFY, PE
PHOTOS COURTESY OF THORNTON TOMASETTI
In Motion
Without the constraints of a retractable
roof, the design team was free to shape
the roof in a way that best accommodated
the environmental and structural needs.
And while the sharp peak and slope of the
roof (which is supported by a 989-ft-long,
1,700-ton ridge truss located 214 ft above
the field) make an architectural statement,
they came as a result of snow load studies
performed by RWDI in coordination with
Thornton Tomasetti. The two companies
worked together to optimize the roof slope
for reduced snow loading, and the slope,
The pivoting wall panels are the worlds largest.
orientation and low friction coefficient of
the ETFE material allow snow to slide off The ETFE roof is the largest of its kind in North America.
the roof instead of accumulating and pond-
inga problem at the old Metrodome. At
U.S. Bank Stadium, the heavy, sliding snow
is safely captured and contained by a so-
phisticated snow catchment system, where
it is melted and drained away.
An operable wall, not subject to snow
loading, was another suitable option for
Minnesota and an appropriate complement
to the roof. However, this type of wall comes
with an entirely different set of design chal-
lenges, and a pivoting operable wall had nev-
er been achieved at this scale before. Located
at the main entry point for the stadium along
the western face, the operable wall consists of
five panels that, when open, form an opening
in the west wall roughly nine stories high and
nearly as long as the football field itself. Each
wall panel, ranging between 75 ft and 95 ft in
Triple Option
Each panel has a 10-ft-deep vertical steel
Doors in doors: ground-level access doors in the movable wall panels. truss, triangular in plan, that wraps around a
36-in.-diameter steel pipe building column,
which also supports the upper concourses
and roof. The truss geometry incorporates
Vierendeel panels to provide clearance for
rotating through the W33 and W36 girders
that extend out of the pivot columns to sup-
port the upper stadium floors. This tri-chord
truss, comprised of standard box HSS, forms
the spine of the panel, with a series of can-
tilevered wings (also made from box HSS)
extending off the truss to support the glass
curtain wall. Steel rods run diagonally, serv-
ing a triple purpose: providing gravity sup-
port for the cantilevered wings, stiffening
the panel and plumbing the panel during
erection. The eccentricity of the facade load
to the panel structure would pull the panel
open at the top tip, so the engineers carefully
calculated the pretension in each rod to resist
this effect and keep each panel plumb.
Each panels mechanical components, de-
signed by Hardesty & Hanover in close coor-
dination with Thornton Tomasetti, consist of
an upper bearing, a lower bearing, three pairs
of hydraulic cylinders and three to four actuat-
FOR MORE INFORMATION, VISIT TNEMEC.COM/THERMALBREAK ing lock pins. The entire weight of each panel
OR CALL 1-800-TNEMEC1.
The new roof was designed to easily
handle Minneapolis high snow loads.
Aerolon
38 NOVEMBER 2016
is supported by a spherical thrust bearing at
the bottom, which, along with an HDPE
(high-density polyethylene) sleeve bearing at
the top, provides the lateral support for the
panel, with allowance for differential move-
ment between the panels and the stadium
structure. Three pairs of hydraulic cylinders
within the tri-chord truss serve as the driving
force behind each panel, rotating the panels
open and closed in five minutes and providing
torsional resistance to the wind load.
Force to be Reckoned with A diagram of the panel walls, open and closed.
The eccentric gravity load from the
panels 49-ft cantilever imparts a significant
horizontal force to the upper bearing at the
top of the door and the lower bearing at
the bottom of the door. The direction of
this horizontal force changes as the door
swings open, and the building structure
had to be designed to resist this force in
any direction with limited deflection.
The panels are not to be operated when
wind loads exceed 40 mph, but they are de-
signed to be held open in a 67.5-mph wind,
which equates to a one-year recurrence
interval. For the full-design wind event, a
90-mph wind, the panels are closed and
pinned together by a total of 19 actuating
pins. (An anemometer has been placed in
the stadiums parking lot to alert officials
when the wind speeds get too high and the
panels should be closed.) While NFL reg-
ulations require that the panels be either
open or shut prior to kickoff and remain in
that position throughout the entire game,
they allow for them to be closed should
wind speeds become suddenly elevated.
