Geofisika Eksplorasi 2 (MGG-6205)

Dr. Ir. Imam Setiaji Ronoatmojo

Program Studi Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
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 PUSTAKA
1. Abriel, William L.; 2008: Reservoir Geophysics: Applications ;
Distinguished Instructor Series, No. 11. SEG & EAGE.

2. Brown, 1998, Interpretation of 3-D Seismic Data.

3. Calvert, Rodney; 2008: Insights and Methods for Reservoir 4D

Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization; Distinguished Instructor
Series, No. 8. SEG & EAGE.

4. Dobrin, MB, 1980, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting,2nd,

McGraw-Hill Book Company.

5. Gibson, R. I. (1998): Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Exploration: A

Historical Perspective, in Gibson, R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic
Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case Histories; SEG
Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No.
43; Published Jointly by SEG and AAPG, Tulsa, USA.

6. Link, 1992, Basic Petroleum Geology.

 PUSTAKA
7. Magoon, L.B.; Dow, W.G., 1994: The Petroleum System From Source to
Trap; AAPG Memoir 60; Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

8. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C., Owens, K., Park, L., 2008; The Good
Earth; Mc Graw Hill.

9. Reynolds, John, M.; 1997; An Introduction to Applied and Environmental

Geophysics; John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

10. Sharma, PV, 1990, Geophysical Methods in Geology, 2nd, Elsevier.

11. Sheriff, RE, 1995, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, 3th

ed, SEG.

7. Sheriff, R.E, Geldart, L.P., 1995; Exploration Seismology, 2nd Edition;

Cambridge University Press.

8. Sheriff, R.E. (ed.); 1994; Reservoir Geophysics; Society of Exploration

Geophysicists, Tulsa Oklahoma

9. Telford, WM., Geldart, LPm, Sherriff, RE., 1990, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed,
Cambridge University Press.
DEFINITIONS
Solid Earth Geophysics:

To avoid of confusion, the use of physics to study the

interior of the earth, from land surface to the inner
core, is known as Solid Earth Geophysics.

This can be subdivided further into:

Global Geophysics, which is the study of the whole or

substantial parts of the planet
Applied Geophysics which is concerned with
investigating the Earths crust and near-surface to
achieve a practical and, more often than not, an
economic aim (Reynolds, 1997).
 Geophysical Exploration / Geophysical
Prospecting / Applied Geophysics:

Making and interpreting measurements of physical

properties of the earth to determine subsurface
conditions, usually with an economic objective, e.g.,
discovery of fuel or mineral deposits. Properties
measured include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electric,
and temperature (Sheriff, 1999).

Engineering Geophysics:

The application of Geophysical Methods to the

investigation of sub-surface materials structures which
are likely to have (significant) engineering application.
 Environmental Geophysics:

As the range of application of geophysics methods

has increase, particularly with respect to
contaminated land investigation, the sub-discipline
of environmental geophysics has developed
(Greenhouse, 1991; Steeples, 1991), This can be
defined as being:

The application of geophysical methods to the

investigation of near-surface physico-chemical
phenomena which are likely to have
(significant) implication for the management of
the local environment
EARTH INTERIOR

THINK :
WHAT KIND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ?
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1st
SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

2nd
PETROLEUM SYSTEM

3rd
EXPLORATION PLAY
ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

4th
PROSPECT

Magoon and Dow (1994)

1st SEDIMENTARY BASIN

2nd PETROLEUM SYSTEM

EXPLORATION
PHASE
3rd EXPLORATION PLAY

4th PROSPECT

5th DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT
6th DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
PHASE

7th PRODUCTION

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Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect
can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.

Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic

sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.

Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship

between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and
gas accumulations.

Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic

similarity of a series of present-day traps.

Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap

 PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE
EXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS

Risk

Geological and Petroleum

Generating Processes Post
Economic
Engineering Drill
Basin Petroleum Play Analysis
Concept/ Review
Review System
Prospect

Optimization

Volumetric

After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997

 FRONTIER BASIN ANALYSIS
If plate tectonics involves all phases of global geology, it follows that it directly
influences petroleum geology. There is no field of petroleum geology that is not
controlled by (or at least connected with) plate tectonic processes, including basin
formation processes, certain sedimentation processes, the type of sediments
present, and the thermal maturation of kerogen-thus, the entire history of oil and gas.
For example: a petroleum geologist will ask "To what degree is a certain area a
prospect for oil?" To arrive at a correct answer, he or she must first answer a number
of individual questions:

1 In what type of basin does the area lie?

2 How old is the sedimentary section?

3 Are source beds, reservoirs and cap rocks present?

4 What is the thermal history of the basin and the surrounding area?

5 Are there hydrocarbon migration possibilities?

6 Are there traps and, if so, of what type and age?

7 Have hydrocarbons leaked?

8 What is the possibility of discovering oil reserves?

 Petroleum System Definition
Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature
source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of
these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for
hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a
petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the
petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and prospects are typically
developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of existing.

Elements Processes
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route
Migration
Reservoir Rock
Accumulation
Seal Rock

Trap Preservation
 HYDROCARBON OCCURENCE
Source rocks
Overburden rocks
Reservoir rocks & carried beds element
Sealing rocks
Kitchen PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Petroleum migration
Traps proccess
Preservation

These elements and proccesses of petroleum system should be connected in space and time
surface
trap/field preserved
seal
reservoir
kitchen overburden

migration

source
 Jalur migrasi di bawah Migrasi migas (migration)
permukaan Awang Satyana (2013)
Adalah keluarnya migas dari batuan induk (ekspulsi/
migrasi primer) ke dalam batuan media migrasi (carrier
beds) kemudian melanjutkan perpindahannya menuju
perangkap/permukaan (migrasi sekunder).

