Example 1

A closed, rigid container of volume 0.5 m3 is placed on a hot plate. Initially the container holds a
two-phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at P1= 1 bar with a quality
of 0.5. After heating, the pressure in the container is P2=1.5 bar. Indicate the initial and final states
on a T-v diagram, and determine:
a) the temperature, in C, at each state.
b) the mass of vapor present at each state, in kg.
c) if heating continues, determine the pressure, in bar, when the container holds only saturated
vapor.
Solution:
Assumptions:
1. Water in the container is a closed system.
2. States 1, 2, and 3 are equilibrium states.
3. The volume of container remains constant.
Two independent properties are required to fix state 1 and 2. At the initial state, the pressure and
quality are known. Thus state 1 is known, as mentioned in the problem. The specific volume at
state 1 is found using the given quality:
v1 v f 1 x1 v g1 v f 1
From Table A - 5 at P 1 bar 100 kPa
v1 0.001043 0.5 (1.694 0.001043) 0.8475 m 3 / kg
At state 2, the pressure is known. Volume and mass remain constant during the heating process
within the container, so v2=v1. For P2= 0.15 MPa, Table A-5 gives vf2= 0.001053 and vg2=1.1593
m3/kg. Since
vf2 < v2 < vg2
State 2 must be in the two-phase region as well. Since state 1 and 2 are in the two-phase liquid-
vapor region, the temperatures correspond to the saturation temperatures for the given. Table A-
5:
T1 = 99.63 C and T2 = 111.4 C
To find the mass of water vapor present, we first find the total mass, m.
V 0.5m 3
m 0.59kg
v 0.8475m 3 / kg
m g1 x1 m 0.50.59kg 0.295kg
 T

3
P2 = 1.5 bar

2
P1 = 1 bar
1

The mass of vapor at state 2 is found similarly using quality x2. From Table A-5, for P2 = 1.5 bar, we
have:
v vf2
x2
vg 2 v f 2
0.8475 0.001053
x2 0.731
1.159 0.001053
mg 2 0.731 0.59kg 0.431 kg
Example2
Determine the specific volume of R-134a at 1 MPa and 50C, using (a) ideal gas equation (b) the
generalized compressibility chart. Compare the values obtained with the actual value of 0.02171
m3/kg.
Solution:
From Table A-1, for R-134a, R = 0.0815 kPa.m3/(kg.K), Pcr = 4.067 MPa, and Tcr = 374.3 K
(a) Ideal gas equation of state

v
RT


0.0815 kPa.m 3 / kg.K 323 K
0.02632 m 3 / kg
P 1000 kPa
Comparing with the tabulated value, using ideal gas equation one would get an error of (0.02632-
0.02171)/0.02171=0.212 or 21.2%.
(b) To determine the correction factor Z,
P 1MPa
PR 0.246
Pcr 4.067 MPa
T 323K
TR 0.863
Tcr 374.3K
From Fig. A-28, Z= 0.84. Thus,
v = Z videal = 0.84 (0.02632 m3/kg) =0.02211 m3/kg
Example 3
Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in a volume of 1.2 m3 at 200 kPa.
Recall we need two independent, intensive properties to specify the state of a simple substance.
Pressure P is one intensive property and specific volume is another. Therefore, we calculate the
specific volume.

Volume 12. m3 m3
v 0.8
mass 15
. kg kg
Using Table A-5 at P = 200 kPa,
vf = 0.001061 m3/kg, vg = 0.8858 m3/kg
Is v v f ? No
Is v f v v g ? Yes
Is v g v ? No
We see that the state is in the two-phase or saturation region. So we must find the quality x first.
v v f x (v g v f )

=

0.8 .0001061
0.8858 0.001061
=0.903
Then,
h h f x h fg
504.7 (0.903)(2201.6)
kJ
2492.7
kg
Example 4
Determine the internal energy of refrigerant-134a at a temperature of 0C and a quality of 60%.
Using Table A-11, for T = 0C,
uf = 51.63 kJ/kg ug =230.16 kJ/kg
u u f x (u g u f )
51.63 (0.6)(230.16 51.63)
kJ
158.75
kg

Example 5
Calculate the specific volume of nitrogen at 300 K and 8.0 MPa and compare the result with the
value given in a nitrogen table as v = 0.011133 m3/kg.
From Table A.1 for nitrogen
Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa R = 0.2968 kJ/kg-K

T 300 K
TR 2.38
Tcr 126.2 K
P 8.0 MPa
PR 2.36
Pcr 3.39 MPa
Since T > 2Tcr and P < 10Pcr, we use the ideal gas equation of state
Pv RT
kJ
0.2968 (300 K ) 3
RT kg K m MPa
v
P 8.0 MPa 103 kJ
m3
0.01113
kg
Example 6
Determine the internal energy of refrigerant 134a at a temperature of 0C and a quality of
60%.
From table A-5:
Uf = 51.63 kJ/kg
Ug = 230.16 kJ/kg
The internal energy of R 134a at a given condition:
U = Uf + x(Ug Uf)
= 51.63 + (0.6)(230.16 51.63)
= 158.75 kJ/kg

Example 7
An ideal gas is contained in a closed assembly with an initial pressure and temperature of 220
kPa and 70C respectively. If the volume of the system is increased 1.5 times and the
temperature drops to 15C, determine the final pressure of the gas.
State 1:
P1 = 220kPa
T1 = 70 + 273K = 343K
State 2:
T2 = 15 +273 = 288K
V2 = 1.5V1
From ideal gas law:
11 22
=
1 2
1 288
P2 =
1.51
(343) (220103 )
= 123.15 kPa
Example 8
A closed assembly contains 2 kg of air at an initial pressure and temperature of 140 kPa and
210C respectively. If the volume of the system is doubled and temperature drops to 37C,
determine the final pressure of the air. Air can be modelled as an ideal gas.
State 1:
P1 = 140 kPa
T1 = 210 + 273K = 483K
State 2:
T2 = 37 + 273 = 310K
V2 = 2V1
From ideal gas law:
11 22
=
1 2
1 310
P2 =
21
(483) (140103 )
= 44.93 kPa

Example 9
An automobile tire with a volume of 0.6 m^3 is inflated to a gage pressure of 200kPa calculate the
mass of air in the tire if the temperature is 20C.
State 1:
P = 200 + 100 kPa
T = 20 + 273K = 293K
From ideal gas law:

=


300103 (0.62 )
3
=
287 (293)
.

= 2.14 kg
Example 10
A rigid tank contains 50kg of saturated liquid water at 90C. Determine the pressure in tank and
the volume of the tank.
m = 50kg T = 90C
From table A-4,
P = 70.183 kPa
v= 0.001036 m^3/kg
V = mv
= (50)(0.001036)
= 0.0518 m^3

Example 11
A piston cylinder device contains 0.06m^3 of saturated water vapor at 350kPa pressure.
Determine the temperature and mass of vapor inside the cylinder.
P = 350kPa V = 0.06m^3
From table A-5,
T = 138.86C
V = 0.22422 m^3/kg
V = mv
m = 0.06 / 0.52422
= 0.114 kg