The final design of the wall panel structure
was completed in SAP2000, with the hydrau-
lic cylinders treated differently under various
stages. For the stationary conditions, the hy-
draulic cylinders are locked-off such that they behave as rigid sup- door bank. Before the wall panel swings open, the entire door bank,
portsbut lateral load due to overturning is to be resisted entirely consisting of five sets of standard double doors, raises up 4 in. while
by the upper and lower bearings. Therefore, using non-linear con- the remaining length of the panel has operable sillssmall panels at
struction sequencing, each pair of cylinders was initially modeled as the base that lift a few inches before the wall panel moves.
a torsional support and replaced by a pair of lateral supports only Using 17,250 tons of structural steel, the stadium is ready for
after the panel self-weight was added to the model. whatever the weather can throw at it, and the 66,655 Vikings
When the panels are operating and the wind is blowing, the fans that fill it on football Sundays (seating capacity is expand-
hydraulic cylinders do not respond as rigid supports. Instead, the able to 73,000 for the Super Bowl) will experience the game in
control system delivers equal pressure (and load) at each pair of a first-of-its kind venue that adds a whole new dimension to the
cylinders. For each load case, the reaction in the cylinders had to game-day experience.
be calculated by hand and applied in the model as loads. Owner
Minnesota Sports and Facilities Authority
Sealing the Perimeter
Construction Manager
While all of the above may sound challenging, many on the
M.A. Mortenson Company, Minneapolis
design team would say the most difficult aspect of the operable
wall design was the perimeter seals. Because Minnesota has such a Architect
wide temperature range, high winds and heavy snowfall, weather- HKS, Inc., Dallas
tight seals were absolutely necessary. However, this large tempera- Structural Engineer
ture swing also causes significant thermal movement. The vertical Thornton Tomasetti, Inc., New York
seals are formed as the tip of one panel presses against the butt Mechanization Engineers
of the adjacent panel. Given the multiple swinging parts, thermal Thornton Tomasetti, Inc./Hardesty & Hanover, LLC, New York
movement, curtain wall depth and minimum clearances when any
Steel Team
single panel operates, achieving weather-tight and architecturally
Fabricators
pleasing seals that function optimally under Minnesotas extreme
LeJeune Steel, Minneapolis
temperature conditions required extensive collaboration between
Merrill Iron & Steel, Inc., Schoeld, Wis.
design team members and mock-up testing.
On top of this, because the wall panels serve as the main entry Erectors
point for the stadium even when the panels are closed, they include Dannys Construction Co., Shakopee, Minn.
a series of standard entry doors at the base. These door banks must Derr and Isbell Construction, LLC, Euless, Texas
be ADA-compliant, so only a minimal threshold was allowed. Thus, Detailers
the personnel doors themselves form a tight seal at the base when LTC, Inc., West Salem, Wis.
the panels are shut but also clear the ground so as not to drag while Aarbee Structures Pvt., Ltd., Bangalore, India
the panels swing open. Therefore, each wall panel has an operable
40 NOVEMBER 2016
BRINGING YOU THE FUTURE; NOW.
V10 provides unrivalled enhancements to STRUMIS superior array of functionality.
Match
BY AMIT MAVALANKAR, PE, JAMES J. BONANNO, PE,
AND STEPHEN V. DESIMONE, PE
while working to blend in
with its existing neighbors.
Amit Mavalankar
(amit.mavalankar@de-simone.com) is
a senior project manager,
James J. Bonanno
(james.bonanno@de-simone.com) is a
principal and Stephen V. DeSimone
(Stephen.desimone@de-simone.com)
is president, all with
DeSimone Consulting Engineers.
42 NOVEMBER 2016
A rendering of the overall complex.
Phase 1 of the project uses 4,500 tons of steel.
The residential building is at left and the commercial building at right.
DOWNTOWN FLUSHING IN QUEENS is the fourth- munity space in a total of five distinct buildings. Phase I
largest central business district in New Yorknothing to is a development of approximately 670,000 sq. ft, with a
sneeze at in a city of 8.4 million. 14-story residential tower and an 11-story office building,
As the epicenter of Flushinga neighborhood of roughly both steel-framed. Underneath the buildings is a concrete-
72,000 residentsthe area is a stones throw from Flushing framed four-story, 270,000-sq.-ft below-grade garage with
Meadows Corona Park, home of the USTA Billie Jean King 980 parking spaces.
National Tennis Center, and the New York Mets Citi Field. The massive project achieved its first milestone this past
Currently rising from its center is a 1.8-million-sq.-ft spring with the topping out of the residential tower and the
complex known as Flushing Commons. The mixed-use office building. Using 4,500 tons of structural steel, Phase I is
project is organized into four components comprising a expected to be completed early next year, with the entire proj-
residential building and office, retail, parking and com- ect scheduled to open by 2021.