Migrasi dikendalikan oleh:

1. Perbedaan tekanan di bawah permukaan
(migrasi berjalan dari tekanan tinggi ke tekanan
rendah)
2. Perbedaan daya apung (buoyancy) antara
minyak, gas dan air di dalam carrier beds.
Pratsch (1983)

Pemodelan migrasi

Visser (2011)
Cara migrasi di batuan Clayton &Fleet (1991)
Semua elemen dan proses petroleum system terdapat dan terjadi di dalam cekungan
sedimen (sedimentary basin) dan sebagian besar terjadi pada masa lalu (zaman
geologi). Cekungan sedimen adalah tempat cekung di permukaan Bumi yang berisi
sedimen lebih tebal daripada sekitarnya. Cekungan sedimen penghasil migas disebut
cekungan migas.

CEKUNGAN SEDIMEN / MIGAS

Awang Satyana (2013) dimodifikasi dari Magoon and Dow (1994)

Cekungan-Cekungan Sedimen/Minyak Sumatra
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Figure 3-1. Geotectonics of Indonesia. The Sunda Island Arc system is an active plate
margin in which the Indo-Australian Plate of oceanic crust is subducted beneath the
continental crust of the Asian plate. (Katili, 1980) FIG-25
 Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation

Factor Sedimentary Petroleum Play Prospect

Basin System
Investigation Sedimentary Rock Petroleum Traps Trap

Economics None None Essential Essential

Geologic Time Time of deposition Critical Moment Present-day Present-day

Existence Absolute Absolute Conditional Conditional

Cost Very Low Low High Very high

Analysis & Basin System High Prospect

Modeling
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Exploration and Development Challenges

Define the oil and gas

resources in the entire
basin of Indonesia
Prove the resources to be
reserves
Build reservoir model
accurately
Monitor and image the
dynamic properties of
reservoir until field
termination
Optimize production
Improve Recovery Factor

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 How can we double the
production and still have bigger
reserve than we started with?

High Technology

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Frequently used of geophysical methods
for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical Physical property Typical applications Comment on
method measured applicability

Seismology Seismic wave velocity, Delineation of Exploration seismology is the

seismic impedance stratigraphy and most widely used geophysical
contrast, attenuation, structures in petroleum method in petroleum
anisotropy exploration exploration.

Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of large- Gravity survey are generally
scale density anomalies in less expensive but have less
petroleum and mineral resolving power than seismic
exploration exploration.

Magnetic Surveys Magnetic susceptibility Reconnaissance of the Aeromagnetic surveys are

or the rocks intrinsic crustal magnetic widely used in both petroleum
magnetization properties, especially for and mining application for
determination of determining large, deep
basement features structure.

Electrical and Rock resistivity, Mineral exploration These methods are used most
electromagnetic capacitance, and frequently in mining
surveys inductance properties exploration and well logging
(resistivity, SP, and induction
log)

(Lines and Newrick, 2004)

 Geophysical Dependent Physical Applications (see key below)
methods Property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Gravity Density P P S S S S U U S U
Magnetic Susceptibility P P P S U M U P P U
Seismic Refraction Elastic Moduli, density P P M P S S U U U U
Seismic Reflection Elastic Moduli, density P P M S S M U U U U
Resistivity Resistivity M M P P P P P S P M
Spontaneous Potential Potential differences U U P M P M M M U U
Induced Polarization Resistivity, capacitance M M P M S M M M M M
Electromagnetic (EM) Conductance, inductance S P P P P P P P P M
EM - VLF Conductance, inductance M M P M S S S M M U
EM Ground Penetrating Permitivity, conductivity
U U M P P P S P P P
Radar
Magneto-telluric Resistivity S P P M M U U U U U
(Reynolds, 1997)
P= primary method; S=secondary method; U=unsuitable
M=may be used but not necessarily the best approach, or has not been developed for this application
Applications:
1 Hydrocarbon exploration (coal, gas, oil) 6 Detection of sub-surface cavities
2 Regional Geological study (over areas of 100s of km2) 7 Mapping of leachate and contaminant plumes
3 Exploration/development of mineral deposit 8 Location and definition of buried metallic objects
4 Engineering site investigations 9 Archaeological geophysics
5 Hydrogeological investigations 10 Forensic geophysics
 Oil and gas operational phases and Technology Involvement

Project Critical subsurface information Technology

phase Involvement
1) Exploration Proven Petroleum System and Play Geophysics
Resources information Geology Concept
Drilling

2) Delineation Total hydrocarbon volume Geophysics

Areal limits of petroleum reservoir Geology Concept
Deliverability Drilling
Reservoir

3) Development Compartmentalization Geophysics

Exact locations of development wells Development Geology
Drilling
Reservoir

4) Production Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes Production

Flow restrictions and channeling Reservoir
Geophysics
Paradigm Shift of Gravity Technology Application
For Oil and Gas Industry

Regional Study Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic

1 1

Leads and Prospect Generation 2D or 3D Seismic

2 2

Drillable Prospect Generation 2D or 3D Seismic

3 3
Borehole Seismic
Drilling
4 4 (Checkshot, VSP)
3D Seismic Reflection,
Plan of Development
5 5 Resistivity
Time lapse Geophysics
Reservoir Monitoring
6 6 (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)

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 Stages in Geophysical Technology
Application for Subsurface Mapping

Data Acquisition

Survey Design
Data Processing

Data Interpretation

Geophysical Subsurface Model

 TUGAS 1
Buat esai pendek tentang manfaat kita belajar
geofisika eksploasi.
Sistematika : Definisi, Tinjauan Teori,
Pembahasan, Pustaka
Format : 2 halaman A-4, single spasi, 2 kolom,
Times New Roman 11 font
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