Residential
Designing a mixed-use residential tower
is never an easy or straightforward task, as
the column grids for parking and retail por-
tions do not typically synch with the col-
umn spacing for the residential units. The
columns for the residential units are usually
located within the room layouts at locations
where they may be most easily camouflaged
by architectural elements, and trying to
match them with the commercial column
grids often imposes constraints on floor lay-
out. The design team looked to the Girder-
Slab system to address this issue. The system
is an assembly of asymmetrical steel beams
referred to as D-Beams and is fabricated
from a standard rolled wide-flange section
and a flat bar. It supports a hollow-core pre-
cast plank on its bottom flange.
The gravity system for the residential building incorpo- eter W10 beams in the north-south direction and specially designed
rates D-Beams for the typical residential levels to support solid precast plank with embeds in the east-west direction.
4-ft-wide, 8-in.-deep planks that span 28 ft, which matched
the column spacing in the retail levels and parking garage. In Commercial and Ofce
the other direction, the beams span 18 ft to 20 ft between the The gravity system for the commercial building consists
W12 columns. The lateral force-resisting system was designed of conventional composite wide-flange steel beams carrying
to react to wind loads and consists of concentrically braced 3-in. metal deck with 3-in.-thick lightweight topping con-
frames around the stair and elevator core, using brace and crete. The beams in in turn are supported by W14 columns.
column sizes up to W14370. The system is predominantly The parking column grid of 30 ft by 28 ft is also used for the
drift-controlled, and fewer braced frames were used to control retail and office floors above. As with the residential tower, the
the overall as well as inter-story drift. The lateral shear forces lateral force-resisting system consists of concentrically braced
from the steel braced frames are transferred to the concrete frames around the stair and elevator cores to resist wind loads,
shear walls by strap beams. and uses wide-flange braces and column elements. Larger
The residential towers facade appears as a window wall, blend- wide-flange sections were used limit the inter-story drifts.
ing the brick and glass to form a typical residential look that fits The lateral system is drift-controlled, and fewer brace frames
in with the surrounding neighborhood. The facade panels are sup- were used at limited locations to keep the design in line with
ported from the edge of the floor system and are attached to perim- the architects requirements.
Phase 1 includes a 14-story residential tower and an 11-story office building, both steel-framed, on top of a four-story, 270,000-sq.-ft
below-grade garage with 980 parking spaces.
46 NOVEMBER 2016
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Construction Coordination
The architect and engineers used 3D
building information modeling (BIM) to
coordinate the design with various other
disciplines. The use of a Revit model in
the preliminary phases of design facili-
tated early coordination between different
trades and resolve clashes between struc-
tural and MEP components. The steel
fabricator used Tekla to model the steel-
framed buildings. This helped the general
contractor coordinate the strap beams,
concrete podium and facade embeds to
support the panelized facade system with
the structural interfaces. The contractor
and design team used Autodesks Con-
structware as a submittal tracking system,
which helped smoothen the construction
administration process.
This level of coordination, over a proj-
ect with so many components and in a tight
urban setting, is impressive but also expect-
A strap beam ed for such a high-profile development at
erected on-site. the heart of New Yorks largest and second-
most populous borough.
Owners
F & T Group, The Rockfeller Group,
AECOM Capital
General Contractor
Tishman Construction, New York
Architect
Perkins Eastman Architects, New York
Structural Engineer
DeSimone Consulting Engineers,
New York
Steel Fabricator, Erector and Detailer
Berlin Steel Construction Co.,
Kensington, Conn.
48 NOVEMBER 2016
On the Fast
TRACK BY BEN NEAL
50 NOVEMBER 2016
Picking the new span up from the lay-down yard. Placing an old span on an island downstream to make way for
the new spans.
Removing an existing span.
using the same alignment and grade as the existing structure weight of the cranes carrying the new bridge sections as well
while minimizing impact to railroad traffic. Through proactive as maintain the ability to be removed quickly, if the need arose.
problem-solving and teamwork, the construction team preas- While the new piers were being constructed beneath the exist-
sembled the new spans in a staging area just south of the site ing bridgethey were constructed to within 1 in. of the ex-
while simultaneous construction of the new piers was taking isting structurethe project team constructed four new steel
place beneath the existing bridge. spans in the lay-down yard. Each span consisted of approxi-
mately 385 pieces of structural steel and 7,500 field bolts, and
Minimizing Delays each incorporates a -in. steel deck that was welded together
The new bridge is a four-span through-plate girder super- during assembly to create a solid floor plate 115 ft long. Steel
structure. With the new structure continuing along the same for the entire bridge totalled 780 tons. Using a steel deck also
alignment and grade as the existing bridge, a traditional con- expedited construction by allowing the deck to be installed
struction approach would have required a four-month disrup- ahead of time, as other types of deck would likely have had to
tion in train service. With the emphasis on minimizing train be installed during the outage. Waterproofing was applied over
delays, Norfolk Southern granted a five-day (120 hours) out- the entire deck prior to the outage in order to make efficient
age to complete the replacement of the structure. With a tight use of the available work time.
work schedule and a complicated span erection sequence, safety
was a critical factor. Coordination was made more complex by The Importance of Preplanning
random train movements, which came from both directions Extensive planning was required prior to the owner grant-
throughout the day. Constant communication between work ing an extended outage. Several team meetings were held to co-
crews and the on-site Norfolk Southern representative ensured ordinate not only the work to replace the structure, but also the
that everyone was clear prior to trains coming through the site. work required to maintain the signals and remove and replace
In preparation for on-site construction, the team created a the tracks themselves. An outage schedule, broken down into
lay-down yard on the southeast corner of the structure while half-hour increments, was required by the owner prior to the
a temporary causeway was constructed across the river. The beginning of the work outage window. When all of the pieces
causeway was constructed using 15,000 tons of stone, 120 tons were in place, the outage was scheduled for late winter. How-
of temporary steel beams and 160 crane mats. The temporary ever, four days prior to the scheduled outage, the area received
beams and crane mats were used to create bridges to maintain 3 in. of rain that caused ice in the river to break and flow down-
the flow of the river and allowed for quick removal in times river. The temporary bridges were removed to prevent poten-
of high water to eliminate the potential for flooding upriver. tial flooding, and the outage was delayed. Luckily, preplanning
These temporary bridges had to be designed to withstand the during the design phase anticipated the potential for flooding,
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deformation and provides smoother curvatures. Each bent
section is verified for accuracy along its arc.
52 NOVEMBER 2016
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An elevation view of the the top 4 ft to 5 ft of the existing bridge Once demolition was completed, bear-
new bridge. abutments were also removed during de- ings were placed on the newly built piers
molition. The removed spans produced and precast concrete abutment pieces were
750 tons of steel to be recycled. placed to allow for span erection. The
new spans were then rigged and walked
into place with a tandem pick by 300-ton
Manitowoc 2250 crawler cranes. Each pick
was approximately 200 tons and carefully
choreographed so that weight remained
balanced and the operators of each crane
stayed in sync throughout the movement.
The spans were carried approximately
Up and Running
This bridge replacement demonstrates
the importance of coordination, plan-
ning and execution of complex projects.
Mr. Amrit Das, founder of Research Engineers International (REI) and the original author of STAAD, passed
The challenge was to balance replacing
away in Kolkata, India after a short but courageous battle with brain cancer.
the bridge quickly and avoid an extended
Amrit was the Chairman, CEO and Founder of REI and then netGuru, Inc. He graduated from Bengal Engineering outage while also factoring in potential
College in 1966 with a degree in Civil Engineering. After starting his career with Catalytic Engineers, in weather- and flood-related delays inher-
Philadelphia, he pursued his dream of starting his own engineering rm. Developing STAAD in his spare time ent to the area. Starting with design, the
using a used Telex machine, a borrowed VAX-11 and some late nights at the Drexel library learning FORTRAN.
project team rose to that challenge and
Never accepting no for an answer, he strove to bring his ideas to life, ultimately founding REI in New Jersey
in 1978.
was able to work together to meet a criti-
cal time frame while keeping quality a pri-
Taking some sound advice from an industry colleague John Walker, Amrit decided to port STAAD to a PC, banking ority and maintaining the project budget.
on the fact that personal computers would be as ubiquitous to an engineer as a paper and pen. In the following Crews worked in two 12-hour shifts so
decades, under his guidance, STAAD became the worlds leading general-purpose structural engineering
that construction continued around the
software. STAAD is responsible for the underlining design of tens of thousands of structures including
clock for 120 continuous hours, and the
stadiums, skyscrapers, industrial plants, towers, dams and iconic edices such as Wimbledon Center Court
Roof, Guangdong Olympic Stadium, NASA Rocket Launch Pads and reconstruction of the Grand Palais in project was completed on time, resulting
Paris. In 1991, after moving the company to California, he had ambitions of expanding REIs footprint beyond in minimal disruption to the trains and
structural software and went on to create innovative software for the piping and civil industries. the industry that they serve.
Amrits impact in the Information Technology and AEC communities worldwide was profound and
Owner
widespread. He was honored to be named Man of the Year in 1996 by The California Chamber of Commerce, Norfolk Southern, Norfolk, Va.
when REI was listed as a public company on the NASDAQ. He has been recognized by the International Whos General Contractor
Who of Global Business Leaders, Whos Who of Outstanding Americans and Whos Who of Leading American The Ruhlin Company, Akron, Ohio
Executives as an industry leader and visionary. With pride and satisfaction in 2005, he sold the REI division
of netGuru to Bentley Systems Inc., where STAADs dominance in the market would continue. Structural Engineer
Alfred Benesch and Company, Chicago
Amrit is survived by his wife, Tamisra and their three children Santanu, Sormistha and Andrew.
A patron page in his honor has been set up to benet Ovarian Cancer Research Fund:
Steel Fabricator
http://ocrf.kintera.org/wallofhope/amritdas Industrial Steel Construction, Inc.,
Gary, Ind.
54 NOVEMBER 2016
news
IN MEMORIAM
Bridge Engineering Expert People and Firms
Dennis Mertz Dies at 63 Independence Tu b e
Dennis Mertz, PhD, professor of civil and AASHTO in 2005. Mertz touched the C o r p o r a t i o n h a s e n t e re d
engineering and director of the Center lives of hundreds of students and directly into an agreement to sell
for Innovative Bridge Engineering at the shaped the career of many bridge engi- the company to Nucor
University of Delaware (UDel), passed neers practicing today. He also mentored Steel. Founded in 1972 in a
away last month after a prolonged battle many young professors throughout the 53,000-sq.-ft facility on the
with cancer. He was 63. U.S., providing them with sound advice southwest side of Chicago,
A professor at UDel for 25 years, Mertz and guidance as they moved forward in I n d e p e n d e n c e Tu b e h a s
dedicated a large portion of his profes- their own academic careers. grown to 1.7 million sq. ft
sional career to advancing the state of the Dennis was a well-regarded leader and under-roof with two manufac-
art in bridge engineering. The research he noteworthy contributor amongst his col- turing divisions in Illinois and
conducted, combined with his efforts on leagues, said Bill McEleney, NSBAs man- two more in Alabama. Nucor
numerous technical committees, helped aging director. In addition to his superla- plans to install a electric-resis-
shape the industry into what it is today. tive technical skills, his quick wit, upbeat tance-weld mill in the south,
His contributions were recognized ear- personality and which will be capable of pro-
lier this year at the International Bridge genuine friend- ducing large HSS and pipe
Conference, where he was presented ship drew many piling sizes.
with the John A. Roebling Medal for his to him. He was
lifetime achievements in bridge engineer- a great friend to
ing. He previously earned a Steel Bridge many of us, and
Forum Award in 1997, an Innovation in he will truly be
Steel Bridge Award from AISI in 1998, a missed.
Special Achievement Award from AISC in Mertz is
2000, the Richard R. Torrens Award from survived by his
ASCE in 2003 and the Richard S. Foun- wife, Madelyn,
tain Bridge Task Force Award from AISI and one brother.
Jaime Garza, SE, has
joined John A. Martin and
SUSTAINABILITY Associates, Inc., Structural
E ngineers a s senior proj-
Steel Industry Unites for Material Transparency ect manager. Garza brings
SMDI has compiled a comprehensive list help building professionals make better- over 13 years of expertise
of industry-wide environmental product informed product decisions, said Mark in seismic design and retro-
declarations (EPDs) for steel building Thimons, vice president of sustainability fit of existing buildings, and
products. These EPDs summarize the re- for SMDI. In an effort to be as transpar- his past clients include the
sults of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) for ent as possible, these steel industry EPDs University of California, the
specific steel products in the construction are more comprehensive than those for Los Angeles Unified School
industry to describe their potential envi- many other building materials, creating a District, the Los Angeles
ronmental impacts. truly all-encompassing view of each prod- Police Department, Los
Construction professionals interested in ucts environmental impacts. Angeles International Airport
viewing and using EPDs and other trans- Building professionals can use this list of and most recently the Waldorf
parency resources in their building projects EPDs to help earn credits in green build- Astoria Hotel and Beverly
can visit www.buildusingsteel.org for the ing rating systems such as the U.S. Green Hilton Garden in Beverly Hills.
list of steel product EPDs and updates on Building Councils LEED v4, which offers To see a nonbuilding steel
other sustainability resources. Currently, opportunities for steel in a revamped ma- structure that Garza designed,
the site includes EPDs for 11 product cat- terials section including credits for LCAs, check out the January 2015
egories, including Fabricated Hot-Rolled EPDs and transparency. Structurally Sound item "Vital
Structural Sections and Fabricated Steel SMDI will update its list as the steel Fluid" in the Archives section
Plate from AISC (which are available for industry continues to develop EPDs of www.modernsteel.com.
free at www.aisc.org/epd). to maintain an informative, current
Similar to a nutrition label on food resource for building professionals in-
packaging, environmental product dec- terested in the sustainability of steel
larations present concise information to building products.
56 NOVEMBER 2016
news
AISC NEWS
Larry Kruth Named AISC Vice President of Engineering
Lawrence F. Kruth, PE, has been named Larry brings an amazing breadth of Outside of AISC, Kruth is a member
the new vice president of engineering and expertise and proficiency in fabrication of the Research Council on Structural
research at AISC, where he will oversee all and erection and the associated engineer- Connections, Structural Engineers As-
technical activities. He succeeds Charles J. ing, said Carter. Ive worked with him sociation of Michigan, MIOSHA Part
Carter, SE, PE, PhD, who has been pro- closely on a number of AISC technical 26 Steel Erection Advisory Committee
moted to president of AISC, effective De- committees and have always been im- and MIOSHA Part 10 Lifting and Dig-
cember 5. pressed by his knowledge and his abil- ging Equipment Advisory Committee.
Most of Kruths career has been with ity to work with a wide range of people. He also has served
Douglas Steel Fabricating in Lansing, Kruth has served on the AISC Specifica- as adjunct faculty
Mich., most recently as a vice president. tion Committee and its task committees at Michigan State
He has notable expertise in fabrication on connection design and quality control University for the
and erection, quality systems, safety and assurance, the AISC Safety Commit- Capstone Struc-
and connection design. Before join- tee and the AISC Research Committee. tural Engineering
ing Douglas Steel in 1984, Kruth had He also has assisted with AISCS efforts class. In 2011, he
stints with H & G Fabrication Corp. in to provide resources for construction was named Engi-
Grand Ledge, Mich., Kaiser Engineers management education, is a 25-year vet- neer of the Year by
of Pennsylvania in Pittsburgh, Master eran of the National Student Steel Bridge the Structural En-
Engineers in Pittsburgh and Franklin Competition, and served four years on the gineers Association
Associates in Somerset, Penn. AISC Board of Directors. of Michigan.
Structural Analysis
and Design Software USA / International Standards
FREE TRIAL
www.dlubal.com
58 NOVEMBER 2016
letters
the poor condition of our bridges. Such an for some reason we studied a number of sophisticated methods like photoelastic-
approach will demand significant revisions the different thread designs used around ity, which were not available at the time.
of the established methods of planning, the world and how stress raisers were Lambert Tall, PE, PhD
designing and managing the process. But handled by the geometry chosen. So it Tucson, Arizona
there is no other option if we want to solve is of interest to follow later studies using
the deterioration of our bridge infrastructure
in a reasonable timeframe.
The transportation authorities should
introduce a system that will motivate the
various departments of transportation
and all their personnel to strive for more
efficient and economical bridges; similar
motivation should be introduced for the
general contractors awarded the projects
construction. A good approach would be
to have all bridge projects larger than a
specific amountsay, $30 millionto be
awarded based on competition.
The use of inefficient new structures is
an enormous problem, and the first step
towards resolving it is to recognize that such
a problem existsand then deal with it.
The current poor condition of our bridges
is not acceptable for the high standards of
American bridge engineering. American
engineers should not accept being left out
of the development process for new, more
efficient structures. With the necessary
efforts and persistence, our engineers would
be able to revive the golden age of American
bridge engineering that produced the
Brooklyn Bridge, the George Washington
Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge, the original
1936 San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge
and the Verrazano Narrows Bridge.
Roumen V. Mladjov, SE, PE
An Approachable
Approach to Bolts
I was struck by James LaBelle's September
article on anchor rods, Strength and
Engagement (available at www.modern-
steel.com). I found it very interesting, not
only because of the topic but also because it
was important and written in a simple and
engaging manner. Much of the technical
information we read today is academic and
complicated. It is highly unusual to read
about the strength of bolt threads in steel
construction, yet it is certainly topical and
the article was certainly approachable. In
my undergraduate years in the early 1950s,
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 59
news
SCHOLARSHIPS
Annual AISC Scholarship Winners Announced
This year, AISC has administered a total David B. Ratterman AISC Scholarships for Juniors,
of $177,000 in financial aid to 54 deserv- Fast Start Scholarships Seniors and Masters-Level Students
ing undergraduate and masters-level $1,000 Award Recipients AISC Education Foundation
students for the 2016-17 academic year. Carli Beveridge, Joseph Arehart,
AISCs David B. Ratterman Fast Start University of Connecticut University of Colorado Boulder
Scholarship program for freshman and Breeanna Cash, Kansas City William Bader, University of Illinois
sophomore students, now in its fifth year, Kansas Community College at Urbana-Champaign
awarded 14 scholarships to students at Makaylah Howard, Mount Wachusett Ethan Baker, University of Arkansas
two-year and four-year colleges. These Community College Leon Collins,
students, who are relatives of AISC mem- The College of New Jersey
$2,000 Award Recipients Kathryn Eckhoff,
ber company employees, are full-time
Kaitlyn DeVos, Northwestern University
freshmen or sophomores during the cur-
Lake Area Technical Institute Eric Fleet,
rent 2016-17 academic year.
Carter Riechmann, Oklahoma State University
The AISC Education Foundation, in
Indian Hills Community College George Grzywacz Jr.,
conjunction with several other structur-
Shelby Snider, University of Michigan
al steel industry associations, awarded Anna Harris, Santa Clara University
Lansing Community College
45 scholarships totaling $137,000 to Nicholas Heim,
Sean Templeton,
sophomore, junior, senior and masters- Case Western Reserve University
Missouri State Technical College
level students for the 2016-17 academic Sarah Unger (not pictured), Derek Hibner,
year. We would like to offer our sincere Blue Ridge Community College Michigan State University
thanks to these organizations for their Jaelyn Walters, Casper College Sara Ibarra (not pictured),
generous continued support of our stu- University of Washington
dent programs. $5,000 Award Recipients Jacob Linford,
Congratulations to the following Autum Auxier, Ball State University University of California, San Diego
students for earning their well-deserved Serena Lewis, University of Denver Duncan MacLachlan,
scholarships for the current school year: Alberto Montemayor (not pictured), The University of Kansas
Southern Methodist University Jackson Mahrt,
Dylan Neutgens, Montana Tech Arizona State University
Jailyn Smith (not pictured),
Mississippi State University
60 NOVEMBER 2016
news
AISC Education Foundation (cont.) AISC/Associated Steel Erectors Matthew Mestre, Civil Engineering
Caleb Mitchell, of Chicago Kaylee Roper,
Kansas State University Joseluis Alvarez, Architectural Engineering
Jerren Paradee, University of Illinois at Chicago Randall Castor,
University of Washington William Bader, University of Illinois Construction Management
Lauren Santullo, at Urbana-Champaign Dillon Cochran, Civil Engineering
The College of New Jersey Kathryn Eckhoff, Northwestern Alexa Coleman,
Andrew Schanck, University Architectural Engineering
The University of Maine Bora Ozaltun, University of Illinois Lauren Breedlove (not pictured),
Melanie Stephenson, at Urbana-Champaign Civil Engineering
Colorado School of Mines Joshua Pinney, Rose-Hulman Jose Reyna (not pictured),
Andrew Unander, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Construction Management
Institute of Technology Kennedy Stephens,
AISC/Technical Committee on Architectural Engineering
AISC/Great Lakes Fabricators & Structural Shapes
Erectors Association Lauren Santullo, The AISC Scholarship jury consisted of
Joseph Schmitt, The College of New Jersey the following individuals:
Michigan Technological University Andrew Schanck, Benjamin Baer,
The University of Maine Baer Associates Engineers, Ltd.
AISC/Ohio Structural Travis Thornburgh, University of Iowa David Bibbs, Cannon Design
Steel Association Christopher Brown,
Kamron Skaggs, AISC/Indiana Skidmore Owings & Merrill, LLP
University of Cincinnati Fabricators Association Christina Harber, AISC
Kristen Belyea, Rose-Hulman Luke Johnson, American Structurepoint
AISC/Rocky Mountain Steel Institute of Technology Colleen Malone, H.W. Lochner, Inc.
Construction Association Gerard Guell Bartrina,
Joseph Arehart, Indiana University-Purdue The David B. Ratterman Scholarship jury
University of Colorado Boulder University Fort Wayne consisted of the following individuals:
Madalyn (Maddy) Sowar, Brad Bourne,
AISC/Southern Association University of Notre Dame AISC Education Foundation Chair
Megan Voss, Valparaiso University Lawrence Cox, AISC Board Member
of Steel Fabricators
Babette Freund, AISC Board Member
Alison Brannon,
AISC/W&W Steel/ Lawrence Kruth, AISC Board Member
University of Kentucky
Oklahoma State University Patrick Leonard, AISC Board Member
Jacob McCranie,
(Program includes sophomores, Rex Lewis, AISC Past Chair
Georgia Southern University
David B. Ratterman,
juniors and seniors)
AISC General Counsel
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 61
news
NSSBC
2017 NSSBC Rules Posted
The rules for the 2017 ASCE/AISC Na- year, student teams from across North team must place among the top schools
tional Student Steel Bridge Competition America devote countless hours to in one of 18 regional competitions held
(NSSBC) are now posted at www.aisc.org/ designing, fabricating and constructing around the country in the spring. Bridge
steelbridge. Oregon State University one-tenth-scale steel bridges. During rankings are based on the categories of
is set to host the national championship competition, teams are challenged to display, construction speed, stiffness,
event May 26-27 in Corvallis, Ore. assemble their bridge in the shortest lightness, construction economy and
This annual collegiate competition is time and under building constraints that structural efficiency.
an exciting visual display of engineering reflect real-life structural specifications See highlights from this years NSSBC
students structural design and analysis and construction regulations. in the August article Proven in Provo
skills at work. Throughout the academic To reach the national event, each (available at www.modernsteel.com).
ENGINEERING JOURNAL
Fourth-Quarter Engineering Journal now Available
The fourth-quarter 2016 issue of Dynamic Shear Strength of structural sections (HSS), pipe, and steel
Engineering Journal is now available at Riveted Structural Connections reinforcement for steel-concrete com-
www.aisc.org/ej. Articles in this issue Christopher P. Rabalais and posite construction have been updated
include: C. Kennan Crane for the 2016 AISC Seismic Provisions for
Riveted lap-spliced specimens were Structural Steel Buildings. For HSS, each
Stability of Rectangular tested to observe how the fasteners shear grade of steel, including the new ASTM
Connection Elements strengths were affected by joint configu- A1085 specification, has its own Ry and Rt
Bo Dowswell ration, number of shear planes, and load- values. Expected yield stress and tensile
Connection elements are commonly ing type. A 200,000-lbf-capacity dynamic strength ratios have also been defined for
designed using the flexural buckling and loader was used to fail the specimens un- different grades of steel reinforcement.
lateral-torsional buckling provisions in der a monotonic dynamic or monotonic The revisions were based on analysis of
AISC Specification Sections E3 and F11, quasi-static load. The test data were nor- mill test data for HSS and pipe from a
respectively, as well as the combined- malized by the number of shear planes number of producers and a comprehen-
load requirements of Section H1. Be- loaded in each test and estimated ulti- sive mill survey conducted by the Con-
cause these provisions were developed mate tensile strength of the driven rivet. crete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI).
for main members, their accuracy for de- A statistical analysis was conducted to de-
signing connection elements is question- termine the significant factors affecting Steel Structures Research Update
able. The factors affecting the stability of the fastener shear strength. Conclusions Steel-Concrete Composite
connection elements are discussed, with from the analyses indicated that the load- Beams at Ambient and
an emphasis on the differences between ing type has the most significant effect on Elevated Temperatures
main members and connection elements. shear capacity, resulting in a dynamic in- Judy Liu
The available experimental and theo- crease factor of 1.72 relative to the rivets Ongoing and recently completed re-
retical results are compared to the AISC quasi-static shear capacity. search on steel-concrete composite beams
Specification equations. Where required, and floor systems at ambient and elevated
new equations are derived, and practical Updates to Expected Yield Stress temperatures is presented. The research
design solutions are recommended. Rec- and Tensile Strength Ratios highlighted here includes investigations
ommendations are also made for con- for Determination of Expected into shear connector slip, composite
nection elements subjected to combined Member Capacity in the beams with high-strength steel, and tests
axial and flexural loads. Examples are 2016 AISC Seismic Provisions of real-scale composite floor systems sub-
provided to illustrate the proposed de- Judy Liu jected to fire and structural loading.
sign procedures for double-coped beams. The expected yield stress and ex-
pected tensile strength ratios for hollow
62 NOVEMBER 2016
EDUCATION
IN THE FRONT
NETWORKING
IN THE BACK
NASCC
THE STEEL CONFERENCE
San Antonio | March 2224, 2017
www.aisc.org/nascc
www.aisc.org/nightschool
AISC
Night School
Fundamentals of
Bolting and Welding
Presented by Chad Larson and Duane K. Miller
Search employment ads online at www.modernsteel.com. To advertise, call 231.228.2274 or e-mail gurthet@modernsteel.com.
Modern STEEL CONSTRUCTION 65
structurally FINAL
sound FIVE
66 NOVEMBER 2016
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